弗里曼: 我们能够理解外星人的思考方式吗？ Freeman: Do aliens think in ways we could ever understand?
所有形式的智能 Do all forms of intelligence
都有着同样的模式吗？ share the same underlying pattern --
一个我们才刚开始注意的模式？ a pattern we are only now beginning to see?
通过研究地球上的非人生物, By studying the nonhumans in our midst,
科学家正在了解外星人的思维如何工作。 scientists are learning how alien minds function.
他们发现-- Their discovery --
情感可能比逻辑更为重要, that emotions may be more important than logic,
就像脑对于身体的重要性一般。 and bodies matter as much as brains.
我们也许很快就会知道外星人如何思考。 We may soon know how aliens think.
空间、时间、生命本身。 Space,time,life itself.
宇宙的奥秘尽在穿越虫洞。 The secrets of the cosmos lie through the wormhole.
-- 外星人如何思考? -- Captions Paid For By Discovery Communications Resync by Iscol@HDVietNam.com
我们知道构成生命的基本元素已经遍布整个宇宙, We know that the stuff of life is spread throughout the cosmos.
几率表明外星人无所不在。 Odds are that aliens are everywhere.
外星人的思考方式和我们相同吗？ Will alien brains think like ours?
还是他们可能就没有脑？ Will they have brains at all?
因为没有外星人可供研究, Without an alien to study,
这个问题似乎没有答案。 these seem impossible questions to answer.
但是我们在这颗星球上并不孤独, But we're not alone on this planet.
如果想知道外星人如何思考, If we want to know how aliens think,
我们可以从地球上那些与外星人思维接近的 we can start by looking closely at the alien minds
开始研究。 here on earth.
我曾经看着我的狗并想, I used to look at my dog and wonder,
这里面到底在干嘛？ What's going on in there?
她以我思考的方式思考吗？ did she think the way I did?
至少我的狗看起来和我的世界有部分是一样的, At least my dog seemed part of the same world as me.
而其它的是一些性质完全不同的生物, Other creatures seemed utterly alien.
是否有可能 Is it possible
所有的生命都具有某些形式的智能, that all life possesses some form of intelligence,
只是有时候和我们的差别太大 but sometimes so different from our own
让我们没能发现吗？ that we fail to see it?
是否有一种外星人思维就在我们眼前？ Could a form of alien thought be right under our noses?
我们认为植物不能思考或感觉。 We believe plants cannot think or feel.
但如果我们错了呢？ But what if we're wrong?
一个开始显现的新研究表明 A ground swell of new research suggests
植物拥有一种 plants possess a form of intelligence
和我们的完全不同的智能形式, entirely alien to our own.
大多数植物都可以嗅、尝、 Most plants can smell,taste,
触,也许还有听, touch,and perhaps hear,
并且根据这两位研究者的观点, and,according to these two researchers,
它们甚至会交谈。 they may even talk.
Consuelo de Moraes拥有 Consuelo de Moraes has doctorates
化学和生物学博士学位, in chemistry and biology.
Mark mescher的研究背景则是 Mark mescher's background is
在动物行为和进化方面。 in animal behavior and evolution.
这个二人组的实验证明 The duo's experiments have proven
植物可以表现出的行为方式 that plants behave in ways
我们通常只认为有脑的生物才可以做到。 we normally only attribute to creatures with brains.
我认为植物奇特的行为方式 I think what's alien about the way
就是它们会参与到自身环境中, 这对于作为动物的 plants engage their environments for us as animals
我们的直觉非常不一致。 is that it's just so counterintuitive.
动物,尤其是人类, Animals,and particularly humans,
典型的以视觉为导向, we're very visually oriented.
以认知为导向。 We're very cognitively oriented.
我们可以解决很多问题 We're these problem solvers
是因为某些程度的面对自身环境 that are used to sort of encountering our environments
并对其进行思考 and thinking about them
以想出许多解决办法。 and coming up with ways to solve problems.
植物也可以解决问题,却以非常不同的方式 And plants are solving problems,but in a very different way
与它们的环境相互作用, of interacting with their environment.
弗里曼：最近,Mark和Consuelo Freeman: Recently,Mark and Consuelo
使用了信息素检测仪器 have used pheromone detecting machines
和延时摄像机来研究一种无叶寄生藤, and time-lapse cameras to study a leafless parasitic vine
叫做五角菟丝子。 called Cuscuta pentagona.
菟丝子表现出了很多的解决问题行为, Cuscuta exhibits a host of problem-solving behaviors
这些我们从未期待能在植物中发现。 we don't expect to see in plants.
但是这个令人着迷的生命形式却有着阴暗面。 But this fascinating life form has a dark side.
它看起来像是普通藤蔓, It may look like an ordinary vine,
但在植物界,它是恶毒的连环杀手。 but in the plant world,it's a vicious serial killer.
De Moraes: 菟丝子是完全寄生的, De Moraes: Cuscuta is a true parasite,
和大多数植物不同,它们没有根。 so as opposed to most plants,they don't have roots.
它们不需要光合作用, They don't really do photosynthesis,
那么为了生存, so in order to survive,
它们就必须附着在宿主植物上, they must attach to a host plant.
它们某种意义上就像吸血鬼。 They work like vampires,in a sense.
它们可以吸取植物体内的资源, They will take the resources out of the plant
然后基于这些从宿主植物中 and then grow based on the resources
得到的营养物质生长, from the host plant
所以它们不会产生任何东西。 so they will not produce anything.
它们是真正的寄生生物。 They're true parasites.
弗里曼：随着菟丝子藤的生长, Freeman: As a cuscuta vine grows,
它可以像我们在午夜时分用手摸索 it probes its surroundings the way we do with our hands
洗手间灯的开关一样 when we search for the bathroom light
探测周围环境。 in the middle of the night.
藤蔓会弯曲并生长,直到它找到了美味的东西-- The vine bends and grows until it finds something tasty --
比如一株西红柿, say,a tomato plant.
接着它向下摸索 Then it probes downward
直至找到枝干的根基, until it finds the base of the stem,
在这里它插入了自己的獠牙。 which it sinks its teeth into.
它会用自身将宿主缠绕起来,并吸取宿主珍贵的汁液, It wraps itself around the plant and sucks out its vital juices,
非常神奇的是,菟丝子可以闻出 and strangely enough,cuscuta can smell
它的目标是否健康。 whether its potential victims are healthy or not.
De Moraes：我们接受动物可以 De Moraes: We accept that animals
依赖嗅觉找到宿主。 can find the host based on smell.
我们总是能看到,对吧？ We see that all the time,right?
