今晚 我们要办个小活动 - 走出家门 抬头仰望 沉醉在这璀璨星空 Tonight, we want to celebrate a simple activity we just don't do
克里斯·林托特
听起来虽简单 但观星之人寥寥无几 enough - going outside, looking up and marvelling at the night sky.
我们说的可不仅仅是随便看看星星 We're not just talking about observing the stars,
我们要探寻的是一些更为绝妙的夜空奇景 we are going to explore some of the more surprising ways
让我们如痴如醉 难以自拔 that the night sky can captivate us.
我们现在位处格林尼治皇家天文台 We're at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,
皮特·劳伦斯
英国天文学的精神家园 the spiritual home of British astronomy,
来发掘夜空之美是如何让我们都沉沦其中 to find out how we can all enjoy the majesty of the night sky.
欢迎收看《仰望夜空》 Welcome to The Sky At Night.
仰望夜空
夜空奇景
天文学固然是《仰望夜空》的核心基础 Astronomy is of course the very heart of The Sky At Night.
但我们却容易忽视 But it's easy to overlook the sheer variety of ways in which
夜空本身就有激励启迪的纯粹力量 the night sky can inspire and even provoke us.
而今夜 在这个圣诞节只有几周之远的日子 So, tonight, with Christmas only weeks away
本着欢庆的精神 in a spirit of celebration
我们要一览夜空美景 享受无与伦比的快乐 we are going to enjoy the many ways the night sky can bring us pleasure.
克里斯通晓神奇古法 仅凭观测天空便可判断方向 Chris learns about the ancient art of navigation using just the sky.
这是我做天文节目有史以来 That's one of the most ridiculous things anyone has ever said on an
听过最扯淡的事情之一！ astronomy programme!
皮特和玛吉要做一项史无前例的挑战 Pete and Maggie take on an epic challenge, trying to persuade
让一群青少年从此爱上观星 a group of teenagers to fall in love with stargazing.
克里斯将探索天文学是如何向我们展现 And Chris discovers how astronomy can reveal a spectacular world
原本隐匿于苍穹之中的炫彩世界 of colour hidden in the sky above.
但首先 我要先去挪威来寻找 But first, I'm going to Norway in search of one of the greatest
最宏伟的夜间奇观之一 - spectacles the night sky has to offer -
北极光 the Aurora Borealis.
可能极光最令人惊奇的一点就是 Perhaps the most surprising thing about the Aurora is that there is
直到现在 它还蕴含着许多我们不知道的奥秘 much that, even now, we don't understand.
每天仍然都有不断的新发现 New discoveries are still being made
而这些新发现可不仅仅只是科学家的功劳 and it's not just the scientists who are making them.
你有时甚至都能从英国看到极光 You can sometimes see the Aurora from the UK.
但为了增加我看到它的机会 也为了更加了解它 But to increase my chances of seeing them and to learn more about them
玛吉·亚德林-波科克
我来到了挪威的特罗姆瑟城 I've come here to Tromso in Norway.
我说出来你可能不会相信 Now, you might not believe this
但太阳刚刚落山 天空渐渐变暗 but the sun has just set and it's getting dark, but it's only
而现在实际上是下午两点 天气冷的吓人 two o'clock in the afternoon, and it really is quite cold.
特罗姆瑟位于挪威北部的田园地区 Tromso nestles between the fields of northern Norway.
是一座港口城市 历经沧桑却依旧车水马龙 It's been a working port for many years
同时也是极光调查的中心地 but it's also a centre for Aurora research
因为该地是全世界极光出现 because it has one of the most reliable records
最频繁的地方之一 for Aurora displays anywhere on Earth.
- 谢谢 - 我现在已经迫不及待想要亲眼见识一下他们了 - Thank you. - I just can't wait to see them with my own eyes.
我们今晚有多大把握看到北极光 What's the probability of us seeing the Northern Lights tonight?
谢蒂尔·史克利 极光追随者
我觉得今晚很有可能 I think it looks good tonight.
天空很清澈 这就是先决条件 The weather is clear, and that's what we need.
特罗姆瑟可能是世界上最好的 Tromso is probably one of the best places on Earth
北极光观测点 - 不仅是因为我住在这 to see the Northern Lights - not just because I live here!
我们这就位于极光带正下方 We are placed straight underneath the Aurora Oval
这种我们假想的粒子带围绕着北极成环 the imaginary oval of particles surrounding the North Pole.
我们目前已经开了一个半小时的车了 We've been driving around for about half an hour now
而我现在要开始观察哪里有北极光疑似物 and I'm beginning to see what might be the Northern lights.
其实挺难形容的 但那边的天空有一丝微弱的光 It's quite hard to describe, but there's sort of a wispy light
我真的很希望那就是我们要找的 in the sky, and I'm really hoping that's it
所以现在我们要停车好好观察一番 so we can hopefully pull over and check it out.
哇！ Wow!
真的是极光 It really is them.
一条五彩斑斓的光带横跨整个天空 This band of colour across the sky.
太惊艳了 之前我所观察到的 This is amazing. Anything that usually gets between me
不是星星就是什么不好的东西 and the stars is a bad thing but
但此时此刻 这实在太美了 at the moment, this is just so glorious.
这比我想象的还要美太多 It's so much better than I thought.
宛若游龙 斑驳陆离 So much more dynamic, so much more colour.
我太喜欢了 每分每秒都喜欢 I'm just loving it, loving every second.
我甚至就能看到茫茫一片 穿梭于天地之间 I can actually see a sheet travelling across the sky.
那他们到底是什么呢 其实 But what exactly are they? Well, it turns out that they are not
它们不似我们想象的那么容易理解 as well understood as you might imagine.
一直以来 极光都被认为是太阳风电子流的产物 It's been thought that they were caused by electrons
电子在地球磁场的作用下旋转迂回 from the solar wind, twisting along the Earth's magnetic field
使高层大气分子电离 产生熠熠光辉 或亮或弱 ionising gas in the atmosphere which then shimmers and glows.
