NETFLIX 原创纪录片系列
几个世纪以来 精制糖是一种难以获得的奢侈品 For centuries, refined sugar was an unobtainable luxury.
现在我们每年吃到1.7亿吨 Now, we eat 170 million tons a year.
但是糖最甜蜜的地方是售卖 But the sweetest thing about sugar is selling it.
经营糖业公司的人赚得盆满钵满 The people who ran the sugar companies were making money hand-over-fist
在我们谈话的时候 他们还在赚钱 and still are as we sit here.
保守估计 糖业项目的成本 The best estimates say
花费美国消费者 the sugar program costs the U.S. consumer
每年30到40亿美元 three to four billion dollars a year.
多年来 美国甘蔗种植者一直面临指控 For years, American sugarcane growers faced accusations
剥削和虐待他们的工人 of exploiting and abusing their workers.
甘蔗收割者知道 他们没有得到应有的报酬 The sugarcane cutters knew they weren't being paid what they should be paid.
但如果你抱怨 你就会被开车送到机场送回家 But if you complained, you got driven to the airport and sent home.
这项工作仍然很残酷 The work is still brutal.
一些工人仍然无能为力 And some workers are still powerless.
有时我有食物有时没有 Sometimes, I have food. Sometimes, I don't.
你知道我这周的工资是多少吗？ Do you know how much I got paid this week?
看看这个 325比索 Look at this: 325 pesos.
甚至连自然也被糖的意志所左右 Even the landscape has been bent to sugar's will,
它可能永远没有机会完全恢复 and it may never get the chance to fully recover.
我们让美国蔗糖和佛州之晶 特殊利益集团支配了 We're letting special interests in US Sugar and Florida Crystals dictate how our water was managed,
我们的水如何管理 最终来支配我们渔业的未来 and ultimately, dictate the future of our fisheries.
墨西哥哈利斯科州贝塔圣米格尔糖场 的收获季节到了 It's harvest time in the Beta San Miguel sugar fields in Jalisco State, Mexico.
这意味着是时候放火烧掉农场了 That means it's time to set the farms on fire.
在收割前焚烧甘蔗是为了 Burning the cane before the harvest
防止切甘蔗的人把他们的手切伤 is to protect the cane cutters from cutting their hands and so on,
（约瑟平托 贝塔圣米格尔主席）
因为甘蔗的叶子就像刀片 because the leaves of the sugarcane are like razor blades.
我们在夜间焚烧甘蔗以减少危险 We burn the sugarcane at night to minimize danger.
在白天 During the day, the sun is shining. There's too much heat,
太热了 我们可能会失控 and we could lose control.
我们可能会烧掉电线杆或电话杆 We could burn the light poles or the telephone poles.
马里奥 你还要继续切吗？ Mario, are you going to keep cutting?
十点半了 It's 10:30.
再一个 不要了？ One more, no?
是的 那样我们明天就没有那么多了 Yeah, that way we don't have that much for tomorrow.
卡洛斯加西亚 负责管理农民的焚烧和甘蔗采伐 Carlos García oversees burning and cane cutting
来提供给贝塔圣米格尔 for farmers that supply Beta San Miguel.
甘蔗成熟时 只有野草燃烧 When the sugarcane is ripe, only the weeds burn.
如果我们不烧就收割甘蔗 If we take the cane without burning it first,
那就不可能处理 it'd be impossible to process
因为它会粘在刀刃和刷子上 because it'd get stuck on the blades and the brushes.
（卡洛斯加西亚 甘蔗农民）
它会有这么多残渣 不适合放在工厂里 It'd have so much debris, it wouldn't fit in the plant.
我们昨天刚烧过 We burned yesterday.
我们今天收割甘蔗 这样甘蔗就新鲜了 We cut and pick today, so the sugarcane is fresh.
我们要格外小心 We have to be careful.
如果我们烧得太多 不马上把它收割 它就会干枯 If we burn too much and don't cut and pick it right away, it dries up.
甘蔗是一种草 Sugarcane is a grass.
你剪掉它 它又长出来了 You cut it, and it grows back again.
如果你很好地照顾你的土地 And if you take very good care of your field,
它可以持续七、八年 it can continue for seven, eight years.
每一堆的重量大约在 200到250公斤之间 Each pile weighs approximately between 200 and 250 kilos.
一吨是四五堆 One ton is four or five piles.
每个切割机切割六到八堆 Each cutter cuts between six and eight piles.
这很难 但这是一天的收获 It's hard, but that's a day's worth.
他们的工作日很短 They have a short work day.
很多收割农民喜欢在这里工作 A lot of cutters like to work here
因为我们有六个月的健康保险 because we have health insurance for six months.
也可以保家里人 It also covers our families.
砍这根甘蔗的人叫坎厄洛斯 The men who cut this cane are called ca?eros.
他们每砍一吨甘蔗把它们堆成一堆 For every ton of cane they chop and stack,
他们可以拿到两美金30美分 they will be paid $2.30.
收割甘蔗是一件出了名的苦差事 Harvesting sugarcane is a notoriously grueling
也很危险 and dangerous practice.
甘蔗很硬而且很别扭 The cane is tough and awkward,
当手工收割时 会对坎厄洛斯造成很大的伤害 and when harvested manually, can take a brutal toll on the ca?ero.
但是农民们通常更喜欢手工切割 而不是使用更有效率 But farmers often prefer manual cutting
以及危险性较低的收割机 to the more efficient and less hazardous harvester.
许多收割者不喜欢使用这台机器 A lot of producers don't like to use the machine
因为很多时候它会把根拔出来 because a lot of times, it takes the root out,
所以下一年甘蔗就少了 so the next year, there's less sugarcane.
手工切只会切甘蔗不会切到根部 Manual cutting only cuts the cane, not the root.
糖料加工厂每吨付给农民35美元 The farmer is paid about $35 per ton by the mill where the sugar is processed.
超过5500名农民 把他们的甘蔗送到这个工厂 Over 5,500 individual farmers send their cane to this one mill,
哈利斯科的圣弗朗西斯卡阿美咔工厂 the San Francisco Ameca Mill in Jalisco.
这里我们要去处理台 Here we're going to the feeding tables.
吊车把甘蔗 The crane feeds the sugarcane
送过去 然后搅碎 so it can be shredded
然后送到工厂榨汁 and fed to the mills to extract the juice.
（弗朗西斯科格雷罗 贝塔圣米格尔雇员）
甘蔗是世界上百分之80的糖的来源 Sugarcane is the source of 80% of the world's sugar.
其余的大部分由甜菜制成 The rest is mostly made from beets.
生产一吨原糖需要近九吨甘蔗 It takes almost nine tons of sugarcane to produce one ton of raw sugar.
这个工厂每年要粉碎100多万吨甘蔗 Over a million tons of cane are crushed at this mill each year,
生产原糖12万吨 producing 120,000 tons of raw sugar.
这是工厂的串联车 This is the mills' tandem
处理搅碎的甘蔗 where the shredded sugarcane has been fed.
要通过五个碾磨机 It goes through five mills
这样糖汁才能被榨取出来 so all the juice can be extracted.
从那里 所有剩余的果肉进入坩埚 From there, all the leftover pulp goes to the cauldrons,
糖汁被加工 and the juice goes to be processed.
这是甘蔗汁桶 This is the cane juice tank.
被五个碾磨机处理的糖汁 都在这里被储藏 The juice extracted from the five mills is stored here.