但我们就是不认为植物也拥有这种能力, It's just we don't think that plants have that ability,
而我觉得这十分迷人, and I think that's what's fascinating,
因为我们刚刚越过我们自己划分出的 because we just have this line that we have drawn
动物能做得到而植物不能的界线。 that says animals can do this but plants cannot.
弗里曼：植物也能够通过嗅觉交流, Freeman: Plants can also use smell to communicate.
有些植物使用气味防御捕食者 Some use odors to defend themselves against predators
并互相警告危险的存在。 and warn each other of danger.
举个例子,毛虫正在吃这颗 For instance,caterpillars are eating the leaves
大豆植物的叶片, of this soybean plant.
大豆植物就会通过释放 The plant calls for help
能够吸引胡蜂的化学物质来获得帮助, by releasing chemicals that attract wasps.
胡蜂会把毛虫蛰死。 The wasps sting the caterpillars to death.
当这一切正在发生时, While this is going on,
其他植物闻到了胁迫信号 other plants smell the distress signal
就会释放它们自己的化学物质抵御攻击。 and release their own chemicals to ward off attack.
植物的生存周期不同于人类, Plants live on a different time scale from humans.
它们的行为表现得非常缓慢, Their actions unfold so slowly,
以至于我们意识不到一切正在发生。 we think nothing is happening at all.
实际上植物可以自我防御,与其他植物交流, But plants defend themselves,communicate with other plants,
通过气味识别受伤的邻居、寻找食物。 recognize injured neighbors by scent,and sniff out meals.
植物比人类出现得早, Plants predate the human race.
它们存在了很长的时间, They may well outlast it,so is it likely
那么它们这种另类的思维和行为 that their very alien form of thought and behavior
会存在于其他世界中吗？ could be found on other worlds?
Mescher: 不同植物种类的进化史 Mescher: The history of evolution on different planets
差异都是很大的。 may unfold in very different ways.
我认为我们很可能能够找到 I think we would be very likely to find something
与植物行为类似的生态系统, that was very similar ecologically to what plants do.
我认为它们也能够基本上从恒星获得能量, I think they're able to take energy from starlight,
并转化为 basically,and convert that
它们自身可以利用的化学能。 into biochemical energy that they can then use.
这正是食物链的基础, That's just the base of the food chain,
就算是在其他星球上,这就是符合逻辑的 and it seems that that would be the logical place
生态系统的起始点。 for an ecosystem to start,even on another planet.
弗里曼：问题是其他星球上的植物 Freeman: The question is are plants on other worlds
会比我们世界中的善于思考吗？ any better at thinking than the ones we know?
外星树木会用枝干思索吗？ Do alien trees contemplate their branches?
外星花朵会有对没有阳光的世界的噩梦吗？ Do alien flowers have nightmares about worlds with no sun?
也许外星植物已经发展出了 Perhaps alien plants have developed
复杂的思维,变得拥有自我意识。 the complexity of thought it takes to become self-aware.
但这个人可能会说,“不会的”, This woman would say “No.”
她认为不论地球还是外太空的生命形式 she believes that no life form here on earth or out in space
只要没有移动的能力就不会进化出复杂的思维, can evolve complex thought until it has the ability to move
这样也无法通过移动感知世界。 and to sense the world as it moves through it.
对于认知科学家Saskia Nagel来说, For cognitive scientist Saskia Nagel,
感觉输入和身体运动的相互影响 the interplay of sensory input and bodily motion
是意识出现的基础。 is the foundation upon which consciousness is built.
比如说,我看到这个杯子, For instance,I see this cup,
我能够用手指感觉它, I can feel this cup with my fingers,
同样如果我拿起它也能感觉到 and also,I can sense the weight of this cup
它的重量。 if I grab it.
这就是感觉输入。 That's sensory input.
但这同时又是紧密耦合的, But at the same time,closely coupled,
当我观察的时候眼球可以转动, my eyes move when I look at it,
我要抓住什么东西时就要移动手臂, I have to move my arm to grab it,
如果我想感觉到它的重量 and I have to keep it like this
就必须这样行动, if I want to sense the weight of it,
我们认为偶联 and we think that the coupling
感觉过程和行动过程 of sensory processes and motor processes
才允许我们感知世界。 is what allows us to perceive.
弗里曼：我们对于什么才是意识的想法 Freeman: Our idea of what it means to be conscious
离不开我们人类特有的感受-- is inextricably tied to our specific human senses --
看、闻、听、触和尝的能力。 the ability to see,smell,hear,touch,and taste.
但Saskia认为外星人可能发展出了丰富的精神生活 But Saskia believes that aliens could develop rich mental lives
即使他们以完全不同的方式感受世界。 even if they sense their world in entirely different ways.
为了证明这一观点,她把外星人的感受 To prove it,she's feeding an alien sense
灌输到一组志愿者的神经系统中, into the nervous system of a group of volunteers.
这要让他们穿上称为空间感觉腰带的设备, By wearing a device called a feelspace belt,
受试者正在学习 test subjects are learning
如何去感觉地磁北极的方向, how to feel the position of magnetic north.
这就给了他们完美的方向感。 This gives them a perfect sense of direction.
这就是个装有一些震动器的腰带, It's just a belt equipped with a number of vibrators.
在背面有一个小罗盘-- On the back side,there's a little compass --
实际上是个非常好的罗盘-- a very good one,actually --
在另一侧那边还有一个微型电脑, and a little computer at the other side down there,
罗盘和计算机可以指示 and the compass and the computer always tell one element
这些震动器中的一个在适当的时候震动, of these vibration elements at the time to vibrate,
通常都是指北的震荡器。 and it's always that element that points north.
弗里曼：今天,Saskia和她的研究小组 Freeman: Today,Saskia and her team
让三名志愿者来到草坪上, have taken three volunteers into a forest.
志愿者戴着完全漆黑的护目镜。 The volunteers put on blacked-out goggles.
接着转动他们直到无法分清方向。 Next,they are spun around until they are disoriented.
现在他们必须找到到达Saskia的方向, Now they have to find their way to Saskia,
她正站在准确的正北方向。 who stands at a fixed position directly north.
通常情况下他们是不可能找到的, Ordinarily,they wouldn't stand a chance,
但每个志愿者都花了六周的时间 but each volunteer has spent six weeks
训练如何使用腰带。 training with the belt.
他们已经形成了内在的罗盘。 They have developed a built-in compass.
Nagel: 实际上,有趣的是他们在训练之后 Nagel: Actually,it's interesting that they don't feel
就感觉不到也不需要震动刺激了, the tactile stimulation anymore after the training.
就好像这种新感觉总是存在了, It is as if this new sense has always been there,
他们的确形成了另一种空间感。 and they really develop a different sense of space.