但是这个理论同时也有非常明显的漏洞 But there are some fairly obvious problems with this theory.
极光专家梅勒妮·温德里奇将向我们解释 Aurora expert Melanie Windridge explains.
首先 我们必须知道 Firstly, we know that
如果带电粒子直接从太阳风袭来 if charged particles were coming in directly from the solar wind
梅勒妮·温德里奇博士 作家及等离子物理学家
并撞击在我们的大气层中 那它们也理应当撞在 and hitting into our atmosphere, they'd be hitting us on the day side
星球的昼侧（向光面） 但我们并不是在那观察到的极光 of the planet, and we don't see Aurora there.
因为太亮了 我们能在夜间观察到极光 It's too light. We see Aurora at night,
这说明带电粒子不知怎么围绕到了地球的背面 so somehow the particles are getting round to the back of the planet.
另一个我们必须要知道的事情是 如果这些粒子 Another thing is that we know that if the particles were coming in
直接来源于太阳 directly from the sun
那么他们就不会有足够的能量来产生 then they wouldn't have enough energy to cause the bright
明亮 动态并只在夜晚才能看到的光 vibrant displays that we see on the night side.
新的研究向我们指引了一个可能的答案 New research has begun to suggest an answer.
来自太阳风的电子在经由地球磁场的时候 The electrons coming from the solar wind are receiving
与之发生了一系列的复杂作用 an unexpected boost in energy
并以此获得了巨大的能量 from a complex interaction with the Earth's magnetic field.
磁气圈是地球的磁场区域 The Earth's magnetosphere is the Earth's magnetic field
但太阳风会给其造成影响 but then modified by the solar wind
因此 当太阳风一过 它就会左右发生偏移 so the wind comes past and it's deflected around it
就像水中的石头经水流作用也会摇摆 like a stone in a river or something like that.
对 我看过 地球磁场仍然还在 I have seen that, so you've got sort of the Earth's magnetic field
它也仍然还环绕着地球 只是它被拉长了 and it would be sort of around the Earth, but it's elongated.
对 它延伸了 Yeah, it's stretched out.
就离太阳风远了 正是这样 就像是风向袋一样 Away from the solar wind. Exactly, like a windsock
大风刮过 风向袋就拉长鼓起来了 as the wind is deflected past the Earth.
正因如此 地球的磁场后面就会拖着一条长尾巴 And so you have this long tail, this long windsock-like tail
就像风向袋一样 behind the Earth and, in that region
而地球背后这些长长的磁场 you get a lot of magnetic field built up and pushing down
有些被拉伸 有些被挤压 behind the Earth and, eventually
最终 这些磁场线离得越来越近 these magnetic field lines get so close
但磁场线还没有相交 因此他们还会被挤得 but magnetic field lines can't cross and so that's when they get pushed
越来越近 越来越近 直到突然一下 close, close, close, close, close and then, bang!
它们猛然折断 而在它们折断的时候 They snap. And when they snap
磁场线会被弹回地球 同时一些粒子 电子 they catapult back towards the Earth and they catapult particles
也会沿着磁场线被弹回地球两极的大气层中 electrons, down the field lines into the Earth's atmosphere at the poles
这就是极光产生的原因 and that's what's causing the Aurora.
它其实就是不断加速的粒子 并从中获取了很多能量 It's that acceleration of particles, it's giving them a lot of energy
这就意味着它们能同我们的大气层发生反应 and that means that they can interact with our atmosphere
并造就了这些在夜间能看到的光 and cause the bright lights that we see in the night side.
我们今晚只需抬头看看夜空 Just looking up here tonight
就会发现很多不同的现象 there's so many different phenomena happening.
我们其实还不能完全理解这些运动 这些物力的成因 We don't fully understand the causes of the movements or the dynamism.
我们现在开始了解的仅仅是一些皮毛 We are beginning to understand pieces of it now because we have
因为我们拥有了更好的技术 我们向太空发射了卫星 better technologies available to us now, we have satellites up in space
而这些对我们已经非常有用了 因为我们已经能穿越太空 and that's really useful because we can fly through space and we can
我们能测量像粒子密度或者粒子速度这样的东西 measure things like particle densities or particle speeds
或者勘测太空的种种条件 or what the conditions are like out there.
而极光研究的作用仅仅像是一扇窗户 And the Aurora act as a kind of window onto the processes
向我们打开宇宙奥妙的世界 又或者 that are happening in space. Or, if you like, the atmosphere is
你可以把大气层比作大屏幕 极光则是上演的节目 the screen on which the Aurora plays out, but it's playing out
但是这些节目的上演都是因为太空中发生的一些事 cos of things that are happening out in space.
而现在我们拥有比以前更多的记录工具 因为专业人才也越来越多 But I suppose we havemany more cameras than we used to because we had the professionals
但是那些业余爱好者也同样在做一些很伟大的事情 but I guess we have amateurs doing some amazing stuff and taking some
拍下一些绝美的图片 时刻提醒着我们宇宙中发生的事情 amazing images which we can relate to what's happening up there.
正是这个理 这真的是一个很好的点 Exactly, and that's a really good point because we are now able to get
因为现在我们能得到比起前多得多的照片 many more pictures than we ever used to be able to get.
就最近 大概是去年的样子 Just recently, in the last year or so,
发现了一个新型的极光形态 there has been a new feature identified in the Aurora which is
很神奇的是 它被叫做史蒂夫 quite amusingly called Steve
因为他们可能根本不知道给它取什么名 because they didn't really know what to call it, perhaps!
- 而戴夫又已经被取了 - 对 所以叫史蒂夫！ - Dave was taken! - Exactly, so Steve!
史蒂夫是一条绶带状的极光 它就像是一条粉白色的绶带 And Steve is like a ribbon aurora, it's like a pinky-white ribbon
这和我们以前寻常见到横跨天空的绿色拱状或带状极光不同 it's quite different to the normal green arcs or bands that you see across the sky.
