[Music]
in our previous video we discussed the
rise of the third dynasty of earth and
its collapse at the hands of amirite
invaders from the west the subsequent
period of political fragmentation was
one of regional conflict with the
Amorite shamshir dad and his dynasty
ruling in the north while the eshnunna
dominated central mesopotamia and Larsa
reigned over the South many names from
this period are a mystery to the general
public but that of Babylon is a notable
exception under one of its most famous
Kings Hammurabi this new entity would
rise to unify the entire region in a new
Empire eclipsing the previous
civilizations to the point where Sumer
and Akkad were simply known as Babylonia
welcome to our video on the rise of
Babylon
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the settlement that would become babylon
known as Babar at the time was possibly
inhabited as a minor and an important
town as soon as the early dynastic
period from 2900 to 2350 BC its ruler
styled himself as the builder of a
temple dedicated to the god Marduk the
patron of the future illustrious City
the first definite mention of Babylon in
historical sources occurs during the
reign of Akkadian king shark alley Chery
during which he laid the foundations of
a temple in the city later during the
third dynasty of ur King shogi
reorganized the lands of Sumer and Akkad
into 20 provinces each governed by a
local MC this and the wider bureaucratic
control exerted by the third Oh Dynasty
Kings led to profound long-term changes
in the region which would eventually
result in its becoming the capital of
one of the core provinces in the neo
Sumerian Empire it was also governed by
an NC which could have been hereditary
in certain situations eater Elam his son
Esau Elam and Abba were all part of the
same family which indicates the presence
of native local rulers in Babylon in the
late 21st century BC increasing numbers
of amirite pastoralists began to migrate
east and make their homes in the settled
civilizations of Mesopotamia this wave
of migration played a key role in the
fall of earth and in a political
fragmentation that followed and amirite
chief known as sumo a boom usurped the
kingship and established the first
Babylonian dynasty in 1894 BC his
successor su mullah L took power in 1880
BC and expanded his kingdom even further
to cover an area from CIPA in the north
to Murad in the south encompassing many
prominent old cities such as Kish whose
walls
demolished in order to consolidate
Babylonian hegemony during his reign the
first indisputable evidence for the cult
of Marduk was also documented when
during 1860 BC a throne of gold and
silver was fashioned for the Babylonian
sky God in the city three future Kings
zabian Apple sinned and sin mob allit
reigned over the subsequent half-century
of relative stability before we discuss
Hammurabi himself we must first speak of
the broader political situation in Sumer
and Akkad into which he would emerge we
covered the exploits of the northern
amirite kingdoms in our previous video
however the Sumerian South was also a
battleground as the 3rd dynasty weakened
an official named HB era who served the
final earth King Libby sin betrayed his
master and established his own power
base atisan
after the Elamites sacked her in 2002 BC
it was he who recaptured it and expelled
the foreign Elamites from the region for
this his opportunistically created is in
dynasty earned the official endorsement
of the nipper priesthood as the third
dynasty's heirs for upwards of half a
century this clan possessed hegemony
over Sumer and Akkad however its
fortunes would begin to change with the
emergence of yet another amirite leader
named Gungan 'm who reigned from 1932 to
1906 BC he seems to have been the
governor of lhasa city of the
Mesopotamian sun god ooh - during SN
rule this governor revolted against his
native rulers and eventually captured
former royal capital of Earth gaining
himself a massive ideological and
financial victory therefore by the
middle of the 19th century BC it was
Babylon and Larsa which constituted the
rising powers in Sumer and Akkad in fact
they had already clashed in a series of
small engagements with the babylonian
kings using diplomatic marriages with
the tribally related vi Arak dynasty as
a buffer against the powerful Lhasa in
the south after a short period of
internal strife a dynasty of amirite
sfrom east of the Tigris and akadama
book took Lhasa and depose Ganga Nam's
