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Following Germany's defeat
of France,

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Paris filled up
with Nazi soldiers.

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Every day, at exactly 1pm,

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the German Army paraded through
Paris - to show who was in charge.

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The Germans now occupied the most of
the capital cities of Europe -

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Prague and Warsaw,
Brussels, Luxembourg,

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The Hague, Copenhagen and Oslo.

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But not London...yet.

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This series is the epic story
of World War Two,

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as it raged across
countries and continents,

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as millions of soldiers fought
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

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It is the moving story
of the millions of civilians

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whose homes were destroyed

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and lives disrupted

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as they were
caught up in the cataclysm of war.

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To tell this story, the best
footage of the war has been

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painstakingly transformed, using
digital techniques, into colour.

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Along with original colour home
movies, it gives a completely

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new perspective to one of the
greatest events of the last century.

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This is the powerful story of the
Apocalypse and of the people who

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fought the Second World War.

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During the winter of 1940
Britain's cities

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were devastated by German bombs.

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But the country stood firm
around Churchill.

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And American aid was sent in
by President Roosevelt.

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Roosevelt was re-elected
for a third term as President

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of the United States.

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Though American opinion remained
opposed to joining the war,

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he declared: We must become
the great arsenal of democracy.

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But only some of the supplies

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America sent to Britain got through.

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Every British ship at sea
was in great danger.

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The Atlantic Ocean was crawling
with German submarines, the U-boats.

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Through their periscopes, the U-boat
captains sought out British vessels.

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Churchill was desperately worried.
He knew that if the supply convoys

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failed to get through
Britain would be on its knees.

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As an island nation, Britain was
reliant upon supplies from overseas.

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The German U-boats now had

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the French Atlantic
harbours at their disposal.

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Operating in deadly groups,
using torpedoes and cannons,

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these wolf packs succeeded
in sinking 4 million tons of

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British shipping in 1941 alone.

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Here, German submariners
toss loaves of bread

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to a shipwrecked crew who
have almost no chance of surviving.

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They would die of thirst, of hunger,

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of cold or by choking on oil.

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Hitler was delighted
with the success of

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hissubmarines, but America's huge
rearmament programme worried him.

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He told his secretary,
Martin Bormann:

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"In one year, the United States
will be ready to go to war.

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"If we are to face them,
we need more raw materials.

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"Those materials are in the east. We
need to conquer that living space.

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"Then Britain will lose
all hope and make peace.

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"And it will be too late
for the Americans.

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"Let us attack Russia
as soon as possible."

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Hitler drew up a massive invasion
plan to invade the Soviet Union

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called Operation Barbarossa, named
after the triumphant German Emperor.

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The Wehrmacht started
to move its troops east.

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Lieutenant von Kageneck

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was one of the many thousands of
young officers who left for Poland.

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He saw the debris
from the battles of 1939

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piled up alongside the railway.

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Polish prisoners and Jews had been
put to work on a massive

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construction project.

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Hitler wanted to build
a new autobahn, or motorway,

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right across Poland to move his army
over to the new border with Russia.

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This was where the 9th
Panzer Division was installed,

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along with von Kageneck's regiment.
He wrote:

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"Next to us is an SS unit.

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"The commander asks us, 'Do you want
to see a Jew?' He makes a sign

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"and a soldier brings over
a little man.

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"'How many people have you stolen
from today?' The man doesn't reply.

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"'Beat him 10 times with
a stick!' We were appalled.

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"So this is our occupation of Poland?
We had heard vague stories of

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"cruelty, but it was impossible
to know what was really going on.

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"This country had become
the country of silence.

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"We didn't know that this was
the beginning of the genocide

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"to which we would lend
ourhands and our courage.

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The 9th Panzer Division was ready to
attack, but the order didn't come.

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So they went round
in circles, waiting.

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At the last minute,
Hitler deferred his plans

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for an offensive in the East.

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He had to help out
his ally Mussolini

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who had tried to fight his own
separate war and got into trouble.

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The Duce's troops had been routed
by the British in North Africa.

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125,000 Italian prisoners
had been taken by the British army.

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To rescue Mussolini from disaster,
Hitler dispatched one of his best

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generals to Libya, Erwin Rommel,
along with an armoured division.