并且 它发生在一个稍微有点不同的方位上 And it happens at a slightly different orientation
更偏向赤道而不是极光带 so a little bit more towards the equator than the main auroral band.
我觉得人们实际上已经观测到它一段时间了 And I think people have actually been seeing it for a while
但是它相当罕见 所以不能经常见到 but it's fairly rare and so it wasn't seen very often.
但是现在越来越多的人开始摄影 But now that more and more people are taking photographs
史蒂夫开始突然大量出现在照片里 it was popping up in these photographs more and more.
所以科学家们觉得史蒂夫是如何形成的 So what do they think's causing it?
现在 科学家们知道它发生在300千米高的大气层 They know now that it's happening about 300km up in the atmosphere
大约25公里宽 但是人们并不知道这是什么导致的 it's about 25km wide, but they don't know what's causing it.
事实上 我可以看到更多的极光正在我们身后形成 I can see some more developing just behind us, actually.
是啊 那里看上去好美 所以依然是个谜 Oh, yes, it's looking lovely up there. So it's still a mystery.
但是我们正在慢慢解开这个谜团 这个过程需要民间高手们的帮助 But a mystery that we're solving slowly but surely with the help
所以这是一个值得庆祝的奇妙的事情 of citizen scientists, so it is a fantastic thing to observe.
- 感谢你的耐心解答 - 不客气 -Thank you so much for explaining. -You're welcome.
尽管极光色彩绚丽 Although the Aurora is full of colour
人们很容易会觉得余下的夜晚是一个单色的世界 it's easy to assume that the rest of the night is a monochrome world
只有墨黑的天空 和少量的白色星星 one with an inky black sky and a sprinkle of white stars.
但其实这之间有很多色彩值得欣赏 But there's plenty of colour up there to enjoy
前提是你知道去哪里看 if only you know where to look.
为了探索这个隐匿的宇宙 To explore this hidden universe
我在格林威治皇家天文台见到了天文学家金·古皮塔 I met up with astronomer Jen Gupta at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.
金 我们这次讨论夜空的颜色 So, Jen, we are here to talk about colour in the night sky
这可能有点奇怪 因为人们总认为夜晚的世界是黑白的 and that's odd because people think of the night-time world as black-and-white.
是的 所以当我们仰望星空 Yeah, so if we look up at the stars
金·古皮塔博士 朴次茅斯大学
我们可以看到今夜的几颗星星 and we can see some stars here tonight
你觉得星星是微小的白色光点 you think of stars being kind of these white pinpricks of light
你或许不会想到那里其实有很多颜色 you don't think of much colour being out there.
其实事实上 夜空中的每一颗星星都有自己的颜色 But, actually, every star in the night sky has its own colour
在一年的这个时候 我认为最经典的例子是 and a classic example I think at this time of year are some of the
猎户星座的一些星星 stars in the constellation of Orion.
此刻 猎户星座正在东方缓缓升起 So Orion is just rising here in the east at the moment.
你要留意的典型星星是参宿四 在它的左上方 The classic stars you want to look for are Betelgeuse, his top left
正如我们所看到的 肩膀或者胳肢窝的位置 as we look, shoulder or armpit.
另一个你需要留意的星星是参宿七 The other one that you want to look out for is Rigel
他的右下角的位置 正如我们所看到的 which is his bottom right foot, as we look at it.
并且如果你近距离看那些星星 你会发现参宿四看起来是一种橘红色的颜色 And if you look closely at those stars, you'll see that Betelgeuse
而参宿七在我们看起来是白色的 looks a kind of orangey-reddish colour whereas Rigel looks white
不过那实际上是某种白蓝色 to us but it's actually more kind of whitey-blue.
所以这是为什么 为什么两颗星星颜色并不相同 So why is that? Why are those two stars different colours?
这和它们的温度有关 This is all to do with their temperatures
用这个来直接开始解释或许会让人有点迷惑 and it's a little bit confusing to start off with because it's actually
因为参宿四比参宿七温度更低 because Betelgeuse is cooler than Rigel
这是驱动星星们的物理内核 and it's the physics that's driving the stars.
我们在这里举个例子 假设这是我的星星 So we've got an example here. This could be my star.
我们要开始点亮这个灯泡 We are going to start lighting up this light bulb,
将会发生的是 里面的钨丝会发光 and what's happening is we're going to make the wire inside glow
- 你可以看到它开始发出橙光 - 对 and you can see here it's kind of glowing an orangey colour. Right.
当我们增加通过它的能量 我们使它更热 As we increase the power through it and we make it heat up
接下来 你可以看到颜色开始慢慢变得有点黄 even further, you can see the colour starting to change through to a kind
如果我们继续 我不想继续了 of yellow and, if we kept going, and I don't want to do that
它现在有点太热了 it would get a little bit too hot,
但是基本上 它最终会发出白光 but it would end up glowing very white, basically. And so, just by
因此 仅通过观察灯泡颜色的变化 我就可以计算出灯丝的温度 looking at the colour of the light bulb, I can work out the temperature of the filament.
对 没错 Yeah, exactly.
- 星星也是如此 只是原因不同 - 是的 And the same's true with the stars but for different reasons. Yes.
其实星星里发生的是不同的过程 在内部发生的 It's a different process that's going on. What's happening in stars
实际上是个核聚变的过程 is actually a process called nuclear fusion.
主要是氢原子 一种宇宙中最丰富的元素 It's mostly hydrogen - the most abundant element in the universe -
相互碰撞形成一个氦原子 hydrogen atoms smashing together to form a helium atom
这个聚变的过程为太阳 以及所有的恒星 and that's the process that's powering the sun, the process
- 提供动力 - 对于大多数的星星而言 powering all these stars. And this is true for most stars
这个过程都在上演 但是因为温度不同 but because they're different temperatures
- 我们看到的是不同的颜色 - 没错 因此 当我们看到参宿四的时候 we get these different colours. Exactly. And so, when we look at
我们实际上看到的是 Betelgeuse we're looking at a star where the surface temperature
一个表面温度大约3500摄氏度的星星 is around about 3,500 degrees for Betelgeuse
相比之下 参宿七大约11000摄氏度 compared to about 11,000 degrees for Rigel
所以你会发现温度上的很大不同 so you've got a big difference in temperatures.
