[Music]
okay
oh
hello
um
my name is bruce
and i'm a physician
uh retired from
practice of pathology
and i'm very grateful for the
opportunity to talk to you about the
health effects of climate change
there's a handout that goes with my talk
and it should be on the
website of site ciphercon does it
has anyone encountered it
okay well mike getzman told me that my
handout is available to everyone
and and you should check it out because
it has all the references i'm not going
to
show you all the references in my talk
and also the handout might be better
than the talk
um another thing i have is i have these
wallet cards they have uh what i think
are the best five websites for
scientific information about climate
change i just wanted to talk
if i could pass it down to you
and you could uh
just let and uh they're especially good
if you know uh teenagers that are
interested in computers
um
anyway those the websites on there will
tell you everything there is to know
about climate change
okay
um
climate change
is
probably the most important event in
your life if you are less than 30 years
old
and climate change
is going to be the biggest medical
problem of this century
by 2050
it's it's estimated that more people
will die from climate change than will
die from heart disease
or cancer
or diabetes
and
you can see this statement that was made
by the lancet commission on climate
change
probably have some of you heard of the
medical journal of the lancet
well anyway the lance is a british
medical journal and occasionally you
hear about them in the news
and in
2014 they put together a commission
to study the health aspects of climate
change and this quotation was from the
first report by the lancet commission
and on my handout you'll see the most
recent the 2021 report
by the lancet commission
and uh it gives you probably the single
best summary
of health and climate that there that
you can find
um
now the thing is
it doesn't have to be this way
we can actually change the world and we
have to
by eliminating the combustion of fossil
fuels
from our economy
and
we can have a much healthier world
by doing that
and and much better for our children
and grandchildren
so
right now
we if we make
very significant changes maybe you might
i might say drastic changes
we can make the world a lot better
instead of a lot worse
now the way
that what the way we cause climate
change
is that fossil fuel combustion
releases greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere
and these retain heat on earth that
would otherwise be released to outer
space probably you've all heard that
you're familiar with that idea and i'll
try to explain it a little bit more
later
well
i'm going to start with the mental
health effects of climate change
i'm not a psychiatrist or psychologist
i'm a pathologist so i'm taking this
information from
uh
you can see at the bottom of the slide
mental health and our changing climate
it's a report from the american
psychological association
and
um
and
but but one thing you might do
and that i would advise if you really
want to understand climate change is to
read this novel never let me go
uh by ishiguro
and i i think that this novel takes us
to the like the true heart of darkness
of climate change uh this is a science
fiction novel
and it uh i'm not going to tell you the
story but i believe my interpretation is
that this is a novel about climate
change it doesn't openly say that in the
book
but it's only my opinion
and uh you might read it and think i'm
mistaken but but anyway for what it's
worth i think if you could only read one
thing about climate change i would read
never let me go um
okay so
uh
younger people
are subject to
serious
mental health problems
that are related to climate change
and younger people
suffer more than older people like me
because
it's their life it's their life that's
being uh that's being harmed
and
according to the american psychological
association younger people feel fear
well i feel fear and i'm not young but i
feel plenty of fear
anger and despair and betrayal
um
now this is a slide that i took off the
internet i don't know who took the
picture
uh but this is from
a a
student climate strike in dublin in 2018
and i like the sign that illustrates the
concept of anger and betrayal
that people feel because of
their futures being tossed away by
climate change
okay so
then now we're going to talk about
mainly the physical health effects of
climate change for a bit
uh and
i want to start with a study by the
american college of physicians the
american college of physicians is an
organization that is in charge of
certifying
doctors to be internal medicine
specialists so all the internal medicine
specialists in the united states have to
be approved by the american college of
physicians
and
in 2016
they put together their own committee to
study health and climate change and they
issued a report
which was from a medical journal called
annals of internal medicine you probably
haven't heard of that but among
physicians it's a very famous journal
just like if you talk to me about a
computer journal i wouldn't know what
you were talking about
so
they predicted uh
what you can i know you can read the
slide without me reading it so i won't
do that but what i wanted to emphasize
was that they predicted that climate
change would cause
um
food insecurity and they thought that
would be one of the main problems that
climate change would cause for us