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In February 1941, this small army
of German soldiers known as

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the Afrika Korps
arrived in North Africa.

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They had no idea
what lay in store for them.

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In Germany, Rommel was already
a big hero: he was the man

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whohad taken Cambrai, Rouen and
Cherbourg in May and June of 1940.

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And he was a true Nazi, a devoted
supporter who had served Hitler

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with zeal and efficiency
from the very beginning.

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Rommel believed in tanks,
in blitzkrieg, or lightning war.

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On the first evening
after their arrival,

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he ordered the Afrika Korps

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to pursue the British Army,
with rapid success.

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These Australian and South African
prisoners had come

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to fight alongside the British.

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Now they would spend
the rest of the war

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in a German prisoner-of-war camp.

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Rommel soon began
to make a name for himself.

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The British circulated
his picture with the caption:

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"This man is dangerous."

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Hitler attacked Greece,
a country that

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Mussolini had already tried to take.

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After invading Yugoslavia, he
dropped his paratroopers over Crete.

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Hitler had at last secured
his southern flank

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for the invasion of Russia,
but he had lost precious time.

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Operation Barbarossa
had been delayed by several weeks.

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First of May 1941.

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A great military parade
was traditionally held
in Moscow's Red Square

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every year to celebrate
International Labour Day.

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But this year,
the parade was special.

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Stalin wanted to make
a big impression on the Germans.

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Although he had been receiving
information from his spies warning
that an attack was imminent,

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he found it impossible to believe
that Hitler would dare to break

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the German-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact so soon.

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And senior German officers
were attending this parade.

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Marshal Timoshenko,
the People's Commissar
and Stalin's Defence Minister,

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appeared to salute them
with great respect.

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The German army later argued that
this display of military force

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was proof that Stalin
planned to strike them first.

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Churchill passed on intelligence
reports to Stalin that Hitler
was about to invade.

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But Stalin ignored them.

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Just as he ignored a message sent
by a Soviet spy based in Tokyo.

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The document, dated 30 May 1941,
warned of an imminent German attack.

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Stalin actually continued to
send raw materials to the Reich.

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Since the signing of the
German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact,

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he had exported thousands of tons of
oil, chrome and nickel to Germany -

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all of which helped Hitler's armies
conquer Western Europe.

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A trainload was sent off on the
night of the 21st of June 1941.

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Carrying 1000 tons of wheat,

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this train crossed over
the border at midnight.

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On that same morning, at 3am,
without officially declaring war,

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the first Wehrmacht sappers crept
forward into Russian territory.

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They were followed by
153 German divisions,

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as well as by Finnish, Romanian,
Slovakian and Hungarian troops.

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There was even a division
of Spanish fascists.

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4 million men,
along with 600,000 trucks,

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launched Hitler's invasion
of the Soviet Union,

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Operation Barbarossa.

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Along with 4,000 tanks,

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7,000 artillery pieces...

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..and 3,000 airplanes.

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In just a few minutes,
1,500 Soviet aircraft

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were destroyed on the ground.

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In the first few hours,
400 more Russian planes

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were shot down by the Germans.

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Taken by surprise
and entirely overpowered,

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the Soviet air force was
nearly wiped out on the first day.

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The German offensive was unleashed

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across an 1800-mile front,
and in three different directions.

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In the North was the ideological
target - Leningrad, Lenin's city,

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the cradle of the Russian Revolution
- whose name has since been restored
to St Petersburg.

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In the centre was the political
target - Moscow, Stalin's capital.

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In the south was the economic target
- Kiev and the Ukraine.

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Pravda, the Communist Party's
official newspaper,

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reported on the fascist aggression.

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But Stalin had gone into hiding,
dismayed by the catastrophic news

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that was coming in from the border.

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Some said he had a breakdown.

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The German advance was swift.
Lieutenant von Kageneck -

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It's an amazing sight!

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Our entire regiment of
Panzers is moving out!

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Our tanks, tall and proud like
boats, sail over a yellow sea
of ripe wheat.

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It seemed that nothing
could stop the Germans.

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Their mission had been
hammered into them -

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you are going to save
the West from the Asiatic hordes.

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This is a modern crusade against the
power of darkness, Judeo-Bolshevism.

