中文字幕︰Mars Zero 英文字幕︰Mars Zero 字幕合成︰ZPHZTB -5
中英字幕版本︰第1版 -4
解說︰大衛•愛登堡 Narrated by David Attenborough -3
10集BBC紀錄片︰生 命 -2
解說︰大衛•愛登堡 Narrated by David Attenborough -1
(ANIMALS SQUAWKING)
在偉大的生命之樹中 In the great tree of life,
其中一個哺乳類的分支對於我們來說有著特殊意義 one branch of mammals has a particular fascination for us,
我們同屬於此 for we belong to it.
靈長類 Primates.
靈長動物有著能抓取東西的手 Primate hands provide a firm grip
前視的眼睛能夠準確判別距離 and forward-facing eyes accurately assess distance.
這些都是它們能在樹上生活的重要特徵 Both are crucial for a lifestyle that began in the trees.
靈長動物的智商讓它們能夠超越其它的動物 Intelligence among primates can excel that of all other animals.
它們可以解決困難的問題 Primates can solve difficult problems,
開發出思想和主意 develop thoughts and ideas
建立長久的關係 and build long-lasting relationships.
但最重要的是 But most importantly,
靈長動物能記住它們在生活中所學過的東西 primates remember what they learn during their lives.
本片展示了高智商是如何幫助人類最近親的物種 This film reveals how intelligence helps our closest relatives
去應對生命中的種種挑戰 to tackle the many challenges of life.
第10集︰靈長類 EP10 Primates
解說︰大衛•愛登堡 Narrated by David Attenborough
地球上有超過350種靈長類動物 There are more than 350 primate species on Earth.
自從它們在6500萬年前首次出現 Since they first appeared over 65 million years ago,
這些聰明的動物 these clever animals have become adapted
就開始適應一系列不同尋常的棲息地 to an extraordinary range of habitats.
衣索比亞南部的阿瓦什地區 The Awash region of southern Ethiopia.
一片荒蕪偏僻的灌木叢林地 A harsh, remote scrubland.
不過靈長動物已經學會了如何把這地方變成它們的家園 But primates have learned how to make it their home.
在山崖上度過了一個晚上 Hamadryas baboons are waking up
這些阿拉伯狒狒睡醒了 from a night spent high on the cliffs.
這些狒狒習慣400只群居 These monkeys live in groups up to 400 strong
沒有最高領袖 with no single leader.
它們異常複雜的社群是由許多小型的"一夫多妻"族群組成 Theirs is a very complex society made up of dozens of small harems,
每一個族群都由一只雄性管轄 each governed by a male.
每天清晨,它們都會離開安全的山崖去覓食 Every morning, they leave the safety of the cliffs to find food.
由高等級的雄性領路 Top-ranking males lead the way.
如果它們的雌性受到哪怕是一點點騷擾 They can be very severe with their females
它們都會顯得異常煩躁不安 if there is the slightest misdemeanour.
(SCREECHING)
(SQUEALING)
儘管它們尚算強壯 Despite their individual strength,
不過阿拉伯狒狒還是喜歡成群結隊出動 hamadryas baboons prefer to travel as a troop.
這樣做比較安全 It's safer that way.
在這個特殊的早晨 On this particular morning,
有些東西突然打斷了他們的行程 something stops them in their tracks.
另一群狒狒正把這片山崖當做是營房 Another troop is using these cliffs as a barracks.
(ALL SQUEALING)
超過一千只狒狒可在此過夜 More than a thousand baboons can overnight here
一群對頭的狒狒正徑直朝走來 and a rival faction is heading directly their way.
在混亂的打斗中,它們解決掉眾多對手 In the chaos of warfare,males settle old scores.
這同時也是它們搶奪雌性的最佳時機 This is also their best chance of stealing females.
當打斗結束,眾多雌性改換門庭 When the fighting is over,the harems reform.
雄性領袖們懲罰它們那些斗膽離群的雌性 Lead males punish any of their females who had dared to stray.
(SQUEALING)
要紀律嚴明,嚴厲訓導是必不可少的 Strict discipline is essential if order is to be maintained.
這是一個嚴酷的社會系統 It's a harsh social system,
不過在這片不毛的平原上,這對於阿拉伯狒狒來說是適用的 but it works for hamadryas baboons,here on these arid plains.
在世界上的另外一些地方 In other parts of the world,
靈長動物正用不同的模式組建它們的社群 primates have had to organise their societies in a different way
以應對不同的挑戰 to cope with different challenges.