and and they predicted
that
the two biggest bread baskets in the
world
which are the united states midwest
where we all live
and the ukraine
would be devastated by climate change
and would cause
a decline in production of graves
and and i think
i think this is interesting in light of
russia's invasion of the ukraine is it
possible
uh that vladimir putin read the report
or is aware of this and he said well i
should really get my hands on the grain
in the ukraine
um i don't know this that's pure
speculation
so
i also want to point out waterborne
diseases the reason that
that climate change increases waterborne
diseases is because there will be more
floods and in fact wisconsin and the
northern part of the midwest
and also the northeast the new england
states are going to be the victims of
more flooding
and when you have flooding
then you have a contamination of our
water sources by sewage and by
manure
and by
other chemicals so that
we lose fresh water
and if you don't hear about it on the
news but every time there's a big flood
uh people get sick from diarrheal and
gastrointestinal illnesses
um
so
floods cause more waterborne diseases
now vector-borne diseases those that
means diseases that are carried by
insects and ticks and these increase
because
the insects and ticks are moving towards
the poles as it gets warmer and i'll
talk more about that later but i just
wanted you to understand so so that
report is from the american college of
physicians
uh the next report i wanted to talk
about is from a group called the u.s
intelligence community
and the u.s intelligence community
consists of the fbi
and the cia and the national security
agency
and at that time this was in 2018
this is the most recent report that's
available and this is a public report
you can look it up online and i think
the reference is in my handout
anyway this one was written by daniel
colts who used to be the director but no
longer is the director
and you can see what he predicted
a warming world
water and food shortages
and i know you can read the slide um
now i wanted to mention forced
population migration and what this means
is that
when the climate becomes uh so severely
harmed
sometimes people are forced to move away
and seek a new home
and an example of this that we're
familiar with is
that new orleans is going to have to be
evacuated and already many people have
moved away from there and probably in
the future miami will have to be
evacuated but the places that are going
to really be hit the hardest are
the middle east from bangladesh
to israel it's going to be calm too hot
for people to live there
and uh so uh
i'll talk about this more later but
anyway people will be forced to migrate
away from that from places where they
live because of
the severity of climate change
larger wildfires everybody already knows
about that it's in the news every day
i'll talk about ocean acidification let
me just mention it briefly now
carbon dioxide is
the main greenhouse gas that we release
from industrial processes
and and that carbon dioxide dissolves
into the ocean
partly
carbon dioxide is soluble
slightly soluble in water
and when it goes into water it reacts to
form carbonic acid now if you just look
in your mind think you have co2 and you
have h2o if you add them together you
get h2co3
that's carbonic acid and so
when we release carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere
some of it a fraction of it goes into
the ocean uh roughly a fourth
and it makes the ocean more acidic so
a side effect of
of warming that's not related to warming
itself is ocean acidification okay
um
all right now
uh here is another report this is from
the united states army the us army war
college
uh
issued a report in 2019 about climate
change and and again this all these
references i talk about are on the
handout so
that's why the handout is good
and
and i wanted to point out that the army
is worried about geopolitical
instability
and what they say
is that
there's not going to be
enough fresh water for everybody
if the if the amount of fresh water
declines from floods and
and drought
and other climate problems well
in that case they are concerned that
there will be disputes between countries
or between
large groups over fresh water and the
example they give is that
china and pakistan and india
all depend on water that melts out of
the himalayan mountains
and so if one of those three was to
claim that that that water belongs to
them and not one of the others then that
would be the kind of geopolitical
instability
that
the u.s army is concerned about another
concern that the army raises is that
when the
arctic ice melts which which is
estimated to be about 2040 by about 2040
the earth will be warm enough that the
arctic ocean will no longer
have ice in the summer it'll still have
ice in the winter when it gets cold but
then it'll completely fall this summer
and the army said well we have no plans
at the present time
for defending the united states from
either china or russia
should they send a fleet into the arctic
ocean
so it would give us a new a new front
you might say to defend
um also relating the soldiers the army
said that their policy of giving water
to soldiers during combat is inadequate
it would not work under the new hot
conditions that they might have to face
and they have to create a new policy for
moving water
another thing they're concerned about is
uh tropical diseases they expect to