但是天空中没有多少绿色的星星 这似乎有点怪异 But there aren't many green stars in the sky. That seems weird.
不是的 但夜空中还有别的东西 所以如果你非常想看到夜空中绿色的东西 No, but there are other things in the night sky. If you're desperate
我们还有其他的选择 to see something that's green in the night sky, we do have other options
事实上 猎户座星群里就有这么一个东西 and, in fact, there's one in the Orion constellation again.
如果你找到猎户座挂在腰带上的剑的部分 So, if you find Orion's sword hanging down from his belt
就会看到猎户座星云 there's the Orion nebula in sight there
那颗看起来很模糊的星星 that kind of fuzzy looking star.
但如果你用望远镜放大看它 But if you zoom in on that with a telescope
你会发现它在发彩色的光 you'll actually see that it's glowing with colours.
猎户座星云内部正在发生的事是 这些气体正被 What's happening in the Orion nebula is that the gas is being lit up by
在气体云中形成中的年轻恒星照亮 some young stars that are forming in this cloud of gas
发射光谱：因为高能级的粒子在向较低能级跃迁时，将多余的能量发射出去发光 而形成的光谱。 激发：供给能量以引发跃迁的过程。
这就是我们所说的光的发射光谱 and that's doing what we call an emission spectrum coming out of them.
所以气体变得被激发了吗 So the gas is getting excited?
是的 我们给这些气体以能量 非常多的能量 Yeah, we are giving energy to the gas, we are giving lots of energy
我们让气体发光 我们这里有三盏灯 它们可以模拟同样的事 we are making it glow, and we've actually got these three lamps here which can do exactly the same thing.
如果我打开这个 你能看到它开始发光吗 So if I flip this one on, can you see that it starts to glow?
同样的事情正在发生 The exact same thing is happening.
我们把能量注入管道内的气体中 We're putting energy into the gas inside that tube and we're making it
让它发出一种粉紫色的颜色 glow a kind of pinky-purple colour.
这里面的气体是氢气 如果我把这个开关打开 So this gas actually inside there is hydrogen. If I switch this one on
人们对这可能更熟悉 这是氖气 this will maybe be more familiar to people, this is neon, so your neon
所以这里氖气的运作原理是一样的 signs work in the exact same way.
最后是氦 And then finally here we've got helium.
不同的颜色只是因为有不同的气体 And the different colours are just because there's different gases.
没错 所以你会马上注意到 它们会发不同颜色的光 Exactly, so that's what you will immediately notice. They are all glowing in different colours
因为气体中有不同的原子 所以我们可以通过观察颜色 because of the different atoms that are inside this gas, and so we can work out what is inside our nebulae
来研究星云里面的物质 by looking at the colours coming from them.
所以 当我看到猎户座是绿色的 这告诉我了什么 And so, when I see Orion as green, what does that tell me?
星云里其实是氧气 但是如果你观察哈勃太空望远镜拍摄的 That's actually oxygen in the nebula, but what you'll notice
猎户座星云的照片 你会发现 if you see photos of the Orion nebula maybe taken
他们实际上更近似于 with the Hubble Space Telescope, you'll notice they are actually
这种颜色 粉紫色 much more like this colour, they are more kind of pinky-purpley
这是因为还有很多的氢原子存在于星云中 and that's because there's a lot of hydrogen in the nebula as well.
但令人惊奇的是 仅仅恒星 或者仅仅星云 But it is amazing that, just with the stars and even with the nebula
我们就可以从非常简单的观察中 we can tell so much from a very simple observation
或从问什么颜色中 发现出如此多的东西 just by asking what colour something is.
没错 曾有一场革命 Exactly, and this was kind of a revolution,
发生于19世纪末 20世纪初 the end of the 19th century, early 20th century
利用这种光谱技术 this technique of spectroscopy
能够识别出这些气体中 这些元素中 正在上演什么 being able to identify what's going on in these gases
仅仅只需分析它们的颜色 in these elements, just from their colours.
这代表了现代天体物理学的诞生 And it's really the birth of modern astrophysics.
所有这些 只是从颜色上看 珍 非常感谢你 All this, just from looking at colour! Jen, thank you very much.
谢谢 Thank you.
接下来 我们将探索古老的 Coming up, we'll be exploring the ancient art
利用天空辨别方向的艺术 of navigating by the sky.
首先 大多数普通观众已经知道夜空 But first, most regular viewers already know that the night sky
充满了神奇 is full of wonders.
但是还有很多人没有开始 But there are plenty of people out there who have yet to be initiated.
所以我们给麦琪和彼特设置了一个挑战 So we set Maggie and Pete a challenge.
他们能说服一群 Could they convince a group of young people, who've never had the chance
从未有机会欣赏夜空美景的年轻人 to appreciate the beauty of the night sky,
来一窥天文学吗 to take a look at astronomy?
我们来到了位于曼彻斯特的阿什顿公立学校 We're here at the Ashton on Mersey Sixth Form School in Manchester,
我们正肩负着用夜空奇观 but we are on a mission to inspire the next generation of astronomers
来激励下一代天文学家的使命 with the wonders of the night sky.
今晚的天气有点挑战性 The weather's a bit challenging.
天空中飘浮着大量云层 We've got lots of cloud scudding through.
但是我们会全力以赴的 But we are going to give it our best shot.
那么你们对夜空的体验是什么呢 So what are your experiences with the night sky?
你们过去参与过很多观星吗 Have you done much stargazing in the past?
没有 ALL: No!
