On a blustery November day four centuries ago, the English were preparing
themselves for one of the greatest national celebrations ever seen.
Beneath the dome of St Paul's they gathered to celebrate
their tiny nation's victory over the world's greatest superpower, Spain.
On the walls hung the captured ensigns of the Spanish fleet, that was even then being dashed
on the rocky shores of Scotland and Ireland.
The year was 1588...
..and the battle was the Armada.
Today's celebrations mark the centenary of the Fleet Air Arm, and it still seems
like the most natural thing in the world to devote a great cathedral to the Royal Navy,
a tradition that began on that autumn day 400 years ago.
1588 marked a turning point in our national story.
Victory over the Armada transformed us
into a seafaring nation and it sparked a myth
that would one day become a reality, that the nation's new destiny,
the source of her future wealth and power, lay out there on the oceans.
This series tells the story of how the Navy expanded from a tiny force
to become the most complex industrial enterprise on Earth.
Of how the need to organise it laid the foundations of our civil service and our economy.
Of how it transformed our culture, our sense of national identity
and our democracy.
It's a story of heroism and innovation,
but also of disasters and dark chapters in our history.
It's the remarkable story of a 400-year struggle, fought at sea
and on land, of how the Navy drove Britain into the modern age and changed the world.
Clear the hatch! England's extraordinary journey
from a third rate nation to global superpower
began on a clear October day 20 years before the Armada.
OK, bring on the beer.
Not that anything so grand was on the minds of the sailors
who scurried to and fro in the old harbour in Plymouth,
making a small fleet of six ships ready for sea.
The gangplank groaned as last minute supplies were brought on board.
Large barrels of fresh water and beer and even whinnying goats, and chickens as well.
When anything was brought on board they were lashed down
to the bulkheads in expectation of a bumpy passage.
The two men in command were cousins.
On that fine autumn day, they were thinking not about making war but about making money.
The older of the two was John Hawkins who, at the age of just 35,
was already Plymouth's leading merchant venturer.
The younger was his cousin,
a poor relation who'd grown up with Hawkins, 27-year-old Francis Drake.
They were leaving behind a poor, insignificant town on the edge of a poor, insignificant country
which itself clung to the fringes of Europe.
But this place had one thing going for it - this,
one of the finest natural harbours on Earth, gateway to the Atlantic and, beyond that, the New World.
First discovered only 60 years before,
the New World of the Americas offered wealth beyond imagining -
if they could get there and bring it back, that is.
A round trip of 12,000 miles.
No mean feat in the 1560s.
Stand by. Two, six!
Two, six! Two, six!
Take a break.
Is that halfway? Yeah. You're kidding me! No!
This wonderful replica of the Tudor ship, The Matthew,
gives me a strong sense of what life might have been like on board.
Sailing one of these you're just so struck by the ingenuity, aren't you?
The sort of combination of wood, rope, bit of metal,
and you can sail round the other side of the world.
Among the profit-hungry investors in the venture was the Queen herself.
She'd lent two ships, the Jesus of Lubeck and the Minion.
Both were old, spent and rotten, as were most of the vessels in her tiny navy.
The crew, too, would get their share of the booty.
All were young. Some were just boys, among them Hawkins' nephew Paul
and the 13-year-old Miles Philips,
whose journal relates the terrors of frequent storms and leaking hulls.
There were no creature comforts for those on board either.
The single-minded Hawkins made his men sleep on deck.
Because every inch of hold space was reserved for the cargo that would make the cash.
On that expedition, the cargo was a human one.
Drake and Hawkins have the terrible distinction of being the first Englishmen
to bind African men, women and children in chains
and transport them in the holds of ships like this.
They were slave traders.
Six weeks out of Plymouth, they picked up 500 slaves in Guinea then headed west.
Few Englishmen had ever made this journey.
England had been slow to spot the opportunities of the New World and the Spanish had got their first.
Now Spain jealously guarded a lucrative American empire stretching from South America
through the Caribbean to Mexico and further north.
Drake and Hawkins just wanted a little slice of the action.
Nip in, sell a few slaves and return home with a hold full of silver.
The problem was that the Spanish had banned foreigners from trading within their lucrative empire.
Hawkins had managed it once or twice before and got away with it.
He hoped to do so again. But this time would be different.
In the Caribbean they traded their human cargo for silver, gold and pearls, then turned for home.
But it was hurricane season.
Storms drove them to San Juan on the coast of Mexico,
where a powerful Spanish fleet first promised them safe passage
then decided to teach them a violent lesson.
In the fight that followed, Hawkins lost three of his ships,
including the Jesus of Lubeck and 200 men killed or captured.
He managed to escape on the Minion,
and with him was the 13-year-old Miles Philips,
who watched what happened to the prisoners.
"They took our men ashore," he wrote,
"and hung them up by their arms until blood burst out from their fingers' ends."
And the moment of personal tragedy for Hawkins -
he realised that his nephew Paul was among them.
Disease and famine followed and by the time they limped home
fewer than 20 men were left alive aboard the Minion.
But, for the survivors, this disaster acted
not as a deterrent but as a spur to action.
The experience marked Drake and Hawkins for the rest of their lives.
Neither would ever forgive the Spanish for their treachery,
and they threw themselves into a bitter, personal crusade against Spain.
It was fuelled by the heady mix of a lust for cash, religious zealotry
and a desire for personal revenge.
In time, this crusade would become a national enterprise
and in doing so it would forge a new idea of Englishness.
But if England's seafarers were to have any chance of catching up with Spain,
they would need better ships to do it.
Hawkins' answer was the race-built galleon,
his radical breakthrough in warship design,
preserved in these original drawings.
By using maths and geometry instead of rule of thumb,
by cutting down high decks and by streamlining hulls,
Hawkins produced the fastest ships of their kind anywhere in the world.
The first was built in 1570 at the Queen's dockyard in Deptford.
More were to follow.
With greater space for guns, they were perfectly designed for war.
But 20 race-built galleons, the most the Tudor state could afford,
would not be enough on their own.
Hawkins landed a job on the Navy Board, the committee that ran the Queen's modest fleet.
And, in 1582, the board commissioned a series of extraordinary surveys
preserved here at the National Archives.
I've read about this but never seen it before.
This is a list of every ship in England compiled under Hawkins' leadership.
And as you can see, it's broken up by county.
Here Norfolk, Suffolk, absolutely meticulously written down It's beautiful.
Every single ship, with the tonnage here, so these ones are St Mary, the Solomon, 200 tonnes.
Absolutely incredible.
As we go further on, here, they didn't just list the ships,
they list the masters and then the number of mariners
and seamen there are as well for each port.
So here we go. In Cornwall, there are 108 masters,
626 mariners and 1,184 seamen.
So precise. Incredible.
This information is being gathered centrally in London at the beck and call of the Tudor state.
It's actually very moving seeing the names of people that lived all those centuries ago.
Once you have a list like this, when war comes, when there's a national emergency,
you can knock on the door of men like John Cooper and Peter Dolomore
and say, "Right, mate, you're coming in the Navy to protect the country."
It does make you wonder whether men like William Bennett, William Mort
from Littleham, whether they end up fighting against the Spanish Armada.
And this is just fantastic. You get right to the end.
The total number of mariners available to the Tudor state,
16,259.
Men that could be mobilised to protect little England
against the greatest superpower in the world.
Drake, meanwhile, was taking his revenge on Spain in a much more direct fashion.
On an April day in 1587, the residents of Cadiz woke to the sound of gunfire.
By the end of the day, over 30 Spanish ships lay at the bottom of the harbour
and Drake's fleet had sailed away with holds full of treasure.
It was the culmination of a ten-year pillaging spree
that had seen Drake circumnavigate the globe,
attack Spanish colonies and steal their loot.
Belligerent, venal, a peerless seafarer,
he was Protestant England's new hero.
In Catholic Spain, he was anything but.
Standing here, looking at it from the Spanish point of view,
the English appear little different from Vikings.
Men who came from the north in ships bent on plunder and destruction, to whom nothing was sacred.
The most infamous of all was Drake,
still hated, still known as El Draque, The Dragon.
And now The Dragon had pushed the King of Spain
to take his own terrible revenge on Drake and England.
That revenge came in July 1588.
When the Armada appeared off England's coast,
one eye witness wrote that the ocean groaned under their weight.
It had taken Spain three years and a titanic amount of silver to assemble it,
while the English fleet had been mobilised in just three months.
The battle raged for several days.
But the leadership of men like Drake and Hawkins had given the English a decisive edge.
People have tended to attribute victory over the Spanish Armada
to the courage of the English sailors
or the intervention of divine wind.
But the Spanish fought equally bravely,
and at different stages of the campaign the wind favoured both sides.
The real reason is a lot less glamorous, it's the inspired organisation of Hawkins.
He ensured that England had a fleet of fast, manoeuvrable ships,
each of which carried something like three times the weight in armament of its Spanish equivalent.