increase
among soldiers um
let's see
oh and they do meant they also mentioned
that
uh and i think everybody knows this that
we have sort of an aging power grid and
that as it becomes hotter in the summer
there may be more power blackouts
because we can't meet the demand
okay
so this is my own personal list
of um
of the problems caused by climate change
to health problems and
a lot of these i already talked about um
but i was going to mention uh
extreme heat when a person is out in
extreme heat they can develop what's
called heat stroke the medical term is
called hyperthermia and that means that
you lose the temperature regulation of
your body and it's like if you had a
fever
and these people are usually about 104
degrees you have a fever but you don't
have an infection you have
an incorrect thermostat you might say in
your body
and and when a person is subjected to a
really hot temperature say 100 degrees
for several hours without
relief
that's when they may get hyperthermia
okay
there's also a new disease it's called
kidney disease chronic kidney disease of
unknown etiology that means the cause
isn't known
but it's closely related to heat and it
it only started it was only discovered
in the 1980s
and it's
people who work in
tropical countries outside
for long hours in the heat
after about two years they develop
kidney failure
and
and it's because it appears to be
because they are in so much heat that
they become dehydrated every day
these are usually people who are poor
and they have bad working conditions
they can't drink all the water that
maybe they would like to and um they may
they work long hours so far this has not
occurred in the united states it's
occurred in uh in central america
and in india
and sri lanka
and egypt
all all really hot countries but it's
called
chronic kidney disease of unknown
etiology
oh i should mention more powerful
hurricanes
a hurricane
takes heat
that is in the water
and it converts it into wind energy
uh and and in a sense this this is a a
hurricane is like an engine that uses
heat to do work
and the work that it does is
wind okay
so
if we make the ocean hotter
then on average
the hurricanes will become more powerful
there might not be more hurricanes and
i'm not saying that there will be more
hurricanes but the ones that occur
on average will be more powerful
and and actually in the last few years
the number of
category three four and five hurricanes
has increased
so
more powerful hurricanes is another
health problem
i think probably everybody knows about
rising sea levels if you
if you warm water then the volume of the
water increases very slightly like if
you warm water in a glass you can't see
that the volume increased it's a tiny
amount but if you warm the whole ocean
where the volume of water is immense
then you have rising sea level also
if you melt
a glacier and the glacier is located on
land and the water runs into the ocean
then you have rising sealant
so right now
about half of the sea level rise that's
occurred
is due to
thermal
thermal expansion of water and about
half is due to the melting of glaciers
on land if you melt the glacier
on the ocean it's already on the ocean
then it doesn't change
the height of the water okay
so
the fir so
what i was going to do now before i go
on
is to stop and see if there are any
questions or comments or anything that
anybody would like to say about these
health things or these reports that i've
gone over
okay well the next thing i'll i'll do is
i'll show you a few examples a few
health examples and the first one comes
from
the us army medical cert not us army the
u.s military medical service the the
military
has a combined medical service so that
regardless of what branch you're in
you're in the same health system it's a
single health system
and uh they did and they collect data on
all sorts of things
and a
a newspaper an online newspaper it's
called inside climate news
asked permission to look at their data
on heat stroke in the military so the
military didn't make this graph
that the the inside climate news made
the grass but they took the numbers they
got permission from the military to take
the numbers and make them into a graph
and
and uh i think you can see that in the
navy in the air force
the
the incidence of heat stroke has not
really changed and what we this
incidence its rate
per thousand so on the y-axis it's the
number of people who have heat stroke
out of a thousand okay
but you can see that in the army and the
marine corps
roughly speaking the number of cases of
heat stroke has doubled uh over the
10-year period of this of the data
collection
um now this was not
um
they didn't start they just took all the
cases okay so these are just all the
cases in the entire u.s military system
so they didn't like say are they in a
hot place or a cool place stuff like
that
all they did was take the raw data and
put it on a graph
so
anyway this is the evidence that
heat stroke is becoming a bigger problem
in the armed forces
now this is a study from canada and it
came it came out in a medical journal
called trends and parasitology i'm sure
you never heard of it it's kind of an
obscure uh journal but it was published
by
a laboratory from canada that does all
the testing for lyme disease in the
entire country of canada
canada is different from the us because
they have a national health care system
and so everybody you might say in a
sense everybody has the same doctor and