descendant in 1834 BC rather than ruling
the realm himself he would take a
ceremonial position as father of the
amorite country and appointed his eldest
son where at sin to rule in his name in
a similar manner to sham Shia dad's
earlier tri morphic Empire in 1822 BC
rim sin succeeded his older brother and
would begin a crusade to expand his own
Kingdom this lesser-known ruler became
so powerful that he defeated a coalition
of Europe he sit suit Ian's replica and
Babylon under Hammurabi's father in 1810
BC eight years later in 1802 BC he
captured Ulrich and ended the dynasty
ruled by babylons allies by the end of
the 19th century BC control of the
prosperous city of Earth and the Persian
Gulf trade routes granted Lhasa a sudden
period of prosperity which can be seen
in the remnants of large private houses
in the city throughout this period
finally in 1794 BC Grimson extinguished
the remnants of the isint dynasty and
annexed fair territory an event which
was so important to the kings of Lhasa
that every year after it was named in
its honor
by the time Hammurabi's father sinned
were ballot perished in 1793 larser
controlled all of Sumer and wielded
significant power
the next year 1792 BC saw Hammurabi
finally ascent to the throne of Babylon
at the age of 18 he inherited a rising
state his ancestors had gradually
conquered cities such as Pacific Kish
and CIPA despite this Babylon was still
far from the most important of the many
realms in the region when Hammurabi took
power the expansionist asiana occupied
babylons northeastern border the
aforementioned powerful state of Lhasa
and a rim sin was to their south and the
foreign nation of Elam was to the east
at the same time the main power in the
region was the upper Mesopotamian
kingdom under shamshir Dada which often
cooperated with the new apparently
subservient Babylonian king the Monarchs
often performed small favors for one
another such as sheltering persecuted
diplomats or extraditing criminals who
escaped to the others territory while
this alliance of sorts had its benefits
the presence of sham Shia das to the
north
hemmed Hammurabi in and prevented any
kind of Babylonian expansion for many
years instead the king focused on being
a magnanimous and generous monarch in
the mould of Judea from centuries
earlier pleasing the God in naina
otherwise known as Ishtar in Akkadian by
commissioning a throne of gold silver
precious stones and lapis lazuli was a
noted achievement as well as
establishing justice in the land that is
canceling all debts which citizens would
often accumulate this establishment of
justice had the secondary effect of
rendering the debtors loyal to him
rather than their wealthy creditors
for 28 years Hammurabi focused on the
internal development of his city
reorganizing many aspects of the economy
and carrying out the aforementioned
kingly tasks however a conflict would
soon be ignited which would eventually
propel Babylon to never-before-seen
heights in Mesopotamia by this time
Shamshad adds Empire had fallen and
Zimri limb of Mary had usurped his
incompetent younger son yes my dad from
his coal oil capital in early 1767 the
supreme king of elam the suckle ma c
whae pala her back made an alliance with
Zimri lim their common ground centered
around the expansionist state of
eshnunna it blocked elamite expansion
into mesopotamia and also meddled in the
affairs of mary's sphere of influence so
they allied against it sealing their
alliance with an exchange of gold silver
and wine from Mary and tin from Elam
which was a key resource in the
production of bronze in late 1766 BC the
Alliance attack - Nana and while the
details are vague it is clear that the
king of the city disappeared and the
local king of Sousa the circle instead
took up occasional residence in the city
from there he would impose direct rule
upon the cities of Mesopotamia under the
Elamites a practice which they had not
taken part in before instead preferring
to raid and loot the wealthy affray T's
Tigris Basin the elamite occupiers now
schemed further embarking on a dangerous
diplomatic gamble they contacted both
Hammurabi of Babylon and rim sin of
Lhasa commanding both rulers to provide
troops with which to attack the other
unfortunately for the foreign Elamites
the two rulers apparently compared notes
perhaps motivated by their common
Mesopotamian culture and realized the
attempted foreign duplicity resulting in
both of these realms exchanging
diplomats and joining forces
