[MUSIC] [翻译] sunfield [校对] Hoshiko
Okay, so let's talk about botox. (现在) 让我们说说肉毒素 (botox)
Botox is one of the, one of 肉毒素是梭菌毒素的一种
several clostridial toxins, made by clostridial bacteria. 由厌氧芽孢梭菌 (clostridial bacteria) 合成
And the full name of Botox is actually botulinum toxin. 肉毒素全称肉毒梭菌毒素 (botulinum toxin)
And to understand what botulinum toxin does, we need to know one more thing. 为了了解肉毒素的作用 还得知道另一个知识点
We, what I told you is that the vesicles 我们讲过
are, are held very close to the cell membrane. 囊泡停留在细胞膜附近
What holds them? 靠什么使囊泡停留？
A group of three proteins. 靠一组蛋白质 包括三个成员
Two of them anchored in the cell membrane, one of them 其中两个蛋白质锚定在细胞膜上
anchored in the vesicle membrane the details don't matter as much. 另一个蛋白质锚定在囊泡膜上 我们省略细节
But this complex is called the Snare Complex. 这个复合物叫做Snare复合物
And what happens is that when calcium comes in. 当钙离子内流
It changes its shape. 使(Snare复合物) 构象改变
It changes its conformation. 使(Snare复合物) 构象改变
And it goes from, doing like that to being in a straight line. 它们从 (弯曲的形状) 变成直线形
So that pushes the vesicle into the plasma membrane and fusion is inevitable. 从而把囊泡推向质膜
Resistance is futile. (囊泡)的融合势不可挡
So you have to, at that point, when they're that close, they have to fuse. 这时它们靠得那么近 必然会融合
It takes a lot of energy for them not to 抑制囊泡融合需要消耗很多能量
fuse, and when they're that close, there's, it, it, it's inevitable. 所以靠那么近必然会融合
Okay, so, it's this snare pin, and it's the 因此
snare pin's sensitivity to calcium that is the final event that Snare复合体对钙离子的敏感性
allows the vesicle to fuse with the cell membrane. 最终促使囊泡与细胞膜融合
Botox comes in and cuts any one of these 肉毒素特异性阻断 (Snare复合物) 中的一员
well, Botox cuts a particular one. 肉毒素特异性阻断 (Snare复合物) 中的一员
But the clostridial toxins cut a variety of places 而各种梭菌毒素
in these three proteins that make up the snare pin. 能阻断Snare复合物中三种蛋白质的一系列位点
If the snare pin is broken, for whatever 无论何种原因 一旦阻断Snare复合物
reason, if that is cut then release doesn't happen. 囊泡释放就无法进行
And it's as simple as that. 事情就那么简单
So, what, what the clostridial toxins are doing is blocking release. 因此 梭菌毒素的作用是抑制囊泡释放
Now, if you block release, if somebody is administered 如果某人被施予了足够剂量的肉毒素
a sufficient dose of botulinum toxin, the release 来阻断囊泡释放
that we have to care about is the release from a motor neuron to the diaphragm. 注意 囊泡会由运动神经元释放到膈肌
The diaphragm is the thing that allows us to breathe. 膈肌是这里 (指胸腹之间)
Diaphragm is a muscle right here, right in there. 用来呼吸的肌肉
And we need our diaphragm to contract and without the diaphragm, we don't breathe. 我们得靠膈肌收缩来呼吸
Without breathing, we don't get oxygen to our brain. 否则 不能呼吸 不能向脑部供氧
And without oxygen in the brain, we're going to die. 我们就会死
So, so, it's a deadly weapon. 所以 这可是致命武器
And when I first started teaching, in, in, 1992 or in the 90s 在1992年或90年代 我刚开始教学时
we used to talk about the fact that the clostridial toxins were potential 我们曾提到
weapons of, of, of mass destruction, so to speak. 梭菌毒素其实是大规模屠杀的潜在 (生化) 武器
So, [COUGH] mass death, anyway. 梭菌毒素其实是大规模屠杀的潜在 (生化) 武器
So now we use them all the time. 现在我们却一直在使用它
And we use them for very serious problems things like focal dystonia. 把它用于一些严重疾病 譬如局限性肌张力障碍 (focal dystonia)
Where there is a a, a, a in, inappropriate (患这种疾病) 肌肉会异常地持续收缩
continual contraction of a muscle. (患这种疾病) 肌肉会异常地持续收缩
And that, it's a basal ganglia disorder. 这种病由基底核 (basal ganglia) 功能紊乱导致
There are a lot of famous people that have had, have focal dystonia. 很多名人都患有局限性肌张力障碍
Leon Fleisher is a piano player who has it, in, in his right hand. 钢琴家里昂·弗莱舍 (Leon Fleisher) 右手有此症状
So these two fingers are, are always contracted. 这两个手指经常性地收缩
And Diane Rehm has it in her larynx. 戴安·莱姆 (Diane Rehm) 喉部有此症状
So she has laryngeal focal dystonia. 就是喉部肌张力障碍
And these people are treated with Botox. 这些人接受了肉毒素治疗
So the Botox is injected at a very low dose at a very local, very locally. 以极低剂量极其局部地给予肉毒素注射
So, it's blocking the contraction of these two fingers in the Leon Fleishers example. 在里昂·弗莱舍的例子里 控制了两个手指的收缩
And in the larynx, it's blocking the 在喉部 (肌张力障碍的例子里)
cont, spasmodic contraction of the laryngeal muscles. 肉毒素抑制了喉肌的痉挛性收缩
So, and it's used for a large variety of of, of treatments, of various disorders. 因此 肉毒素可用于多种功能紊乱的治疗
It's also used cosmetically. 还能应用于美容
And the interesting thing about its use in cosmetics is that I don't think 关于肉毒素在化妆品中的引用 有趣的是
that we fully understood, before the widespread use of Botox. 我不觉得 在肉毒素广泛应用之前
That, we make our own, we make our own wrinkles. 我们完全理解了自己皱纹的含义
And there's a lovely quote about how smile lines are 这里引用一段妙语 说明笑纹真的很棒
really great, because they show us how much we've been smiling. 因为它证明我们笑过那么多次
In fact, we are making our wrinkles, and what Botox is doing 事实上我们生出皱纹
is preventing the motor neuron from 而肉毒素的作用
releasing the neurotransmitter onto the muscle. 抑制了运动神经元向(面部)肌肉释放神经递质
And thereby preventing us from actively making our own wrinkles. 于是抑制了皱纹形成
okay. （现在）
So we've gotten our transmitter release. 神经递质已经释放
And now what we're going to talk about is, is how, we, we've started our 接下来要讨论的是
expression, we've started our sends, and now we have to stop our sends. 已经释放和传递了 (神经递质) 现在要终止传递
So we're going to talk about termination of the signal 所以下一部分
that comes out of the neuron in the next segment. 讨论神经元信号的终止
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