日本阿爾卑斯山的仲冬 Mid-winter in the Japanese Alps.
上高地山谷是絕大部份北方居住的猴子經常出沒的地方 The Kamikochi Valley is the haunt of the most northerly dwelling monkeys.
想要在此地生存,必須適應嚴寒天氣 To live here, you must be able to survive temperatures
氣溫可低至零下20攝氏度 which plunge to minus 20 centigrade.
日本 猴 The Japanese macaque.
濃而濃密的皮毛 Dense, thick layers of fur
使得它們可以在極端環境下與冰雪隔絕 help to insulate these snow monkeys in this testing environment.
但它們仍然覺得寒冷 But they still feel the cold.
每年在此時,食物都是短缺的 At this time of the year,food is scarce.
但聰明的 猴卻能夠適應 But macaques are adaptable and clever.
它們發現了這條終年不結冰的河流 The troop has learnt that this river stays ice-free the year round.
這只雌性知道這是個好地方 This female knows it's a good place
它用熟練的雙手和靈巧的手指 to gather insect larvae from under the rocks,
在石頭下尋找昆蟲和它們的幼蟲作為食物 using her versatile hands and nimble fingers.
在冬天, 猴絕大部份時間都花在覓食上 In winter, this troop spends most of its time searching for food.
同一種地底的力量讓這條河流終年不結冰 The same underground forces that prevent this river from freezing
而且還給其他動物帶來舒適 bring great comfort to others.
日本阿爾卑斯山是由火山組成 The Japanese Alps were built by volcanoes.
許多火山依舊活躍 Many of them are still active.
在一個名為"地獄山谷"的地區 And in a region called Hell's Valley,
一些雪猴找到了一個最佳的冬季度假點 some snow monkeys have found the perfect winter resort.
一處熱礦泉,泉水溫度 A thermal spa,where the water temperature
達到舒適的41攝氏度 is a blissful 4 1 degrees centigrade.
每一只猴子都想泡溫泉,但靈長動物畢竟不同 Everyone wants in but primates being primates,
它們在此地可是等級分明 there are poolside politics.
(SCREECHING)
這是一個進階的,只接待會員的俱樂部 This is an exclusive,members-only club.
只有最高等級的雌性和幼兒,才允許進內 Only the highest-ranking females and infants are allowed in.
每一只猴子都得聽從這只雄性 Everyone obeys this male,
它是溫泉池邊的守衛審查每一個來訪者 who guards the pool and vets the entrants.
這些出身名門望族的幼兒們 These youngsters,born of the right bloodline,
但並不知道自己是享受的特權的一群 don't know how privileged they are.
等級較低的猴子只能無奈地在冰天雪地中呆著 Lower-ranking individuals are literally left out in the cold.
日本 猴的社會是很等級分明的 Japanese macaque society is very divided.
對於特權階級和普通階級 There are those that have and those that have not.
這是一個殘酷的分級 And that is a harsh division,
因為周遭冰封的環境與熱泉水之間 because the 60 degrees that separate the steaming water
有著60度的溫差 from the freezing surroundings
這個溫差可以決定生或死 can make the difference between life and death.
不過, 大多數的靈長類物種 But by far, the majority of primate species
都居住在溫暖的熱帶森林中 live in warm, tropical forests.
大猩猩是最大的靈長類動物 Among them are the largest of all.
它們以穩定的家庭形式居住 Gorillas live in stable family groups
只有一個領袖 with just a single leader.
一只雄性銀背大猩猩 A silverback male.
在剛果盆地, 這只大猩猩正守護者他的家庭 This one, here in the Congo Basin,is the guardian of his family,
家中有五只雌性和它們的幼兒 which includes five females and their infants.
(GRUNTING)
他有責任保衛家庭成員的安全 He has the responsibility of protecting them from the dangers
讓他們遠離來自覓食地的危險威脅 that abound on the forest floor where they feed.
為求保持巨大的體型,他每天要吃30公斤食物 To sustain his huge size,he must consume up to 30 kilos a day.
食物絕大多數是植物 It's mostly plant food,
不過西部大猩猩有時候也會享用少量的白蟻 but western gorillas also enjoy a sprinkling of termites.
小猩猩對食物的需求遠沒有他們的爸爸多 The youngsters need to eat far less than their father,
所以他們有很多時間玩耍 so they've got time on their hands.
