联勤保障部队第九八〇医院神经外科 翻译小组出品
The brainstem is the brain anatomical structure 脑干是大脑解剖结构的一部分
that links different parts of the central nervous system: 其连接中枢神经系统的不同部分:
the forebrain, the cerebellum and the spinal cord. 前脑，小脑和脊髓。
The brainstem plays a vital role in the many essential functions 脑干通过核团调节在许多机体基本功能中
that its nuclei regulate, 扮演着至关重要的作用，
such as breathing and heart rate 例如呼吸，心率
and even consciousness. 甚至意识。
It is also a passageway to sensory and motor pathways 它是感觉和运动的传导通路，
and a pain control center. 也是疼痛控制中枢。
The brainstem represents the emergence area 脑干也是大多数颅神经的
of most cranial nerves. 发出区域。
We distinguish three parts of the brainstem : 我们将脑干分为三个部分：
the midbrain, the pons and the medulla. 中脑、脑桥和延髓。
The midbrain or "mesencephalon" 中脑或称“mesencephalon"”
is the area of the brainstem 是通过大脑脚
that is directly connected to the forebrain 直接与前脑相连的
through the cerebral peduncles. 脑干区域。
Behind these two peduncles 在两个大脑脚后方
we find the tegmentum 我们可见中脑被盖部
with a hole in back side 中脑被盖的背侧有一个孔，
the cerebral aqueduct 即为中脑导水管，
Also known as the aqueduct of Sylvius, 也称作Sylvius导水管，
it connects the 3rd to the 4th ventricle. 它连接第三脑室和第四脑室。
On the back of the midbrain is the tectum 中脑背侧是中脑顶盖，
with four colliculi 有四个丘状隆起，
where lie the reflex centers 是听觉和视觉的
involving hearing and vision 皮质下反射中枢。
The Pons , also knows as the “pons Varolii" 脑桥亦称为“pons Varolii”
is the middle part of the brainstem. 是脑干的中间部分。
It plays an important role in motor functions 解剖的中继位置使得脑桥在运动功能中
with its relay position 起着重要的作用
between the forebrain and the cerebellum. 它位于前脑和小脑之间。
It also contributes to autonomous functions 它在自主神经功能
and facial sensitivity, 和面部感觉中也发挥作用，
it contains the core and the emergence of the trigeminal nerve. 它内含三叉神经核团并发出三叉神经。
The Pons is connected to the cerebellum 脑桥通过小脑中脚
by the middle cerebellar peduncle 与小脑相连。
It delimits the front face of the 4th ventricle. 它是第四脑室的前界。
The medulla oblongata is the portion of the brainstem 延髓是位于脑桥和
between the pons and the spinal cord. 脊髓之间的脑干部分。
The medulla contains the olivary 延髓含有橄榄体
and a pair of pyramids that contain 和一对锥体，其包含
the corticospinal fibers of the pyramidal tract. 锥体束的皮质脊髓纤维。
The medulla contains vital autonomic control centers 延髓具有重要的自主控制中枢功能，
for functions such as breathing, heart rate 包括呼吸、心率
and many reflex functions 和很多反射功能，
such as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing. 如呕吐、咳嗽、打喷嚏和吞咽。
It ends at the bottom by the pyramidal decussation 延髓的末端是锥体交叉，
a crossing region of the corticospinal fibers 是两侧皮质脊髓纤维相互交叉的区域。
联勤保障部队第九八〇医院神经外科 翻译小组出品