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(TRANSLATED SINGING)

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In the northern Baltic States,

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the Germans were given
a triumphant welcome.

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They were hailed as liberators.

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After Stalin's reign of terror,

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anything was better than
the ruthless Soviet secret police
responsible for political repression.

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Before they fled,

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they executed all the Baltic
anti-communists in the prisons.

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Local anti-Semites
accused the Jews of being in
collusion with the communists.

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They rounded up the Jews and
made them carry off the corpses.

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Across the Baltic States,
people started organising
pogroms against Jews,

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which the Germans encouraged with
instructions not to leave any traces.

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Burning the bodies was one
way of destroying the evidence.

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On the central front,
General Guderian,

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the tank strategist
and architect of the Blitzkrieg,
was held up by the Stalin Line,

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a series of fortifications
that the German infantry
was forced to assault.

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Guderian broke through
and continued his advance.

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But something unexpected began
to slow down his fast-moving
motorised units,

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as described by von Kageneck.

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We advance in our armoured cars
and the dust envelops us.

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00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:43,159
We're in Russia!

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Where roads and asphalt
don't exist! It's awful.

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This sticky yellow or red dust
gets into everything -

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into your eyes, your nose,
your mouth.

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Under these conditions, soldiers
still marched 30 miles a day.

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00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:05,279
They had been marching since
the 1st of September 1939.

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00:18:05,280 --> 00:18:09,279
They had marched all the way
to Warsaw, to Oslo, to Paris.

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00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:15,719
But now they were beginning to
realise just how vast Russia was.

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Hundreds and hundreds of miles went
by without a single village in sight.

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00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:29,039
It became harder and harder
for the supply, fuel and
ammunition trucks to keep up.

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00:18:36,040 --> 00:18:40,039
But there was something else the
German soldiers had not expected.

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00:18:40,680 --> 00:18:44,679
Despite massive losses, the Russians
were putting up a good defence.

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00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:49,759
A new type of Russian tank
appeared on the scene,

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00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:53,759
the T-34, a 30-ton monster that was
equipped with a formidable cannon.

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And wide tracks that
meant it could go anywhere.

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00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:02,479
It was not as sophisticated
as the German tanks.

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00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:04,159
To change gears,

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00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:08,159
the Soviet tank driver had to
hit the gear lever with a mallet.

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00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:15,679
But the T-34 rarely broke down.

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The Germans were taken aback.

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00:19:21,360 --> 00:19:25,359
They couldn't understand how
these sub-humans, as they thought
of the Russians,

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00:19:25,360 --> 00:19:27,759
had been able to manufacture
such a brilliant tank.

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00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:31,759
The shells of their anti-tank
guns ricocheted off
the T-34's armour plating.

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00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,239
The only weapon powerful
enough to neutralise it

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00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:42,239
was the German 88mm.

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00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:50,799
Overall, the Germans
were better armed,
and their army was much stronger.

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00:19:56,840 --> 00:19:59,839
But these Ivans,
as they called the Russians,

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00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:03,839
fought tooth and nail
until the very end.

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00:20:06,520 --> 00:20:09,599
Von Kageneck again -

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00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:13,599
The smell of corpses baked
by the sun, covered with flies.

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00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:17,919
A sickly sweet odour that
clings to the nostrils

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00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:21,919
and gets under your skin,
just like the dust.

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00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,799
The Russians had suffered heavy
losses, but German casualties
were also rising.

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00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:53,919
Still, the Germans continued to make
progress toward their three goals,

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00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:59,239
Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev,
by capturing entire Soviet armies.

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00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:07,919
Hitler's orders were to immediately
execute all political commissars,

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00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:11,999
members of the Communist Party
whose job was to oversee the officers

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00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,999
and keep an eye on the
soldiers in each military unit.

231
00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:22,119
Guderian refused to carry
out such a criminal order.

232
00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:26,119
However, other generals
were more willing.

233
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:28,759
The commander of the
Fourth Panzer Army group,

234
00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:30,599
General Hoepner declared menacingly -

235
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:34,519
This war must be led with
unprecedented brutality.

236
00:21:34,520 --> 00:21:38,519
There is to be no mercy
for the Bolsheviks.

237
00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,319
Throughout the summer of 1941
the Russians were engaged in a

238
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:53,439
desperate struggle
with the German invaders,

239
00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:57,439
sometimes with only one rifle
for every ten men.