He laid the foundations for modern naval warfare,
bringing ships, men and cannon together
in a decisive combination.
So when the great and the good arrived in their finery at St Paul's on that day in November 1588,
they were celebrating not just a victory,
but the beginning of a new future.
The Queen, as one author wrote, was carried in a golden chariot
through her city of London in robes of triumph...
while the still bloody heads of Catholic traitors,
executed for praying for the Armada's success,
stared down from spikes nearby.
The Tudor PR machine went into overdrive.
A new portrait showed the Queen triumphant, her hand on a globe,
the Spanish ships crushed on the rocks behind her.
The scale of the victory expanded the horizons of a small, impoverished nation.
One commentator wrote,
"The sea had become a means to seek new worlds,
"for gold, for praise, for glory."
# God save our gracious Queen... #
The English had been given a bright vision of a glittering future,
of riches beyond imagination,
of new frontiers that stretched way beyond the shores of tiny England.
Above all, it was a future that would be played out on the seas,
by the ships of the Navy and by a new breed of heroic seafarer.
England's view of its place in the world would never be the same again.
Guard of Honour, slope arms!
Right turn!
The Queen's navy had become a source of national pride as never before
and there was an insatiable demand for stories of seafaring adventure and discovery.
A new national identity - aggressive, ambitious and Protestant - was in the making.
If Hawkins was the architect of that new identity and Drake its firebrand,
then Richard Hakluyt was its biographer.
In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, he wrote this.
"The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffics and Discoveries of the English Nation."
An account of 1,600 years of history
containing over 250 seafaring adventures by Englishmen.
A mix of storytelling and myth making.
Here at the back of this one, for example, we have
Hawkins's ill-fated trip to the Caribbean, with Miles Philips' gruesome account
of the barbarous treatment they received at the hands of the Spaniards.
Here in the next volume we have the accounts of the defeat of the Spanish Armada itself, which ends
with this incredible paragraph that says, "Thus the magnificent, huge and mighty fleet of the Spaniards
"in the year 1588 vanished into smoke."
This was history with a purpose,
a call to arms to a nation on the verge of a new destiny.
That destiny could not have been made more obvious
than it was in a subsequent edition of Hakluyt's work,
which contained this stunning map.
This piece of paper is 400 years old.
It's incredibly beautiful.
Just look at the detail
of the world's coastlines and ports and rivers.
What's so remarkable about this map is that medieval maps show England
as an insignificant island clinging to the edge of Europe,
but now England's not at the edge. It's been picked up
and moved right to the heart of the world.
It's an image of the world we all recognise, but this map showed it for the first time.
It was a potent symbol of a nation that now had global ambitions.
Ships poured out of England,
bound for the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Baltic.
Numerous and aggressive, these English pioneers steadily eroded Spanish power
and founded the colonies that formed the beginnings of Britain's future empire.
Abroad and at home, business was booming.
Ports like East Looe in Cornwall now had scores of fishing boats
trading as far away as North America.
In these new, confident times they called themselves the western adventurers.
But economic success brought a new threat that no-one had foreseen.
Suddenly, whole fleets - 10 or 12 ships - would head out to sea and simply vanish.
There are reports of ships found floating out there in the Atlantic
without their crews, who were never seen again.
On one night in the summer of 1631,
in the village of Baltimore in southern Ireland,
over 100 people were removed from their beds,
leaving the place a ghost town.
A remarkable letter, written in August 1625, reveals the scale and horror of the problem.
It's from the mayor of Plymouth, Thomas Seeley, to the king's council.
"One poor maritime town in Cornwall called Looe hath within ten days
"lost 80 mariners, bound in fishing voyages to the deeps
"and there have been taken by the Turks."
Back then, Turks meant Muslims, and these were in fact pirates from North Africa.
Barbary pirates.
They came to these shores and took people as slaves back to North Africa.
It was a barbarous practice but it was, of course,
what these West Countrymen had been doing to Africans for decades now.
Even so, it turned the sea here from a source of wealth and prestige for England
into a place of terror and slavery.
The ports and fishing villages, it's said, were filled with
the pitiful lamentations of the victims' families.
In the next few years, Devon and Cornwall would lose a fifth of their shipping and crews.
This extraordinary and little-known episode in English history was to have far-reaching consequences.
Englishmen were bred on the myth of maritime invincibility.
But now they had to face hard truths.
Once the predators, they were now the prey, and people did what they usually did in a crisis.
They blamed the government. And they weren't entirely wrong.
Fishing vessel Trevose, fishing vessel Trevose.
This is protection vessel Tyne calling you channel one-six, over.
Tyne, Trevose.
I'm on one of the modern Navy's fishery protection vessels about 30 miles from Cornwall.
Just the territory where Barbary pirates
were seizing English shipping.
Trevose, this is Tyne. It's my intention to send a routine boarding team over to you.
My team will be with you in two-zero minutes, over.
In Elizabeth's time, the Queen's ships and the private vessels of freebooters like Drake
had kept these waters safe.
But the Queen was now dead.
The new Stuart regime had made peace with Spain and the Navy had been cut back.
With a predilection for self-aggrandisement,
the regime had spent its cash,
some of it raised illegally by notorious ship money,
on a few grand, vanity ships,
designed to impress the kings of Europe.
The trouble was, fishery protection wasn't the kind of job that these showy vessels were designed to do.
Just as the job that these guys do couldn't be done by an aircraft carrier.
In the absence of this kind of protection, the king's subjects,
particularly down here in the West Country, were completely vulnerable.
They and their cargoes made irresistible targets for North African pirates.
Shocked by the magnitude of the crisis,
West Country MP Sir John Elliot wrote to the king's council begging for action.
But the government did nothing.
Elliot was furious.
And he wasn't the only one.
Anger also oozes from the pages of this,
a best seller written around the time of the disappearances from East Looe.
It's called Sir Francis Drake Revived.
It's written by Drake's nephew,
and he recounts the glories and successes of what now seemed like a vanished age.
It's an indictment on the present with its all-pervasive sense of fear and its insecurity.
But it's also a call to arms, as the author makes very clear on the title page.
He writes, "Calling upon this dull or effeminate age,
"to follow his noble steps for gold and silver."
Sir John Elliot caught the mood,
calling for a return to the aggressive policies of the past.
England's new King, it seemed, was listening.
Charles I had been on the throne for just a few months
and, like a modern leader seeking crowd-pleasing policies in troubled times,
he funded an expedition to attack Spain.
It set sail from Plymouth in October 1625, waved off by a delighted John Elliot.
Their target was none other than Cadiz.
Their mission, a Drake-style smash and grab, returning home
with holds full of treasure to public acclaim.
But it didn't work out that way at all.
The expedition was commanded by Viscount Wimbledon, a man who'd never served at sea before
and was so indecisive his men quickly gave him the nickname "Viscount Sit Still".
Confusion reigned.
Ships collided and masts and rigging tumbled overboard.
When Sit Still ordered his captains to attack, many of them simply ignored him.
The lack of an experienced, charismatic commander, like Drake,
exposed terrible weaknesses in the English fleet.
Even with Drake in charge it would have been hard enough to impose order.
Now, many captains simply did as they wished.
They were a rabble.
The chaos continued when they landed 2,000 troops on the beach
but failed to give them any water.
The weather was scorching.
When they finally got into the town, these thirsty Englishmen stumbled on a warehouse.
It was full of wine.
All hell broke loose.
The men started drinking, and although the officers tried to stop them, it was no use.
"The whole army was drunken,"
wrote one eye witness, "and in one common confusion, some shooting at one another amongst themselves."
This wouldn't, of course, be the last time drunken English behaved disgracefully abroad.
But on this occasion, with the expedition descending into total farce,
the commanders had no choice but to call it off.
On the way home, farce turned to tragedy as disease took hold.
By the time they reached Plymouth, hundreds were dead and hundreds more were dying.
And who was standing up here waiting for them?
None other than Sir John Elliot.
The man who in October had waved them off with such high hopes
now stood on a miserable day just before Christmas 1625, as the fleet limped in.
"The miseries before us are great,"
he wrote, as he watched corpses being tossed into the harbour from the ships.
And later he saw sailors drop down dead in the streets of Plymouth.
But soon his compassion for the sailors turned into another emotion - rage.
News of the fiasco soon reached London,
and when Parliament convened, John Elliot was on his feet,
his anger echoing around St Stephen's Hall.
"Our honour is ruined. Our ships are sunk.
"Our men are killed, not by the sword, nor by the hand of an enemy,
"but by those we trust."
Those words, spoken by Elliot in this chamber, where the House of Commons used to meet,
were the sharpest denunciation of royal government ever heard in Parliament.
Cadiz, Elliot said, proved that the King was unfit to run the Navy.
In a series of extraordinary speeches in here, Elliot demanded
that Parliament take a greater role in overseeing the affairs of state.
When the Speaker, who sat in his chair on this spot,
tried to shut him up, Elliot hired three thugs to hold him down.