弗里曼：距离何时我们才能有 Freeman: The day when we have solid evidence
外星人如何思考的确切证据还很远, of how aliens think may be a long way off,
但这样的实验给了我们方法来估计 but experiments like this give us a way of approximating
以不同方式感知世界的 what it's like in alien heads
外星人的头脑会是什么样。 with an alien way of sensing the world.
结果表明思考的能力 They show us the ability to think
并不依赖于我们已知的感觉。 is not dependent on the senses we know.
逻辑上来讲,外星人会进化出 Logically,aliens would evolve senses
与自己所处环境相符合的感觉。 tailored to their own particular environments.
在一个暗淡无光的星球上,拥有内在的雷达系统 On a planet where light is dim,having a built-in radar system
会比拥有视觉更有价值。 would be more valuable than the sense of sight.
外星人可能有着完全不同的一套感知系统 An alien could have a completely different set of senses
并始终在他们自己的世界中占着优势。 and still dominate its world.
那么一群外星人如何思考呢？ But how do groups of aliens think?
他们如何互相交流、组织, How do they communicate with each other,organize,
来形成精密复杂的社会？ and form sophisticated societies?
答案也许就在脚下。 The answer may be right under our feet.
你的脑就像曲折交错的铁轨迷宫, Your brain is like a maze of twisting railroad tracks.
随着神经元的生长,它们可以产生数万亿个联结, As neurons grow,they make trillions of connections,
通过这些难以置信的复杂网络, and out of this incredibly complex network
你的思维奇迹般的诞生了。 arises the miracle of your mind.
但谁能肯定其他星球上的 But who's to say it works the same way
智慧生命用同样的方式运作呢？ for intelligent life on other planets?
如果外星人脑部的神经连接 What if the neural connections of alien brains
可以扩散到不同的个体呢？ are spread across many different bodies?
Nigel Franks教授正在寻找答案, Professor Nigel Franks is looking for an answer
通过研究地球上最常见的生命形式-- by closely studying the dominant form of life on earth --
昆虫。 insects.
我专业研究蚂蚁 So,I've been working on ants professionally now
至今有30年了, for about 30 years,
每天我们都有成功的实验。 and every day,we have a successful experiment.
它们使我惊讶,带给我乐趣, They surprise and delight me,
我认为让我一心研究它们的是 and I think the thing that's absolutely riveted me
它们比我们曾经认为的 is now we know that ants are so much more sophisticated
更加复杂。 than we ever knew them to be.
弗里曼: 当蚂蚁聚集起来, Freeman: When ants get together,
它们形成了一个超个体--一个由微小、并不聪明的部分 they form a superorganism -- a large,intelligent life form
组成的庞大、智慧的生命形式。 made of small,not especially intelligent parts.
Franks：我认为奇特的是 Franks: What's special,I think,
蚂蚁互相交流的方式, is that the way the ants communicate with one another,
整个群体高效的聚集, so the whole colony emerges effectively
就像脑部结构。 as a brain-like structure.
弗里曼：为了观察这个聚集脑的行为, Freeman: To see this mass brain in action,
Nigel 让蚂蚁们进行室内狩猎。 Nigel forces the ants to go house hunting.
Franks: 是的,这个实验中, Franks: Right,so,in this experiment,
我们取了一个蚂蚁集落的部分蚂蚁, we've taken one of our ant colonies.
对于他们来说我们真的很坏,因为我们彻底摧毁了 We've been really mean to them,because we've totally destroyed
它们曾经居住的巢穴, the nest that they've been living in,
而这意味着他们需要找一个新家, and what that means is they have to find a new home,
我们给它们提供两个巢穴以供选择, and we've offered them a choice of two alternative nest sites.
这里的这个 There's one over here,
过于明亮,而且入口很宽, which is too light and got a very wide entrance,
这两点都是它们不喜欢的, which is two things they don't like,
相比起来它们会更喜欢这个巢穴, versus this nest that they really should prefer
因为它有着非常漂亮的狭窄入口, because it's got a beautiful narrow entrance.
里面有足够大的空间居住, It's got plenty of space for them to live in,
这张红色滤光片意味着巢穴内是黑暗的, and this red filter means that the nest is dark,
这些是它们喜欢的, and that's something they prefer,as well,
我们就期望它们能够选择这个巢穴, so we would expect them to be able to choose this nest.
而这个实验的有趣之处就是要 And the beauty of this experiment is we should be able
弄明白它们到底如何 to work out exactly how they go about
做出这样的决定的。 making this kind of decision.
弗里曼：蚂蚁是挑剔的购物者, Freeman: Ants are picky shoppers.
当他们估计一个新家时, When they size up a new home,
会仔细考虑天花板的高度, they carefully consider the height of the ceilings,
占地面积,房间宽度, the floor space,the width of the rooms,
以及入口数量, and the number of entrances.
它们还会排斥有卫生问题的巢穴, They will reject nests that have hygiene problems,
比如还有上个房客残留。 such as the remains of a previous tenant.
[尖叫] [ Screams ]
Franks：如果蚂蚁喜欢某个巢穴, Franks: If an ant likes a particular nest,
它会回到群体那里找一个可以接受新巢穴的同伴, it goes home to the colony and finds a receptive nest mate,
它就带着它来到这里, and it leads it back to that nest site.
基本上领头的蚂蚁会告诉跟着它的蚂蚁 Basically,the leading ant teaches a single following ant
往新巢穴怎么走, the route to the new nest site,
接着如果它也喜欢这里,也会回家去招募更多蚂蚁来。 then,if it likes it,as well,go home and recruit yet more.
这样1只蚂蚁成为2只、4只、8只、16只, So 1 ant becomes 2 becomes 4 becomes 8 becomes 16,
当它们在新巢穴拥有 and when they build a sufficient number of their nest mates
足够数量的同伴, in the new nest site,
它们就实现了我们称作的法定人数阈值, they achieve what we call a quorum threshold,
这就是它们决定搬去 and that's the decision point that makes them commit
新巢穴的转折点, to that particular nest site,
接着它们开始携带着同伴去新家, and then they'll start carrying their nest mates there
而不是引导它们。 rather than leading them.
弗里曼：最近,计算机科学家James Marshall Freeman: Recently,computer scientist James Marshall
使用Nigel的发现建立了一个蚂蚁决策的 used Nigel's findings to create a sophisticated model
精密模型。 of ant decision-making.
接着有些引人注目的事情发生了。 Then something remarkable happened.
James还进行着另一项计算机模拟程序, James came upon another computer simulation
和他正在研究的很相似。 that looked very much like the one he was working on.