他們喜歡玩耍,原因和我們人類一樣 They like to play for the same reasons we do,
為了快樂 for fun.
而且還能夠建立長久的關係 And it helps build long-lasting relationships.
他們的守護者一直警覺地看護著他們 Their protector keeps a watchful eye on them.
接下來 But then,
該午休了 it's time for his siesta.
(GRUNTING)
(WHOOPING IN DISTANCE)
有東西打破了寧靜 Something shatters the peace.
雖然這只銀背大猩猩的地盤是其中一塊最好的 This silverback's territory is one of the best,
但是他的地盤與至少八個其他族群的地盤接壤 but it has borders with at least eight other gorilla groups.
(DISTANT WHOOPING CONTINUES)
(CHEST-BEATING IN DISTANCE)
捶打胸口的聲音 The sound of chest-beating
穿過枝葉密布的樹林傳到了超過一裡外的地方 travels more than a mile through the tangled understory.
這是宣誓屬地主權的鼓聲 It's a territorial drumbeat.
每一位都必定知道誰是這一帶的老大 Everyone must know who is boss around here.
不同的是, 小型的靈長動物更顯神祕 Other, smaller primates are rather more secretive.
在印尼蘇拉威西島上,這是其中一種最罕見的靈長動物 One of the most unusual is found in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
它生活在這棵榕樹的氣生根之中 It lives among the aerial roots of this strangler fig.
雖然它們的祖先是日間捕食者 Its ancestors were daytime hunters,
但是它們發現下黃昏時分覓食 but they found that there was less competition
會更少風險和競爭 if they looked for food in the twilight.
現下它們只在黃昏之後才出動 Now they only stir after dark.
雖然如此, 但這裡能夠找到大量的昆蟲 Nonetheless, there's a lot of insect food around.
印尼眼鏡猴 The spectral tarsier.
眼鏡猴是地球上唯一的純肉食靈長動物 Tarsiers are the only totally carnivorous primates on Earth.
4500萬年以來,它們的幾乎沒有什麼改變 They've hardly changed in 45 million years.
它們巨大的眼睛,即使在極昏暗的光線下也能看到東西 Their huge eyes can see in even the faintest light.
它們的眼球很寬,不能在眼窩中轉動 These eyeballs are so wide they can't swivel in their sockets.
眼鏡猴看東西不得不轉動頭部 Tarsiers have to rotate their heads.
(INSECTS CHIRPING)
它們可轉動的耳朵能夠聽到最微弱的聲音 Their mobile ears can detect the faintest sounds.
強有力的雙腿讓它們能夠跳過超過自身體長40倍的距離 And their powerful legs enable them to jump 40 times their own length.
一個眼鏡猴家庭外出覓食 The family group fans out to hunt.
獵物並不難找 Prey is not hard to find.
但眼鏡猴們必須保持警覺 But the tarsiers must be watchful.
對於這種身高5英寸的靈長動物來說 For a primate just five inches tall,
森林生活是充滿危險的 life in the forest is full of danger.
(SQUEAKS)
一只雄性發出警叫聲 The male sounds the alarm.
(TARSIER SQUEAKING)
然後每一只都撤退了 And everyone retreats.
在它們的家族中 Back in their family tree,
年長的雄性和雌性會發出尖銳刺耳的叫聲 the senior male and female send out piercing calls.
這些叫聲能引導任何一個落伍者歸家 These calls guide any stragglers home
它們又可重新一家團聚了 and there they renew the family bonds.
良好的溝通 Good communication
是靈長動物社會其中一個最顯著的特徵 is one of the hallmarks of primate society.
(MELODIC WHOOPING)
少有動物能夠像泰國森林中的長臂猿一樣 Few communicate more musically
用音樂般的模式來溝通 than lar gibbons in the forests of Thailand.
(WHOOPING ECHOES)
它們的歌聲能夠傳出去數英里遠,並且覆蓋森林 Their songs carry for many miles across the canopy,
這也是宣示著這片森林是它們的地盤 proclaiming that this piece of forest is theirs.
絕大多數的靈長動物都有著極佳的色覺 Most primates have excellent colour vision
而顏色同時也能用在溝通中 and colour, too,can be used in communication.
成年的菲氏葉猴看起來是不顯眼的淺褐色 Adult Phayre's leaf monkeys might seem rather drab.
但它們的新生兒卻大不相同 But not so their newborn.