If it seemed like revolution was in the air, it was.
The King's failure to run a modern, efficient navy had sparked a constitutional crisis.
John Elliot was thrown into the Tower.
But a new generation of MPs,
immortalised here in St Stephen's Hall, took up his call for liberty.
Relations between King and Parliament collapsed.
In 1642, Charles fled London and the Civil War began.
By fleeing the capital, Charles lost control both of the Navy
and of the new, burgeoning maritime economy that it supported.
It made his defeat inevitable, and in 1649,
on the orders of England's new republic, he was executed.
Parliament acted quickly to secure control over the Navy, putting men of proven loyalty in charge.
They were known as the "generals at sea".
One of them was Robert Blake, West Country MP, hero of the Civil War,
and a radical protestant to boot.
Blake had never fought at sea.
Not a brilliant start for a man charged with protecting England's coasts against a multitude of foes.
But Blake understood warfare and men,
and he knew that chaos and indiscipline were as dangerous at sea as they were on land.
Command problems that had dogged the English expedition to Cadiz still remained.
In one of his first battles, he was appalled to see his captain disobey his orders and flee.
He knew he had to find a way to assert his control.
His solution was to produce the Navy's first ever
set of rules and regulations,
the Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea, in 1652.
For the first time, it gave English commanders a fighting chance of issuing orders that would be obeyed.
Port 15.
It was a list of 39 offences,
from stealing to spying, from cowardice to sleeping on duty.
Most were punishable by death.
Blake even sacked his own brother for discipline offences.
The Laws of War offered a blueprint for structure and discipline at sea...
..that would later be applied through all areas of government.
Blake was just what the Navy needed, a tough outsider.
He could see that over the previous 50 years the Navy had vacillated wildly
between great successes like the Armada and total failures like Cadiz, but there was no reliability.
Under charismatic leadership of men like Drake, the English could be great successes.
But otherwise, denied that leadership, failure was often the result.
Blake imposed order and discipline.
He ensured that no matter who was in charge, the Navy would be effective.
Blake left behind a navy that was larger and more disciplined than the country had ever known before.
The powerful fleet had protected the young republic from its foreign enemies.
But it could not fill the vacuum created when Cromwell, the English dictator, died.
A new era was coming.
On May 26th 1660, one of the Navy's grandest ships,
the Royal Charles, came within sight of England.
On board was a man making his triumphant return home after years in exile.
It was Charles, son of the murdered king, soon to be crowned King Charles II.
The journey was the result of weeks of plotting between senior naval officers and exiled royalists
to bring back the monarchy.
The new king was eager to lay claim to England's potent navy.
He gave gold to the sailors and rebranded the fleet.
It was now the Royal Navy.
Disembarking with the royal party was the younger cousin
and newly appointed secretary to the ship's commander.
The young man was honoured to be given the job
of taking the King's spaniel off the ship.
He wrote in his diary, "It shit the boat,
"which made us laugh and methink that the King
"and all that belong to him are but just as others are."
As they came ashore, the young man saw huge crowds
of nobles and citizens alike who'd turned out to welcome their king.
"The shouting and joy expressed by all,"
he wrote, "was past imagination."
The 27-year-old from London had just completed his second sea voyage.
He didn't know it then, but this was just the start of an extraordinary naval career.
His name was Samuel Pepys.
Pepys was from humble origins,
the son of a poor tailor and a washerwoman,
but he left behind two extraordinary legacies.
He would transform the administration of the Navy like no-one before him,
and leave behind one of the most vivid
and colourful diaries of all time.
And here it is, volume one of Samuel Pepys' diary,
started on January 1st 1660,
possibly in response to a New Year's resolution.
It's in shorthand, so takes a bit of deciphering,
but it's an incredibly honest account of a colourful life.
There are descriptions of his trips to the theatre,
drinking, his affairs, music, money and even arguments with his wife.
That's all interspersed with descriptions of a job he loved.
Or at least, he came to love it.
When he first landed the job of Clerk of the Acts to the Navy Board,
he hadn't the foggiest idea what it entailed.
But he was delighted with the pay - ?50 a year,
more than he'd ever earned in his life.
Eager to learn, Pepys threw himself into the complex new world
of the Navy's dockyards at Chatham, Woolwich and Deptford.
All are now long gone.
But this yard on the Dutch coast
is building a replica ship of the same era.
The project manager is Aryan Klein.
It's great to see the ship at this stage,
cos you see what gives it its strength.
Usually you just see it floating around.
Yeah, it's all heavy timber construction.
So how many oak trees go into the building of this then? Several hundred.
Really? The estimates vary from 400-600 fully grown trees.
And some of these trees will be maybe 100 years old, maybe older.
How long would it have taken to build this back in the 17th century?
About nine months. Wow, that's quick.
Very hard labour. Hundreds of men working day and night almost.
And as soon as the ships were watertight,
they would be put into the water
to make room for the next ship on the slipway.
It just shows the value of the goods these ships were bringing back.
They were being built to bring back the riches of the world.
Well, yeah, the big East Indiamen were built for trade,
but this particular ship we're standing in now was a Man of War.
Who was it built to fight against, then?
The English, I'm afraid!
THEY CHUCKLE
The Dutch had a really large stake in world trade at that time
and England, of course, thought, "Well, we'll have some of that trade."
And it erupted into trade wars between Holland and England.
This ship is basically the result of an arms race between the two countries.
The Dutch had overtaken Spain
to become England's new maritime rivals.
They were aggressive, protestant and organised, just like the English.
To combat the Dutch threat, England was now spending a mighty 25%
of the national budget on her navy,
making it by far the country's largest industrial enterprise.
The dockyards consumed materials in vast quantities.
150 tonnes of iron a year,
100 miles of rope,
and had a vast workforce to match.
And, as Pepys soon discovered, corruption was rife.
Pepys reported corrupt officials to the Navy Board, but he soon realised
that the worst corruption was actually on the Navy Board itself.
He refers to his colleagues as "old fools and rogues"
and realised that one of them was even stealing
from the sailors' pension fund, known as the Chatham Chest.
The problem was that the Navy had become a vast receptacle of public funds.
There were no systems in place to spend that money,
and if a few thousand went missing, who would care?
Pepys cared, and realised that every aspect of the Navy had ballooned,
except for the central administration.
The fleet had grown far beyond the ability of the medieval Navy Board to manage it.
Back in the office, Pepys hired a team of clerks.
He gave them desks, with regular hours,
and together they set out imposing some order.
They spent a lot of time making lists.
This one here is an alphabetical list
of all naval officers that served in the Navy
during Pepys' time in office,
starting up here with A,
coming all the way down to Z down here.
The amazing thing is it contains information
about their service records, dates on which they were in different ships -
in some cases, it even has their fate.
So, for example,
this man died,
George Colt drowned,
and Humphrey Connisby was discharged by his Royal Highness.
Lists like these imposed a manageable symmetry
on the anarchic world that Pepys found himself in,
and he became an expert in the complex gathering
and storage of information.
He was determined to professionalise every aspect of the Navy's operations.
He designed a call book to keep records of dockyard hours worked,
compiled an alphabetical list of all contracts,
and kept detailed notes of everything he did.
Pepys wasn't the first naval administrator to make lists,
but he was the most systematic, the most brilliant, the most obsessive.
He adored the Navy, not because he loved storming aboard enemy ships
with the smell of gunsmoke in his nostrils,
but because he loved the bureaucracy.
He delighted, he wrote, "in the neatness of everything".
But the Samuel Pepys of the diary emerges as a man
who was far from being a dull paper-pusher and list-maker.
Here's a not untypical entry.
He has an orgy with the wife of one of his colleagues on the Navy Board
and her daughter.
He wrote, "There are a great many women in the chamber,
"My Lady Penn and her daughter among them, whereupon My Lady Penn
"flung me down upon the bed and herself and others,
"one after another upon me and very merry we were."
Well, I'm not surprised!
Every man has his vice they say, and for Pepys it was definitely the ladies...
Well, and bouts of heavy drinking, and fine dining, and nice clothes,
and music, and he loved the theatre, of course, and, well, you get the idea.
The point is Pepys was a man who lived life to the full.
But what really shines out in these diaries is his love of his work.
"My business," he wrote "is all my delight."
The Navy's officer training college, here at Dartmouth,
was built long after Pepys' time, but the idea
of professionally trained and qualified officers was his.
Anyone with the right connections, Pepys realised,
could become an officer,
leaving the Navy's valuable ships in often unreliable hands.
There was no quality control.
Midshipman Briers! Sir.
Pepys' solution - exams.
The verbal test that he introduced for all would-be lieutenants still exists.
Midshipman Briers, take a seat, please.
These days, they call it Fleet Board.
The first question is,
what are the responsibilities of the CBM at State One?
He's on upper deck roaming, sir,
looking mostly for fire fighting events. OK.
The whole idea of assessment and interview seems deeply familiar to us.