一个同事加入了我在普林斯顿的研究部门, A colleague came to join my department from Princeton,
他正在研究的是 where he'd been working on modeling
灵长类脑部的决策回路, primate decision-making circuits in the brain
这基本和我开始制作这些蚂蚁决策制定的 just around the same time I started making
计算机和数学模型 these computer and math models
同时开始, of ant colonies making decisions,
我们互相拜访讨论, and we went to each other's talks,
都对我们的发现感到非常兴奋, and we were both really excited because we could see
因为这两个模型看起来像是同一类系统。 that each was basically looking at the same kind of system.
尽管一个是蚂蚁集落,一个是灵长类脑, Although one was an ant colony and one was a primate brain,
它们都基本上以同样的方式 they were both basically working in the same way
作出决策。 to make decisions.
弗里曼：James意识到 Freeman: James realized
超个体中的蚂蚁个体的行为 that individual ants in a superorganism
类似于灵长类脑中的单个神经元。 behave like the neurons in a single primate brain.
Marshall: 我认为蚂蚁以一种非常有趣的方式 Marshall: So,I think ants collectively process information
共同处理信息。 in a very interesting way.
蚂蚁个体并不需要知道 No individual ant needs to know
关于它周围环境的所有细节, all the details about its environment,
但通过只获得一点信息 but by having a little bit of information
并将信息聚集到群体水平, and aggregating it together at the colony level,
群体就能够做出明智的决定, the colony can be well informed about the decision it's making,
即使蚂蚁个体并不聪明, even if individual ants are less well informed,
这类似于脑中的神经元。 and that's analogous to neurons in the brain.
单个神经元并不能知道什么, No individual neuron really knows anything,
但许多神经元聚集起来形成脑, but you stick a load of them together,and collectively,
就知道了很多事情。 the brain does know something.
弗里曼：那么给其足够的时间, Freeman: So,given enough time,
蚂蚁群体会变得有意识吗？ could ant colonies become conscious?
或是它们已经有了意识？ Are they already conscious?
Franks: 我认为在我们解决问题的方式 Franks: Well,I think one of the great differences
和蚂蚁解决问题的方式之间 between the way we solve problems
存在着明显不同, and the way ants solve problems
这就是蚂蚁必须面对问题 is the ants actually have to mingle with the problem
才开始去解决它, to begin to solve it.
而我们能做的是 And the great difference we have is that we can
在我们的脑袋中制造虚拟现实 often play virtual-reality games in our heads
考虑另一种选择的情况, to think about alternative scenarios
以及我们会如何解决问题 and how we might solve the problem
和这样决定的后果。 and what the consequences of that might be.
那我们做的是先去进行思考, So,what we do is stand back and think about things,
而蚂蚁们则是卷起袖子 whereas the ants really roll up their sleeves
马上着手去干。 and get on with it.
弗里曼：蚁群能够完成的工作 Freeman: Ant colonies can accomplish goals
远超过了个体成员的能力。 far beyond the capabilities of their individual members.
但它们只能思考 But they can only think about things
摆在它们面前的事。 that are directly in front of them.
它们缺少自我意识和想象的能力, They lack self awareness and the ability to imagine.
或许外星昆虫拥有这些能力, Perhaps alien insects have these abilities.
只是在地球上,它们不能。 On earth,they do not.
那么地球上是否有非人智慧 So,is there a nonhuman intelligence on earth
能够与我们的思想和创新匹敌吗？ that rivals us for thoughtfulness and innovation?
这个人说有。 This man says yes.
他正在研究的生物可能就能解开 He's studying a creature that may hold the secret
外星人思维和意识的奥秘。 to alien thought and the mystery of consciousness.
人类的脑在地球上不是最大的, Human brains are not the largest on earth,
但却是最复杂的。 but they are the most complex.
我们的脑不仅可以思考, Our brains don't just think.
也有自我意识。 They also are self-aware.
它们是有意识的, They are conscious.
意识只存在于人脑中吗, Is consciousness unique to the human brain
还是拥有着完全不同的 or could a creature with radically different
脑部结构的生物也具有意识？ brain architecture also be self-aware?
答案就隐藏在这些不会眨动的眼睛后面。 The answers may lurk behind these unblinking eyes.
章鱼是无脊椎动物, Octopuses are invertebrates.
它们没有脊髓, They don't have spinal cords,
但仍表现出较高水平的智力, yet they exhibit a level of intelligence
而我们通常只认为哺乳动物才具有。 we usually associate only with mammals.
它们似乎具有思维,很聪明,甚至会计算, They appear to be thoughtful,clever,even calculating,
但它们与我们完全不同。 but they are utterly unlike us.
章鱼是真正的非常接近 Octopuses are truly the closest thing
外星生命形式的、具有某种程度智慧的 to an alien life form of any degree of intelligence
地球生物。 on the planet earth.
弗里曼：神经科学家David Edelman Freeman: Neuroscientist David Edelman studies
研究章鱼的脑,更准确地说是许多脑, the brain of the octopus,or more precisely,brains.
它不仅有一个脑。 It has more than one.
普通章鱼有5亿个神经元或神经细胞, In the common octopus,we have half a billion neurons,
一半以上都位于它的触手中, or nerve cells,more than half of which are in the arms,
这些触手非常非常有趣, and those arms,in fact,are really,really interesting
因为你可以把它们看做 because you can almost characterize them
拥有属于自己的微型脑的触手。 as having their own miniature brain.
弗里曼：章鱼的多重脑 Freeman: The multiple brains of the octopus
像计算机的分布式处理系统一样工作-- act as a distributed processing system --
触手传送信息到头部, the arms feeding data to the head
就像计算机节点将信息传送到中央集线器, like a network of computer nodes feed data to a central hub.
如果切断其中一个节点,它仍能继续工作。 If one of the nodes is cut off,it can still function.
Edelman: 如果你切掉了一个章鱼的触手, Edelman: If you cut off an octopus's arm,
被切下的触手仍能进行一些行为, that arm is actually able to execute a series of movements
这些行为非常非常协调,这十分有趣, that are very,very coordinated,which is really intriguing,
在脊椎动物中你无法看到这类现象。 and you do not see that at all in any vertebrate.
[触手抱怨] [ Arm murmuring ]
弗里曼: 你如何能够知道 Freeman: How do you work out
拥有另类脑的生物是如何思考的？ what a creature with an alien brain is thinking?
David的办法是对章鱼使用一些 David's solution was to adapt intelligence tests
改编自鼠类的智力测试。 made for mice and rats to octopuses.
你看到的是巴恩斯迷宫, So,what you see here is a Barnes maze,
起初是设计用来研究啮齿类动物的 which was originally designed for looking at memory
记忆学习和实际视觉导航, and learning and actual visual navigation in rodents,
我们在这里做的是 and what we're doing here is we're checking
测试章鱼的视觉导航能力, the octopus's capability for visual navigation,
你看到的是一个18个洞的 and so what you see here is this fairly simple maze
非常简单的迷宫,但只有一个洞是真洞, with 18 holes,but only one hole is a true hole
它可以从中逃脱, that leads to an escape.