everybody has the same laboratory so
this laboratory did all the testing for
lyme disease of
from all canadians in the entire country
so so this is a unique study like you
can't you couldn't do it in the us
because
you'd have so many different
laboratories you know you would have to
say oh did i forget this one or did i
include that one but these guys could
include all of canada and you can see
that oh i should say
if you don't know lyme disease is an
infection it's caused by a bacteria
called aurelia that's the genus name of
the bacteria and you get it from a tick
bite so a tick
who who has the infection but doesn't
get sick the bacteria doesn't bother to
take bites a human and then the human
gets the infection
okay and and i'm sure you've all heard
of lyme disease isn't that isn't that
true okay
so you can see that in canada there's
been a huge increase in the number of
cases of lyme disease
between
2002 and 2015 and this is because canada
got warmer
and what happened was
the ticks
that carry lyme disease in the u.s
they're called exodes i-x-o-d-e-s
these tanks could not live in canada
until about 2002
because it was too cold they would
freeze in the winter
and
there's a mouse what happens is
a mouse also carries the bacteria a tick
bites the mouse and becomes infected and
then the tick bites a human and passes
the infection to the human okay
um so um and the the mouse which is
called the white-footed mouse and it's
scientific name um
oh
let's see what it is i know i have it i
but i forget it
oh it's perimiscus lucopas
the whitefoot mouse it also migrated
into canada as canada got warmer it
didn't it before the year 2000 the mouse
didn't live in canada and now it does
so both the tick and the mouse migrated
to canada and took
uh borrelia with them and now
lyme disease is a disease of canadians
as well as
as americans
okay
now these are just some examples of
infectious diseases that either are
increasing
in numbers because of climate change or
are expected to increase
malaria is everybody knows it's carried
by a mosquito the mosquito is called
anopheles and anopheles is migrating
towards both of the poles as it gets
warmer and it's also going higher up
mountains
and so in africa
they had more efforts to reduce malaria
that failed because the anaphyles
mosquito was able to migrate to higher
areas of africa that were formerly too
cold for
malaria
dengue fever
is a tropical disease carried by a
different mosquito that's called the 80s
mosquito
and
in that the last time there was a study
there was a study published in the
lancet also
in 2016
and they had data going all the way back
to 1950
and going from 1950 to 2016
the most cases of dengue fever occurred
in 2016.
2016 was the best year for dengue fever
in the history of the world as far as we
know and it's because the 80s mosquito
is moving north
and moving south away from the equator
and towards the poles and carrying
the virus that causes dengue with it
this last summer
the state of vermont reported
80s mosquitoes in vermont
that had never happened before but uh
the health department of the state of
vermont monitors
uh
uh animals uh that carry diseases and
they discovered 80s mosquitoes in
vermont for the first time
i i do have
have this list of floods
these are
the
microorganisms that cause
gastrointestinal disorders during a
flood in the united states they're the
most common cause
of flood-related gastrointestinal
disease probably you've heard of some of
them giardia is one is a more common one
uh e coli salmonella campylobacter
you've probably heard of some of those
and norovirus is the virus that causes
all the illness on cruise ships
but it it also causes uh
gastroenteritis during floods
um
okay now
i the next thing i wanted to talk about
is called a toxic bloom and a toxic
bloom is a threat to fresh water uh
toxic blooms have been occurring in lake
erie in the last few years and i think
two years ago
i'm not sure if it was two or three
years ago
the city of cleveland had to stop taking
water out of uh lake erie temporarily
because of a toxic bloom
and what happens a toxic bloom has two
causes a one cause is that the water is
unusually warm and you can see that's
the one related to climate change the
other cause is that
uh nutrients get dumped into the fresh
water and this usually comes from
these are nutrients from manure or from
fertilizer and the nutrients are
phosphorus and nitrogen
and what happens is that microorganisms
grow extremely fast in warm water that's
filled with nutrients and they grow so
fast that they deplete all the oxygen
probably you know this but bacteria
are comfortable without oxygen they can
continue to live whereas most of the
fish
and
plants in a lake cannot
so um
so what they do is they kill everything
in the lake
all the living things and they also make
the water
unfit to drink
now this picture comes from a beach in
florida and in florida
when they have uh they have um
toxic blooms but they call them red
tides and if you ever care to do it do a
search on their red tide and you'll come
up with toxic blooms that occur in the
ocean in florida and this is because
uh the
the
government of florida is very casual
about dumping things into the ocean
and so when the ocean water becomes
quite warm they get toxic blooms along
the florida beaches
so toxic blooms are a threat to fresh
water sources
okay now here's a graph of sea level
rise this goes