What items of seamanship rigging must always be fully rigged?
The safety net underneath, sir.
But that's because of Pepys.
When he introduced his exam for lieutenants, it was the first time
any employee of the English state had ever been tested in this way.
And where is it located?
Quick release marker buoy, sir.
It's usually found on the quarter deck. OK.
Thank you very much, Midshipman Briers. Please carry on.
Using pen, paper and a tidy mind,
Pepys had done for the Navy as an institution
what Hawkins had done for its ships,
and Blake for the discipline of its crews.
But could it survive the ultimate test -
war?
In 1665 came the inevitable clash with the Dutch.
A series of English victories early on seemed to augur well.
But Pepys was worried.
He'd said from the start that Parliament hadn't voted enough money
to fund the war and, just as he predicted, the money was soon gone.
The Navy lunged from triumph
to crisis.
Things soon reached boiling point.
The Navy was terribly in debt and sailors went unpaid.
In the dockyards, Pepys saw workers walking around like ghosts
and he heard the lamentable moans
of sailors that lay destitute in the street,
a sight which he said "troubled him to his heart".
To add to the sense of crisis, plague broke out in London
and Pepys and his clerks came here to Greenwich,
where they took up residence in this, one of Charles II's unfinished palaces.
But that put them in the heart of the fleet
with all the disgruntled sailors around them.
One day, their windows were broken
and Pepys and his staff were threatened with physical violence.
Pepys spent 24 hours composing a desperate letter to the King.
It's unambiguous and it would have made very disturbing reading for his royal master.
Pepys begins by apologising for being troublesome, he says
"troubling His Majesty on the subject which we often have done,
"the want of money, the effects of that want,
"under which His Majesty's service under our care
"hath long been sinking."
So Pepys is in no doubt that his Navy
is facing utter ruin and he comes up with a typically Pepysian solution.
He gives a list, carefully costed,
of everything that he thinks is necessary to prevent that.
He starts up here by saying 55 anchors of various weights,
800 bales of sailcloth, 4,000 loads of plank,
400 dozen oars, 12 tons of brimstone,
10,000 spars of all sorts,
and comes up with the incredibly precise figure,
as only Pepys could do, of the money required
to stave off disaster for the Navy and for England.
And that sum is 179,793 pounds
and ten shillings.
But the King had nothing to give and would not humiliate himself
by going cap in hand to Parliament to ask for more.
Just a few months later came the naval disaster Pepys had predicted.
It was the summer of 1667.
The fleet had been laid up because there was no money to pay crews to man it.
Upnor Castle, 30 miles up the Thames from London,
had been built in Elizabeth's time to protect the fleet
across the River Medway at Chatham.
The exhausted and unpaid garrison were not at their best.
On that June day, the horrified defenders of this fort watched
as 62 Dutch ships made their way up the river on the rising tide.
Anchored here was much of Charles' fleet,
including four of his finest battleships.
In a desperate measure, the English sank some of their own ships here
to try and block the river, but that didn't work
and their cannon on shore opened up to try and turn the Dutch back.
But someone had delivered the wrong ammunition
and many of the cannonballs didn't even fit the barrels.
The Dutch ships ploughed in amongst the English ships with impunity, capturing them,
burning others, including three of the finest battleships in the land.
The river was covered in wreckage
and in the sky, there was a pall of smoke.
One of Pepys' clerks who lived and worked down here wrote,
"The destruction of those three glorious ships
"was one of the most dismal sights my eyes have ever beheld."
"It was enough," he said, "to make the heart of every true Englishman bleed."
In a final humiliation,
the Dutch towed back to Holland the Royal Charles itself,
a moment immortalised on canvas,
showing the pride of England's fleet flying the Dutch flag.
The Dutch raid on the Medway was at the time, and remains to this day,
the most embarrassing defeat in the history of the Royal Navy.
Not even the brilliant Pepys could avert this catastrophe.
The simple fact was that King Charles
just couldn't afford a modern navy.
The Medway disaster set the King and Parliament
on another collision course
over how the Navy was to be funded and controlled.
When Charles died in 1685,
relations between King and Parliament
were at their lowest ebb since the Civil War.
He was succeeded by his brother, James.
Now he had had a rather successful career as an admiral in the Royal Navy.
Could he be the man to work together with politicians and financiers
and businessmen to build a new kind of constitutional monarchy?
Well...
no.
And this extraordinary portrait tells us why.
James has had himself painted in the garb of a roman emperor,
with a haughty stare,
his golden tunic, magnificent purple robe flowing off his shoulders
and decked out in jewels at his throat, sword hilt and sandals.
And out at sea his navy, his plaything,
the royal banner flying from the main topmast.
This was not how the English wanted their kings to see themselves.
To make matters worse, James was openly, proudly Catholic.
He appointed Catholics to key positions in the armed forces.
He even put one of them in charge of the Royal Navy.
This was clearly a man who wouldn't send his Royal Navy out to attack
the great Catholic powers of Europe.
This was not a man to protect the legacy of Drake and Hawkins.
He would have to go.
In July 1688, a figure dressed as a common sailor arrived in Holland.
Beneath the disguise
was England's premier naval officer, Admiral Arthur Herbert.
Or, rather, ex-admiral.
He'd resigned weeks before, refusing to serve under King James.
Herbert was carrying an extraordinary letter.
It was signed by seven Englishmen, all grandees in the armed forces,
church and state, and it was addressed to the Dutch Prince,
William of Orange, who was not only protestant
but he was married to James II's daughter, Mary.
It was an appeal for William's help against their tyrannical king.
This was high treason, but Herbert and his fellow conspirators
were the desperate men from an exasperated nation.
And in William, they'd found their man.
On November 1st 1688, a vast Dutch invasion fleet -
463 vessels, 40,000 men -
left Holland, bound for England.
It was almost exactly 100 years since the Spanish Armada,
but this time not a single shot was fired.
On the top mast of William's flagship, he flew a banner
with his family motto on - "I will maintain".
But he added, in letters three-feet-high,
"the liberties of the English and the protestant religion".
The message was clear and when William landed here
on the south coast of England, he was greeted with cheers.
Over the next few weeks,
it became obvious the English weren't going to fight for James II
and he fled the country and was replaced as king by William.
James, like his brother and his father before him,
had proved himself incompatible with the new idea of Englishness
that had crystallised since the days of the Armada.
That idea was opposed to absolutism and Catholicism
and proud of Parliament, liberty
and of sending the English Navy out against England's traditional enemies.
William's invasion of 1688 represented the final victory of those values.
It was the myth of the Armada made real.
In little over 100 years,
a rabble of West Country seafarers and a few royal ships
had become a recognisably modern institution,
with staff and systems to manage a vast, efficient navy.
This was England's heart of oak,
a navy that now lay at the centre of the national project and its future.
Next week - how the Navy triggered a series of revolutions
in finance, industry and agriculture,
generating unimaginable wealth
and propelling Britain into the modern world.
Subtitles by Red Bee Media
Email subtitling@bbc.co.uk
十一月的一个大风天 四个世纪以前， 英国正准备
对于自己的最大一 国家庆典见过。
圣保罗之下的圆顶 他们聚集在一起，庆祝
他们的小国的战胜 世界上最大的超级大国，西班牙。
挂在墙上的俘虏 ensigns的西班牙队， 这是即使在当时正在破灭
在岩岸 苏格兰和爱尔兰。
这一年是1588年...