然后它被泵提取到制造区域 Later, it's pumped to the manufacturing area
这样就可以处理 so it can be processed.
它仍然有很多杂质 It still has a lot of impurities.
墨西哥每年生产近650万吨糖 Mexico produces almost six and a half million tons of sugar annually,
其中百分之20都在贝塔圣米格尔生产 and 20% of that is produced by Beta San Miguel.
所有的糖浆杂质都在上面 All the cane syrup's impurities are on top.
我们把它们分开 形成一种清汁 We separate them to create a clear juice.
这是甘蔗糖浆测试仪 This is the cane syrup tester.
我们检查甘蔗糖浆的颜色 We check the cane syrup's color
确保它没有任何杂质 to make sure it doesn't have any impurities.
糖浆被放进锅里 The syrup is put in a boiler
与晶体种子一起 以协助结晶过程 with seed crystals to aid the crystallization process.
液体和晶体用离心机分离 The liquid and crystals are separated using a centrifuge.
然后晶体通过干燥器产生原糖 Then, crystals go through a dryer to create raw sugar.
这就是甘蔗糖浆 This is how the cane syrup goes to the next process
下一步是要来形成糖晶体 to form the sugar crystals.
蔗糖是甘蔗和甜菜中的糖 Sucrose, the sugar in cane and in beets,
仍然是工业世界中使用最多的甜味剂 remains the single most used sweetener in the industrial world.
这是因为蔗糖具有独特的分子特性 That's because sucrose has unique molecular properties
这使得食物更有吸引力 that make food more appealing.
这种晶体能截留空气 使蛋糕和面包变得更轻更软 The crystals trap air, making cakes and breads lighter and softer.
蔗糖分子很容易与水结合 保持食物湿润度 Sucrose molecules bind well to water, keeping foods moist.
来自贝塔圣米格尔的糖 将直接进入消费者手中 The sugar from Beta San Miguel will go directly
进入超市 以及供给工业客户 to the consumer in the supermarket
用于软饮料、面包店和乳制品行业 and to industrial clients for soft drinks, bakeries, and the dairy industry.
但是墨西哥的制糖商非常想 But where the sugar refiners in Mexico would really like to sell their sugar
在美国销售他们的糖 is to the US.
美国人比任何人都吃更多的精制糖 Americans eat more refined sugar than anyone else,
每人每年大约食用40磅 about 40 pounds per person per year.
大约一周一杯半 That's about one and a half cups a week.
但吸引卖家的不仅仅是 一个巨大的市场 But it's not just the huge market that attracts sellers.
每个人都想把糖送到美国 Everybody wants to send sugar to the United States
因为它的进口价格最高 because it has the highest price of imports.
（纯砂糖）
过去五年来 Over the last five years,
世界原糖的平均市场价格 为每磅15美分 the average world market price for raw sugar has been 15 cents per pound.
在美国 价格是25美分 要高40个百分比 In the US, that price is 25 cents, 40% higher.
（优质纯蔗糖 美国产品）
这不是自由市场的无形之手在起作用 That's not the invisible hand of the free market at work.
忘记自由市场 自由市场是胡扯 Forget free market. Free market is bullshit.
在这些物品上没有自由市场 There's no free market when it comes to these things.
这是一个受控的市场 少数公司从中受益 This is a controlled market that benefits a handful of companies.
糖业项目得到了有效的设计 The sugar program is effectively designed
（文森特史密斯 经济学教授 蒙大拿州立大学）
可以让种植糖的农民和加工厂 to certainly highly benefit
得到更高的利益 farmers who raise sugar and processors who process them.
美国的糖业项目有三大保护主义支柱 The US sugar program has three protectionist pillars.
（美国纯蔗糖产品）
它限制了美国可以生产的糖的数量 It limits the amount of sugar that can be produced in the US,
限制了进口 it restricts imports,
（进口）
如果市场上有多余的糖 and if there's a surplus of sugar on the market,
联邦政府有效地 从生产商那里购买 the federal government effectively buys it from the producers.
（美国政府产品）
所以即使在消费者为糖的消费 支付任何健康成本之前 So even before consumers pay any of the health costs of sugar consumption,
他们付钱让糖生产商中饱私囊 they pay to line the pockets of sugar producers.
保守估计认为 The best estimates,
这些来自一系列的研究 and these come from a range of studies,
糖业项目让美国消费者付出了 say the sugar program costs the US consumer
每年30到40亿美元的代价 three to four billion dollars a year.
这是一个有着非常现实后果的政策 It's a policy with very real consequences.
这就是为什么在20世纪80年代 我们开始喝 It's one reason why in the 1980s we began drinking soft drinks
由高果糖玉米糖浆制成的软饮料 原因之一 made with high fructose corn syrup.
美国糖有着政府保护的价格 American sugar, with its government-protected price,
以前真的太贵了 was just too expensive.
价格支持只是美国糖业 非凡力量的一个迹象 The price supports are only one sign of the extraordinary power of American sugar,
一个将甜食产品转变为 an industry that has converted its sweet product
对权力有深远影响的产业 into deep and lasting influence in the corridors of power.
佛罗里达州制糖业的政治权力 呈指数级增长 The sugar industry in Florida has had their political power grow exponentially.
他们非常善于对联邦和州立法 They have been very skilled at influencing
施加影响 both federal and state legislation,
（卡尔希尔森 《迈阿密先驱报》专栏作家）
他们擅长说服两派的政治官员 and they've been skilled at persuading governors of...
民主党派和共和党派的官员 of both parties, Democratic and Republican,
他们对国家有好处 他们拥有巨大的政治权力 that they're good for the state, and they wield enormous political power.
糖一直对人类有着巨大的影响 Sugar has always held immense power over human beings.
在人类历史的大部分时间里 很少有人吃糖 For most of human history, very few people ate sugar.
今天 糖占我们消耗热量的七分之一 Today, sugar accounts for one calorie out of every seven we consume.
促成这一巨大转变的是奴隶制 The engine for that enormous shift was slavery.
人们发现巴西和加勒比海 The discovery that Brazil and the Caribbean offered
为种植甘蔗提供完美条件 the perfect conditions for growing sugarcane
也就是可以批量生产 meant it could be mass-produced,
第一批买得起的奢侈品之一 one of the very first affordable luxuries.
大量的糖使全世界 都对精制甜味剂上瘾 Bulk sugar fed a worldwide addiction to refined sweeteners.
1700年英国人平均每年消耗四磅糖 In 1700, the average English person was consuming four pounds of sugar a year.
到1800年这个数字翻了两番多 By 1800, that amount had more than quadrupled.
多达400万非洲奴隶 在岛上的种植园工作 As many as four million enslaved Africans worked the island plantations
这是在19世纪早期 加勒比奴隶贸易结束之前 before the Caribbean slave trade ended in the early 1800s.
在那之后 英国和法国的糖产量下降了 After that, British and French sugar declined,
但是西班牙的殖民地 仍然依靠奴隶劳动力繁荣昌盛 but Spanish colonies, still powered by slave labor, thrived.
古巴成为加勒比糖都 并保持了几十年 Cuba became the Caribbean sugar capital and held that title for decades.
1959年前 Prior to 1959,
许多美国糖业加工公司 都在古巴有相当大的种植园 many US sugar processing companies had considerable plantations in Cuba.
1月8日 古巴革命武装力量 On January 8th, the Revolutionary Army,
在菲德尔卡斯特罗的带领下 进入哈瓦那 with Fidel Castro at its head, entered Havana.