240
00:22:02,360 --> 00:22:06,359
They were forced to retreat along
the entire 1,800 mile front.

241
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,959
For Stalin, things were
looking very black.

242
00:22:14,960 --> 00:22:18,959
He completely disappeared
from public view for over a week.

243
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:21,119
Everyone wanted to know where he was

244
00:22:21,120 --> 00:22:25,119
and expected him to provide
leadership at this critical time.

245
00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:29,119
In July, Stalin finally
addressed the Russian people again.

246
00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:39,239
Stalin spoke words he had never
used in public before.

247
00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:43,439
He called the Russians,
"My brothers and my sisters."

248
00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:45,279
He told them the truth.

249
00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:49,279
!We're under attack
by Hitler's Germany.

250
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:53,599
"The enemy is cruel and implacable. A
grave danger hangs over our country."

251
00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:58,319
In the darkest hour,
he dared to ask...

252
00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:03,559
"Is it true that German
fascist troops are invincible?

253
00:23:03,560 --> 00:23:07,559
"Napoleon's army was considered
invincible, but it was beaten."

254
00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:27,959
Stalin ordered the war factories,

255
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:30,999
along with their machinery
and their workers,

256
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,759
to relocate to the east
to the Ural Mountains.

257
00:23:34,760 --> 00:23:38,759
And he gave farmers and peasants
a clear order - leave.

258
00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:43,239
Leave your isba, your house,
destroy everything.

259
00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,759
Leave behind nothing
that can be of any use

260
00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:50,759
to the fascist Hitlerite aggressor.

261
00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:55,719
This was the beginning of
Stalin's scorched earth policy.

262
00:24:21,120 --> 00:24:24,239
The German officers
had not forgotten the story

263
00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:26,479
of Napoleon's invasion of Russia.

264
00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:30,479
In 1812 the Russians had starved
Napoleon's Grand Army

265
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:35,799
by burning their towns and fields,
and then massacred the French

266
00:24:35,880 --> 00:24:39,159
at the Battle of Berezina.

267
00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:42,759
In early July 1941
the Germans also reached

268
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:46,079
the Berezina River
on the central front.

269
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:50,079
But this time they kept going.

270
00:24:50,920 --> 00:24:54,919
But Soviet resistance was
gradually growing stronger.

271
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:57,119
On the other side of the river

272
00:24:57,120 --> 00:25:01,119
there was an unpleasant surprise
for the Germans.

273
00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:05,999
The Russians had designed
a new kind of artillery.

274
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,999
A rocket launcher called
a Katyusha after a patriotic song.

275
00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:19,239
It proved to be terrifying weapon.

276
00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:22,199
But nothing could stop
the German advance.

277
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,279
By mid-July the invaders
had reached Smolensk,

278
00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:29,279
the last big city before Moscow.

279
00:25:35,680 --> 00:25:39,679
The Battle for Smolensk
lasted three weeks.

280
00:25:58,120 --> 00:26:00,839
The Russians fought
with immense determination,

281
00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:04,839
despite the calls for surrender
coming over giant loudspeakers.

282
00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:18,959
Very few were taken prisoner.

283
00:26:18,960 --> 00:26:22,239
The survivors preferred to go
into hiding in the deep forests

284
00:26:22,240 --> 00:26:26,239
and became partisans.

285
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:37,839
The soldiers trained the many
peasants and farmers who joined them.

286
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:41,839
They hunted down traitors...

287
00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:50,839
..and disrupted the enemy
communication lines.

288
00:26:53,240 --> 00:26:57,239
Reprisals were brutal.

289
00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:02,519
The Fuhrer ordered, "Immediately
liquidate all people suspected

290
00:27:03,360 --> 00:27:07,359
"of harbouring even the smallest
amount of hostility."

291
00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,239
Hitler decided to make
a visit to the front.

292
00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:19,199
With him went the Wehrmacht
commander-in-chief,

293
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:23,199
the servile Field Marshal Keitel.

294
00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:30,199
Operation Barbarossa
was slowing down.

295
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:32,879
The generals believed
that Hitler's strategy

296
00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:36,879
of the three-pronged attack
was to blame.

