the and
with star
with first to polls sizzling usually do it
helps us understand who our audiences
since you could just take a second I'd like you to
select one item the first part
you know one item in the second part
start
top and work your way down it
first one that's correct
which is this your just these take just a few seconds
very helpful for us tabulate all this information
I can use this money to talk to
budget people here to make sure that they make the investments that they make
the was largely certainly it helped to have the
activity that we've had in these webcasts each month the
when oldest updated Louis 0
the software with 14 of 21 people
Bodine your or responding rather keep same boat
some will respond to the survey we could you more
you can join in
a its close this tucker Wade burger
second poll
same thing here which only vote once
only people
a anymore
respondents its you
close this unit out of the way indeed now I'll
get to the fun party get introduce a friend and colleague Jim family doctor
Finlay is at
and State University the you the Pennsylvania State Extension Forster
are does a lot of work was course management
he for stoners sociology dear
ball a lot of different projects today he's going to
join us in we'll be talking about strategies for growing high quality hard
courts
its many view participated in these web conferences
scorching ok if questions free to type those in
as Jim's continues next day arm the little Hawks
unite behind the a reduction in what have you
the opportunity August forever shall help
riding we read it later this music for people asked or
or all those you have a question full against
earlier today in the Jan our and sessional with that caller name %um
welcome I'll not leaning versions
o'connor's you though I think it's wave of the future to try
use our impact by are in different kinds of ways
inner-city all this work thank coming
City I'll or we're gonna be talking about our strategy should growing high
quality hardwoods
think about on work talking about heart
artist its arm
and when we're thinking about Tom
this this concept is probably useful
to and some time thinking about all what are the qualities
quality indicators how do we know whether we're growing high qual
Uriel and then we'll segue from that
Russian develops initial management process
actually gone so-called
trying to understand decision process true
once we decided what I call is an hour
under estar resources time
money and a site itself and trees
are I borrowed d this idea is per
shown in this picture from
James Taylor who is this your fam coordinator in pennsylvania
and it's the idea that one more harvesting timber
that the best opportunity where ever going to have to improve the quality
or and on the other hand we've got the best
opportunity the to cause significant damage to our
so understanding how to do it right with the right kind
objectives and thinking through operations
apps critical try to move force church-state ability in the value on it
when we think about hardwood quality
home there are a couple things that come to mind ok
treason look force one other things it automatically comes to mind
it's the idea speech so
from experienced search other species
I was always get market question which could be more valuable
morrow Hall exchange
market demands change four years ago
red oak was worth a lot now red oaks down black cherry is begun to become
trashed red maple all these kinds of things happen
important thing is I think that when we look species think about
but we can grow on our site which will come to
and and row the best we can because quality
think ok size is a driving issue in this
action because as we'll see size influences
the value of salt
affects our ability you'll or just
call you to think about that Optima am I not talking loud enough
it is a shower come at you okay
I'll try to be more careful with where the mic is arm size is one thing
surface is is the outside workers
Aug and trying to think about
0 how that surfers
addition likes inside ultimately
ons
all I've certainly we have to think about I can hear you
defects and
are the anterior de fax no effect our ability to mill the word also it affects
our ability to
influence sure that circumference clear word have
home soul
as we look at regional got old think about a lot of things in this particular
tree I think
represented good image quality ice black cherry I
have to admit that it's gonna Michigan thats area
have some that would be that ultimately when we're looking at quality of saw
lost
artwork tree gotta think about the idea that it comes down to porch
unlike softwood switcher graded on structural strength
hardwood bordure graded on appears
so people are willing to pay a premium clear
lumber about detects the kinds of things so she
notch barking close checks cracks
heard packs those kinds of things it so
as we're looking at a tree standing in the woods we have to be able to
interpret
into the tree all those detection show up
and lumber and and I think it's useful for anyone who's interested in growing
hardwood trees quality to spend time in a sawmill
go to a sawmill preferably it's one where they leave the park on you can see
how to log opens
arc on it the most production Mills now deep arkansas you have to sort a
begin to understand as you wash D Barker all that
interpreted surface defects on the login and ultimately help
there's a parallel between hardwood lumber grades
and hardwood Aug reached
to a better quality log rage
generally called factory Lockard one chick
first and second under which the highest quality hard
and as we look at lower log rage we all start
number values coming out
and we'll talk a little bit more about that in a couple spied
so when we're looking hardwood logs
in the tree we have to start to think about a couple of things
one is the position at the log within the tree clearly the greats talk about
the idea
box and poppers much being lower log
uppers paying box above them but logs
have smaller scaling diameters an upper lock
as we'll see but log
actually have in theory more clear would
she awaited on yup locks so
princes a factor great number one log
but can be fifteen aged 13 to 15 inches in diameter on the scaling and
which is diameter wherever it's an upper it might have to be 16 to 20 inches
I am ok law plant is also a function because
the way notch layout in the board way detracts layout aboard we have to have a
certain length
lumber forget the great havin so
thanked the blog becomes rating ished
think about hair cuttings are the condition
expressed on the surface a log and will look a little bit a clear cutting shear
Ste
weeping crock are obvious kinda think this
and/or stick your men of logs in a tree and in