逃到装有海水的容器中。 The escape is into a container of its own seawater.
你能发现这有一些视觉标志, But you also see these visual landmarks,
这种想法的原理就是 and the idea behind this is to follow the animal
动物可以发现不同标志 as it learns the location of the various landmarks
和真正能逃脱的洞的关系。 in relation to the one true escape hole.
弗里曼：找到出口对于章鱼来说没问题, Freeman: The octopus has no problem finding its way out.
实验表明当标志移动后, Trials have shown that when the markers are moved,
它就会朝着这个它认为代表出口的标志前进, it will head towards what it believes to be the exit sign,
甚至这个标志已经不再位于真正洞口的上面。 even if it's no longer above the escape hole.
很明显,这个动物可以计划、行动和记忆, Clearly,the animal plans,acts,and remembers.
它以较高的复杂程度进行思考,那么它有意识吗？ It's thinking at a high level of complexity,but is it conscious?
Edelman: 我定义意识为 Edelman: I define consciousness as the stitching together
整合所有不同的感觉输入 of all of the diverse sensory input
进入我的脑内--视觉输入, that's coming into my brain -- visual input,
触觉结合听觉,我所听到的-- sense of touch combined with auditory,what I hear --
将这些感觉集成一个整体 and the remembrance of all of that stuff
并对其产生记忆。 stitched together as a unitary whole.
弗里曼：这样拥有多重脑的生物就会是具有意识的, Freeman: So a creature with multiple brains could be conscious,
但拥有意识与拥有自我意识 but being conscious is not the same thing
并不一样,现在我们还没有办法 as being self-aware,and right now,we have no way
检测意识或是自我意识。 of measuring either consciousness or self awareness.
Edelman: 如果有人问我我的狗是否有意识, Edelman: If somebody were to ask me whether my dog is conscious,
作为一个养宠物的人和爱狗的人,我会说,“当然, as a pet owner and a dog lover,
“她看起来能够意识到自己的世界, of her world.
“她能够 “She seems to respond
以我非常熟悉的方式回应我。” in ways that look
但作为一名科学家,我就必须要有 but as a scientist,I have to demand
非人动物拥有意识的证据, evidence of consciousness in nonhuman animals
而它们却无法告诉我它们内在的意识状态。 who cannot report to me their internal conscious states.
弗里曼：章鱼的思维还是个谜, Freeman: The octopus's thoughts are a mystery
或许永远都是个谜。 and may forever remain a mystery.
我们可能永远都不知道它们是否有自我意识, We may never know if it is self-aware
它们是否会思考自己的世界。 or if it can contemplate its world.
你能够脱离语言思考吗？ Can you think without words?
会有一种无需语言的思考方式吗？ Is there such a thing as thought without words?
我可能只是少数的人, Well,you know,I might be in the minority,
但我认为也许你能够做到。 but I happen to think that you probably can.
我认为存在视觉思维, I think that there can be visual thoughts.
这对于人类很难想象, It's very hard for us as humans to imagine that
因为...当然 because,of course,
每当我们思考时,语言就会渗透进来。 every time we think,language breaks in.
外星语言会是什么样, What will alien languages be like?
和我们的语言存在共同之处吗？ Would theirs and ours have anything in common?
地球上的语言进化可能会有 The evolution of language on earth may hold the answers
人类能否和外星人交流的答案, to whether humans and aliens can one day communicate
还是会因语言不通而无法交流。 or be hopelessly separated by our uncommon tongues.
人类已经进化 Human evolution has been going on
大概五百万年了, for roughly 5 million years,
这在宇宙诞生的 and that's just a blip
135亿年中只是一瞬。 in the 13.5 billion-year history of creation.
有可能 Chances are
我们不是宇宙中最聪明的生物。 we are not the smartest creatures in the universe.
如果我们遇到了远比我们先进的外星人, If we met aliens far more advanced than us,
我们能否沟通？ could we communicate?
我们能否说同样的语言？ Would we speak the same language?
一个比我们古老一百万年的 What would language be like
外星种族的语言会是什么样呢？ for a species a million years older than us?
Simon Kirby教授把语言视为 Professor Simon Kirby sees language
可以随时间演化的活物。 as a living thing that evolves over time.
地球上的各种语言, The sheer variety of languages on earth,
6,000种独特的语言, 6,000 unique tongues,
反映了我们如何思考 are mirrors of how we think
以及思维在未来如何改变。 and how thought may change in the future.
现在我们做的是很杰出的事情, Right now,we're doing something pretty extraordinary.
讲话时我会慢慢呼出气 I'm breathing out slowly
同时像快速的芭蕾动作一样 while at the same time moving my tongue,jaw,and lips
运动舌头、下巴和嘴唇。 in an incredibly fast ballet of movement.
我可以通过这种形式将我脑中的想法 I can use this skill to take a thought that's in my head
转移到你的头脑中。 and transfer it into yours.
弗里曼：Simon想要知道为什么会这样。 Freeman: Simon wants to know why this happens.
Kirby: 我们最终如何走到 Kirby: How did we end up having a language
使用具有独特语法结构的语言 with a particular kind of structure
来互相交谈的呢？ that allows us to talk about anything?
令人惊讶的是,我们能够得到答案的线索, It turns out,surprisingly,that we can get a clue to the answer
就通过一个简单的传话筒游戏。 by looking at a simple game like broken telephone.
在传话筒游戏中, In the game of broken telephone,
一句话随着一个人到另一个人演变, a sentence evolves as it's passed from player to player,
但生物学上并未变化。 but it doesn't evolve biologically.
而且,它还会随着不同文化演化过程变化。 Rather,it evolves through a process of cultural evolution.
谢谢。 Thanks.
刚开始的句子是, So,the original sentence was,
“生存竞争中特定文字的存在 in the struggle for existence
是由于自然选择。” is natural selection.”
而你们将这句话变成了 and what you guys turned it into was,
“越长久的存在已经不能代表这种长久的存在”。 “Longer existence is not longer existence.”
[笑] [ laughter ]
弗里曼：这个句子似乎已经从 Freeman: The sentence seems to have mutated
有意义突变为无意义了, from sense to nonsense.
但Simon认为明显的是 But Simon argues what's significant
句子会变得更短更容易学习。 is the sentence became shorter and easier to learn.
这就是语言如何演变的。 That is how language evolves.
传话筒游戏 So,the broken telephone game
就像是微型版本的文化演变。 acts as a kind of miniature version of cultural evolution.