..和战斗是无敌舰队。
今天的庆祝活动纪念 百年的舰队航空兵， 它似乎仍然
最喜欢的自然不过的事 在世界上投入 一个伟大的大教堂，皇家海军，
这一传统开始 有400年前的中秋节。
1588年是一个转折点 在我们的国家的故事。
战胜的无敌舰队 我们改变
进入一个航海的民族 它引发了一个神话
这将有一天会成为现实， 这个国家的新的命运，
她的未来财富和源 电力，躺在那里的海洋。
该系列讲述了怎样的故事 海军扩大，从一个很小的力量
成为最复杂的 地球上的工业企业。
如何需要组织奠定 我国公务员制度的基础 和我们的经济。
它是如何改变了我们的文化， 我们的国家认同意识
和我们的民主。
这是一个英雄的故事 和创新，
而且灾害 在我们的历史和黑暗的一页。
这是一个非凡的故事 400年的努力，在海上打
以及土地海军如何开车， 英国到现代 并改变了世界。
清除舱口！ 英国的不平凡的历程
从一个三流国家 全球超级大国
十月开始在一个晴朗的日子 前20年的无敌舰队。
行，带来的啤酒。
这并不是说任何如此隆重 于心中的水兵
谁忙不迭地来回 在旧的普利茅斯港，
这六个小船队船只 准备海。
跳板呻吟作为最后一分钟 供应被带到船上。
大淡水桶 和啤酒，甚至whinnying山羊， 和鸡以及。
什么时候被带到船上 他们抨击下降
在舱壁在 期望一条崎岖不平的通道。
在命令行中两名男子的表兄弟。
在这个晴朗的秋天的一天，他们被 思考不是为了战争 但赚钱。
这两个老约翰 霍金斯谁，当时才35岁，
已经是普利茅斯的 领先的商人合营者。
年轻是他的表妹，
谁愿意一个穷亲戚长大的 霍金斯，27岁的弗朗西斯德雷克。
他们留下一个可怜的， 微不足道的小镇上的优势 一个贫穷的，无关紧要的国家
这本身醉心 到欧洲的边缘。
但这个地方 有一件事情持续了 - 这，
其中一个最好的天然港口 在地球上，通往大西洋 和，除此之外，新的世界。
首次发现 只有60年前，
美洲新大陆 提供超乎想象的财富 -
如果他们能得到有 并把它带回来，那是。
1.2万英里的旅程。
16世纪60年代平均无壮举。
待命。二，六！
二，六！二，六！
休息一下。
那是半途而废呢？是啊。 你开玩笑吧！不！
这个奇妙的副本 都铎船，马太，
给我一种强烈的感觉是什么 生命可能已经喜欢上。
帆船这些，你只是这么一 袭击的独创性，是不是？
木结合的排序， 绳，金属位，
你可以航行 环游世界的另一边。
其中盈利大户投资者 该合资企业是女王本人。
她会借给两艘船， 吕贝克及其走狗的耶稣。
无论是老，花，腐烂， 因为人是最船只 在她的小海军。
船员们也将得到 其份额的战利品。
都是年轻。有些人只是孩子， 其中Hawkins的侄子保罗
和13岁的迈尔斯飞利浦，
其涉及的恐惧的日记 频繁的风暴和船体漏水。
目前还没有物质享受 无论是在船上的。
在专一霍金斯 让他睡在甲板上的人。
因为每英寸的空间举行 是保留的货物 这将使现金。
在此探险， 货物是一个人。
德雷克和霍金斯有 可怕的区别 成为第一个英国人
结合非洲男人， 妇女和儿童链
他们和运输 持有这样的船只。
他们是奴隶贩子。
普利茅斯周六分， 他们拿起奴隶在几内亚500 然后向西。
很少有英国人 曾做过这样的旅程。
英国已当场缓慢 机会的新世界 和西班牙已经得到了他们的第一次。
现在的西班牙小心守护 利润丰厚的美国帝国 从南美延伸
通过加勒比 墨西哥和进一步北部。
德雷克和霍金斯只是想 一小片的动作。
扼杀在，奴隶卖几回 一个家持有银爆满。
问题是，西班牙 已禁止外国人买卖 在其利润丰厚的帝国。
霍金斯曾管理过一次或 前两次，靠着它拿走。
他希望再次这样做。 但是，这一次会有所不同。
在加勒比地区，他们买卖 他们的人权货物银，金 和珍珠，然后转身回家了。
但这是飓风季节。
风暴迫使他们圣胡安 在墨西哥海岸，
其中一个强大的西班牙舰队 第一次保证他们的安全通行
然后决定给他们 暴力教训。
在随后的斗争， 霍金斯失去了他的船三，
包括吕贝克耶稣 和200人死亡或被俘。
他设法逃脱的奴仆，
和他一起的是13岁 迈尔斯飞利浦，
谁看了发生了什么 这些囚犯。
“他们把我们的人上岸” 他写道：
“他们挂了起来他们的武器 直到血液迸发出 从他们的手指末端。“
而时刻 个人的悲剧，霍金斯 -
他意识到，他的侄子保罗 也在其中。
其次疾病和饥荒 并一瘸一拐地回家的时候，他们
少于20人被活着 乘坐奴仆。
但是，对于幸存者， 这场灾难行事
不作为威慑 但作为一种鞭策作用。
德雷克的经验和显着 霍金斯为他们的余生。
永远也不会原谅 西班牙语为他们的背叛，
他们把自己 成苦，个人讨伐 对西班牙的。
这是令人兴奋的混合燃料的由 对现金的欲望，宗教狂热
并为个人复仇的愿望。
随着时间的推移，这个运动将成为 全国企业
并在这样做，将伪造 一英国风格的新思路。
但是，如果英格兰的海员 人有任何机会 与西班牙赶上了，
他们将需要 这样做更好的船。
Hawkins的答案是 比赛建造的大帆船，
他的激进的突破 在战舰的设计，
这些保存在 原始图纸。
利用数学和几何 而不是经验法则，
砍除甲板高 并精简船体，
霍金斯最快的船只产生 他们那种在世界任何地方。
第一次是在1570年建成 在女王在德特福德船坞。
更多的人效仿。
有了更大的枪空间，他们 完美的设计是为战争。
但是20比赛建大帆船，在 大多数国家都铎能买得起，
不会对自己的不足。
霍金斯找到工作 在海军委员会，该委员会 该跑女王的温和舰队。
而且，在1582年， 董事会委托 一个非同寻常的一系列调查
这里保存 在国家档案馆。
我已经知道了这 但从来没有见过。
这是每艘船舶名单 在英国下编译 霍金斯的领导地位。
正如你所看到的， 它的破碎的县。
在这里，诺福克，萨福克， 绝对认真写下来 它的美丽。
每单舰，随着吨位 在这里，所以这些圣玛丽的是， 索罗门，200吨。
绝对令人难以置信。
当我们进一步去，在这里， 他们不只是名单的船只，
他们列出的主人 然后水手数量
和船员以及有 为每个端口。
所以在这里我们去。在康沃尔， 有108个主人，
水手和海员626 1184。
如此的精确。令人难以置信的。
此信息正在收集 集中在伦敦的贝克 并调用都铎状态。
它实际上很感人 看到人的名称 所有这些百年前住。
一旦你有一个这样的名单， 当战争来临时，当有 国家进入紧急状态，
你可以敲门 男人像约翰库珀 和彼得Dolomore
并说，“对，伙计，你要来 在海军，以保护这个国家。“
它确实让你想知道男人 像威廉班尼特，威廉莫特
从Littleham，不管他们最终 对抗西班牙无敌舰队。
而这仅仅是太棒了。 你到最后。
总数的水手 提供给铎状态，
16259。
可动员男性 保护小英格兰
打击最大的超级大国 在世界上。
德雷克，同时，正在采取 他的报复西班牙 在一个更为直接的方式。
关于在1587年四月的一天， 加的斯的居民 醒来的枪声。
到了最后， 躺在西班牙船只超过30 在海港底部
和德雷克的船队驶向 与拥有财富爆满。
这是高潮， 一项为期十年的疯狂掠夺
德雷克说见过 环绕地球，
攻击西班牙殖民地 并窃取他们的战利品。
好斗，腐败的， 出类拔萃的海员，
他是英格兰新教的 新的英雄。
在天主教的西班牙， 他决不。
站在这里，看着它 从西班牙的角度来看，
英国出现 有点不同的海盗。
男人谁从北方来的船舶 热衷于掠夺和破坏， 没有谁是神圣的。
其中最臭名昭著的是德雷克
还恨，仍称为 厄尔尼诺Draque，龙。
而现在的龙 已经推动了西班牙国王
把他自己的可怕的报复 在德雷克和英国。
这在1588年7月来报复。
当舰队出现 关闭英国的海岸，
一名目击者说，该 在重压下呻吟着海洋。
它采取了西班牙三年 泰坦尼克号和银量 装配之，
而英国舰队已 动员在短短三个月。
战斗持续了好几天。
但是，男性的领导 像德雷克和霍金斯给了 英国一个决定性的优势。
人们一般会属性 战胜西班牙无敌舰队
的勇气 在英国水兵
或干预神圣的风。
但西班牙的战斗 同样勇敢，
在不同阶段 这项运动 风的青睐两侧。
真正的原因 是少了很多魅力，它是 激发组织霍金斯。
他保证，英格兰队有一 快速，可操纵船舶，
其中每一样东西进行 三倍的重量装备 其西班牙相同。
他奠定了基础 现代海战，
使船舶，男性 和大炮一起
在一场决定性的组合。
因此，当大和良好的 在他们的服饰抵达圣保罗 关于在1588年11月的一天，
他们欢庆 不只是一场胜利，
而是一个新的未来的开始。
女王，作为一个作家写道： 进行中的金辇
通过她的伦敦城 在胜利的长袍...
