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[翻译] sunfield  [校对] Hoshiko

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Okay, so let's talk about botox.
(现在) 让我们说说肉毒素 (botox)

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Botox is one of the, one of
肉毒素是梭菌毒素的一种

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several clostridial toxins, made by
clostridial bacteria.
由厌氧芽孢梭菌 (clostridial bacteria) 合成

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And the full name of Botox is actually
botulinum toxin.
肉毒素全称肉毒梭菌毒素 (botulinum toxin)

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And to understand what botulinum toxin
does, we need to know one more thing.
为了了解肉毒素的作用 还得知道另一个知识点

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We, what I told you is that the vesicles
我们讲过

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are, are held very close to the cell
membrane.
囊泡停留在细胞膜附近

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What holds them?
靠什么使囊泡停留？

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A group of three proteins.
靠一组蛋白质 包括三个成员

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Two of them anchored in the cell membrane,
one of them
其中两个蛋白质锚定在细胞膜上

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anchored in the vesicle membrane the
details don't matter as much.
另一个蛋白质锚定在囊泡膜上 我们省略细节

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But this complex is called the Snare
Complex.
这个复合物叫做Snare复合物

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And what happens is that when calcium
comes in.
当钙离子内流

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It changes its shape.
使(Snare复合物) 构象改变

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It changes its conformation.
使(Snare复合物) 构象改变

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And it goes from, doing like that to being
in a straight line.
它们从 (弯曲的形状) 变成直线形

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So that pushes the vesicle into the plasma
membrane and fusion is inevitable.
从而把囊泡推向质膜

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Resistance is futile.
(囊泡)的融合势不可挡

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So you have to, at that point, when
they're that close, they have to fuse.
这时它们靠得那么近 必然会融合

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It takes a lot of energy for them not to
抑制囊泡融合需要消耗很多能量

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fuse, and when they're that close,
there's, it, it, it's inevitable.
所以靠那么近必然会融合

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Okay, so, it's this snare pin, and it's
the
因此

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snare pin's sensitivity to calcium that is
the final event that
Snare复合体对钙离子的敏感性

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allows the vesicle to fuse with the cell
membrane.
最终促使囊泡与细胞膜融合

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Botox comes in and cuts any one of these
肉毒素特异性阻断 (Snare复合物) 中的一员

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well, Botox cuts a particular one.
肉毒素特异性阻断 (Snare复合物) 中的一员

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But the clostridial toxins cut a variety
of places
而各种梭菌毒素

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in these three proteins that make up the
snare pin.
能阻断Snare复合物中三种蛋白质的一系列位点

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If the snare pin is broken, for whatever
无论何种原因 一旦阻断Snare复合物

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reason, if that is cut then release
doesn't happen.
囊泡释放就无法进行

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And it's as simple as that.
事情就那么简单

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So, what, what the clostridial toxins are
doing is blocking release.
因此 梭菌毒素的作用是抑制囊泡释放

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Now, if you block release, if somebody is
administered
如果某人被施予了足够剂量的肉毒素

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a sufficient dose of botulinum toxin, the
release
来阻断囊泡释放

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that we have to care about is the release
from a motor neuron to the diaphragm.
注意 囊泡会由运动神经元释放到膈肌

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The diaphragm is the thing that allows us
to breathe.
膈肌是这里 (指胸腹之间)

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Diaphragm is a muscle right here, right in
there.
用来呼吸的肌肉

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And we need our diaphragm to contract and
without the diaphragm, we don't breathe.
我们得靠膈肌收缩来呼吸

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Without breathing, we don't get oxygen to
our brain.
否则 不能呼吸 不能向脑部供氧

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And without oxygen in the brain, we're
going to die.
我们就会死

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So, so, it's a deadly weapon.
所以 这可是致命武器

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And when I first started teaching, in, in,
1992 or in the 90s
在1992年或90年代 我刚开始教学时

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we used to talk about the fact that the
clostridial toxins were potential
我们曾提到

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weapons of, of, of mass destruction, so to
speak.
梭菌毒素其实是大规模屠杀的潜在 (生化) 武器

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So, [COUGH]
mass death, anyway.
梭菌毒素其实是大规模屠杀的潜在 (生化) 武器

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So now we use them all the time.
现在我们却一直在使用它

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And we use them for very serious problems
things like focal dystonia.
把它用于一些严重疾病 譬如局限性肌张力障碍 (focal dystonia)

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Where there is a a, a, a in, inappropriate
(患这种疾病) 肌肉会异常地持续收缩

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continual contraction of a muscle.
(患这种疾病) 肌肉会异常地持续收缩

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And that, it's a basal ganglia disorder.
这种病由基底核 (basal ganglia) 功能紊乱导致

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There are a lot of famous people that have
had, have focal dystonia.
很多名人都患有局限性肌张力障碍

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Leon Fleisher is a piano player who has
it, in, in his right hand.
钢琴家里昂·弗莱舍 (Leon Fleisher) 右手有此症状

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So these two fingers are, are always
contracted.
这两个手指经常性地收缩

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And Diane Rehm has it in her larynx.
戴安·莱姆 (Diane Rehm) 喉部有此症状

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So she has laryngeal focal dystonia.
就是喉部肌张力障碍

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And these people are treated with Botox.
这些人接受了肉毒素治疗

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So the Botox is injected at a very low
dose at a very local, very locally.
以极低剂量极其局部地给予肉毒素注射

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So, it's blocking the contraction of these
two fingers in the Leon Fleishers example.
在里昂·弗莱舍的例子里 控制了两个手指的收缩

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And in the larynx, it's blocking the
在喉部 (肌张力障碍的例子里)

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cont, spasmodic contraction of the
laryngeal muscles.
肉毒素抑制了喉肌的痉挛性收缩

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So, and it's used for a large variety of
of, of treatments, of various disorders.
因此 肉毒素可用于多种功能紊乱的治疗

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It's also used cosmetically.
还能应用于美容

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And the interesting thing about its use in
cosmetics is that I don't think
关于肉毒素在化妆品中的引用 有趣的是

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that we fully understood, before the
widespread use of Botox.
我不觉得 在肉毒素广泛应用之前

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That, we make our own, we make our own
wrinkles.
我们完全理解了自己皱纹的含义

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And there's a lovely quote about how smile
lines are
这里引用一段妙语 说明笑纹真的很棒

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really great, because they show us how
much we've been smiling.
因为它证明我们笑过那么多次

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In fact, we are making our wrinkles, and
what Botox is doing
事实上我们生出皱纹

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is preventing the motor neuron from
而肉毒素的作用

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releasing the neurotransmitter onto the
muscle.
抑制了运动神经元向(面部)肌肉释放神经递质

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And thereby preventing us from actively
making our own wrinkles.
于是抑制了皱纹形成

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okay.
（现在）

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So we've gotten our transmitter release.
神经递质已经释放

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And now what we're going to talk about is,
is how, we, we've started our
接下来要讨论的是

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expression, we've started our sends, and
now we have to stop our sends.
已经释放和传递了 (神经递质)  现在要终止传递

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So we're going to talk about termination
of the signal
所以下一部分

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that comes out of the neuron in the next
segment.
讨论神经元信号的终止

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