游戏中每个人要做的是 So what's happening is that each player in the game
听一个句子 is hearing a sentence
并在他们脑中简单描绘出这个句子 and mapping it somehow into their brains briefly
接着尝试复述出来。 and then trying to reproduce it again.
因为这个过程是不完美的, Because that process is imperfect,
句子就可以随时间变化, the sentence can evolve over time,
然后最终我们得到的句子 so the sentence we get at the end
就和开始的句子不同了, is different from the one at the start,
而这里所发生的就是句子以某种方式适应了 and what's happened is that that sentence has adapted in some way
玩游戏的人的思维方式。 to the brains of the people playing the game.
弗里曼：若要科学地证明这点很难, Freeman: Proving this scientifically is difficult
因为语言不会留下化石记录以供研究。 because language doesn't leave a fossil record behind to study.
Simon可以解决这个问题, Simon tackles this problem
通过一个字一个字的创造外星语言, by creating alien languages word by word,
然后观察其如何适应人类大脑。 then watching them adapt to human brains.
我们想看看是否能够在实验室 So,we wanted to see if we could re-create
重建语言的文化演化, the cultural evolution of language in the lab,
我们研究的在几百年中发生的 whether we could study something that take hundreds of years
可以基本上归纳于一下午的时间。 and see it happen in basically an afternoon.
我们做的是设计一个实验, So what we did is we set up an experiment
实验中教给志愿者 where we teach a volunteer
我们发明的外星语言, an alien language that we've made up
以这种方式进行测试。 and then test them on it.
在实验中,我们有很多种外星水果, So in the setup,we have a bunch of alien fruits that have names,
每个名字都不同, but every name is different.
这种语言基本上是不可能学会的。 And this language is essentially impossible to learn.
好的,Adam,现在请你来为我 Okay,Adam,so,now I'm gonna ask you
试着鉴别这些外星水果。 to try and identify some of these alien fruits for me.
Pohumo. Pohumo.
是这个, That one.
Wagahuki. Wagahuki.
弗里曼：事实上没人能够正确记住这些词汇。 Freeman: Virtually no one is able to remember the words correctly.
好的,恐怕你都没有做对, Okay,I'm afraid you actually got none of those correct,
非常遗憾, so sorry about that.
不过这还好。 But that's okay.
现在Adam会写下他认为的单词的拼法, Now Adam will write down what he thinks the words were,
并把这些新词汇 and then this new set of words
教给下一个志愿者。 will be taught to the next volunteer.
这名志愿者会写下她自己版本的词汇, This volunteer would write down her version of the words,
然后再教给下个人。 and then those words will be taught to the next person.
Kirby: 这样,随着实验接近尾声, Kirby: So,towards the end of the experiment,
受试者进入房间 participants that are coming in
学习上个人留下的语言, and learning the language after it has,
如果你喜欢,就可以修改 if you like,washed through the brains
早先受试者留下的词汇, of some of our earlier participants,
这样突然大家似乎能做的更好了。 suddenly seem to do better.
实际上,接近实验结束时, In fact,towards the end of the experiment,
我们的志愿者可以认出他们看到的所有水果, our volunteers can name all the fruit that we show them,
甚至是他们从没见过的。 even ones they've never seen before.
做得好。他们全都正确。 Well done. That's all of them correct.
恭喜。 Congratulations.
这个实验中发生的正是语言的进化, And what's happened here is that the language has evolved.
它有着进化后的语言结构, It has evolved structure,
结果表明人们犯的错误 and it turns out that the mistakes people make
会倾向于变成 will tend to be the kinds of things
其他参与者可以学习的, that other participants can learn,
那么一代人犯的所有错, so every mistake one generation makes
使得语言对于下一代人更容易学习。 makes the language easier to learn for the next generation.
弗里曼: 这样和古老的外星种族交流 Freeman: So,communicating with an ancient alien race
可能并不会那么困难。 may not be so difficult after all.
如果语言的演化 If language evolution
和其他世界中的演化有相似的模式, follows similar patterns on other worlds,
外星语言就会容易学习。 an alien tongue could be easy to learn.
但不要指望外星人会很聪明。 But don't expect the aliens to be smart.
如果我们观察人类社会今日的运作方式 If we look at how humans work today,
我们在网络上储存信息, we store information online.
通过这些庞大的网络分享信息, We share information online on these massive networks,
基本上能够迅速找出我们需要的信息, and we basically find out any information we want instantly,
也许外星文明 so perhaps an alien civilization
会顺着这条路走得更远。 would have gone further down this road.
我能够想象一个进化方向, I can imagine evolution taking us in a direction
我们越来越不需要脑了, where less and less is needed of our brains,
我们的生物学脑, as it were -- of our biology --
因为我们周围建立起的文化系统 because more and more of that is taken on
承担了越来越多的脑力工作, by the cultural system that we're building around us,
也许我们会在生物学上变得越来越笨, so perhaps we will get more and more stupid biologically
随着时间推移在文化角度越来越聪明。 and more and more smart culturally over time.
弗里曼：无论聪明与否, Freeman: Clever or not,
外星人需要语言组建文明, aliens would need language to have civilization.
但他们需要讲话吗？ But would they need speech?
如果你能通过心灵感应直接交流思想 Why bother to talk if you can share your thoughts directly
干嘛还要说话呢？ via mental telepathy?
外星人会如何交流? How might aliens communicate?
我们人类交谈, We speak.
语言使我们的想法 Language lets us transmit our thoughts
进入另一个人的思维中, into other people's brains.
但是语言可能不会以讲话的方式出现。 But language might not come in the form of speech.
如果在一个无法通过声音交流的星球上, What if complex life evolved on a planet
复杂生命会如何进化呢？ where communication by sound was impossible?
这可能会发展出一种不同的传输信息的方式, A different way of transmitting information might evolve.
如果外星人会心灵感应呢？ What if aliens are telepathic?
这在地球上已经发生了, It's already happening here on earth.
今天,这个人的思维 Today,this man's thoughts
会通过一台仪器检测并转移。 will be detected and transmitted by a machine.
这是一个革命性项目的一部分, It's part of a revolutionary project
由加州大学欧文分校的神经科学家 led by university of California at irvine neuroscientist
Mike d'zmura领导. Mike d'zmura.
我们称之为“脑-机接口”, We call it a brain-computer interface.
我们使用脑电图测量一个人思考时 We use e.E.G. to measure the faint signals
脑部产生的微弱信号。 generated by the brain when a person thinks.
我们的目的是分析脑电图信号, Our goal is to analyze the e.E.G. Signals
来确定一个人在想什么, to determine what it is the person is thinking.