而仍然血腥头 天主教汉奸，
执行的祈祷 该舰队的成功，
盯着从峰值附近。
都铎公关机器 走进超速。
一个新的画像显示女王 胜利，她在一个地球的手，
被压垮的西班牙船只 她身后的岩石上。
胜利的规模 扩大了眼界 一个小的，贫穷的国家。
一位评论家写道：
“海洋已成为 一种手段，寻求新的世界，
“黄金，表扬，为荣耀。”
＃上帝保佑女王的亲切... ＃
英语已经被赋予了光明 一个金光闪闪的未来远景，
超乎想象的财富，
新领域的延伸方式 英格兰以外的微小的海岸。
总之，这是一个未来 将海洋上播放出来，
由海军舰艇和 海员的英勇新品种。
英格兰鉴于其放置在 世界将永远不会一样了。
卫队荣誉，边坡武器！
右转！
女王的海军已成为一个源 民族自豪感空前
并有一个永不满足的需求 对航海的故事 冒险和发现。
一个新的国家认同 - 积极的，雄心勃勃 和新教 - 是在决策。
如果霍金斯建筑师 这一新的身份 和德雷克的煽动者，
然后理查德Hakluyt 是其传记作者。
1589年，后年 西班牙无敌舰队，他写了这个。
“主体导航，航行， 交通和发现 英国民族国家。“
一个1600多年的历史帐户
载有超过250个 由英国人航海冒险。
一个讲故事的结构 与神话决策。
在这里，在此一回， 例如，我们有
霍金斯的命运多舛之旅 到加勒比， 与Miles飞利浦可怕的帐户
治疗的野蛮 他们收到的手中 在西班牙人。
在这里，在我们下册 对失败的帐目 西班牙无敌舰队本身，这完
这个令人难以置信的段落 说，“因此，宏伟的，巨大的 和强大的舰队西班牙人
“在1588年 成烟消失了。“
这是有目的的历史，
打电话给一个国家的武器 对一个新的命运的边缘。
这样的命运已经不能 更为明显
比它在随后的版本 对Hakluyt的工作，
其中载有这一惊人的地图。
这张纸上 为400岁。
这是令人难以置信的美丽。
只要看看一些细节
世界上海岸线 以及港口和河流。
为何如此显着的这张地图 地图显示的是，中世纪的英格兰
作为一个很小的岛屿 抱住了欧洲边缘地带，
但现在英国不是在边缘。 它已经回升
并动议权的心 世界的。
这是一个世界上的形象 我们都知道，但此地图 显示，第一次。
这是一个国家的有力象征 现在对全球的野心。
船舶倒出英格兰，
开往美洲，非洲， 亚洲和波罗的海。
许多攻击性， 这些英语先锋 不断削弱西班牙电力
并建立了殖民地 ，形成的开端 英国未来的帝国。
国外和国内， 生意兴隆。
在康沃尔的港口如东卢港 现在有数十艘渔船
交易远 北美。
在这些新的，自信的时代 他们自称是 西方冒险家。
但是，经济成功带来了新的 威胁，没有人曾经预见的。
突然，整个船队 - 10或12艘 - 将头伸出 大海，消失不见。
有船舶报告中找到 在那里漂浮在大西洋
没有他们的船员， 谁是从未出现过。
作者之一，在1631年夏天的晚上，
在巴尔的摩村 在爱尔兰南部，
超过100人被拆除 从他们的床，
离开了地方的鬼城。
一个显着的信，写 在1625年8月，揭示了规模 和恐怖的问题。
这是从普利茅斯市市长 托马斯西利， 国王的议会。
“一穷海上康沃尔镇 所谓的十天内卢港祂所
“失去的80个水手，必将在 渔船航行到深处
“，并采取有 由土耳其人。“
当时，穆斯林土耳其人的意思， 而这些人事实上 来自北非的海盗。
巴巴里海盗。
他们来到这些海岸 并以此作为奴隶的人 回到北非。
这是一个野蛮的做法 但是，当然，
什么这些西方同胞已 做了几十年非洲人了。
即便如此，这里变成了大海 从财富的源泉 为英格兰和威望
成恐怖和奴役的地方。
港口和渔村， 有人说，充满了
可怜的哀歌 受害者的家属。
在未来的几年里，德文 和康沃尔将失去五分之一 他们的船舶及船员。
这平凡而又鲜为人知 在英国历史事件是 有深远的影响。
英国人被饲养的神话 海上无敌。
但现在他们不得不面对 严酷的事实真相。
一旦掠食者，他们现在 猎物，人们做了什么 他们通常处于危机之中。
他们指责政府。 他们并没有完全错误的。
渔船特雷弗斯， 渔船特雷弗斯。
这是保护船只泰恩 打电话给你的渠道之一，六，结束了。
泰恩河，特雷弗斯。
我在现代海军的一 渔业保护船 康沃尔约30英里。
几天前的领土 其中巴巴里海盗
抓住了英语的运费。
特雷弗斯，这是泰恩河。 这是我打算派遣 一到你的日常登机队伍。
我的团队将与你同在 在两分钟零，结束了。
伊丽莎白的时候，皇后 船舶和私人船只 像德雷克海盗上
一直保持这片水域的安全。
但是，王后现在死了。
新斯图尔特制度 已与西班牙和平 和海军已被削减。
随着偏爱 自我强化，
该政权是它的现金支出，
它的一些非法募集 由臭名昭著的船钱，
在少数大，虚荣心船舶，
设计留下深刻的印象 欧洲的国王。
麻烦的是，渔业保护 是不是样的工作，这些 艳丽的船只设计的事。
正如作业 这些家伙做事情不能做 由航空母舰。
在这种缺席 保护，国王的臣民，
特别是在西方这儿 国家，完全不堪一击。
他们和他们的货物 不可抗拒的目标作出 为北非海盗。
震惊的程度 危机，
西方国家国会议员约翰埃利奥特爵士 写信给国王的议会 乞讨行动。
但政府却没有。
埃利奥特大怒。
他不是唯一的一个。
愤怒也渗出 从这个网页，
最畅销的书面左右 失踪的时间 从东卢港。
它被称为 弗朗西斯德雷克爵士复活。
这是写的德雷克的侄子，
他讲述了辉煌 和成功的东西现在看来 就像一个消失的时代。
这是一个对目前的起诉书 其无所不在的恐惧感 其不安全。
但它也是一个呼吁武装起来， 如作者非常明确 标题页。
他写道：“呼吁 这个无聊或女性化的年龄，
“按照他的崇高的步骤 黄金和白银。“
埃利奥特抓住了约翰爵士的心情，
呼吁对以回 过去的侵略政策。
英国的新国王，似乎， 在听。
我一直在查尔斯登基 仅仅几个月
，就像一个现代化的领导者 寻求万人空巷政策 乱世，
他资助的探险队 攻击西班牙。
它集从普利茅斯起航 在1625年10月，被判无效 由约翰埃利奥特高兴。
他们的目标没有别的 比加的斯。
他们的任务，德雷克风格 粉碎，扶手，返乡
与持有宝全 公众的一致好评。
但它并没有出现这样的工作 在所有。
这次远征是指挥 子爵温网，谁愿意一个人 从未担任过前在海上
和他的部下是如此举棋不定 立刻给了他的绰号 “子爵坐不住了。”
混乱统治。
船舶碰撞，桅杆和索具 暴跌海里。
当坐不住 船长下令他的攻击， 其中许多人根本不理睬他。
有经验的不足， 有魅力的指挥官，就像德雷克
可怕的弱点暴露 在英国舰队。
即使主管德雷克 这本来是够硬 征收秩序。
现在，许多船长 因为他们根本没希望。
他们是乌合之众。
当他们的混乱继续 降落在海滩上2000部队
但没有给他们任何的水。
天气炎热。
当他们终于进了城， 这些英国人渴 无意中发现了一个仓库。
这是酒的。
全部乱套了。
这些人开始喝酒， 虽然审判人员 阻止他们，这是没有用的。
“整个军队便醉”
写了一个又一个目击证人，“和 常见的混乱，在一些射击 彼此之间又一个。“
这不，当然， 是最后一次醉酒英 国外行为可耻。
但这一次， 与探险降 进入总闹剧，
指挥员 只好打电话给其关闭。
在回家的路上，打开闹剧 以悲剧疾病抓住。
当他们到达普利茅斯， 数百人死亡 和数百人死亡。
是谁站起来 等待着他们？
无非约翰埃利奥特爵士等。
谁曾在十月的人招手 他们带着如此高的期望
现在站在一个悲痛的日子 1625年圣诞节前夕， 作为舰队一瘸一拐地英寸
“摆在我们面前的痛苦是巨大的，”
他写道： 当他看到尸体被扔 从船到港。
后来他看到水兵下拉 普利茅斯死在街头。
但很快他的同情心 为水手 变成另一种情绪 - 愤怒。
新闻的惨败 很快到达伦敦，
国会召开时， 约翰埃利奥特在他的脚，
他的愤怒周围回荡 圣士提反堂。
“我们的荣誉是毁了。 我们的船沉没。
“我们的人被杀害，而不是由 剑，也不是由一个敌人手中，
“但那些我们所信赖。”
这些话，由Elliot发言 在这个房间，那里的楼 下议院用于满足，
是最尖锐的谴责 皇家政府 听过议会。
加的斯，艾略特说，证明了 国王是不适宜运行海军。
在一个非同寻常的系列 在这里发言，埃利奥特要求
该议会采取更大的作用 在监督国家事务。
当议长，谁坐 在这一点上他的椅子上，
试图让他闭嘴，埃利奥特 聘请三名暴徒压住。
如果它看起来像革命 在空中，它是。
国王的失败 运行一个现代化，高效率海军 曾引发了一场宪法危机。
约翰埃利奥特被抛出 进入大楼。
但是新一代的国会议员，
永生在这里圣士提反 大厅里，拿起他的电话为自由。
国王之间的关系 和议会倒塌。
1642年，查尔斯逃往伦敦 和内战开始了。
通过资本逃离，查尔斯 失去控制这两个海军
和新，蓬勃发展 海洋经济，它支持。
这使他的失败不可避免的， 并在1649年，
对英格兰的订单 新的共和，他被处死。
国会迅速采取行动，以确保 海军的控制，把 有关负责人证实的忠诚度。
他们被称为 作为“海上将军”。
其中之一是罗伯特布莱克，西 国国会议员，美国南北战争的英雄，
激进的新教和引导。
布雷克从未在海上作战。
不是一个人辉煌的开始 负责保护英国的 针对沿海众多的敌人。
但布莱克理解 战争和男人，
他知道，混沌 和违纪被列为危险 在海上，因为他们在陆地上。
命令已经困扰问题 英国远征加迪斯 仍然存在。
在他的第一个战役之一， 他震惊地看到他的队长 不服从他的命令和逃离。
他知道他必须找到一种方法 断言他的控制。
他的解决办法是要产生 海军的第一次
一套规章制度，
战争与法律条例 在1652年的海洋。
这是第一次，它给英国 指挥员的战斗机会 发行这将是服从命令。
端口15。
这是一个39罪行清单，
间谍窃取到， 从怯懦到当值时睡觉。
大多数人被判处死刑。
布莱克甚至解雇自己的兄弟 纪律罪行。
战争法提供 对结构蓝图 在海上和纪律...