你们有没有注意到星星和月亮之类的东西 Do you notice the stars and the moon and stuff?
－是的 －挺好挺好 Yeah. OK. That's good.
有没有人之前看过用望远镜看过星空呀 Have any of you looked through a telescope before?
有啊 在argos看 Yeah, from Argos!
－但是没看到几颗－好 好 我懂你的意思了 Didn't see much. OK. Oh, right, yes!
－猜猜太阳系中有几颗行星－十二个吗 Do you know how many planets are in the solar system? Is it 12?
没那么多 还有没有人要猜一猜 That's slightly high! Does anyone else have a guess?
我猜三个 Three. 没那么多 还有没有人要猜一猜 That's slightly high! Does anyone else have a guess?
－也没这么少－那六个或者九个 That's a bit low now! Six. Nine.
－你很接近啦姑娘 一共八个 －对的 八大行星 冥王星已经被除名啦 You're getting really close. Eight. Eight, yes. Pluto was demoted.
之前是九大行星 不过后来冥王星因为体积太小不再被视作行星 So it used to be nine, but Pluto was demoted.
好 现在我们先看看月亮 OK, so we've got the moon
仰角设置所以望远镜可以直观的看到它 but I've set the telescope up so that that's pointing at it.
有些微乌云挡住月球表面 There's a bit of cloud down there
但你们还是可以通过望远镜的目镜窥视一二 but if you want to have a look through the eyepiece.
来啊 想看的过来看 Go on, have a go.
目镜在这个位置 所以你从这里看过去 The eyepiece is there,so you're looking in the side.
能看得到吗 Can you see it?
－你可能得好好调整一下会比较清楚 －嗯 我好像能看到月球表面了 It might be tricky. I'm, like, seeing bits of it!
－诶 好了好了 现在看的很清楚了－能看到了吗 能看到陨石坑吗 Oh, yeah. I can see it. Can you see it? Can you see any craters on it?
那是什么东西 What's a crater?
有物质撞击月球表面时 It's sort of like where something's hit it and it's left
－会留下一些凹陷 你吃过奶酪吧 就是那样子的 －原来如此 some indentations on it. Like cheese. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
现在你看到的这些陨石坑是由宇宙中的巨石块撞击月球 Those craters are caused by lumps of rock in space hitting the moon
所形成的坑洞 and it's what leaves an impact crater.
虽然看似近在咫尺 实际却有一百英里远呢 Those craters you're looking at there are about 100 miles across.
天啦噜 Oh, my gosh!
挺出乎意料吧 You wouldn't think it has all that in it, would you? It's incredible.
当你除非你近距离的观察才会发现月亮的美丽 The moon is amazing when you really get in close to it.
好 现在如果我们再搜索下会看到那边有两个星 Right, if you have a look through there at the two stars.
怎么样 想不想过来看看 Do you want to have a go?
仔仔细细看看 清楚吗 Look at them carefully. Can you see
－你能感受到两颗星颜色的不同吗－这颗像一架飞机 the difference in colour between them? It looks like an aeroplane.
其中一颗是黄色的 One is yellowy in colour.
另外一颗体型略小 所以一颗黄色 另一颗是蓝色的 对吗 The other one's tiny. One's yellow and one's blue. Is that right?
对对 没错 That's right, yeah.
这颗是天鹅座星 This is a star, it's called Albireo
这两颗具有某种引力联系 and they are thought to be gravitationally linked.
无论是黄色还是蓝色的星星都那么 They look beautiful because one of them is yellow and the other one is
耀眼夺目 a bluer star.
看呐 那边还有一些星 Oh, look. There are some stars up there.
我们应该可以观察到w形状的仙后座 We should be able to see the W of Cassiopeia.
看到了吗对 就在我们的正上方 It's right up there above us.
这么说来 And if you've got the W of Cassiopeia,
我们也可以看到七姐妹星团 you might get the Pleiades
你知不知道七姐妹形图案 就在下边 很漂亮 you know, coming in.The Pleiades would be nice.
昴宿星团 又称为七姐妹星团 就是我们 So the Pleiades, or the Seven Sisters, is something that we call
通常所说的疏散星团 怎么说呢 有点类似于恒星摇篮 an open cluster, and these are sort of like stellar nurseries
也就是恒星诞生的地方 so it's where stars are born.
－你觉得如何－这是我看过最美的星 How do you feel about that?That's the best I've seen.
一开始 大家有的没有用过望远镜 Well, when we started off, you hadn't looked through a telescope
或者用过望远镜但是没有像这样仰望星空 or seen anything in the night sky
现在我们已经看过了美丽的星空 有没有人想要说说此时此刻的想法 but now you have seen a few things,what do you think now?
目眩神迷 Fascinating.
叹为观止 宇宙中有这么多奥秘是我们从前不得而知的不知道的 It's amazing that there's so much out there that we don't know about.
那今夜你印象最深的是什么呢 What's the best thing you've seen tonight?
－对我来说可能是月亮 －是的 近距离观察 Probably the moon.Yeah, looking close at it.
让我觉得我还想看更多 I just want to find out more now,though.
很高兴听到这样的分享 That's always good to hear, yeah.
－好 还有哪位想要分享－我也从来不知道星星会有不同的颜色 Right, OK. I never knew that stars are different colours, either.
－是的 非常有趣的发现 我们今晚收获颇丰 Right. That was interesting.We've done a good job here tonight.
我想我们差不多就结束了 I think our work here is done.
－哈哈 恋恋不舍呢－同学们赶紧去买望远镜吧哈哈 Yeah, definitely.Go forth and buy telescopes!
如果我们刚才关于夜空中最亮的星的观察 If all our talk about the beauty
成功的激起了你的天文兴趣 of the night sky has whet your appetite
那么你或许想要一些天文仪器帮助你更好的领略宏伟的浩瀚星空 then you might want to get some astronomy equipment of your own.
可是诸多选择容易让新手一头雾水 So what do you need to dip your toe in the water?