古巴革命后 卡斯特罗将土地国有化 After the Cuban Revolution, Castro nationalized land,
这些公司也不再能从古巴进口蔗糖 and those companies no longer had access to cane sugar from Cuba.
于是他们开始寻找其他的供应来源 So they began to seek other sources of supply
可以通过商业优势获得 that they could obtain in a commercially advantageous way.
古巴最大的糖业大亨是阿方索凡珠尔 Cuba's biggest sugar baron was Alfonso Fanjul.
他逃离了祖国 He fled his homeland
并决定在佛罗里达中部重建他的帝国 and decided to rebuild his empire in central Florida.
1960年 凡珠尔买下16平方公里土地 种植甘蔗 In 1960, Fanjul bought 4,000 acres of land and planted cane.
他的农场变成了佛州之晶 His farm became Florida Crystals,
多米诺糖业公司的拥有者 the owner of Domino Sugar,
是美国超市货架上 消费最多的袋装糖品牌 the most consumed brand of bagged sugar on US supermarket shelves.
如果你看看从1961到1965的四年 If you look at the four years from 1961 to 1965,
古巴革命之后 你会看到 土地面积激增到800平方公里 after the Cuban Revolution, you see a surge to 200,000 acres
在佛罗里达州的产糖土地 in land producing sugar in Florida.
有两个主要的种植者 一个是美国蔗糖 There are two main growers.
（麦克格伦瓦尔德 《沼泽》作者）
美国蔗糖公司 One is U.S. Sugar, United States Sugar Company,
另一个是佛州之晶 and the other is Florida Crystals,
是属于凡珠尔的公司 which is owned by the Fanjuls.
（美国蔗糖 佛州之晶）
这两家公司加在一起控制了 Together, those two companies have really kind of controlled
不仅仅是制糖产业 not only the sugar production,
还有在佛罗里达州的糖业游说 but the sugar lobbying in Florida.
关于佛罗里达州的甘蔗产业 你只需要知道 All you need to know about the sugarcane industry in Florida is
这是一个垄断局面 that sort of monolithically,
政治家和媒体都熟知 they're known to the politicians, to the media, to...
即大家熟知的“糖业巨头” and... and really, to the-everyone as Big Sugar.
但制糖业一直面临着同样的问题 But the sugar business has always faced the same problem:
收割实在是太可怕了 harvesting the stuff is just plain awful.
切甘蔗是人类发明的 Cutting sugarcane is one of the most horrid jobs
（爱德华塔滕汉姆 律师）
最可怕的工作之一 that man ever invented.
（1990年《H-2工人》片段）
要砍甘蔗 你得用这把锋利的大砍刀 To cut the cane, you use this razor sharp machete.
为了避免砍掉一只胳膊 一只手或一条腿 So in order to avoid chopping off an arm. or a hand, or a leg,
你必须穿看起来像链甲的衣服 you have to wear what essentially looks like chainmail.
比地狱还热 It's hotter than Hades,
他们只是拿着这些大砍刀 and they're just wailing away with these machetes
尽快地努力收割 as fast and as hard as they can.
像甘蔗这种极其困难的作物 In a extremely difficult crop like sugarcane,
你想要一个被俘虏的劳动力 如果你不能奴役他们 you want a captive workforce, and if you can't enslave them, the second best thing is
其次好的是让他们与公司签订合同 to have them contractually bound to the company.
美国糖业生产商 利用了一项临时签证计划 US sugar producers took advantage
叫H2 来进口牙买加劳工来砍甘蔗 of a temporary visa program called H-2 to import Jamaican labor to cut the cane.
自20世纪50年代该项目创立以来 Foreign workers had been coming to cut cane in the US
外国工人一直来美国砍甘蔗 since the program was created in the 1950s.
到20世纪80年代初 每年大约有8000名工人来到这里 By the early 1980s, about 8,000 workers were coming each year.
当工人唯一的选择是取悦雇主 When the worker's only choice is
让他们给他办签证 to please the employer who got him his visa,
他唯一的选择是做这项工作 his only choice is to do the job
不论薪水是多少 不然就回家 at whatever he is paid or go home.
是 就像奴隶制 你有… Yes, it's like slavery. You have...
取决于你离家多远 还有你的工资多少 Depending on how far away home is and how much you need the money,
你毫无选择 you don't have any choice.
（1990年《H-2工人》片段）
切甘蔗的人知道 The sugarcane cutters knew
他们没有得到应有的报酬 they weren't being paid what they should be paid.
他们在合同上说的 不是你在合同上得到的 What they say on the contract is not what you get on the contract.
是完全不同的 It's a different picture totally.
我在华盛顿为一个政府资助的 法律援助组织工作 I was working in Washington for a government-funded legal aid organization
我职责是代表基本上是代表外国劳工 and my job was to, uh, represent foreign workers, basically.
（在甘蔗田里使用移民 引起人们关注）
1989年 爱德华塔滕汉姆及同事 In 1989, Edward Tuddenham and a colleague
提出一起集体诉讼 控告糖业公司给工人的工资过低 filed a class-action lawsuit against the sugar companies for underpaying their workers.
（甘蔗工工资少三千万美元）
雇主剥削外国工人是很典型的 Well, it's fairly typical for employers to exploit foreign workers.
这样做很简单 It's just so easy.
他们不能抱怨 They can't complain.
佛罗里达甘蔗产业 The massive scale
这么大规模的做 with which the Florida sugarcane industry did it,
也不寻常 that was unusual.
我们赢得了所谓的即决判决 We won on what's called summary judgment.
法官同意了 我们赢了 The judge agreed, and we won,
（判决对甘蔗收割者有利）
我们得到了5000万美元的拖欠工资 were awarded $50 million in back wages.
但三年后的上诉推翻了这一决定 But three years later, this decision was reversed on appeal.
诉讼仍在继续 The litigation continued.
1998年 美国蔗糖以510万美元和解 In 1998, U.S. Sugar settled for $5.1 million,
但是凡珠尔的公司还在抗争 but the Fanjul companies fought on.
我们和美国蔗糖公司谈妥后 其他公司… After we settled with U.S. Sugar, then the other companies, um...
拒绝和解 我们上了法庭 输了每个案子 refused to settle, and we went to trial and lost every one of them.
美国佛州之晶公司 不同意派代表接受采访 No representative of Florida Crystals or U.S. Sugar agreed to be interviewed for this documentary.
在一份书面声明中 佛州之晶公司表示 In a written statement, Florida Crystals said
履行他们的承诺一直是 公司的核心原则 that honoring their commitments has always been a core principle of the company,
陪审团认为公司遵守了 and that juries determined that the company abided
合同和规章制度 by the contracts and regulations.
这是一个巨大的打击 It was a huge blow.
我是说 我一直在努力 来来回回15年 I mean, I'd been working on it off and on for 15 years
一切都化为乌有 and to have it all come to nothing.
如果我有资格赢得一个案子 那就是这个案子 If I've ever deserved to win a case, it was that case.
但是我们没有 And we didn't.
（1990年《H-2工人》片段）
工人们不仅输掉了官司 The workers not only lost the case,
也失去了工作 they lost their jobs.
使用机器更便宜 It was cheaper to, uh, to use machines.
所以在这个过程中 我想一两个季节里 So in the course of, I think one or two seasons,
他们终止了一万名甘蔗工的合约 they terminated the 10,000 hand cutters
完全转向机械化收割 and went completely to mechanized harvesting.
机器接管了一切 The machines took over.