all the way back uh to the year zero and
i think you can see that in the past
there was virtually no change in sea
level in the world until the 20th
century and then the sea levels start to
rise and of course it's going to rise
quite a bit more than that in the in
this century
and
that's because of
thermal expansion of water and melting
of ice
on land okay
uh
i wanted to show this uh to show you the
idea that that everybody in in the us is
affected by climate change you might not
feel it every day but i'm using this as
an example this is a weather map from
september 15
uh 2020
and and that and and that you may you
might remember
uh
and that was a time when there were lots
of
forest fires in california and oregon
and washington and the brown color shows
the smog or the the smoke particles
moving across the united states from the
uh
from the forest fighters
and then you can also see that there are
two hurricanes one is located pretty
close to new england
and the other one is located um pretty
close to florida and uh
alabama
and um
and so you could see from this map that
uh just about the whole united states
was engulfed in some aspect of climate
change
on that day and of course it's going to
get progressively worse and unless we
take action
this is a study that comes from the
environmental protection agency and it's
a listing of the pollutants that come
from burning fossil fuels
and
the top line shows
the um the uh
amount of carbon dioxide released from
fossil fuel combustion now
there's really three kinds of fossil
fuels coal
oil and gasoline is under oil gasoline
is a derivative of oil
and natural gas
and
this is expressed
this is expressed as
pounds of carbon dioxide per billion btu
of energy
well a btu is called a british thermal
unit it's a a measure of energy that's
used by engineers
i i'm not an engineer and i'm not very
familiar with it but
uh it the the the
the one problem you learned in college
was the jewel you've probably heard of
jewels well a btu is roughly equal to a
thousand joules
so uh when we
burn when we burn fossil fuels we
release
you can see on the first the the top uh
the top row we release carbon dioxide
and
and coal is the worst
oil and gasoline are intermediate and
natural gas is the best but actually we
can't afford any of these we can't
afford to burn any of these fossil fuels
and keep increasing the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere
another thing i wanted to point out is
if you go down to the second line from
the bottom it's called
particulates and when we burn fossil
fuels we release soot or smog
into the air
and
some of these particles are extremely
tiny
and they're
they're
inhaled into the lung
and then they're distributed into other
parts of the body
and recent
studies in my own field of pathology
have demonstrated that you can find
tiny soot particles in human brains and
in the heart and in the placenta
and
it's been known for many years that air
pollution is harmful to people but it's
never
always been that clear exactly how it
does harm and so this is a new discovery
and it's a new idea that maybe
when these particles come inside of our
body that they are the cause
of the problems that we have with air
pollution like air pollution makes heart
attacks statistically more common
and now we know from recent discovery
that particles from the from air
pollution are deposited in the heart
and air pollution is associated with
premature birth
and with other problems at birth and now
we know that the placenta has tiny
particles of of air pollution uh and
uh
just this past summer
uh
in july
there was an article
from a british group of researchers
saying that there was an association of
statistical association between dementia
alzheimer's disease and air pollution so
that
the the more air pollution a person was
exposed to the the higher their risk of
eventually developing alzheimer's
disease and now we know
more recently that that the brain
actually contains particles from air
pollution and i'm going to just show you
one slide
and
now maybe those of you farther back
aren't going to be able to see this but
this is a a microscopic slide from a
placenta and it's
these green structures are the placental
villi and they're very irregularly
shaped the placental villi
grow into the uterus of the mother and
they are what provides air to the baby
okay so what happens is the placental
villus has a blood vessel and that blood
vessel gets very close to blood vessels
in the mother's uterus and then oxygen
is transferred from the mother's blood
vessel to the baby to the placenta blood
vessel and that's how babies get oxygen
so this is a microscopic slide and the
green part
uh
the green part is the placental villi of
the mother now you could probably see
that there are little white arrows
on
on different parts of the slide are you
able to see that from where you are and
next to those white arrows there's a
little tiny dot
and what that is is it's a dot
of smog or air pollution and the way
it's detected is
you have this green light that is going
through the microscope to show you the
placenta villi but then they took a
laser that is at a 90 degree angle to
the tissue and it's shooting through the
tissue and when there's a
solid particle not it's a solid particle
that's very hard harder the tissue that
then the laser is deflected and it looks
like a white spot okay so even though
we would call it a small black if we
could see it it would be like a brown or