不妨问问皮特·劳伦斯 或许你会找到你心仪的天文利器 Pete Lawrence has the answers.
现在是最好的时刻 Now, it's great to be outside
走到户外 抬头望望天 即使只通过肉眼 looking up at the night sky with just your eyes
但是有时候你还是会想要更近距离的观察那些夜空中的美丽星辰 but you'll get to a point where you want to go a bit closer to them
探索更多细枝末节并加以仔细研究 you want to see more detail and have a bit more magnification.
那么如何开始呢 最好的办法应该是先使用 And the best way to start doing that is to use something like a pair of
一个双目望远镜 它主要有两个参数 binoculars. And binoculars are defined by two numbers.
就拿我手上的这个来说 这个是七乘五十的 For example, these are 7 x 50.
第一个数字代表放大倍数 The first number indicates the magnification of the binoculars.
第二个数字表示前镜的直径大小 The second number indicates the diameter of the front lens
单位大小以毫米计in millimetres.
这个参数其实非常重要 And that's really important because the larger that value
因为其数值越大 进光量也会越大 the more light-gathering power a pair of binoculars have got.
如果你想要看整个星空全貌 Now, binoculars are wonderful instruments to give you an overview
那么双目望远镜是一个很好的选择 因为它们是宽视野仪器 of the night sky. They are wide field instruments
因此大型星团会看起来格外动人 so big clusters will look beautiful through them.
然而还有一些情况下 你会想要再放大一些 But there are occasions where you want to get a bit more magnification
也不想一直手里握着望远镜 and a bit more light grasp
那么天文望远镜是一个更好的选择 and that's when you start to move to a telescope.
眼前的这台是最基本的一款 透镜望远镜 Now, the simplest type of telescope is a lens-based telescope
也就是平时所说的折射望远镜 known as a refractor. Here, I've got a fairly basic refractor.
这一台透镜在前 直径九十毫米 This one's got a lens at the front, which is 90 millimetres in diameter
由它来进光到整台望远镜 so that's the light-gathering power of this telescope
当然体型也比普通的双目望远镜大出许多 it's larger than these binoculars.
事实上 光会由前面的透镜进入 So the light passes through the lens at the front of the telescope
慢慢的穿到底部的焦距这里 it's brought to a focus at the end down here
接目镜用于放大图像 and an eyepiece is used to magnify the image.
不同种类的接目镜 You can get different types of eyepieces,
有不同的放大效果 and they can give you different types of magnification.
但是这是一个非常好的入门级天文望远镜 But this is a great telescope to start picking up things like
可以捕捉到月球陨石坑 土星环 the craters on the moon, the rings around Saturn and detail in some
以及其他太空物质 of the lovely deep sky objects up there.
但是当折射镜越来越大 But the amount of money you have to spend
花费也随之 as you start moving up the scale in refractor size
高昂增长 starts to become prohibitive.
那比如说这边第二种天文望远镜 And that is where a second type of basic telescope comes into play
也就是我们俗称的反射式望远镜 which is known as a reflecting telescope. Instead of using a lens
不同于前部透镜的设置 这台使用后部反射镜 at the front, this one uses a mirror at the back
所以当光从前面射进来 so the light comes in through the front of the telescope
反射到后部的镜子 it hits the mirror at the back
而镜子可以在望远镜的顶部聚焦成像 and that mirror focuses the image at the top of the telescope.
注意你的头不要挡住光线的进入 You can't put your head there,because you would block the light
这有一个精巧的四十五度镜 so there is a small, 45-degree mirror in the way
折射光线到金属管边上 which deflects the focusing light off to the side of the tube.
那也是目镜所在的位置 And that is where you stick the eyepiece
从那里你可以看到你想要看的景象 and that is where you get your view.
折射天文望远镜的好处在于 And the beauty of a reflecting telescope is that
它们价格相对便宜 because they are less expensive
而你可以调整光圈大小 进光量增加 you can go for larger apertures and that is more light-gathering power
看到星空中更亮的星 and that means you can see fainter objects in the night sky
综上所述 折射望远镜算是一款欣赏浩瀚星空的理想仪器 so something like this is ideal for looking at beautiful galaxies
诸如银河 星云 星团等等 无不尽收眼底 nebulae, clusters, stuff like that
星体本身过于明亮 stuff which has got really faint light, which you really need to grab
你需要调整管身以取得最好的观察效果 and throw down the tube of the telescope.
欲知更多望远镜细节和参数 To find out more about telescopes and binoculars and the mounts
请移步我的个人网站they rest on, have a look at the longer version of my review
获取更多资讯 on the website.
无论如何 请你记得 最好的望远镜遵循用进废退原则 切勿束之高阁 Remember, the best type of telescope is the one that gets used.
我们的圣诞节大餐 Our final Christmas treat
便是以前所未有的方式欣赏夜空 is a very different way to enjoy the night sky.
数千年来 天空都被人类当作罗盘 For many thousands of years, the sky has been our compass
天气预报员 日历等等 our weather forecast, and our calendar. But most of us have now
已经不再了解这些知识 所以克里斯和作家与自然导航员特里斯坦·古利见面 lost that knowledge. So Chris took a crash course when he met author
并跟着他上了一堂速成课 and natural navigator Tristan Gooley.
我们来到了野外 因为你是一名自然导航员 So we are here in this field because you are a natural navigator.
那么自然导航是什么呢 What is that?
自然导航是一门绝妙的艺术 我们利用它弄清自己身处的位置 Natural navigation is the wonderful art of working out where we are
以及怎样到达我们想去的地方 这一切只需要靠自然界 and how to get to where we want to be, just using nature
特里斯坦·古利 作家/自然导航员
- 就靠我们身边的事物 - 那么自然导航和天文学又有什么关系呢 - just what is around us. - And how does that link to astronomy?