..那后来被应用 通过政府的所有领域。
布莱克是海军正是需要， 一个艰难的局外人。
他看得出， 比前50年 海军曾疯狂地摇摆不定
像之间的伟大成就 喜欢的无敌舰队，彻底失败 加的斯，但没有可靠性。
在魅力型领导 像德雷克的英国男人 可能是巨大的成就。
但除此之外， 否认的领导下， 往往是失败的结果。
布莱克强加秩序和纪律。
他保证，无论谁是在 充电时，海军将是有效的。
布莱克海军留下了那 更大和更严谨的比 该国以前知道的。
强大的舰队保护 年轻的共和国 从国外的敌人。
但它可以不填 克伦威尔时创建的真空， 英国独裁者去世。
一个新的时代的到来。
5月26日1660年， 一海军的最隆重的船舶，
皇家查尔斯 来到英格兰的视线之内。
机上一人决策 他的凯旋回国 后流亡多年。
这是查尔斯 儿子被谋杀国王， 即将加冕的国王查理二世。
路途的结果 两国高层策划周 海军军官和流亡保皇党
带回君主制。
新国王急于奠定索赔 英国的强大海军。
他给金的水手 并更名舰队。
现在是皇家海军。
下船与皇家党 是表弟
与新任秘书长 到船的指挥官。
这个年轻人很荣幸 才能获得工作
采取国王獚 下了船。
他在日记中写道， “这狗屎了船，
“这让我们笑 ，国王和methink
“和所有属于他 是但正如其他人。“
当他们来到岸上， 年轻的人看见人山人海
贵族和公民一样，谁知道 倾城而出迎接他们的国王。
“叫喊和喜悦 所表达的一切“
他说，“是过去的想象。”
这位27岁的老人刚刚从伦敦 完成了他的第二次海上航行。
他不知道这以后， 但这仅仅是开始 不平凡的海军生涯。
他的名字叫塞缪尔佩皮斯。
佩皮斯从出身卑微，
一个穷裁缝的儿子 和一个洗衣妇，
但他留下 两个非凡的遗产。
他将改变 海军当局 如无一在他面前，
并留下一 最生动的
所有的时间和丰富多彩的日记。
在这里，它是，第一册 塞缪尔佩皮斯的日记
1660年1月1日开始，
可能是在响应 到新一年的决议。
它在速记， 所以需要花费破译位，
但它是一个令人难以置信的诚实 考虑一个丰富多彩的生活。
有描述 他前往剧院，
喝酒，他的事务，音乐，金钱 和他的妻子甚至争论。
这一切都穿插 与他喜爱的工作描述。
或者至少，他终于爱上它。
当他第一次得到了这份工作的 文员的行为向海军局，
他并没有重大的， 它牵涉。
但他很高兴的薪酬 - ？50年，
比他有生以来所赚取 在他的生命。
好学，佩皮斯扑倒 把复杂的新的世界
在查塔姆海军船坞， 伍利奇和德特福德。
现在都已经过去了。
但这次荷兰海岸码
正在建设一个副本船 同一时代。
项目经理是雅利安人克莱因。
我们很高兴地看到这艘船 在这个阶段，
因为你看到什么给它 它的实力。
通常你只看到它 漂浮。
是啊，这一切都 重型木结构。
让多少橡树进入 这座大楼的呢？ 几百人。
真的吗？这些估计有所不同 从400-600充分生长的树木。
而且，这些树木部分会 可能有100岁了，也许老。
有多久能够采取 兴建于17世纪回来？
约九个月。 哇，那是快。
很辛苦的劳动。数以百计的男人 几乎日以继夜地工作。
并尽快船舶 为防水，
他们将被放入水中
以腾出空间 对于未来的船台船舶。
它只是表明了货物的价值 这些船带回。
他们正在兴建 带回世界的财富。
哦，对了，大 东Indiamen建成贸易，
但我们这个特殊的船 在已经站在了一个战士。
是谁建造的战斗 对，然后呢？
英语，我害怕！
他们来到轻笑
荷兰有一个非常大的股份 当时在世界贸易
和英格兰，当然，思想， “好吧，我们还会有一些 该行业。“
它爆发成贸易战 荷兰和英国之间。
本船基本上是结果 之间的军备竞赛 这两个国家。
荷兰已经超越西班牙
成为英格兰 新的海上对手。
他们是积极的，新教和 有组织的，就像英语。
为了对付荷兰人的威胁，英国 现在是一个强大的开支25％
国家预算 在她的海军，
决策是迄今为止该国的IT 最大的工业企业。
消耗材料的船坞 在巨大的数量。
150吨铁的一年，
100英里的绳子，
并有庞大的劳动力相匹配。
而且，很快就发现佩皮斯， 腐败现象猖獗。
佩皮斯报告给贪官 海军局，但他很快意识到
这是最坏的腐败 实际上海军局本身。
他是指他的同事 “老傻瓜和无赖”
并认识到其中的一 甚至偷
从水手的养老基金， 被称为漆公益金。
问题是，海军 已成为一个巨大的容器 公共资金。
目前还没有系统的地方 花这笔钱，
如果几千失踪， 会照顾谁？
佩皮斯关心，并认识到每一个 海军方面已激增，
除了 中央管理。
该舰队已成长远远超出 在中世纪的能力 海军董事会来管理。
回到办公室， 佩皮斯聘请了文员队伍。
他给了他们办公桌， 定期小时，
和他们一起载 施加一些订单。
他们花了很多时间 制作名单。
这一个在这里 是按字母顺序排列
所有海军军官 这在美国海军服役
在佩皮斯在任职期间，
在这里开始与A，
未来一路下跌 到Z到这里。
令人惊讶的是 它包含的信息
他们的服务记录， 他们所日期 在不同的船 -
在某些情况下， 它甚至有自己的命运。
因此，举例来说，
这个人死亡，
乔治柯尔特淹死，
和Humphrey Connisby出院 殿下。
如实行这些名单 可管理的对称性
世界上的无政府状态佩皮斯 发现自己，
他成为专家 在复杂的聚会
和储存的信息。
他决心 以专业化的各个方面 海军的行动。
他设计的书保持通话 船厂工作的时间记录，
编制了按字母顺序排列 所有合同，
并保持详细的注释 对他所做的一切。
佩皮斯不是第一个海军 管理员，列表，
但他是最有系统的 最辉煌，最迷恋。
他崇拜的海军，不是因为他 喜爱攻坚船上敌舰
随着硝烟的气味 在他的鼻孔，
但因为他爱 官僚。
他高兴，他说， “在整洁的一切。”
但塞缪尔佩皮斯日记 作为一个男人出现
谁是远远不是一个沉闷 纸推和列表的制造商。
这里有一个不非典型项。
他有一个妻子与狂欢 董事会对他的同事海军
和她的女儿。
他写道：“有很多 妇女在会议厅，
“我的夫人和她的女儿在宾州 他们，于是我的夫人佩恩
“把我摔倒在床上下来 和她本人和其他人，
“一个接一个向我 我们也很快乐。“
嗯，我并不感到惊讶！
每个人都有他的副他们说， 和佩皮斯这是绝对 女士们...