我们接下来就能使用许多方法 We can then send the phrases to some other person
将词语发送到其他人脑中, using any number of means,
包括电子邮件或短信。 including e-mail or text messaging.
弗里曼：Mike正在测试 Freeman: Mike is testing
这个人在想象两种不同的音节时 whether this man can use the brain waves generated
能否会使用脑波产生 when he imagines two different syllables
一种心灵感应的“摩尔斯电码”。 as a form of telepathic morse code.
D'zmura: 实验开始时 D'zmura: They're two syllables presented
有两种音节, at the beginning of trials.
“Wo”或“Fi”, These are either "Wo" Or "Fi".
如果受试者听到了“Fi”,那他想的就是“Fi”。 if our subject hears "Fi",Then he thinks "Fi".
如果他听到了“Wo”,就会去想“Wo”。 If he hears "Wo",Then he thinks "Wo".
Wo。 wo.
[哔哔响] [ Beeping ]
“Fi” 在通讯中可以被当做 "Fi" Could be used to communicate
摩尔斯代码的短信号,“Di”。 the short element of morse code,"Di".
“Wo”可以被当做是 "Wo" Can be used to communicate
摩尔斯代码的长信号,“Dah”。 the long element of morse code,"Dah".
弗里曼：这种转换的摩尔斯电码测试非常成功, Freeman: The meta-morse-code tests have been stunningly successful,
准确率高达100%。 with an accuracy rate near 100%.
这种心灵感应技术 This synthetic telepathy technology
利用了脑中的错误纠正机制。 exploits an error correction mechanism in the brain.
当脑向运动皮质发送一个命令时, When the brain sends a command to the motor cortex,
同时也会产生一个内部效果, it also creates an internal impression
就是我们所知的传出复制,[相位枪待命,击昏模式] known as an efference copy [Phasers ON STUN]
关于这个动作看起来会是什么样或感觉如何。[相位枪待命,击昏模式] of what the resulting movement would look and feel like. [Phasers ON STUN]
[呻吟声] [ Groans ]
Mike和他的合作者意识到 Mike and his collaborators realized
如果他们能够阅读这些脑中的传出复制, that if they could read these efference copies in the brain,
人工心灵感应就可以进入下一阶段了, synthetic telepathy could advance to the next stage,
传输的思维不再是摩尔斯代码, transmitting thoughts not just in morse code,
而是词语。 but in common phrases.
在充满混乱电信号的思维中 Finding and isolating an efference copy
寻找分离出某个传出复制 in the electrical jumble of the mind
并非易事。 is no easy thing.
神经活动的准确位置 The exact location of neural activity
很难识别 is difficult to discern
因为有头皮、头盖骨、 because the scalp,skull,
脑脊液环绕着脑部, and cerebral fluid surrounding the brain
在电信号 scatter its electric signals
到达脑电图电极之前就被分散了, before they reach the electrodes of an e.E.G.
真正的问题是信噪比。 The real problem is the signal-to-noise ratio.
此时我正在和你说话, At the moment,I am speaking to you right now.
你正听我说, You are listening,
这样你的脑就产生了活跃行为, and this is generating activity in your brain.
我们认为脑的这些活跃行为 Let's suppose that this brain activity
就是我们想要检测的。 is what we would like to detect.
这就是信号。 This is the signal.
如果脑工作时只有一件事情, Well,if it were the only thing going on in your brain,
就不会很困难, it wouldn't be so hard.
然而,你的脑同时 However,there are many things
会做着很多事情, that your brain is doing simultaneously.
它控制着你的心跳, It's controlling your heartbeat.
[击鼓声] [ Drum beats ]
它控制着呼吸速率, It's controlling the rate of breathing.
[演奏萨克斯] [ Saxophone plays ]
我们不断地扫描着自己的外部环境, We are constantly scanning our external environments.
[演奏吉他] [ Guitar plays ]
它从意识中产生思维, It generates thoughts that rise up into consciousness.
[演奏手风琴] [ Accordion plays ]
现在,假如在脑颅之中 Now,suppose that all of these things
持续进行着这些事情, are going on simultaneously behind the skull.
一个录音棚中厚玻璃板之后的 to all of the sources of noise in a recording studio
各种噪音来源。 behind a thick plate of glass.
[讲话声渐弱]很快, [ Fading ] Pretty soon,
你就无法再听到信号了。 it's gonna be impossible to hear the signal.
[所有乐器演奏] [ All instruments playing ]
...在信号处理过程中有着很大的问题。 ...great problem that we face in signal processing.
弗里曼：现在,Mike的软件 Freeman: So far,Mike's software
已经能够以0.5倍的显著差异识别 is able to identify words in the subject's brain
受试者脑中的信号, about half the time.
但人工心灵感应的进步会很快。 But advances in synthetic telepathy are coming quickly.
有一天, Someday,
我们也许能够通过空气传输我们的思维, we may be able to project our thoughts through the ether,
如果能做到这样, and if we can do it,
这可能会是和外星种族交流的标准设备。 it could be standard equipment for an alien species.
我能很容易想象存在着其他种族 I can easily imagine that there are other species out there
可以非常善于通过接口,比如脑电图 who may actually be better at signaling things
将事物信号化。 through interfaces such as e.E.G.
我能想象比如,一个种族的脑部运动区 So I can imagine,for instance,a species whose motor areas
可能并不会埋藏在脑部深处, are not buried behind an extraneous piece of brain,
而是在身体表面。 but rather on the surface.
弗里曼：这个外星种族可以学会集中他们的思维, Freeman: This alien species could learn to pool its thoughts,
就像蚁群,来形成超个体, much as ant colonies form superorganisms,
只不过有着通过机器放大的更强的脑力。 but with vastly more brainpower augmented by machines.
这种脑转换后的外星人思考能力 The thinking power of this alien meta brain
强大过任何我们所能想象的东西。 could dwarf anything we can imagine.
但是一个社会能够持续以思维交流吗？ But could a society that communicates by thought endure?
如果你认为你现在收到了过多的短信和电子邮件, If you think you get too many texts and e-mails now,
当人们 what happens
不再会因敲键盘更困扰时会发生什么呢？ when people don't even have to go to the trouble of typing?
地球上,即时交流 On earth,instant communication
似乎会带来更多的问题, seems to cause as many problems as it solves,
也许是因为我们的信息承载着感情。 perhaps because our messages are loaded with emotion.
我们假定对于精神力高度发达的外星人不是问题, We presume that isn't an issue for mentally advanced aliens.
确实,他们十分遵从逻辑,像机器人一样 Surely,they are logical,machinelike beings
超越于感情。 beyond emotion.