这么说吧 夜空一直都是自然界中最好用的罗盘之一 Well, the night sky has always been one of nature's best compasses
太平洋地区 维京人和阿拉伯航海员给我们留下了 and we have got fantastic cultural records, from the Pacific Ocean
不可思议的文化记录 the Vikings, the Arab navigators
这些技巧在今天依然适用 and all of those techniques can still be used today.
那边太阳正在落下 The sun is going down over there.
现在是日落时分 月亮也已经升上来了 We have got sunset. We have already got the moon up there.
月亮是我们英国导航工具套装的一部分 And it is part of our national navigation tool kit
如果我们看着那轮弦月 if we look at the crescent moon there
想象有一根线 连接了月牙的两个尖角处 imagine a line touching the two horns of the moon and then
把这根线向下延长至地平线 你看见的那个方向大概就是南方 extend that down to your horizon and you will be looking roughly south.
方向不是特别准确 但至少你知道了南边的地平线在哪里 It is not perfect, but it is giving you the southern horizon.
第一颗星星出现了 The first stars are coming out.
不是很清晰 但我们还是能够看到 It is a bit hazy, but we can see them.
那我们如何在野外确定方位呢 How do we get ourselves oriented in the landscape?
我们从从北斗星开始辨方位吧 这差不多是最合适的 Well, the best place for us to start is nearly always the Plough
我觉得我们可以辨认出它来 就在那边的树林上方 and I think we can just make it out, just above those trees there.
通过北斗星我们可以找到北极星 And we use the Plough to find the North Star.
它才是我们夜空航行的锚 And that is really our anchor for night navigation.
- 那我们要怎么做呢 - 其实北斗星包括七颗星 - So how do we do that? - Well, we have got seven stars in the Plough
三颗星组成了勺柄 and we have got three that make up the handle,
剩下四颗组成勺子的凹陷处 在这里我们可以看到 and then four that make up the pan, and as we look at it here
是右侧的两颗星构成了指针 it is the two on the right that form the pointers
把下面那颗星与上面那颗星相连 and we go from the bottom to the top one
沿着这条线的方向 and then five times that distance
延伸到这两颗星的距离五倍长的地方 in the direction they are pointing
最后的端点就是北极星之所在 and that takes us up to the North Star.
特里斯坦设定了一个自然导航挑战 Tristan has planned a natural navigation challenge.
我们要向北深入树林 We'll head north into the woods
再试图通过星星找到回来的路 and then try to find our way back using the stars.
特里斯坦的第一招是选取一项地理特征 他把这样的特征称为扶手 Tristan's first trick was to pick a feature, which he calls a handrail
扶手能够帮助指引我们回到出发点 which will help guide us back to our starting point.
那就是我们的扶手了 So that is our handrail.
扶手其实就是一条线 并且你知道它的走向如何 A handrail is just a line that you know what direction it runs...
- 好吧 - 你很容易认出它来 扶手可以是一条河 - OK. - ..and that you will recognise easily. So it could be a river,
- 也可以是一条路 - 嗯 - 很多东西都可以当作扶手 - it could be a road.- Right. - Lots of things could be our handrail.
今晚我们的扶手就是树林 It is going to be the woods tonight.
使用扶手的技巧简单可行 The technique of the handrail is nice and simple.
不需要找到确切的某个点 你只需知道作为扶手的那条线在哪里就行 You do not need to find an exact point. If you understand where
今晚这条线就是这一线树林 a line is, in this case the line of the woods...
- 好的 - 我们还要通过北极星和其他星星的辅助 - Right. - ..and using the North Star and other stars
我们可以看到这片树林的边缘是东西走向 we can see that the edge of this wood runs from west to east
一旦我们拥有了扶手 and once we have got our handrail,
就可以在这片区域内小小地漫游一番 而且不用担心会迷路 it allows us to kind of be a little bit, you know, roam a bit, instead
- 因为我们完全知道自己的位置 - 没错 - of having to be really worried, we know exactly where we are. - Sure.
这样我们就能放心进入树林了 即便我们开始觉得 We are able to go into the woods and even if we start to feel that
我们不知道自己的确切位置了 we do not know exactly where we are...
- 我们也知道这段树林边缘是东西走向 - 就是这样 - 好极了 - We know this edge is east-west. - Exactly. - Good, all right.
- 那我就有信心了 我们走吧 去试一试这个方法 - 出发吧 - Well, I'm confident. Let's go and give it a go. - Let's go for it.
在最初 能看到北斗七星极大地增长了我们的信心 Spotting the Plough gave us an early confidence boost
所以我们从扶手处向北进入树林 and so we headed north from the handrail into the woods.
现在我只希望能清楚地看见更多天空 这有助于我们导航 Right now I would like some more clear sky. That would be helpful.
我有点担心我们会不会迷路 没有了星星 I am a bit worried we are going to get lost now. Without the stars
我就无法安下心来 I have lost my comfort blanket.
好了 我看见有一条小路朝这个方向延伸下去 OK, well, I can see a path heading down this way,
如果不需要回家 我敢打赌 沿着这条小路的方向 and that looks like a good bet for us to head if not back home then we
- 我们绝对可以去新地方探险 - 好啊 那我们去探险吧 这边走 - 行 - 我们走吧 - are going to venture off in a new direction. - All right, let's do that, this way, then. - Yeah. - Let's go.
这条小路似乎带领我们向西走 This new path seemed to take us west
所以我知道我的家大概在南方 and so I knew home was still roughly south.
我们已经走进树林了 So we have come into the woods
不过到现在为止一切都很顺利 but so far it has been pretty easy going.
我们一直走在小路上 进入树林的那条小路是向北的 We have been on paths, we had a path took us north into the woods
然后我们沿着一条左边的小路往下走 方向大概是往西 and then one that we turned left down, roughly west
我们不知道自己的确切位置 但我们还没完全失去方位感 we don't know exactly where, we haven't totally lost our bearings
虽然这一刻我们只能看见少量的星星 although we can only see the odd star at the moment.