嗯，酗酒较量， 和美食，与漂亮的衣服，
和音乐， 他非常热爱戏剧，当然， 的，那么，你的想法。
关键是一个人佩皮斯 谁住生命的全部。
但真正闪耀出这些 日记是他热爱他的工作。
“我的生意，” 他写道：“是我最喜悦。”
海军的军官训练学院， 这里达特茅斯，
佩皮斯建成后不久的时间， 但这个想法
经过专业培训 合格人员是他的。
任何人都用正确的连接， 佩皮斯实现，
能成为一名军官，
离开海军舰艇宝贵 在往往不可靠的手中。
有没有质量控制。
米德希普曼布赖尔斯！主席先生。
佩皮斯的解决方案 - 考试。
测试他的口头介绍 为所有想成为助手 仍然存在。
米德希普曼布赖尔斯， 请坐，请。
这些天来， 他们称之为舰队委员会。
第一个问题是，
什么是责任 在国家之一的煤层气？
他的上甲板漫游，主席先生，
看多 消防事件。确定。
整个构思 考核和面试 似乎我们深感熟悉。
造什么样的航海技术项目 必须始终得到充分的操纵？
下面的安全网，先生。
但是，这是因为，佩皮斯。
当他介绍了他的考试 副官，这是第一次
任何英语国家职工 曾经以这种方式进行了测试。
而在什么位置？
快拆浮标，先生。
它通常是发现 本季度甲板。确定。
非常感谢你， 米德希普曼布赖尔斯。请继续。
使用笔，纸和一个精简的思维，
佩皮斯为海军做了 作为一种制度
霍金斯什么 已完成其船舶，
和布莱克本学科 它的船员。
但可能生存 最终的考验 -
战争？
在1665年出现了不可避免的冲突 与荷兰。
一系列的英语胜利 早期似乎好兆头。
但佩皮斯担心。
他会说，从一开始 国会还没有足够的钱投
战争和资助，正如他 预计，这笔钱很快就过去了。
海军从胜利扑来
危机。
事情很快就达到了沸点。
海军是可怕的债务 和水手去未付。
在船坞，佩皮斯锯 工人像幽灵走动
他听到了可悲的呻吟
水手奠定贫困 在街上，
眼前的景象，他说： “困扰他，他的心”。
为了增加危机感， 伦敦爆发了鼠疫
和佩皮斯和他的职员来到这里 格林威治，
在那里他们把居留 在此，查尔斯二世的一 未完成的宫殿。
但是，把它们 在车队的心
所有的不满水手 他们周围。
有一天，他们的窗户被打破
和佩皮斯和他的工作人员 用暴力威胁。
佩皮斯不少于24小时的构成 一个绝望的一封信送给国王。
这是毫不含糊的，并会 取得了令人非常不安的阅读 他的王室的主人。
佩皮斯首先道歉 麻烦的是，他说：
“令人不安的陛下 的课题，我们经常做，
“想要钱的， 想要的影响，
“在陛下的服务 根据我们的关怀
“你们要一直往下沉。”
因此，毫无疑问是佩皮斯 他的海军
面临彻底破产，他就来了 与典型的Pepysian解决方案。
他给出了一个清单，仔细计算成本，
他认为一切 要防止这种情况。
他开始在这里说 55个不同的权重锚，
800帆布包， 4000板荷载，
400打桨， 硫磺12吨，
10000各种棒材，
并上来 以难以置信的精确的数字，
因为只有佩皮斯能做的， 所需的资金
要避开灾害 为海军和英国。
而这笔款项是179793英镑
十先令。
但国王没有东西可给 他自己也不会羞辱
通过将手盖 向国会要求更多。
就在几个月后又有 海军灾难佩皮斯的预期。
那是1667年夏天。
该舰队已经奠定了 因为没有钱 摄制队在男子支付它。
Upnor城堡， 30日从伦敦泰晤士河了哩，
已建成了伊丽莎白的 时间以保护舰队
隔江相望梅德韦 在漆咸。
精疲力竭的和无偿驻军 没有达到最佳状态。
在这个六月天，吓坏了 看着这个堡垒捍卫者
荷兰船为62的旅途 这条河上涨潮。
这里锚 是查尔斯的车队多，
包括四个 他的最好的战舰。
在绝望的措施，以英文 自己的船只沉没这里的一些
试图阻止河， 但没有工作
他们上了岸炮开放 试图把荷兰回来。
但有人已交付 错误的弹药
和许多炮弹 甚至没有适合桶。
在荷兰船之间开垦 而不受惩罚的英国船只， 捕捉他们，
燃烧的人，其中包括三个 在土地最好的战舰。
这条河被覆盖残骸
在天空， 有一个烟雾阴影。
佩皮斯的一个文员谁住 和工作在这里写下来，
“摧毁这三个 光荣的船舶
“是最凄惨的景象之一 曾经看到我的眼睛。“
“这已经足够了，”他说， “让每一个心 真正的英国人流血。“
在最后的屈辱，
荷兰拖回荷兰 皇家查尔斯本身，
在画布上永生了一下，
显示了英格兰队的骄傲 荷兰国旗悬挂。
梅德韦上的空袭是在荷兰 的时间，仍然是这一天，
最尴尬的失败 在皇家海军的历史。
即使是辉煌佩皮斯 可避免这种灾难。
这个简单的事实 查尔斯是国王
刚刚买不起一个现代化的海军。
梅德韦灾害的设置国王 和议会
在另一碰撞过程
在如何海军 是要提供资金和控制。
当查尔斯在1685年去世，
关系 国王和议会
在他们的最低潮 自内战。
他的继任者 他的弟弟，詹姆斯。
现在，他经历了一次相当 成功的职业生涯作为一个海军上将 在皇家海军。
难道他是男人一起工作 与政治家和金融家
和商人建立一个新的 种君主立宪制？
嗯...
没有。
而这不平凡的画像 告诉我们原因。
詹姆斯已经有自己画 在一个罗马帝国皇帝的外衣，
一个傲慢的眼神，
他金色的外衣，雄伟壮观的紫色 长袍流过他的肩膀上
并加盖了他的珠宝 喉咙，剑柄和凉鞋。
而他的海军在海上， 他的玩物，
皇家旗帜 从主桅飞行。
这不是英语怎么想 他们的君王看到自己。
为了使事情变得更糟， 詹姆斯被公开，傲然天主教徒。
他任命天主教徒的关键 职位的武装部队。
他甚至把其中一人负责 皇家海军。
这显然是一个人谁也不会 皇家海军派遣他的全力攻击
伟大的天主教强国 欧洲。
这不是一个人来保护 德雷克和霍金斯的遗产。
他必须去。
在1688年7月，这个数字打扮成 一个普通的海员抵达荷兰。
下方的伪装
是英国首屈一指的海军军官， 阿瑟上将赫伯特。
或者说，前海军上将。
他会辞职几星期前， 拒绝服务的国王詹姆斯。
赫伯特携带 不平凡的信。
它签署了七个英国人， 在武装部队的所有贵族，
教会与国家，它是 给荷兰王子，
奥兰治的威廉， 谁是不仅新教
但他已经结婚了 詹姆斯二世的女儿玛丽。
这是一个对威廉的帮助上诉 对他们的残暴的国王。
这是叛国罪，但赫伯特 和他的同谋
是亡命徒 从愤怒的国家。
而在威廉 他们会发现他们的人。
11月1日1688年， 一个巨大的荷兰人入侵舰队 -
463艘，40000人 -
离开了荷兰，英格兰的约束。
这是几乎整整100年 自西班牙无敌舰队，
但是这一次 没有一个开枪。
在威廉的桅杆顶部 旗舰，他飞走的一面旗帜
在与家人的座右铭 - “我会保持”。
但他补充说，在文学 三英尺高，
“在英国的自由 和基督教的宗教“。
该信息是明确的 当威廉在这里登陆
在英格兰南部海岸， 迎接他的是欢呼。
在接下来的几个星期，
它成为明显的英文 没有打算争取詹姆斯二世
他逃离了这个国家 并取代由威廉国王。
詹姆斯，像他哥哥 和他的父亲在他面前，
已经证明了自己是不相容 随着英国风格的新理念
民政事务总署结晶 因为该舰队的日子。
这想法是反对专制主义 与天主教
国会和自豪，自由
与英国海军派遣 出对英格兰的 传统的敌人。
威廉的入侵1688年 代表最后的胜利 这些价值观念。
这是神话的无敌舰队 做真实的。
在超过100年的小，
西方国家的海员乌合之众 船舶和一些王室
已成为recognisably 现代机构，
与工作人员和系统管理 一个庞大的，高效的海军。
这是英国的橡树的心，
一个海军现在的中心奠定 国家项目和未来。
下周 - 如何海军触发 一连串的革命
在金融，工业 与农业，
难以想象的财富创造
和推动英国 进入现代世界。
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