black
it looks white in this preparation
because we're bouncing it's bouncing a
laser off of it okay
another thing i i don't want to go into
too much detail but
a way you can confirm this is
that these products of air pollution
contain iron
you've probably heard or maybe you've
heard that that one of the
things of air pollution is heavy metals
so air pollution sometimes contains
mercury and cadmium and lead and arsenic
but actually the most common metal that
it contains is iron so
you can
there's a
scientist in england developed a very
very sensitive way of measuring
magnetism and she can detect iron in
these slides she can confirm that
there's iron in those particles by
measuring by detecting the magnetism of
the iron
okay
so
all of us are in a sense victims of air
pollution the world health organization
says that four million people each year
die from air pollution and the reason
they die is because they have lung
disease that gets worse like asthma and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
and also they get cancers like lung
cancer is associated with air pollution
and they have a higher risk of heart
attack and stroke and
and doing doing statistical modeling the
world health organization
says that about 4 million people die
early deaths each year from air
pollution mostly these are in most of
these people are in china and india
where the air pollution is a lot worse
than it is here
okay now
this is a study
from the journal science i'm sure you've
all heard of the journal science it's
one of the most well-known science
journals and and this reference is also
listed in the handout
and
um
what they did was
they they wanted to do the statistical
risk
uh to
of people born in different years okay
so uh in this graph they're looking at
people born in 1960
and what is if you're born in 1960 how
many heat waves are you going to
experience in your life and they came up
roughly with the number four now this is
for the whole world so it's an average
over the whole world okay
now say instead you were born in 2020
what is your risk of a heat wave well
this one that says times seven this is
if the world does nothing about climate
change and we continue on as we are then
the person born in 2020 will experience
seven times more heat waves
than the person born in 1960 okay now
the time six this is if we keep warming
to two degrees centigrade so if we if we
stop at two degrees centigrade then it's
six-fold increase in heat waves and if
we stop at 1.5 degrees centigrade
i i don't know what maybe they're
telling me i need to shut up
if we stop at 1.5 degrees centigrade
which is recommended by the
intergovernmental panel on climate
change then it's a four-fold increase in
the number of heatwaves
okay well
let me stop here again and just see it
does it does anybody have any questions
or comments that they wish to make
i'm sure the
insurance companies would like that data
on
hurricanes you know as policies arise
yeah yes actually there are several
insurance companies that are working
that are working on this and i'm sorry
i'm not a business person but but
there's a company that has
done a whole bunch of work on insurance
and climate change
and also there's another company it's
the name is called jupiter it's
jupiter.com i believe and what they uh
do is they
risk they do risk assessment of property
for sea level rise and you can hire them
and and like just say if you're in
charleston north south carolina you can
hire them say i'm thinking of buying a
building in charleston what is my risk
of flooding and they will tell you they
will calculate
the sea level rise in the future and
give you an estimate of the risk
okay any other comments or questions
i'm just going to go to my
last slide here um
this is a slide from oxfam
oxfam you know gives food to poor people
and and in the in the course of giving
food to poor people uh they study
what's happening in the world so that
they can anticipate problems and this is
a study that they did
showing weather related disasters
compared to
civil conflict and you can see that
civil this is before the ukraine war so
it's it's dated by that but you can see
that uh the green line is civil conflict
there's been a small increase
in
this is this is measuring how many
how many people are displaced by
a disaster so the green line is how many
people are displaced by war
and the blue line is how many people are
displaced by a climate disaster and you
can see that there's been a big increase
in the number of
displaced persons due to climate
disasters and and they translated this
into a statistic that
that i find helpful they said in 1980
uh the number of days between
billion-dollar billion dollar weather
disasters was 80
but in
2016 the number of days between billion
dollar weather disasters is 18.
so it's a big change and that is and
that's climate change so
that's everything that i wanted to say
thank you very much for listening and if
there are any further questions or
comments
is there any hope
yes we have to reduce uh use of fossil
fuels that's what we have to do in fact
let me just i do have here this is what
you can do
i have a list
is there anybody who didn't get my card
if you i have a
i have a card that lists uh websites
that give really good scientific
information about climate change if you
didn't get one come up here after the
talk and i'll give you one
okay well let's quit then thank you
[Music]
you