幼兒身上鮮豔的橙色毛髮,讓它們非常顯眼 Bright orange fur makes the babies very conspicuous
所以成年猴能夠很容易地看護它們 so the adults can easily keep an eye on them.
好友和親戚們 Close friends and relatives
都很希望幫助媽媽照看孩子 are eager to help the mother with babysitting.
這是年輕猴子去學習照顧孩子的一個好機會 It's a good chance for the younger ones to practise parenting.
作為成年猴, 它們從不會讓幼兒長時間獨處 As a result, the baby is never left on its own for long.
當它們數月大和變得更加獨立時 When it's a few months old and more independent,
它們的毛色會變得像媽媽一樣 it will turn the colour of its mother
並在族群中顯得協調 and blend in with the group.
但在成年前,它們還是不能被忽略 But until then, it can't be ignored.
對於生活在馬達加斯加的靈長動物來說 Smell is of particular importance
氣味是一種獨特而重要的特徵 to the primates that live in Madagascar,
狐猴 the lemurs.
它們有著尖細而濕潤的長鼻子 They have pointed snouts and wet noses.
這些是環尾狐猴 These are ring-tail lemurs.
(SNIFFING)
雄性的腕關節有明顯的肉墊 The males have sharp pads on their wrists
當它們抓著小樹時,肉墊摩擦在樹皮留下劃痕 with which they scratch the trunks of young trees.
它們腕關節的臭腺 Glands on their wrists
可以在樹皮的劃痕上留下刺鼻的氣味 impregnate the cut bark with a pungent smell
這些氣味是各自領地的記號 that acts as a territorial marker.
雌性有它們獨特模式去做氣味記號 Females make smelly marks in their own way.
它們的氣味攜帶的是另一種信號,作用跟領地記號一樣 This one's scent carries another signal as well as the territorial one.
這些氣味是告訴雄性,它們正在發情 It tells males that she is coming into heat.
不過雌性只會在24小時或更短時間內接受交配 But she will only be sexually receptive for 24 hours or less.
因此雄性對交配權的爭奪尤為激烈 So tensions run high among the males.
(SQUEAKING)
在混亂的打斗中,一些雄性偷偷溜走 Amid the commotion,some males sneak off.
它們早在尾巴上抹上體臭 They have anointed their tails with scent
並搖動尾巴使氣味飄向雌性 and waft it towards her
試圖吸引雌性過來交歡 in an attempt to persuade her to mate.
她應經準備好了... She's ready...
但有些煩躁 but fussy.
這只雄性把尾巴放在腕上的臭腺摩擦以增加氣味 This male adds more of his wrist gland perfume to his tail.
這招似乎有用,它們一起離去準備交歡 It seems to work,for they leave the party together.
他搖動尾巴以示勝利 And he wafts his way to victory.
你情我愿的交配,是一種相對較為簡單直白的交流 A willingness to mate is a relatively straightforward message.
但靈長動物能夠做出更為複雜的溝通交流 But primates are capable of much more complex communication.
這始於一對母女之間 It starts between a mother and her baby.
在蘇門答臘島的雨林 The rainforests of Sumatra.
這只雌猩猩42歲 This female orang-utan is 42 years old.
她的第三個孩子,她六歲的女兒 Her third child,her six-year-old daughter,
仍然跟著她 is still with her.
猩猩是除了人類以外 Orangs look after their children
照顧孩子時間最長的靈長動物 for longer than any other primate except ourselves.
她將會花九年時間去調教他的後代 It will take her nine years to teach her youngster
她需要了解這個複雜的樹梢世界的一事一物 everything she needs to know about this complex treetop world.
她必須學會如何采集螞蟻和白蟻 She must learn how to collect ants and termites.
學會如何辨別至少200種可食用的植物 How to identify at least 200 kinds of edible plants
還有如何避開那些有毒植物 and how to avoid the poisonous ones.
像這些榴蓮果, 要學會辨別水果是否成熟 And how to judge when fruit, like this durian, has ripened to perfection.
小猩猩必須能夠判斷哪些樹枝足夠支撐自己的體重 A child must be able to judge which branches can carry her weight.
還要知道哪些昆蟲的巢可以去掏 And which insect nests are safe to raid.
建立一本完整的"森林食物指南"是一個漫長的過程 Building up a complete guide to the foods of the forest is a long process.
當然, 她的課程不會只局限於食物 Her lessons, of course,aren't limited to food.