297
00:27:41,920 --> 00:27:45,359
Field Marshal Von Bock,
commander of Army Group Centre,

298
00:27:45,360 --> 00:27:49,359
argued that all of the forces
should be focused on Moscow.

299
00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:55,199
Hitler did not like generals
who dared to contradict him.

300
00:27:57,880 --> 00:27:59,879
General Guderian was there, too.

301
00:27:59,880 --> 00:28:03,879
He added, "We're only
300 miles from Moscow now."

302
00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:08,639
"You understand nothing,"
said the Furher.

303
00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:10,959
"You know nothing
of wartime economics.

304
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:14,959
"First we need the wheat from the
Ukraine so that they don't starve us

305
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:17,399
"as they did in the previous war."

306
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:20,279
He concluded,
"Moscow is nothing but a symbol.

307
00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:22,159
"We'll take care of it later."

308
00:28:22,160 --> 00:28:26,159
He ordered Guderian
to swing south towards Kiev

309
00:28:26,520 --> 00:28:30,039
in order to mop up the Russian armies
still operating in pockets

310
00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:34,039
to the rear of the
advancing Wehrmacht.

311
00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:41,879
It proved to be the biggest
encirclement of all time.

312
00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:45,879
The Germans captured 600,000
Russian soldiers in one fell swoop.

313
00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:54,319
In September, SS Chief Heinrich
Himmler visited this front.

314
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,399
No provisions had been made
to feed these Russian prisoners.

315
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:01,959
With supreme indifference,

316
00:29:01,960 --> 00:29:05,959
Himmler dismissed the prisoners
as Untermensch - as sub-humans.

317
00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:11,359
He wasn't worried
if they all starved to death.

318
00:29:22,920 --> 00:29:25,399
Lt Von Kageneck wrote...

319
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:29,239
We lived quite well in the Ukraine.

320
00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:33,239
We had everything we needed -
eggs, butter, fruit, milk, wine,

321
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:37,479
an excellent red wine from
the area around the Black Sea.

322
00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:48,839
The Ukrainians would come up to us,
smiling, filled with joy.

323
00:29:49,840 --> 00:29:53,079
The women would bring
us bread and honey.

324
00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:57,079
They saw us as their liberators.

325
00:29:58,080 --> 00:30:02,079
The Ukrainians had lots
of reasons to hate the Russians.

326
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:05,679
Many were hostile to Stalin who,
in the early 30s,

327
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:08,039
had organised agricultural reforms

328
00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:12,039
in which 3 million
Ukrainians died of starvation.

329
00:30:12,120 --> 00:30:14,559
Many Ukrainians who were anti-Semitic

330
00:30:14,560 --> 00:30:17,439
were encouraged by the Nazis
to incriminate the Jews

331
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:20,759
and carry out pogroms,
such as here in Zolochiv,

332
00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:24,759
while German soldiers looked on.

333
00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:34,279
In all, many Ukrainians thought
they were better off with the Nazis.

334
00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:39,359
But Germany did nothing
to try to win further support.

335
00:30:41,480 --> 00:30:45,479
Marshal Goering, the second
highest-ranking figure in the Reich,

336
00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:47,759
said of the Ukraine...

337
00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:50,639
We want nouseless mouths to feed.

338
00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:54,639
Those who can work, will work for
the Reich. The rest will die.

339
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,439
Those who work will give
everything they have

340
00:30:58,440 --> 00:31:02,439
until they themselves die.

341
00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:12,079
Goering and Joshua Rosenberg, who was
behind much of Nazi racist thinking,

342
00:31:13,040 --> 00:31:16,839
visited the region to work out
how to enslave the Ukraine

343
00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:20,839
and to make plans for the systematic
annihilation of the Jews.

344
00:31:25,880 --> 00:31:27,759
Himmler and Heydrich set up

345
00:31:27,760 --> 00:31:31,759
execution commando squads
called Einsatzgruppen.

346
00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:36,279
They were composed of SS members,
policemen and Wehrmacht soldiers.

347
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:41,319
Their task was to
round up groups of Jews.

348
00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:49,639
The SS took the Jews into the woods

349
00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:53,639
and gave them shovels
so they could dig their own graves.

350
00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:16,399
But the SS decided
that this process was too slow.