牙买加人回家了 The Jamaicans went home.
这个案子基本上已经被遗忘了 And the case has largely been forgotten.
我发现了糖业公司的影响 I found the influence of the sugar companies,
他们以某种方式 得到他们想要的东西的能力 their ability to get what they wanted, one way or another,
至少可以说是令人畏惧 daunting, to say the least.
我以前从未遇到过 I'd never run into it before,
这么极端的情况 uh, at that extreme, um,
而且 and...
从那以后 我再也没有在佛州提起过诉讼 我可以向你保证 I've never filed another case in Florida since then. I can assure you of that.
从无助的移民那里压榨苦力 Squeezing harsh labor from helpless migrants
从佛罗里达的种植园上消失了 has essentially vanished from the Florida plantations,
但在海外 这种情况仍在发生 but just offshore, it's still happening.
离佛罗里达只有1100多公里 Just over 700 miles from Florida,
近一个世纪以来 多米尼加共和国一直在向美国运送糖 the Dominican Republic has been sending sugar to the US for close to a century.
多米尼加的糖 占美国低关税糖进口的六分之一 Dominican sugar makes up one sixth of low-tariff sugar imports into the US,
这个占比巨大 a huge proportion.
多米尼加近一半的糖 是由一家公司生产的 Close to half of all Dominican sugar is produced by one company,
罗马纳中央公司 Central Romana.
罗马纳中央公司一部分 属于凡珠尔 Central Romana is owned in part by the Fanjuls.
一个多米尼加共和国的糖料工人 Life for a sugar worker in the D.R. is lived
住在被称为比特兹的原始村落里 in primitive villages known as bateyes,
从一望无际的甘蔗地里 挖出来的简陋的小定居点 tiny, crude settlements carved out of endless fields of cane.
比特兹归糖业公司所有 The bateyes are owned by the sugar companies.
工人们很少离开种植园 Workers rarely leave the plantation.
去比特兹是一种难忘的体验 因为它是如此的孤立 Going to a bateye is quite an experience because it's so isolating.
我总在想 “天呐 如果出现紧急情况… I kept thinking, "Oh, my God, if somebody has an emergency here,
（卡桑德尔西雅娜 国际人权律师） …你会怎么做？” 因为那里太荒芜了 what do you do?" Because it's so far. It's so removed.
沿着地平线你能看到的 只有甘蔗 All you can see back to the horizon are just cane, sugarcane.
我的意思是 我看到过一些非常糟糕的环境 I mean, I had seen some very poor conditions,
像洪都拉斯 甚至阿富汗 places like Honduras, Afghanistan even,
但我这辈子从来没面对面 见过这样的场面 but I never saw anything like this face-to-face ever before in my life.
这种原始的环境… The primitive conditions...
（夏洛特彭蒂塞利 美国劳务部国际事务副秘书长）
尽管这些穷苦的人做了很多努力 想要变整洁 但还是很脏乱 and the squalor despite the efforts of these poor people to try to neaten it up.
我不记得我什么时候这么震撼过 I can't remember when I've been so moved.
2011年前劳工部官员夏洛特彭蒂塞利 帮助发起了一项美国调查 In 2011, former Labor Department official Charlotte Ponticelli helped initiate
对主要糖业公司 拥有的比特兹进行调查 a US investigation of the bateyes owned by the major sugar companies.
我的办公室在美国劳工部 My office, at the US Department of Labor,
负责监督我们在 was charged with overseeing the implementation
中美洲和多米尼加共和国 of our free trade agreement
自由贸易协定的执行情况 with Central America and the Dominican Republic.
有一支队伍去现场亲眼目睹了 There was a team that went down
一些违规行为 and witnessed some of the irregularities, violations first-hand,
并直接听取了甘蔗工人的意见 and heard first-hand from the workers, the sugarcane workers.
报告中提到的许多工人 And many of the workers mentioned in the report
在团队到达之前 were threatened by their employers
受到雇主的威胁 before the team got there,
“如果你和劳工部的团队谈话 "If you talk to the Department of Labor team,
你要么被解雇 要么被驱逐出境” you will be fired from your job, or you will be deported."
这是一种强迫或强制的情况 That's a forced or compulsory situation,
因为工人的权利被剥夺了 because the worker's rights are taken away.
而且在团队离开后 Also, after the team left,
有几个不管怎样依然发声的工人 there were several workers who had spoken anyway
失去了他们的工作 and ended up losing their jobs.
从我18岁开始 Since I was 18 years old,
我就一直 I've been involved...
（赫苏斯努涅斯 活动家）
和比特兹有联系 ...in issues related to bateyes.
我致力于教甘蔗工人读书写字 I dedicated myself to teach sugarcane workers how to read and write.
我帮助他们组织起来 为自己的权利而战 And I help them organize to fight for their rights.
倡导者赫苏斯努涅斯 正在帮助协调美国的诉讼 Advocate Jesus Nu?ez is helping to coordinate a US lawsuit
反对罗马纳中央公司种植园的主人 against the owners of the Central Romana Plantation,
因为工人声称除草剂和其他化学品 based on workers' claims
造成了健康问题 of health problems caused by herbicides and other chemicals.
我们等着看… We're waiting to see what happens...
（罗马纳中央公司被审查）
…法律诉讼会发生什么 ...with the lawsuit.
我在这家公司已经工作45年了 I've been working for this company for 45 years.
我砍过甘蔗 种过甘蔗 扛过甘蔗 I've cut the sugarcane, cultivated it, carried it.
还给甘蔗杀过虫 Then, I sprayed the sugarcane.
这对我来说非常糟糕 This has been very bad for me.
它毁了我的腿和手 It has destroyed my leg and my hand.
我的膝盖肿了 我不能正常走路 My knee gets swollen. I can't walk properly.
我老了 70岁了 彻底完了 I'm old. I'm 70 years old, and I'm fucked.
在糖场几乎没有什么安全措施 At the sugar fields, there are very few safety measures.
这是我们奋斗的目标之一 This is part of what we're fighting for.
工人们不得不犁地 The workers have to furrow the fields.
有时他们用拖拉机 Sometimes, they use tractors.
应该是用拖拉机的 That's the way it should be, with tractors,
但是用人力更便宜 but it's cheaper to use manual labor.
然后是负责甘蔗播种的人 Then you have the guys that do the sowing of the cane.
然后是那些除草的人 Then, the guys that get rid of the weeds.
这些工人背着有毒的桶 These workers carry a tank with poison on their backs,
喷洒有毒的杀虫剂 spraying poison on the weeds.
你有过什么问题吗？ Have you had any problems?
我有头疼问题 I have headaches.
有时候会很糟糕 When it's hurting really bad,
我的鼻子会流血 my nose starts bleeding.
这些工人不是多米尼加人 These workers are not Dominican.
他们是海地人 They're Haitian.
下层社会的永久异乡工人 Members of a permanent underclass of guest workers
他们已有三代人在这里收糖 who have been harvesting sugar for more than three generations.
美国人对甜食的喜爱 使他们来到这里 America's sweet tooth helped bring them here.
现在它帮助他们留在这里 Now, it helps keep them here.
多米尼加共和国的现代制糖业 The modern day sugar industry
随着在20世纪初美国 in the Dominican Republic began in the early 20th century
（阿泰尔罗德里格斯 国际人权研究员）
入侵和占领而开始 with the United States invasion or occupation.
该岛的占领军包括美国海军陆战队 The island's occupation forces included the United States Marines.