還有其他一些重要技能,她必須要學會 There are other crucial skills she must learn
如果她想在樹梢上生存 if she is to survive in the treetops.
例如, 建造?桓靄?全的巢穴 Building a secure nest in which to spend the night, for example,
需要長時間的反覆實踐 takes years of practice.
當然, 這裡是雨林 And this is, of course, a rainforest.
(THUNDER RUMBLING)
因此猩猩都必須在年輕時學會搭建一個容身之所 So all orangs must learn how to make a shelter early in their lives.
雨林幾乎每天都下雨 It rains almost every day,
所以這只六歲的猩猩早已經有過很多次實踐 so this six-year-old has already had plenty of practice.
她可以活到50歲 She might live to be 50 years old.
當她要成為一名母親時 And if she too becomes a mother,
她會把平生所學傾囊相授給自己的後代 she'll pass on all this expertise to her own children.
記住曾經學過的東西是靈長動物生命中的重要部份 Remembering your lessons is a vital part of primate life.
這不僅僅是學會如何開發改造環境 It's not just learning how to exploit your environment,
更重要的是知道什麼時候去做 just as important is knowing when to do so.
這是非洲的開普半島 This is Africa's Cape Peninsula.
這裡是猴子聚居的最南端地方 It's the furthest south that monkeys have managed to settle.
雖然這裡有大面積的植物養料 There's a wide range of plant food here
但因為土地太缺乏養分 but because the soil is so poor in nutrients,
所以不管吃多吃少,南非大狒狒都覺得 chacma baboons find it difficult to get the range of sustenance they need,
很難找到足夠的食物 however much they eat.
所以它們在面對挑戰時,變得敢於冒險 So they have had to become quite adventurous in what they will tackle.
開普半島周遭的水資源是世界上最充足的 The waters around the Cape are among the richest in the world.
詭計多端的狒狒已成為潮汐專家 And the wily baboons have become tidal experts.
如果要倚賴潮汐去覓食 If you rely on the tides to expose your food,
那就一定要有一個準確的時間表 you have to work to fairly tight schedules.
每兩周時間,當潮水退至最低點時 Every two weeks,on the lowest spring tide,
就有機會去采集一些很特別的東西 there's a chance to collect something really special.
它們期盼已久的東西藏在海草的中間 What they've been waiting for is hidden among the fronds of seaweed.
鯊魚蛋 Shark eggs.
雖然每只蛋只有一小口的分量 Each one is only a tiny mouthful
但數量眾多而且營養豐富 but there are lots of them and they're so nutritious,
麻煩一些也是值得的 it's worth the trouble.
不過狒狒不能逗留太長時間,潮水開始有變 But the baboons can't stay long.The tide is turning.
所以現下他們將注意力放在了每日的主菜上, 貽貝 So now they switch their attention to the main course of the day, mussels.
這些美食每天都會隨著潮水而出現 This delicacy is exposed every day by every tide.
狒狒有著強而有力的下顎和巨大的尖牙 Baboons have powerful jaws and huge canines,
是咬開貝殼的最佳工具 ideal for cracking shells.
掌握時機是一項基本技巧 Timing is an essential skill
如果能夠準確把握時機,那麼就可以在海岸邊 if you're to harvest all the food that becomes available
找到豐富多樣的食物 at one time or another around a coast.
儘管如此, 有些食物還是只有那些有著一雙巧手和聰明才智的動物 Some foods, however, are only available to those who have skilful hands
才能吃到 and sharp intelligence.
在哥斯大黎加海岸上的紅樹林 On the coast of Costa Rica,among the mangroves,
這裡居住著一些是全美洲 live some of the most intelligent monkeys
最聰明的猴子 in the whole of the Americas.
白面卷尾猴 White-faced capuchins.
它們同樣懂得運用潮汐覓食 They too have learnt to work the tides.
它們在尋找蛤蚌 They are after clams.
但卷尾猴體型太小 But capuchins are quite small
沒有力氣去打開貝殼 and don't have the brawn to open such shellfish.
不過它們有聰明的腦袋 But they do have the brain.
它們發明了一種獨特的方法去解決問題 And they've devised an ingenious way to solve the problem.
它們捶打蛤蚌 They hammer the clams.
此舉並不是想砸碎貝殼 They're not trying to crack the shells,
這些擊打與滾動貝殼的動作有著另外的目的 all this pounding and rolling has another purpose,
這樣做是為了讓蛤蚌關上貝殼的肌肉疲勞 to tire the muscle with which the clam is holding itself shut.