351
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:20,399
So they ordered long
common graves to be dug

352
00:32:20,520 --> 00:32:24,519
and made their victims line up on top
of the last group of dead bodies.

353
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:49,399
But even this method
of killing took too long.

354
00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:53,959
The SS selected a ravine at a
place called Babi Yar, near Kiev.

355
00:32:55,480 --> 00:32:59,479
33,771 Jews were executed
in just two days.

356
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:05,439
Men, women and children.

357
00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:11,959
Amid this terrible carnage, and in
hundreds of sites along the front,

358
00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:16,679
the executioners took pictures
of their victims

359
00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:20,679
as souvenirs for their families
back in Germany.

360
00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:26,639
This premeditated, cold-blooded
murder of a million Jews

361
00:33:27,320 --> 00:33:31,319
came to be known as
the Holocaust by bullets.

362
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:34,919
But Himmler was not pleased.

363
00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:38,559
He attended one of the
Einsatzgruppen's executions

364
00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:41,039
and was spattered with blood.

365
00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:45,039
It made him feel sick. He told
the SS to use more humane methods.

366
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:49,199
This lead to the use of gas vans
with exhaust pipes hooked up

367
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:53,199
to special compartments,
and a year later...

368
00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:58,239
to the gas chambers.

369
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:08,039
In the north of Russia,
the Germans advanced

370
00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:12,039
hundreds of miles and arrived
outside the city of Leningrad.

371
00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:17,279
The long siege of the city began.

372
00:34:27,360 --> 00:34:30,439
The Germans had a plan
to deal with Leningrad.

373
00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:32,279
Instead of fighting
street by street,

374
00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:36,279
they let the artillery do its work.

375
00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:45,079
Surrounded, they knew that the
city's inhabitants would slowly
starve to death.

376
00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:01,359
The famous Leningrad Library
was destroyed.

377
00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:13,039
The zoo was devastated.

378
00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:18,279
Food rations soon fell
below the minimum necessary.

379
00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:22,279
But the worst was still to come
with the arrival of winter.

380
00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:29,519
Guderian, who had been sent on
the detour south, finally received

381
00:35:30,240 --> 00:35:32,039
the order from Hitler to rejoin

382
00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:36,039
the other armies further north
and to proceed towards Moscow.

383
00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:42,959
The Russians were fighting
along an enormous front,

384
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:45,079
from Leningrad to Odessa.

385
00:35:45,080 --> 00:35:49,079
And this time the thrust
towards Moscow seemed unstoppable.

386
00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:56,119
The Germans took
another 700,000 prisoners.

387
00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:02,239
General Jodl, chief of staff of
the Wehrmacht, announced,

388
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:06,399
"We have won the war."

389
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:17,799
In the south,
Lieutenant von Kageneck wrote:

390
00:36:18,680 --> 00:36:21,799
We suddenly had to deal with
a most frightful adversary -

391
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:25,799
the autumn rain and mud
which the Russians call Rasputiza.

392
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:30,159
Endless mud,
so gluey and sticky,

393
00:36:30,160 --> 00:36:33,159
that it sucks and holds
onto everything.

394
00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:36,679
It won't let go of anything,
whether it be a tank, a truck,

395
00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:38,839
a horse or a man.

396
00:36:38,840 --> 00:36:40,719
It makes movement impossible.

397
00:36:40,720 --> 00:36:44,719
We do four to five miles
a day, instead of 30.

398
00:36:45,840 --> 00:36:49,839
Putting one foot in front of the
other requires superhuman effort.

399
00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:52,399
The Panzers,
the pride of the Wehrmacht,

400
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:56,399
are brought to a standstill.

401
00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:17,759
Hitler wrote to his troops,

402
00:37:17,760 --> 00:37:20,879
"Soldiers on the Eastern front!
Comrades!

403
00:37:20,880 --> 00:37:24,879
"Today begins the last
great decisive battle,

404
00:37:25,520 --> 00:37:27,999
"the battle for Moscow!"

405
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,999
And in October, the German army
started moving again towards Moscow

406
00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:37,559
because the frost had come
and hardened the ground.

407
00:37:37,560 --> 00:37:40,559
The world was holding its breath.

408
00:37:40,560 --> 00:37:44,559
Would Hitler defeat Stalin?