美国从1916年到1924年 占领了多米尼加共和国 The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924.
美国的利益集团控制了 多米尼加的糖场 American interests took control of the Dominican sugar fields.
糖产量翻了一倍 Sugar production doubled.
最初多米尼加工人扮演了一个角色 Originally, Dominican workers took a role.
然而好景不长 However, soon enough,
他们意识到 有不会说这种语言 they realized that it was easier to have workers that wouldn't speak the language,
不会创立工会的工人容易 这些就是外籍工人 that wouldn't create unions, workers that were migrants.
糖是多米尼加共和国最重要的产品 Sugar is the Dominican Republic's most important product.
去年超过80万吨 More than 800,000 tons last year.
海地是一个很容易获得劳动力的地方 An easy source of labor on the same island are the Haitians.
海地人是非常合适的劳动力 Haitians were the perfect labor source.
前法国殖民地 The former French Colony shares the same island
与多米尼加共和国共享同一岛屿 with the Dominican Republic,
海地有自己悠久的制糖历史 and Haiti had a long sugar-growing history of its own.
1950年 海地被马格洛大将军控制 In 1950, Haiti came under the control of General Paul Magloire.
他与多米尼加总统达成了一项协议 He struck a deal with his Dominican counterpart,
即独裁者拉斐尔特鲁希略 dictator Rafael Trujillo,
出售16000名海地人 来收获多米尼加糖 to essentially sell 16,000 Haitians to harvest Dominican sugar.
有人均成本 There was a cost per head per worker,
还有回扣 and there were also kickbacks.
因此人们相信海地政府从那些 双边贸易协定中 So, it is believed that the Haitian government earned millions of dollars
从这种人类贸易中赚了数百万美元 from those bilateral trade agreements from this trade in human beings
就是在甘蔗地里干活 to work on the sugarcane fields.
马格洛很快被废黜 特鲁希略被暗杀 Magloire was soon deposed, and Trujillo was assassinated,
但是现代奴隶贸易中的契约仍然存在 but the contract in this modern slave trade survived.
上世纪70年代末 海地仍从 这份人口交易中每年赚300万美元 In the late 1970s, Haiti was still earning three million dollars a year off this trade in its citizens.
我认为你绝对可以 将我们今天看到的很多问题 I think you can absolutely trace a lot of the issues that we're seeing today
追溯到最初的双边贸易协定 back to the initial bilateral trade agreements
将海地人大批带到多米尼加共和国 that brought Haitians to the Dominican Republic in massive numbers.
2013年九月 In September 2013,
由美国劳工部发起的调查得出结论 the investigation started by the US Labor Department concluded.
劳工部发现多米尼加制糖业 The department found that child labor, forced labor,
有童工 强迫劳动 工作条件也很糟糕 and terrible working conditions in the Dominican sugar business
所有这些似乎都违反了劳动法 all appeared to violate labor law.
然而美国从未威胁 对多米尼加种植者实施任何制裁 And yet, the US never threatened any sanctions against Dominican growers.
这份报告基本上被无视了 The report was he essentially ignored.
海地甘蔗工人在2013年末 Things got even worse for Haitian sugar-cane workers
变得更糟 in late 2013.
多米尼加共和国最高法院 The Dominican Republic Supreme Court
对多年对海地工人的不良对待 实施制裁 sanctioned years of mistreatment of Haitians
有效地剥夺了数以万计的 by issuing a decision effectively stripping tens of thousands of ethnic Haitians
海地人的多米尼加国籍 of their Dominican citizenship.
他们没有合法身份的事实 The fact that they don't have a legal status means
意味着他们将无法获得医疗保险 that they won't have access to health insurance,
这也意味着他们可能会 and it means also
拿不到养老金 that they will probably have difficulties with their pensions.
现在政府 Now the government,
也就是那个自动 the same government that automatically took money
从他们的薪水中扣钱 放到社保里的政府 out of their paychecks to put towards the social security,
告诉他们 他们无法支付养老金给他们 tells them that they are not able to pay out the pensions to them
因为他们身份不合法 because they do not have legal documentation.
我出生在这个小镇 I was born in this batey.
我1961年开始工作 I started working in 1961.
当我开始工作时 我只有十岁 When I started working, I was 10 years old.
（雷蒙达斯 罗马纳中央公司甘蔗工人）
我爸爸和我妈妈的故事是 他们是移民 The story about my dad and my mom is that they were immigrants.
他们1945年来到这里 They arrived here in 1945.
我从小就开始工作 和我爸爸一起种甘蔗 I started working, as a kid, with my old man growing sugarcane.
我运输甘蔗 种甘蔗 I transported it. I sowed it.
我在农场里做的一切 都只是刚好贴补家用 I've done everything in the farm to make ends meet.
我的健康问题是 Well, my health problem is
我的胸部总是发紧 我无法呼吸 that my chest gets tight, and I can't breathe.
我去看了医生 但我找不到任何治疗办法 I've gone to see some doctors, but I can't find any remedy.
那是唯一使我不能工作的原因 That's the only thing that keeps me from working.
我到了退休年龄 我在2010年提交了养老金申请 I'm retirement age, and I put in the paper for my pension in 2010,
直到今天我仍然没有得到它 and to this day, I still haven't got it.
谁收割了超过40年？请举手 Who has cut for more than 40 years? Raise your hand.
好的 请放下 Okay. Put them down.
如果你没有养老金 请举手 Raise your hand if you don't have a pension.
这就是我们奋斗的目标 This is what we're fighting for.
因为你一生都在为社会保障做贡献 Because you've been contributing your whole lives to social security.
现在他们必须支付养老金 And now that they have to pay the pension,
他们要求合法身份 they're demanding papers.
-先生们 没有甘蔗工人 -就没有糖 -Gentlemen, without sugarcane workers... -There's no sugar.
-没有甘蔗工人 -就没有糖 -Without sugarcane workers... -There's no sugar.
赫苏斯努涅斯在为甘蔗工人 争取利益上获得了一些成功 Jesus Nu?ez has seen some success in his advocacy for the ca?eros
有一个例外 with one exception.
我们已经成功地为甘蔗工人 拿到了数以千计的养老金 We have successfully got thousands of pensions for sugarcane workers
但是罗马纳中央公司的工人是例外 but not for workers from Central Romana.
我们采访的所有罗马纳中央公司工人 None of the Central Romana workers we spoke with
都没有拿到养老金 had received pensions.
罗马纳中央公司在书面声明中写道 Central Romana Corporation wrote in a statement
这是多米尼加政府的责任 that it is the responsibility of the Dominican government
来提供养老金 to provide pensions,
罗马纳中央公司会提供 所需要的书面文件 and that Central Romana provides its employees
来帮助员工们得到养老金 with all necessary paperwork to get them.
声明说 所有的比特兹 The statement said that all of its bateyes have access
都提供饮用水和卫生设施 to potable water and sanitation,
所有员工都要有适当的防护装备 and that all employees get proper protective equipment
也有医疗保险 and access to medical care.
罗马纳中央公司写道 Central Romana wrote
劳工部的报告给出的结论 that the Department of Labor report offered conclusions
没有得到适当的支持或证明 that were not properly supported or evidenced,
报告中的批评并没有针对 任何特定的糖生产商 and that the reports criticisms did not single out any particular sugar producer.
关于他们农场的安全和健康问题 罗马纳中央公司表示 About safety and health problems on their farms, Central Romana stated,
“我们公司没有在多米尼加共和国 任何法院 "We have not heard of such complaints in our company
或在公司内部听到过这样的投诉” or in any courts of law in the Dominican Republic."