- 是啊 - 事情好像变得更有挑战性了 - Yeah. - Things are about to get a lot more challenging.
噢 是吗 好极了 听你这么说我很高兴 Oh, are they? Good. I'm glad to hear that.
我们现在要离开小路 朝着我们选定的扶手的方向往森林中前行 We are going to head into the woods, off the path, towards our handrail.
- 好的 - 那么 你准备好了吗 - 准备好了 我们走吧 - OK. - And, yeah, you ready for that? - Yeah, let's do it.
- 我得让你走在前面 - 好啊 - I am going to make you go first. - OK.
- 是个好主意 - 如果你不见了 我就跑掉 - Good plan. - And if you vanish, I am running.
- 好吧 - 不然我们就继续前进 - 好啦 - OK. - But otherwise, let's go for it. - OK.
这已经偏离方向了 我很确定我们离开了小路 This is proper off, I can confirm we have left the path.
- 小心一点 这里的树枝会弹过来 - 知道了 - Careful, some sort of springy springy there. - Yeah, got it.
此时此刻 我明白要想回去就得往南走 At this point I knew that we needed to head south to get back.
但是在密林中 But inside the dense woods
辨认方向变得越来越困难 it was harder and harder to work out which way that was.
而且云层也不利于观星导航 And the clouds were not helping.
- 这里有一片空地 - 现在我没法辨认出任何星座了 - A clearing. - I am not making out any constellations at the moment.
但我们仍然能使用一个小技巧 But there is a little technique we can use.
如果你看准了少量的星星 并以它们为参照确认云朵 If you see the odd star and you have tuned into which way the clouds are
- 移动的方向 - 嗯 - 那么除非天气剧烈变化 - moving... - Right. - ..then unless there has been a massive weather change
- 这些星星会一直留在我们的视线里 - 好的 我看到那里有一颗星 - that will stay consistent. - OK, so I can see a star there.
- 而且云朵在我们头上移动 - 正是如此 - And the clouds are going...overhead. - Exactly.
云朵正自西向东飘去 The clouds are moving from the west to east.
- 没错 是这样 - 所以我们可以利用那些星星 如果没有它们作为参照 - Right, OK. - So we can use the stars there. Without them, it would
在夜空中感觉云朵的移动 actually be very hard at night to get any feeling
- 其实是困难的 - 对 - 所以云朵的运动告诉我们（方向） - for what the clouds are doing. - Right. - So that is giving us...
这是我在天文节目中听到别人说过的 That is one of the most ridiculous sentences anyone has ever said on
最可笑的话语之一 不过我很高兴它们对你有用 an astronomy programme! But I am glad they are useful to you.
- 好极了 - 所以我们还是有办法辨认方向的 - Good, OK. - So we have got some idea of our bearings
- 不需要选取准确的某个点 这就是扶手的美妙之处 - 没错 - it does not have to be exact, that is the beauty of the handrail. - Yeah.
- 如果我们知道西方在那边 在某个方向 - 那么南方一定是这边 - If we know west is out there, somewhere... - South must be that way.
- 对 没错 好的 那我们往南走吧 - 嗯 出发吧 - Yeah. Right. OK. So let's head south. - Let's do it, yeah.
- 前面上方有什么东西 - 噢 小心 - There's something up ahead. - Oh, careful.
- 这里有一节树枝 - 是的 - There's a branch here. - Yeah.
搞定 Got it.
那里就是树林的边缘吗 我们好像要撞上什么东西了 Is that the edge? It looks like we're hitting something.
- 看起来像一段围栏 是吧 - 的确 - 你还好吧 - Looks like a fence, doesn't it? - It does. - You all right?
- 有人类文明的地方 对 我还好 - 那就好 - 嗯 挺好 - Civilisation. Yeah, I'm good. - OK. - Yeah, yeah, all right.
- 要勇敢地跨越这一小段距离 - 来吧 - This is the intrepid bit. - There we go.
看到了吗 小心一点 围栏上有刺 好极了 You got it? Watch yourself. Yeah, it's barbed. Very good.
最终 我们到达了树林的边缘 And, finally, the edge of the woods.
- 我们出来了 - 我们走出 - And here we are. - We've broken out
树林了 of our woods.
这就是你所说的我们的扶手 即树林的边缘 And this is what you called our handrail, this edge of the woods.
对 我们知道它是东西走向 Yeah. And we know it runs west to east
正是因为有了扶手 我们才能探索 and it's the handrail that's allowed us to explore
和漫游 而不用担心会迷路 to wander and not worry about getting lost.
出门去野外真好啊 It's great to be out here
不管你是在忙手头的事情 还是在看星星 and whether you're doing what you do or looking at the stars,
夜晚你在野外呆的时间越长 你就能看到越多的东西 the more time you spend outside at night, the more you see.
对啊 我超喜欢在夜晚进行自然导航 Yeah, I love natural navigation at night.
你知道的 在夜晚到野外去 You know, being outdoors at night
- 小小的探险也带来极大的挑战 - 那么 我们去散散步吗 - a small adventure becomes a really big one. - Well, shall we wander?
好啊 走吧 Yeah. Let's do it.
这场徒步提醒我夜空是多么的不可思议 My walk reminded me of just how incredible the night sky is
以及花费在观看夜空上的时间总是值得的 and how time passed just looking up is always time well spent.
本月的内容就是这些了 我们希望这档节目鼓励你走出家门 That's it for this month. We hope we've inspired you to get outside
去欣赏夜空中的奇迹 and look at the wonders of the night sky.
请收看我们一月份的节目 我们将在下一期回答 Join us in January when we'll be back with answers to some of
一些重要的问题 the biggest questions of all.
也别忘了在网上查看我的观星指南 And don't forget to look out for my star guide on the website, too.
同时 也祝大家度过一个非常愉快的圣诞节 In the meantime, have a very Merry Christmas
出门看看夜空吧 晚安 and get outside and get looking up. Goodnight.