(SPLASHING)
(SHELL CRACKING)
最終,蛤蚌撐不住,打開了 Eventually,the clam can hold out no longer
卷尾猴也得到了它的獎賞 and the capuchin gets its reward.
(INSECT BUZZING)
反覆試驗 Trial and error
也許足以解決這個特定的問題 may have been sufficient to solve this particular problem.
不過它們在巴西的遠親把技能更進一步 But one of their cousins in Brazil has taken things a step further.
棕帽卷尾猴 Brown-tufted capuchins
結合了力量與高超的智慧 combine manual dexterity with considerable intelligence.
它們學會了使用工具 And they have learned to use tools,
它們用石頭去砸開棕櫚堅果 hammerstones with which to open palm nuts.
有些石頭的重量幾乎等於它們體重的一半 Some of the stones are nearly half the weight of the monkey.
如果沒有工具, 想要打開這些堅果簡直是不可能的任務 Without a tool, opening these nuts would be an impossible task.
在靈長動物的演化中,工具使用是一個重大突破 Tool-using was a major breakthrough in primate evolution.
西非幾內亞波叟地區的森林 And nowhere is it more convincingly displayed
沒什麼地方比這裡更有說服力地展示了工具的運用 than here in the forest of Bossou in Guinea, West Africa.
(WHOOPING)
(SCREECHING)
在這個有13只黑猩猩小社區裡 Chimpanzees in this small community of 13 individuals
它們有各種各樣的方法運用工具 use tools in a variety of ways.
最巧妙的是它們會用細樹枝或者葉莖去釣螞蟻吃 The most delicate is the way they use a twig or a leaf stem to dip for ants.
對於這個獨特的群體來?鄧 塹囊恍┘記 嵌酪晃薅 ? Some of their skills are unique to this particular group.
其中一只猩猩正把棕櫚葉的葉子剝掉 One of these involves stripping a palm leaf frond
之後把葉柄搗爛，直到露出最有營養的棕櫚芯 and using it like a pestle to mash up the nutritious palm heart.
這只四歲的猩猩學得很快，她需要這樣做 This four-year-old is learning fast.She needs to.
如果黑猩猩不能在八歲時學會特別的技能 If chimpanzees haven't learnt particular skills by the age of eight,
那就永遠不會被視作已長大 they never seem able to acquire them.
它們砸開堅果的技能讓人驚嘆 The most impressive skill of all,which involves nimble fingers,
很靈活地運用了手指,手眼協調,還有智商 hand-eye coordination and intelligence, is nut-cracking.
黑猩猩在這方面比卷尾猴更勝一籌 Chimpanzees have gone a stage further than capuchins.
他們學會了如何把堅果小心地放在石砧上 They have learned how to carefully position the nut on an anvil
而且還能判斷要使出多大的力氣 and to judge how much force to use
砸開果殼而不砸爛裡面的果仁 in order to crack the shell but not smash the kernel to pieces.
它們能夠有效而正確地運用工具 Their use of tools is both efficient and precise.
這只11歲的雌猩猩有了石砧,但找不到"錘子" This 1 1-year-old female has an anvil but can't find a hammer.
她靠近一只雄性,看看他能否借給她一把 She approaches a male to see if he will lend her his.
他同意了 He obliges.
黑猩猩可以展示出很好的親和力和同情心 Chimpanzees can show great kindness and compassion.
分享 Sharing,
試驗 experimenting,
同情 empathy,
計畫 planning,
智慧 intelligence,
教導 teaching
學習 and learning.
我們進階靈長動物的行為都是很獨特的 Behaviour so characteristic of us higher primates.
我們人類在所有靈長動物中最有創造力和革新精神 We are the most inventive and innovative of all primates,
我們只是靈長動物大族譜中的其中一個分支 just one branch of a large and extended family,
一個有能力開發 a family which has refined the ability
並改造和把生存技能 to develop and pass on individual learning
傳給下一代的族群 to the next generation.
一個母子之間能夠建立深刻情誼的族群 A family which is built on strong bonds between mother and baby.
一個能夠分享一切的族群 A family with which we share so much.
為了拍攝靈長動物最有代表性的行為 To film the very best primate behaviour,
攝製組必須運用靈長動物的機智與適應能力 the Life team had to use all their primate ingenuity and adaptability.