自从2018年初 美国律师一直在对凡珠尔公司 US lawyers have been bringing cases against the Fanjul Corporation
在美国关于罗马纳中央公司的 健康条件提起诉讼 in American Courts for Central Romana health conditions since early 2018.
这两起案件都已被驳回 Both cases have been dismissed
因为美国法院没有管辖权 on the grounds that American courts do not have jurisdiction.
原告正在对这些裁决提起上诉 The plaintiffs are appealing those rulings.
在比特兹的痛苦中收割的 多米尼加糖 Harvested amidst the misery of the bateyes,
一吨又一吨地流进 我们吃的蛋糕和饼干里 Dominican sugar flows by the ton into the cakes and cookies we eat,
冰淇淋和切片面包 the ice cream, and loaves of sliced bread.
制糖业的利润流入一个 高效的游说机构 And the sugar industry's profits flow into a highly effective lobbying apparatus.
人们认为他们一定是 一个非常大的行业 People assume they must be a very big industry.
（麦克格伦瓦尔德 《沼泽》作者）
他们一定创造大量的就业机会 They must create a lot of jobs.
他们一定对佛罗里达的经济非常重要 They must be really vital to the Florida economy,
但是这不是事实 but it's really not true.
关于他们过去 对待工人方式的恐怖故事 The old horror stories about the way they used to treat their workers
真的不再适用了 are really no longer applicable.
他们几乎没有工人 They hardly have any workers.
他们拥有的是一笔非凡的竞选资金 What they have is an extraordinary campaign finance
以及他们部署的游说行动 and lobbying operation
非常有效 非常聪明地 that they've deployed very effectively, very intelligently,
以两党合作的方式进行 in a very bipartisan way.
按价值计算 糖占美国所有农作物的百分之二 Sugar makes up two percent of all American crops by value.
但最近的一项研究发现 所有农作物生产公司的竞选捐款 But one recent study found that sugar companies make a third
制糖公司占了三分之一 of all campaign contributions by crop-producing corporations.
你不知道他们有多大的影响力 You have no idea how much clout they've got.
卡尔希尔森 《迈阿密先驱报》专栏作家 我听到的最后一个数字是… The last number I heard was
…仅塔拉哈西他们就有72名说客 that they have 72 lobbyists in Tallahassee alone,
这只是在州一级 and that's just at the state level.
他们只是一个令人难以置信的 They're just an incredibly...
强大的政治力量 uh, powerful political force.
如果你看佛罗里达的地图 And if you look at any kind of map of Florida,
基本上在奥基乔比湖的南面 basically south of Lake Okeechobee,
佛罗里达大沼泽地的传统排水流道 which had been traditionally the prime drainage and flow area for the Everglades,
现在大部分是甘蔗田 most of it is now just sugarcane fields.
奥基乔比湖是佛罗里达的 一个特别存在 Lake Okeechobee is one of Florida's unique features.
超过1800平方公里的淡水 Over 700 square miles of freshwater,
面积有罗德岛的一半 about half the size of Rhode Island.
它与制糖业有着永久的联系 It has been permanently linked to the sugar business
也因这个产业而改变 and changed by the business as well,
因为这个湖是佛罗里达 独特湿地的发源地 because the lake is the origin point of the distinctive Florida wetland
被称作佛罗里达大沼泽地 known as the Everglades.
自然而然的 南佛罗里达本质上是一个巨大的沼泽 Naturally, South Florida was essentially a giant marsh.
佛罗里达大沼泽地被称作绿草之河 The Everglades is... people call it a river of grass.
它真的是一条非常宽、非常浅 And it really is an incredibly wide, incredibly shallow,
非常缓慢的河流 incredibly slow-moving river,
从奥基乔比湖一路淌过克拉莎草 dribbling its way through the saw grass all the way from Lake Okeechobee
流向佛罗里达湾 down to Florida Bay.
就像河一样 Just like a river,
只不过面积和康涅狄格州一样大 except the size of Connecticut.
佛罗里达大沼泽地对克拉莎草 生长很有利 还有这里的鸟 The Everglades worked great for the saw grass, and the birds.
还有虫子都在这里繁衍生息 但是人却不适合在这里生活 and bugs that thrived in it, but it really didn't work for people.
太潮湿不能耕种 太干燥不能航行 It was too wet to farm, too dry to sail.
20世纪50年代 陆军工兵部队 In the 1950s, the Army Corps of Engineers converted
将佛罗里达大沼泽地变成了农田 the Northern Everglades into farmland.
成千上万英亩的土地被抽干并灌溉 Thousands of acres were drained and irrigated
用于生产水果和蔬菜 for the production of fruits and vegetables.
它被称为大沼泽地农业区 It was called the Everglades Agricultural Area.
那是3200公里长的堤坝和运河 It was 2,000 miles of levees and canals,
那里的泵很有力 pumps so powerful
那发动机得从核潜艇上拆下来 that the engines had to be cannibalized from nuclear submarines.
然后阿方索凡珠尔来到了美国 Then, Alfonso Fanjul arrived in the US.
卡斯特罗上台后 After Castro came to power,
美国政府真的 the US government really made a... concerted effort
为共同努力 促进美国的糖种植做了很多 to promote sugar growing in the United States,
最明显的地方是大沼泽地农业区 and the obvious place for that was in the Everglades Agricultural Area.
凡珠尔的制糖公司 就建立在大沼泽地的北部 Fanjul's sugar operation was founded right in the northern Everglades.
最终这片土地上 种植了数十万英亩的蔗糖 Eventually, hundreds of thousands of acres of this land were planted with sugar.
这里的甘蔗用富含磷的肥料施肥 The cane was nursed with fertilizers rich with phosphorus,
20多年来 糖厂一直在抽水 and for more than two decades,
那些种植园的水流入湖中 the sugar farms pumped that plantation runoff into the lake.
20世纪80年代早期 By the early 1980s, there were a lot of complaints
关于这个湖的水质问题有很多抱怨 about the water quality problems in the lake.
1986年 化肥中的磷帮助培育 In 1986, the phosphorus in the fertilizer helped nurture
湖表面蓝藻的爆炸性增长 an explosive growth of blue-green algae on the lake's surface.
环保人士说传播得如此之快 Environmentalists say it has spread so fast,
现在蓝藻覆盖了 这个湖的380平方公里 it now covers 150 square miles of this lake.
20世纪80年代 糖业巨头成了国家的替罪羊 In the 1980s, Big Sugar became a kind of national scapegoat
（拯救死亡的湖）
（清理我们的水资源）
就像烟草巨头或石油巨头 like Big Tobacco or Big Oil.
它被认为是… It was seen as a... kind of national symbol
象征着大集团的贪婪和福利 of corporate greed and corporate welfare.
与此同时 人们的理解也在不断加深 At the same time, there was this increasing understanding
他们坐在国家宝藏的中央 that they were sitting in the middle of a national treasure
不仅污染环境 还会造成问题 and not only polluting it, but really causing problems.
当你有数十亿升的并不干净的水 倒进河流中 We knew it wasn't good when you had billions of gallons of water
我们就知道这样不好了 that were not clean and that were pouring through the river.
情况越来越糟 It was getting worse.