409
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:49,799
In November 1941, temperatures
plummeted to minus40 degrees
Celsius.

410
00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:54,159
The Wehrmacht had been trained

411
00:37:54,160 --> 00:37:56,879
to conduct a Blitzkrieg,
a lightning war.

412
00:37:56,880 --> 00:38:00,879
It was supposed to bring Russia
to its knees within four months.

413
00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:04,039
It was not equipped
for a harsh winter.

414
00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:06,799
Guderian wrote in his memoirs:

415
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:10,799
It was a sight to see those
half-starved, insufficiently clothed
men fight over a poor shelter.

416
00:38:18,160 --> 00:38:22,159
They fought over
even the tiniest village.

417
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:30,279
Losing a village, losing even
a single isba, could mean death.

418
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:37,879
The men started to die
of cold and dysentery.

419
00:38:38,360 --> 00:38:41,199
Diarrhoea made their lives a misery.

420
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:45,199
Dr Haape, the Wehrmachtphysician,
had to warn them:

421
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:49,599
You have to choose. If you pull down
your trousers, you'll freeze to
death.

422
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:52,519
You must take apart
the seam in the back

423
00:38:52,520 --> 00:38:56,199
so you won't have to pull them down.

424
00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:58,479
They envied their fellow soldiers

425
00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:02,479
in the Afrika Korps who, at that
verymoment, in the North African
desert,

426
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:07,399
were able to fry eggs
on their tanks.

427
00:39:10,720 --> 00:39:14,239
Their theme became
the popular song Lili Marleen.

428
00:39:14,240 --> 00:39:18,239
♪ Lili Marleen

429
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:21,879
♪ Wie Einst Lili Marleen. ♪

430
00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:25,119
But the war in the desert
was also getting bogged down -

431
00:39:25,120 --> 00:39:27,559
in the sand.

432
00:39:27,560 --> 00:39:29,439
Petrol and food supplies
were drying up.

433
00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:32,319
Rommel had to order
a temporary halt.

434
00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:36,319
But, ever resourceful, Rommel
began to plan another offensive

435
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:40,559
that would bring new sacrifices
for his men in the Afrika Korps.

436
00:39:42,320 --> 00:39:44,479
Back on the road to Moscow,

437
00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,479
the Germans were no longer able
to wash or to change their clothes.

438
00:39:48,560 --> 00:39:52,559
Like their enemies, they were
driven crazy by lice and parasites

439
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,839
that brought scabies and typhus.

440
00:39:55,840 --> 00:39:59,839
Napoleon's Grand Army had lost
a third of its men to typhus.

441
00:40:01,920 --> 00:40:05,919
In spite of it all,
the Wehrmacht pushed on.

442
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:10,319
They were now
only 20 miles from Moscow.

443
00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:20,399
The German vanguard reached
the outskirts of Moscow

444
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:24,399
and the end of the bus route
that went straight to Red Square.

445
00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:33,159
With German troops so near,
Stalin still ordered the parades

446
00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:37,159
commemorating the anniversary of
the Revolution to be held as usual.

447
00:40:43,240 --> 00:40:47,239
To galvanise his troops, Stalin
made a speech that invoked names

448
00:40:47,920 --> 00:40:51,039
that had been written out of
Russian history by the Soviets,

449
00:40:51,040 --> 00:40:54,719
the great soldiers
from the time of the Tsars.

450
00:40:54,720 --> 00:40:58,719
"Be worthy of your glorious
ancestors - Dmitry Donskoy,

451
00:41:01,880 --> 00:41:05,079
"who defeated the Tatars.
Alexander Nevsky,

452
00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:09,079
"who defeated the Teutons. Suvorov,
the Turks. And Kutuzov, Napoleon!"

453
00:41:12,960 --> 00:41:15,679
Stalin had organized
the defence of Moscow

454
00:41:15,680 --> 00:41:19,679
with one of his most brilliant
generals, a tank specialist

455
00:41:20,120 --> 00:41:23,039
considered to be the Russian
equivalent of Guderian,

456
00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:27,039
45-year-old General Georgy Zhukov.

457
00:41:28,080 --> 00:41:30,239
Luck was on Zhukov's side.