在拍攝過程中, 他們發現了我們的種族大家庭中 And in doing so, they discovered an extraordinary affinity
一個很獨特的關係 with our extended family.
尤其是在大猿裡 Especially with the great ape
與我們的基因相似度99% with whom we share almost 99% of our genes,
黑猩猩 the chimpanzee.
他剛才是完全睡著了 He was completely asleep just then,
他剛才翻來覆去,好像要從樹枝上掉下來 he was just rocking to the side as if he might just fall off the branch.
你可以看到他的嘴唇在顫動,他似乎正沈浸在美夢中 You could see his lips were twitching like he was in a deep dream.
這真的太美了 It was really beautiful.
黑猩猩是人類最近親的物種 Chimpanzees are our closest relatives.
為了在幾內亞的森林拍攝黑猩猩運用工具 Justine Evans spent almost a month with them
賈斯丁花了幾乎一個月時間跟著他們 in the forests of Guinea to film their use of tools.
這裡的黑猩猩都不見了 The chimps have disappeared off down there,
他們不得不穿越到另一片森林 they're going to cross over into another area of forest
希望能夠看到它們開始使用工具 and hopefully start using some tools.
我們到這裡,就是為了看它們使用工具 Go and use tools,that's what we're here for.
黑猩猩必須接受你, 才能拍攝 Chimpanzees have to accept you.
如果它們不想被拍攝,它們會在此消失 If they don't want to be filmed,they'll simply disappear.
賈斯丁需要塔雅娜的專業指導 Justine needed the expert guidance of Tatyana Humle,
她是一名靈長動物學家,花了超過10年時間 a primatologist who's spent more than 1 0 years
研究這些黑猩猩 studying these individuals.
當我們看到它們時,一定要保持安靜 So, when we see them,always keep calm
不要一個勁地盯著它們的眼睛 and don't stare at them straight into the eyes.
你是否曾遇到過這些問題 EVANS: Have you ever had problems
就是黑猩猩挑撥性地沖過來? with them coming right up and being aggressive?
沒有, 從來沒有.我的意思是, 這情況極少發生, 所以... No, never, never.I mean, it's pretty rare, so...
我不知道到時候會發生什麼, 因為我之前沒有在野外見過它們 I don't know what to expect, 'cause I've never seen them in the wild before.
-所以這是我第一次 -OK -So it's a first for me.-Okay.
一定要保持安靜,如果有其中一只向你走得很近... HUMLE: Just always stay calm and if one of them walks by really close...
-是的.-...不要理會就行 -Yeah. -...just ignore them.
有一只年輕的雄性也許會向你丟樹枝 One particularly young male might throw sticks.
同樣不需理會,他就像是一個孩子 Ignore him as well,it's like, he's like a kid.
-好的.-他只想引起注意 -Right.-He just wants attention,
所以不停地丟東西 so he'll just keep doing it.
我們必須要帶上口罩 We've got to put these face masks on,
以防萬一染上任何傳染病 in case we pass on any infectious diseases.
在另一個研究點,相當多黑猩猩曾因呼吸道疾病而死亡 Quite a few chimps have died in the past from respiratory diseases
所以戴口罩是很重要的 in other study sites,so it's very important.
(CHIMPANZEES SCREECHING)
那是GiGi That's Gigi.
賈斯丁正想辦法拍攝黑猩猩 Justine was finding her way with the chimps.
但這需要一些時間 But it would take time.
要預估它們的行為並非易事 It's never easy anticipating their behaviour.
要迅速準備好 Trying to get ready really quickly
因為我們估計會有一些黑猩猩出現 because we're expecting some chimps to come down
在我對面的這條小徑 the path straight ahead of me.
如果它們能在這小片林地出現,那實在是太棒了 It would be lovely if they emerge out into this clearing.
因為在這些茂密的森林,你真的很難看到它們 'Cause it's really difficult to see through all this foliage.
塔雅娜與她的團隊也無法估計 Tatyana and her team were invaluable.
他們給賈斯丁介紹了黑猩猩不同的習性和特點 They introduced Justine to the chimps' different habits and characters.
(CHIMPANZEES HOOTING)
黑猩猩天生的好奇心 Soon the natural inquisitiveness of the chimps
很快讓賈斯丁憂慮盡消 overcame any worries they might have had of Justine.
事實上, 它們似乎對賈斯丁,還有她運用的工具很著迷 In fact, they seemed fascinated by her and the tools of her trade.