1988年 南佛罗里达州的联邦检察官 是一名共和党 In 1988, the US attorney in South Florida was a Republican
名为德克斯特莱赫蒂宁 named Dexter Lehtinen,
他小时候也是一直在沼泽中玩耍 who also, it turned out, had been a real swamp rat as a kid.
他喜欢佛罗里达大沼泽地 他喜欢钓鱼 He loved the Everglades, he loved fishing there,
他对所发生的一切感到很沮丧 and he was really upset about what was happening.
所以在没有告诉里根政府的情况下 So without telling his bosses in the Reagan Administration,
而且在里根绝对不会批准的情况下 who never would have approved something like this,
德克斯特提起了联邦诉讼 Dexter filed a federal lawsuit
反对佛罗里达州和制糖业 against the State of Florida and the sugar industry.
这就导致了这场诸神之战 That led to this clash of the titans,
联邦政府的巨大资源 the immense resources of the federal government
（托马斯范兰德博士 大沼泽地基金会科学家）
和佛罗里达州和糖业公司的 巨大资源相较量 versus the immense resources of the state of Florida and the sugar companies.
经过三年的法庭斗争 After three years of fighting in court,
联邦政府批准了一项解决方案 the federal government approved a settlement
这最终需要制糖业 that ultimately required the sugar industry
减少磷的使用 to reduce their use of phosphorus
为净化湖泊做出贡献 and to contribute to cleaning up the lake.
它使制糖业采用了各种最佳管理方法 It has led the sugar industry to adopt all kinds of best management practices
来真正清理他们的行为 to really clean up their act.
他们极大地减少了径流中的磷含量 They've dramatically reduced the phosphorus content of their runoff.
（每磅一便士的税提议 帮助拯救大沼泽地）
1996年环保主义者设法 对州宪法提出了一项修正案 Then, in 1996, environmentalists managed to propose an amendment to the State Constitution
（这是糖业巨头对战大沼泽）
这将迫使 制糖业为大沼泽地的清理买单 that would force the sugar industry to pay for the Everglades cleanup.
修正案将对每卖出一磅糖 征收一便士的税 The amendment would impose a tax of one cent for every pound sold.
艾尔戈尔去了大沼泽地国家公园 Al Gore went down to Everglades National Park
宣布他支持对制糖业征收州税 to announce his support for a state tax on the sugar industry.
我们要求制糖业 在这个历史性的计划中 We are asking the sugar industry to share responsibility
分担责任 in this historic plan.
尤其是用一便士一磅的钱来改善水质 Specifically by putting a penny a pound toward enhancing water quality
确保南佛罗里达的用水量 and ensuring water quantity in South Florida.
大家都为他的演讲欢呼 Everybody cheered when he gave his speech,
（拯救大沼泽地 拯救南佛罗里达）
那个下午 and that afternoon,
克林顿总统当时在总统办公室 President Clinton was in the Oval Office,
根据斯塔尔的报告 and according to the Starr Report,
（独立检察官 肯尼斯斯塔尔的通信）
他正在和莫妮卡莱温斯基分手 he was breaking up with Monica Lewinsky.
他不得不去接了阿方索凡珠尔的电话 He interrupted to take a phone call from Alfonso Fanjul,
也就是佛州之晶的首席执行官 the CEO of Florida Crystals.
我一点也不吃惊 Doesn't surprise me.
如果接不到总统办公室 I think they have, if not Oval Office access,
我认为他们肯定能让 白宫办公厅主任接电话 I think they certainly can get the Chief of Staff of the White House
拿到任何总统的电话 on the phone for any number of Presidents.
（佛罗里达选民拒绝征收糖税）
最后 不管是因为政治影响 In the end, whether because of political influence
或者是糖业昂贵的公关活动 or an expensive PR campaign by the sugar industry,
一便士一磅的修正案没有通过 the Penny Per Pound Amendment did not pass.
（糖业被控逃避大沼泽地清理费用）
20亿美元的清理费用 大部分由纳税人支付 Most of the two billion dollars in cleanup costs have been covered by taxpayers.
大沼泽地从北向南奔流而来 带来了麻烦 Trouble followed the flow of the Everglades from north to south.
大沼泽地的南端是佛罗里达湾 The southern end of the Everglades is Florida Bay,
是内陆淡水与大西洋交汇的地方 where the fresh water from inland meets the Atlantic Ocean.
来吧 好嘞！ There you go! Alright!
（大卫普雷斯顿 净水首领）
-太棒了 -是啊！ -So awesome! -Yeah!
这条鱼有90斤吧 That fish might be 100 pounds.
抓住他 伙计！ Get him, buddy!
好样的！ Nice job!
这里的鱼 These fish that are here
是一种从东海岸到卡罗来纳的鱼 are the fish that go up the east coast to the Carolinas.
这里没有栅栏 There's no fences out here.
克里斯威特曼一直都是专业的渔民 Chris Wittman has been a professional fisherman and guide
在南佛罗里达做导游有20年 in South Florida for 20 years.
当这片海湾是健康的时候 When this bay is healthy,
退潮时 有成千上万的涉水鸟 there's tens of thousands of wading birds out on these flats at low tide.
（克里斯威特曼 合作创始人 净水首领）
在这些平地上 它们来到这里是因为栖息地上的食物 They're here because of the food that the grass habitat supports.
虾类、甲壳类和小型饵料鱼 The shrimp, and crustaceans, and small bait fish
生活在那片海草 吸引这些鸟 提供它们的食物 that live in that seagrass attract all those birds and supply their diet.
这个海湾曾是一个繁荣的水生栖息地 The bay was a thriving aquatic habitat,
所有的一切都由浓密的海草支撑着 all sustained by a dense floor of seagrass.
这个… This...
是海草 is seagrass.
这个应该和底部相连 This is supposed to be connected to the bottom.
当它活着的时候 这是这个栖息地的基础 When it's alive, this is the base of this habitat.
但是因为美国陆军工程兵团的改变 But thanks to the Army Corps of Engineers,
几千年来流入海湾的淡水被分流了 freshwater that had flowed to the Bay for thousands of years was diverted away.
海湾的含盐量激增 The salt content of the bay surged.
在20世纪80年代末 这种栖息地开始消亡 In the late 1980s, the habitat began to die.It just got too salty.
太咸了 海草无法生长 The grass couldn't handle those salinity levels,
这些盐分水平使它的叶片脱落并死亡 and it shed its blades and died.
没有那片海草 Without that grass there,
任何一点风都会搅动泥沙 any little bit of wind just stirs up the sediment and silt.
那以前是清澈的水 蓝绿色的 That was crystal clear water, turquoise blue
这里有茂盛的草地 我的意思是 现在都是淤泥 with lush, lush grass flats, and, I mean, now, it's... mud and silt.
2015年 佛罗里达湾 有20平方公里的海草死亡 In 2015, 50,000 acres of seagrass died in Florida Bay.
威特曼决定要开始行动 Wittman decided to act.
他与人共同创立了一个倡导团体 He co-founded an advocacy group
为拯救佛罗里达海岸和大沼泽地而战 to fight to save Florida's coast and the Everglades.
净水的首领 Captains for Clean Water.
拯救这些鱼就是拯救所有的鱼 Saving these fish is saving all the fish.
是啊 这里是每个人的摇篮 This right here is the nursery for everybody's tarpon.
-是啊 -如果我们失去大沼泽地 Exactly. If we lose the Everglades...
-蝴蝶效应 -是啊 -The butterfly effect. -Yeah.
多年的研究得出了一个解决办法 Years of study yielded a solution.
