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[MUSIC]. 

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Ness Schroff is the Ohio eminent scholar 
in communications and networking and he's 

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a professor of Electrical and Computer 
Engineering at the Ohio State University. 

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Ness is going to do a great job today of 
laying the foundation of what networking 

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and sensors are. 
Ness's passion is around understanding 

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the cyberphysical networks that connect 
all of us together, as well as wireless 

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communications networks. 
I think we're all going to get a lot out 

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of his simple explanations of the ways in 
which we can use these networks in our 

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cities, and he'll be spending time a 
little later this week sharing with us a 

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number of applications specific to 
different city planning contexts. 

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let me begin by giving you maybe a 
one-minute or two-minute tutorial on 

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Sensa Systems. 
So if you'll look at the Sensa device 

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itself, okay, it's a very, very versatile 
device and it typically consists of a 

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sensing component as you can see on the, 
on the right side of your, of your screen 

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there. 
And a communication component where you 

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can see that kind of, you know, tall 
radio looking looking element. 

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And both of these are obviously to be 
deployed in the field, so they need to 

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have a power source of some sort. 
And there are various ways in which these 

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systems are powered. 
one way is the traditional way where they 

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are actually wired through an actual s, 
electrical system and in other case they 

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are powered through a renewable energy. 
For example we have a large number of 

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sensor modes which are nowadays in 
development, which actually have a solar 

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panel on top of them. 
we can also power them through wind 

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turbines connected to a, to a sensing 
system or hydroelectric power for example 

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could be a, could be another means of, of 
doing this. 

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Alright. 
A big question in, in, in the deployment 

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of these sensing systems is how do you 
place them? 

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So that again depends on the environment. 
On the, on the right you see the 

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placement of, of a sensor device which is 
tethered to an electric pole but you 

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don't have to do it that way for example 
if you sensing systems are used, let's 

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say, in military applications. 
Then they are simply dispersed through 

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the air. 
they can be sort of dispersed, you know, 

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by low hanging, I mean by, by low flying 
airplanes. 

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They can be dispersed through UAVs 
through drones, etc. 

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So there are a variety of questions that 
arise in terms of, what is the 

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application that one needs to encounter 
and how deployment must take place in 

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order to provide a certain level of 
fidelity of what you want to do as well 

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as cost issues? 
And one of the reasons why many of these 

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sensor systems are equipped, for example, 
with solar panels or renewable devices of 

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their own, is because of the fact that 
changing batteries oftentimes, in some 

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environments, becomes extremely difficult 
or expensive to do. 

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Alright, so now, going from the sensing 
device itself. 

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Let's now focus on the sensor networks. 
So is these devices are com-, are 

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connected to each other they can form 
what is known as a sensor network. 

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And usually the sensor network is formed 
by some type of wireless communications. 

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So you can use long range wireless 
technology, which would be like 3G, 4G, 

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as, as I pointed out in the slides, or 
you can use medium range wireless 

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technology. 
Many of you are familiar with Wifi, you 

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can also use Zigbee, you know, 
technologies that are out there right now 

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in retail outlets can be used for this 
type of communication. 

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And also if you want very short range 
communication, where you want the data to 

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be relatively private, perhaps you could 
use, you know Bluetooth, RFID for 

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short-range communication. 
Now moving from the sensor network, you 

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can go to another level of, of 
abstraction, another level of complexity 

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that you often see in deployments of 
sensor networks which is when sensor 

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networks are actually connected to other 
systems, other networking systems. 

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So, for example, they could be connected 
to, to the internet to form a hybrid 

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network. 
And this hybrid network could be used, 

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for example by engineers for city 
planning. 

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Okay? 
You could have a physical system that's 

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connected to the sensor networks, like a 
smart grid, autonomous vehicles, smart 

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buildings, smart bridges, etc., such that 
actions that the sensor network might 

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tell you to take, could be taken either 
in an automated way, for example, in the 

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case of a smart building will. 
The nice thing about a lot of this new 

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technology that's coming out in sensing 
systems, is that it's highly 

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programmable, and not only is it 
programmable as you can see on, on the 

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top there, it's also programmable 
remotely. 

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Okay, so for example, you can often 
reprogram a sensor network to take 

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certain types of measurements, to, to do 
certain actions, without needing to 

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physically be there in the field. 
So you can do it from the comfort of your 

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home, own home. 
So this provides a much greater 

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flexibility in how these systems can be 
controlled, and therefore they are, you 

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know, enable a much greater level of 
applicability in terms of the systems 

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that they can be applied to.