in early 1765 BC events occurred on two
fronts both north and south in the north
the Elamites sent several proxy armies
with troops from alam ash nana and
mercenaries from the Zagros Mountains to
assault northern Mesopotamia commanded
by client kings of Elam in the north
this maneuver led to a few years of
back-and-forth conflict during which the
circle ma ruined his previously
established alliance with Mary meanwhile
to the south Hammurabi reacted
decisively to a threat from the king of
Sousa who coveted Babylon itself and
intended to seize it calling upon the
many cities and kingdoms of the region
Hammurabi managed to head a grand
alliance of Mesopotamia including yam
heart
Akala Tom and most of the Akkadian
city-states
most prominent was Zimri Lyn of Mary who
sealed a pact with the Babylonians in
the middle of 1765 BC which included the
words from this day on for as long as I
live I will be at war with Sizwe pala
Hopak the Mary Kings subsequent active
levying of both urban and nomadic troops
for Hammurabi can be understood due to
Allah might intervention in northern
Mesopotamia it is likely he saw Babylon
as a dagger with which to stab the
foreign invaders in gratitude for this
generous assistance Hammurabi granted
monetary rewards to the soldiers even
before they fought and invited all of
them to feast in his presence in order
to make them feel welcome in the foreign
land notably absent from the anti Elam
alliance was Larsa who remained neutral
the first move was made by Circle kudou
solution of Sousa who advanced into
Babylonian lands and put the city of
gup-e under siege this assault pushed
Hammurabi to can script even the
merchants into the military who were
usually exempt due to their valued
profession he also sent repeated envoys
to rim sin of Lhasa asking for help but
was met with stony silence as the
response initially the Babylonian
garrison in the city resisted the
foreign invaders but eventually they
boarded ships and fled after waiting so
long that they realized the city would
not be relieved after capturing Hoopoe
the Elamites did not advance further
west and instead withdrew to ash nana at
the start of the campaigning season in
1764 BC the Elamites returned crossing
the Tigris Atman Kusum and besieging the
city of he returned with 30,000 men
assault ramps and other siege engines
however this attempt was undermined by
the inhabitants of the city who opened
the irrigation canals around the city
washing the siege weaponry away at the
same time an allied army under a married
general attacked the invading army from
behind and relieved irritable as these
defensive actions were conducted Allied
offensives were also underway Hammurabi
sent multiple raiding forces to outflank
and pillage the countryside of eshnunna
setting fire to their fields and
stealing cattle these defeats constant
Babylonian pressure possibly disloyal
Ally - Nana officers and internal
dissent all caused the Elamites to
retreat to their own lands Hammurabi had
used his diplomatic prowess to rally an
alliance to his side and repel a
dangerous enemy and now he had a free
hand to pursue further plans in the
region
during the war against Elam rim sin had
remained neutral ignoring Hammurabi's
repeated requests for assistance
despite their alliance this irritated
the Babylonian who now wanted revenge
against his main competitor finally in
1763 BC Hammurabi declared war on rim
sin justifying it as a pre-emptive act
authorized by the gods
he still had Mary's crucial support and
besieged and captured mash can appear
relatively quickly followed by nipper
and is sin during the middle of 1763 BC
after which he advanced on Larsa after a
six-month siege the inhabitants of
Lasser ran out of food and Hammurabi
tore down the city walls but did not
raise the city rim sin initially escaped
but was soon captured and killed the
Babylonian king then canceled debts in
the newly captured city as he had in his
capital the fundamental political makeup
of Sumer and Akkad had now changed
forever city-states were no longer the
standard unit of the region replaced by
Babylonia which would continuously form
into a large territorial state from this
point forward
however Hammurabi's Empire still had not
reached its zenith and its achievements
which we shall discuss in our next video
secured its place in history
our series on the history of the
Mesopotamian civilizations will continue
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