在湖的南面建造 巨大的水库来储存和净化湖水 Build vast reservoirs south of the lake to store and clean the water
然后把它从大沼泽地送到海湾 and then send it down the Everglades to the Bay.
问题是 建造它的明显地点 是在糖地里 The problem was that the obvious place to build it is in the sugar fields,
制糖业不希望这样 and the sugar industry doesn't want that.
佛罗里达州拥有的土地 非常适合建水库 The State of Florida owns land that would be perfect for a reservoir,
湖以南的65平方公里 16,000 acres south of the lake.
但是那块土地被使用 But that land was being used.
事实上 它被糖业使用 In fact, it was being used by the sugar business,
在2019年初之前 该公司一直从加州租用甘蔗种植用地 which had leased it from the state to grow sugarcane until early 2019.
对他们来说 种植糖就像印钞票 For them, growing sugar is like printing money,
他们愿意尽可能多地去做 and they would like to do as much of it as possible,
所以他们已经为此奋斗了很长时间 so they've been fighting it for a long time,
他们有时也会同意 and they've at times agreed,
然后他们收回了他们的协议 and then they've sort of taken back their agreements.
但在过去几年河口真正崩溃之后 But after the real meltdown of the estuaries the last few years,
我想大家都知道会有事情发生 I think there was sort of an understanding that something was gonna happen.
终止租约的最终批准 Final approval to end the lease,
为水库工程留下空地 leaving the land open for the reservoir project,
掌握在一个国家机构手中 was in the hands of a state agency
机构被称为南佛罗里达水资源管理区 called the South Florida Water Management District.
我们在佛罗里达州 有这些州的水委员会 We have these state water boards across the State of Florida
它们应该是我们原始水源的守护者 that supposedly are the guardians of our pristine water.
好的 我们今天的日程很紧 Right, so we have very busy agenda today,
我想从一些整理方面开始 and I'd like to start off with some housekeeping items.
南佛罗里达水资源管理区 The South Florida Water Management District,
还有陆军工程兵团 along with the Army Corps of Engineers,
主要负责控制南佛罗里达的水 are in charge of essentially controlling South Florida's water.
他们决定水的去向 They decide where the water goes,
他们是一个高度政治化的机构 and they are a heavily political agency.
本质上 只要有 Essentially, whenever there is a conflict
介于自然系统的需要 和制糖业的需要之间的冲突 between the needs of the natural system and the needs of the sugar industry,
糖业的说客们向 the lobbyists for the sugar industry make it very clear
水资源管理区说清楚 他们想要发生的事情 to the Water Management District what needs to happen,
他们就总会能得逞 and they just about always get their way.
对 我们有议程修订吗？ Right, so do we have any agenda revisions?
会议前一天晚上九点半 At 9:30 the night before the meeting,
我接到一个电话 说他们在议程上增加了一个项目 I got a phone call that they had added an agenda item to the agenda,
离会议还有12个小时 you know, with 12 hours to go until the meeting,
他们将投票决定是否续签租约 that they were going to vote on whether or not to renew the lease
计划建水库的国有土地 on the state-owned land that the reservoir was slated to be built.
很明显你们已经和私人公司 You've clearly had conversations about this issue
讨论这个问题好几个月了 with private entity for months.
我认为你为之工作及代表的公众 I think the public, who you actually work for and represent,
应该得到超过12小时的通知 deserve more than 12 hours of notice.
州长希望听取简报 The Governor would like to be briefed and be able to know
（布赖恩马斯特 佛罗里达共和党18区议员）
并且能够知道 我们没有设置额外的障碍 that we are not putting in place additional hurdles
使这个水库得以合理使用 to bringing this reservoir to fruition.
水委员会投票决定延长租期 The water board voted to extend the lease.
没有水库 没有什么改变 No Reservoir. Nothing changed.
佛州之晶在他们的声明中说 该公司是 Florida Crystals said in their statement that the company is amongst
世界上最先进和可持续的农业生产者 其中之一 the most sophisticated and sustainable agricultural producers in the world
并有长期支持 and has a long track record of supporting plans
恢复整个大沼泽地系统的纪录 that will help restore the entire Everglades system.
州政府只是没有说 The state just didn't say,
“让我们把租期延长给佛州之晶吧” "Oh, let's just extend this lease to Florida Crystals."
制糖业的一些人想要延长 Somebody from the sugar industry wanted that extended,
他们知道产业的所在地 and they knew where the property was located,
正好在水库建设需要的地方 right in a place needed for the reservoir construction.
但他们还是做到了 And yet they made it happen.
总体而言 美国的甜味剂消费量 在1999年达到峰值 Overall, sweetener consumption in the US peaked in 1999,
每人每天超过400卡路里 at more than 400 calories a day per person.
从那时起 它已经下降了近百分之16 Since then, it has dropped by almost 16%.
但这一下降的最大输家不是蔗糖 But the big loser in that drop is not cane sugar.
是软饮料中的高果糖玉米糖浆 It's high fructose corn syrup in soft drinks,
这被认为是肥胖和糖尿病的主要原因 which is viewed as a leading cause of obesity and diabetes.
因此 汽水厂商 比如百事可乐 As a result, soda bottlers, like Pepsi,
他们又开始往饮料里加蔗糖 turned back to sweetening their drinks with sucrose.
我们今天比20年前 多吃了百分之七的糖 We eat 7% more sugar today than we did 20 years ago.
当然 糖在市场上的胜利可能会 Sugar's victory in the marketplace may, of course,
帮助巩固他们在政治舞台上的影响力 help shore up their influence in the political arena.
培养这些政客是非常谨慎的 It has been very careful to cultivate those politicians
来保护这份甜蜜交易 to protect its sweet deal,
很难责怪他们这么做 and it's hard to blame them for doing it.
他们是一家利润最大化的公司 You know, they're a profit-maximizing corporation.
我总是对政客们更挑剔 I'm always more critical of the politicians,
他们应该是为公众服务的 who are supposed to be serving the public,
却允许公司这么做 and allow them to do it.
这意味着消费者 不仅可以在超市发挥权利 That means consumers can act not only in the supermarket,
也可以在投票箱里付诸行动 but at the ballot box.
公众对政客的压力可能正在得到回报 Public pressure on politicians may be paying off.
佛罗里达州现任州长在竞选时承诺过 The current governor of Florida campaigned on a promise
不要接受糖业巨头的捐助 not to take contributions from Big Sugar,
截至本片制作之时 他没有拿一分钱 and up to the time of production, he had kept that promise.
我想他们本可以在价格上提供支持 I think they could have stayed under the radar
永远不被发现 on the price supports forever.
但我认为如果你触动了美国人的良知 But I do think you touch the American conscience
以及一些立法者的良知 and the conscience of some lawmakers
当你说他们是大沼泽地灭亡 when you say they're contributing to the demise of the Everglades
以及整个淡水系统的罪魁祸首 and the whole freshwater system.
这就是他们搞砸的地方 That's where it got fucked up for them.
大沼泽地的修复开始时非常艰难 Everglades restoration got off to a very rough start,
但我一直记得 你掌握了所有的科学知识 but I always remember that you've got all this science,
你掌握了这片水 you've got all this water,
你掌握了非凡的政治承诺 and you've got this extraordinary political commitment.
你知道 每个人都说 “我们必须拯救大沼泽地” You know, everybody says, "We've got to save the Everglades."
我一直是短期悲观主义者 和长期乐观主义者 Well, I'm always a short-term pessimist and a long-term optimist.