但她是為了拍攝黑猩猩運用工具的畫面才來的這裡 But it was their use of tools that Justine was here to film.
這是她第一次的大好機會 And this was her first good opportunity.
當我拍攝它們找螞蟻吃時 EVANS: As I filmed them fishing for ants,
我很驚訝它們的熟練 I was amazed by their dexterity.
不過在光線不足的情況下保持專注 But holding focus in such low light
這真是考驗我協調性的極限 really tested my own coordination to the limit.
-她剛走了.-她走了 -She's just moving away.-HUMLE: She's moving.
今天真的夠累的 It's been all go today.
不過還沒有結束,如果我們能夠離開這裡 It's not over yet.If we can get out of here,
去到一片更開闊的地區 into a more open area,
我們就能在光線充足的情況下拍攝,因為太陽還沒下山 we'll actually have enough light to film by, 'cause the sun's still up.
不過我不知道啦 But I don't know.
(CHIMPANZEES CHATTERING)
雖然賈斯丁的主要目的是想拍攝工具的運用 Although Justine's main goal was to film tool use,
但黑猩猩的另一種行為她真的很想捕捉到 there was another piece of behaviour she really wanted to capture.
打鼓般地敲擊樹根這是以前從未被拍攝過的 Buttress root drumming had never been filmed here before,
不過她總是遲來一步 but she was always just a bit too late.
回去另一個樹頭 Back at yet another buttress
希望在此我們能聽到黑猩猩有節奏地敲打樹根 in the hope that we might get some sort of buttress drumming.
不過開始下雨了,這絕對是使人厭煩的 But it's started raining,which is an absolute pain.
這是一場耐力遊戲 It's a waiting game.
只要盯著幾棵大樹 Just staking out a couple of really big trees
幾棵有很大板狀樹根的樹 that have got very large buttress roots,
希望會有一只雄性出來敲打樹根 in the hope that a male will come down and drum on them.
黑猩猩"打鼓"總會在這些地方發生 The drumming always happens somewhere else.
很顯然, 這通常是一些雄性偷偷溜出來干的事情 And apparently, it's usually the males that sort of sneak off to go and do it.
我感覺這時候是特別難熬 It feels like a bit of a long shot at the moment.
我必須要有耐心 I have to have some patience.
黑猩猩跟絕大多數靈長動物一樣 The thing about chimps is that, like most primates,
你總是無法預計它們會做什麼 you can't always predict what they're going to do,
它們什麼時候去做或是在那裡做 when they're going to do it or where.
你只能一直跟著它們 You've just got to keep with them.
一個特別的聲音讓賈斯丁重新回到她的主要任務去 A different type of sound brought Justine back to her main mission.
(CRACKING)
慢一些, 來這裡 Slowly. This way.
猩猩砸堅果 Nut-cracking.
這也是賈斯丁要拍攝的關鍵環節 This was the key sequence Justine was here to film.
拍攝黑猩猩使用工具 EVANS: Filming the chimps using tools
讓我體會到人和黑猩猩是如何的接近 made me realise just how close to them we are.
我覺得我們很相似 I felt so similar to them.
在拍攝旅程的最後時刻 By the end of our filming trip,
我已幾乎能夠認出這個群體的每一位成員 I was able to recognise most of the individuals in the group
而且還了解到了它們不同的性格 and had begun to understand their different personalities.
讓我最印象深刻的一刻是 For me, the most poignant moment of all
當我們看到一只科學家命名為"Play"的雄性 was when the male the scientist called Play
把他的工具借給一只雌性 lent a female his tools.
我知道靈長類是群居動物 I know that primates are very social animals
看到這一慷慨大方的舉動,也是我所最難忘的一幕 but seeing this act of generosity was something I'll never forget.
(DRUMMING)
(CHIMPANZEES SCREECHING)
哦, 我的天! 快看看! EVANS: God! Watch it!
正當我們要離去,黑猩猩終於上演了 Just before we left, the chimpanzees finally put on the display
我們期待已久的猩猩"打鼓" that I'd been hoping for.
(SCREECHING)
在偉大的生命之樹中,我們和黑猩猩 In the great tree of life,we and chimpanzees
雖然在大約六百萬年前走上了各自不同的演化道路 went our separate ways about six million years ago,
但是它們仍舊是與我們關係最密切的親戚 but they remain our closest living relatives.