但这位女性认为伴随着她的感情和思维, But this woman believes with her heart and her mind
思考和感觉就像是一个硬币的两面。 that thinking and feeling are two sides of the same coin.
就像我们,外星人也许需要 感情。 Like us,aliens may need emotions.
科幻中经常描绘发达的外星种族 Science fiction often depicts advanced alien species
是一些冰冷无情的纯粹智慧的生物-- as cold,emotionless beings of pure intellect --
基本上就像是长着腿的电脑。 basically,computers with legs.
根据这样推理, According to this line of reasoning,
情感是可以混乱我们思维的原始冲动。 emotions are primitive urges that merely cloud our thinking.
但是一个精神力发达的种族 But would a mentally superior species
就不需要有感情吗？ necessarily be devoid of feelings?
还是他们也有情感？ Or could aliens have a heart?
心理学家Lisa Barrett开拓性的研究 Psychologist Lisa Barrett's groundbreaking research
表明语言、记忆、甚至理性思维 reveals that language,memory,and even rational thought
全部依赖于情感。 all depend upon emotion.
Barrett：当你感到气愤时, Barrett: When you feel angry,
你会有这种 you experience this
和你有着像美丽花朵的记忆、 as very different from when you're having a memory
或当你想着一些或察觉一些 or when you're thinking something
像美丽花朵一样的东西时 or when you're perceiving something
完全不同的体会。 like a beautiful flower.
这些你觉得 Those seem to you
非常非常不同的感受, to be very,very different kinds of experiences,
在大脑水平实际上是通过相同的网络进行的, but at the level of the brain,there are common networks
这些网络在所有这类刺激下都会激活。 that are active during all of those events.
弗里曼：这种情感和理性思维 Freeman: The notion that our emotional and rational minds
是完全分开的理念 are entirely separate
可以追溯到柏拉图, dates black to Plato,
他认为情感是野蛮残暴的本能。 who saw emotions as savage,brutish instincts.
[呻吟声] [ Groans ]
查尔斯·达尔文也认为 Charles Darwin argued
情感是人类从动物开始尚未进化掉的残余, that emotions are evolutionary holdovers from animals
对于目的不再有用, which no longer serve any useful purpose,
就像我们残留的尾椎骨, like our vestigial tailbones.
人类的未来, Humans of the future,
或是已经进化许久的外星种族 or any alien species far along the evolutionary trail,
不会再有情感的压力。 will not be burdened with feelings.
但根据Lisa的观点, But according to Lisa,
你无法将理性与感性区分开。 you can't separate reason from emotion.
她在东北大学的实验室中, In her lab at northeastern university,
Lisa研究了情感如何塑造思维。 Lisa studies how emotions shape thought.
她通过改变人们的核心情绪-- She does this by altering people's core affect --
在复杂感情下思维的基本状态, the basic state of mind that underlies complex emotions,
而她在他们察觉不到的情况下进行。 and she does this without their knowing it.
Barrett: 受试者来到实验室中, Barrett: So,subjects come into the laboratory,
通过一些专业设备仪器, and using specialized equipment,
我们给他们左右眼分别展示不同的图像, we present different images to the left and the right eye.
一个眼中,我们会呈现闪烁的图像-- To one eye,we will present flashing images --
我们可以说是蒙德里安风格的艺术图像-- let's say mondrian-type image of artwork --
其中隐藏着视觉噪音。 embedded in visual noise.
我们会给另一只眼一幅静态图, To the other eye,we present a static image
无表情的脸、微笑的脸、 of either a neutral face,a smiling face,
或是发愁的脸。 or a scowling face.
弗里曼：当你的一只眼看闪动的图片 Freeman: When one of your eyes is shown a flashing image
另一只眼看静态图时, and the other eye is shown a still image,
你就会有意识的去看闪动图, you are only conscious of seeing the flashing image,
而静态图会进入你的潜意识思维中。 but the still image nonetheless reaches your subconscious mind.
通过测量皮肤传导、心跳速率、呼吸和 By measuring skin conduction,heart rate,breathing,
血管阻力, and vascular resistance,
Lisa检测了她的受试者对隐藏表情 Lisa detects her subjects' unconscious responses
的无意识反应, to the hidden faces
然后测量了这会如何影响他们的思考。 and then measures how this affects their thinking.
她发现看着微笑的静态图的人们 She's found that people exposed to the static smiling face
更可能会发现蒙德里安式图片的美, are more likely to find the mondrian-type image beautiful.
当隐藏的表情是皱眉时, But when the hidden face is frowning,
他们则不喜欢这张图片。 they don't like the picture.
在这个世界中 It's not the case
我们并不是无感情的看待事物 that we're impassively viewing things in the world
然后才对它们有反应。 and then having reactions to them.
我们看到的, Our affective feelings
以及如何判断看到的, are actually influencing what we see
实际上都会影响我们的情绪感受。 and how we make judgments about what we see.
弗里曼：无论我们是否知道, Freeman: Whether we know it or not,
情感决定了我们如何思考,以及我们会注意什么。 emotions determine how we think and what we pay attention to.
你的情绪帮助你分配注意力, Your affect helps you to allocate your attention,
比如说,对于我来说 for example,towards me
忽视其他所有的信息来源, and ignore all the other sources of information
你就能够集中注意力听我说。 that you could potentially be paying attention to.
情绪同样使你增强感知 Affect also helps you to sharpen your perception
专注于你要注意的东西。 of the thing you're paying attention to.
弗里曼：如果情感是 Freeman: If emotions are essential
意识和自我意识的要素, to consciousness and self-awareness,
那么外星人就当然会拥有感情。 then aliens will certainly have them.
他们会像我们一样使用感情-- They will use them the same way we do --
来实现自己的目标... to realize their goals...
液(字幕君丧失中...)！ Yay!
来定义他们的人格个性... ...to define their personalities...
[咕哝声] [ Grunts ]
...来使他们的世界合理。 ...to make sense of their world.
真正的外星人思维 The true nature of alien thought
也许会推翻我们的猜测, would probably defy our speculations.
它可能会超越我们的理解范畴, It may well be beyond our understanding,
但通过对地球上另类思维的研究, but by studying the minds of the aliens here on earth,
我们对自己、 we have learned much about ourselves
对大自然赋予我们的 and the gift of having brains
可以思考感觉和交流的脑了解更多。 that can think,feel,and communicate.
某一天,当我们最终和外星思维接触时, One day,when we finally engage with alien minds,
我们也许会明白 we will find out
到底意识、感情和想象是我们特有的, whether consciousness,emotion,and imagination
还是众星中普遍存在的。 are unique to us or spread throughout the stars.
可是现在,我们还没有办法知道, Right now,we have no way of knowing.
我们唯独能做的就是想象。 All we can do is imagine.