458
00:41:30,240 --> 00:41:32,519
A Soviet spy had discovered

459
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:36,519
that Japan, although Hitler's ally,
had decided not to attack Russia

460
00:41:37,240 --> 00:41:40,239
because its main enemy
was the United States.

461
00:41:40,240 --> 00:41:44,199
This enabled Zhukov to
withdraw troops from the Far East.

462
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:47,799
He brought over several
divisions from Siberia.

463
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:49,999
The Siberian troops were

464
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,999
well trained and well equipped to
deal with harsh winter conditions.

465
00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:57,559
They had all that was
needed to fight in the snow.

466
00:41:57,560 --> 00:42:00,199
They even brought their skis
and their reindeer with them.

467
00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:03,719
Now it was time to turn the tables
on the German invaders.

468
00:42:03,720 --> 00:42:07,719
Zhukov wanted to trap
the Wehrmacht in a pincer movement.

469
00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:13,759
On the 5th of December,
he launched his counter attack.

470
00:43:01,480 --> 00:43:05,479
50,000 Germans were killed
or went missing.

471
00:43:06,240 --> 00:43:10,239
57,000 were taken prisoner.

472
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:15,959
They were sent off to Siberia.

473
00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:19,839
Their struggle with
the cold was far from over.

474
00:43:19,840 --> 00:43:23,839
Only one out of ten of them
would ever return home.

475
00:43:28,520 --> 00:43:31,799
Lieutenant von Kageneck was
severely wounded and evacuated

476
00:43:31,800 --> 00:43:35,799
back to Germany.He wrote:

477
00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:39,879
"Faith disappears,
doubt becomes obsessive.

478
00:43:40,520 --> 00:43:44,519
"Death becomes your best friend,
man's only friend,

479
00:43:44,960 --> 00:43:48,559
"because it will deliver you
from your suffering."

480
00:43:48,560 --> 00:43:51,959
The suffering of
the Russians was not over either.

481
00:43:51,960 --> 00:43:55,959
Their country had been ravaged.

482
00:43:57,680 --> 00:43:59,359
But Moscow had been saved,

483
00:43:59,360 --> 00:44:03,359
although millions had been killed or
taken prisoner,and the danger was
still there.

484
00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:35,919
The Wehrmacht were
pushed back 120 miles.

485
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:41,199
Hitler ordered his army to
defend this new line at all costs.

486
00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:46,959
He dismissed 35 generals,
including Guderian,

487
00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:51,399
and took personal charge
of the Wehrmacht.

488
00:44:55,920 --> 00:44:59,919
He would now personally take on
the task of reviving his army,

489
00:45:00,160 --> 00:45:03,319
re-equipping his troops

490
00:45:03,320 --> 00:45:05,919
and plotting his revenge.

491
00:45:05,920 --> 00:45:09,919
The Wehrmacht would remain
firmly planted in Russia.

492
00:45:11,240 --> 00:45:14,479
Hitler returned to his dogs
back in his Bavarian retreat.

493
00:45:14,480 --> 00:45:17,959
In his opinion, the defeat
before Moscow was the fault

494
00:45:17,960 --> 00:45:21,959
of his generals and his diplomats.
After all they were the ones

495
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:26,199
who had claimed that France and
Britainwouldn't go to war over
Poland.

496
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:30,279
And he blamed the Abwehr,
the German intelligence service,

497
00:45:30,280 --> 00:45:34,279
that misinformed him about
the state of the Russian army.

498
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:37,119
For the children of the Nazi elite,

499
00:45:37,120 --> 00:45:41,119
as for many Germans,
life in Germany was still carefree.

500
00:45:41,680 --> 00:45:45,679
The massive bombings of
German cities had not yet begun

501
00:45:45,920 --> 00:45:49,919
and those struggling to survive
in Moscow were far away.

502
00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:56,759
Two days after Hitler's first
major defeat, his ally Japan,

503
00:45:57,160 --> 00:46:01,079
launched a surprise attack on
the United States at Pearl Harbor,

504
00:46:01,080 --> 00:46:05,079
the base of the US Pacific Fleet.

505
00:46:06,040 --> 00:46:10,039
And with this Japanese assault,
the war would become a world war.

506
00:46:19,240 --> 00:46:23,239
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507
00:46:24,239 --> 00:46:34,239
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