in this picture here we can even see in this
are one login front with teach
sleep in so those are the kinds of things we have to think about because
those are
scaling deductions that as we put the log on this all-male we had more
slapping
lost all NAND tax for the kinds of things
see at the at the end of the log
that interpret the interior quality of the log may be showing us hollow's
splits K discoloration pearlstein think
now what we're gonna do is we're gonna visit each
most at the except for sweeping broken scaling deductions
so that we begin to think about how we look at the tree standing in the woodlot
in use that information start make
forward are in our operation schematic over tree
helps us understand how as trees grow
we accumulate here volume up
would without de cheques on the outside of a core
we look at this week and see
are down here at the stop
how the pith but it originates in as a Tree Grows
limbs da I covered over by an accumulation
squint diameter increments
it close Parkwood or
detect so its pretty easy to understand from this picture how the Bob blog
have more clear would subsequent upper lock
and I think that's a good thing to keep in mind and we'll come back to this a
couple times as we develop
celebs hawk
grading faces are are those faces that we see around the circumference is the
law
and in grading faces we take a shit conference and divided into
or equal parts by percent
greater skull print and the the idea here
is as you look at the logs and you
lay on those faces to try to put the most
also the defects in a single say's look at the faces labeled
axe see that there are any number e-checks
on on this blog I mean there
in this station do check HERE here here
all because
that is not to face we look at as we consider the value or the quality of the
law
it's actually the second worse face
the third-worst measure the second best face
it it is great in so that's the one is labeled here's
to here we can see if u'd checks
all that are going to enforce a graded
to better faces are not considered cross
so what you have to do is you have to learn to walk up to that log
think about how that's going to be interpreted in
quality inside I'll
bob's asking about what man you're using
up when we get to the end I'll give you a site the
website where you can download some materials upgrading
and intrigue rating so that you can begin to understand is
them early right now we're just laying out general rules that we can think
about and in
the publications are referred to at the end or
printed by the US for sures available
in this systematic and mobile do with only the one in the upper left
she a 12-foot log scaling diameter
for which
and in this in this image what we're doing is looking at how the placement of
defects
up strongly affects the the ensure port
yield in the first location
we have board a that would come outlook that
this board year olds first and second number which is the highest grade
principally because these deep checks are located in the center and we still
end up with enough clear surface
in that board Jan FAA's has to be ninety percent clear
your old R shawls high quality board
if we move those not just to the right
a bit they begin the influence the value of this board
stick I love the log because they've driven our
large percentages the surface measurable into one common
because that's used up Afghans
give us high quality
it becomes an issue however if we can move those defects always at the end of
the law
well we yield is Faas lumber
because a what's called the end slick the
exit ended or and it doesn't go against
it's not only recognizing each expert understanding how the placement at those
thx
in the tree and how we Bakken take the log from the tree will influence
ok in our tent is not to make your blog readers
kitsch think about how the East work ultimately
if we've got low quality log
which ok all lumber in
in the development of a stand taking low quality lumber is
is to our benefit after did you start to think about
out we recognize the tree I'm forward to develop
outbreak
then the other way the other issue that we want to look at the end of the log
all in the schematic on the right
log on the right we can see
for de cheques you she'd if here Center the log
we can see that we're gonna yields a low quality material
principally because it the fact that it's gonna have a lot
founded all here on the right to the left
we conceded that's called the heart center zone around outer
higher-quality that apt think about
and those are the kinds of things that we to maximize
make decisions about which
8 work we're still getting questions about sound Ltd
culture
a call
they better
turned up the volume on its own
I'm not
her all
right has come through for me I mean you're your voice fades in and helped a
little bit
again you know coming back to the idea trying to accumulate
make sure you want to check on her at the do that
in that and so the sooner we can eat
me up a law ball surfaced
dams nao okay
fall off that'll it work minutes defects
added I create I can hear a lot about the higher the value
but your now volume those fees services for
all and also the bigger the log
the easier it is to me higher
are trademarks though
in thinking about that I'll again that we could begin to understand that
all the standard Velux sex audio
that tree to I
quality material it so what I'm gonna wanna do is think about a couple of
things
one is the idea of shade all URC trees attache tolerant tend to hold on to
their branches longer
then she trees that are shade in taller all
and so the longer they hold on branches more likely those are to become
detract and the less clear what altman
up as a tree expanse
I am inner and if we think about it those trees that are listed here as
intermediate and some other trees are listed as in
all earned particularly black cherry hopper relatively high value mark
reach at ok by 80
ash asked compared to some other things which
hollered list generally
at value because at your text
as we think about Stan development we begin to understand it tree jitter shade
and Pollard
or intermediate shake college generally try to occupy the upper canopy structure
they have to in order to stay and a stand as it did
so if we look to the stand and in this case where black birch red oak
and red maple we would see that those trees
occupy it the same age if replaced structure
if they start off at the same time red oak or likely dominated next
the others for we can see that in
another schematic look at this time all over arson
where we look at a standard developed in 1911
all its progression one ish
wrote she did that
red maple and the black birch urs serving it
red oak than one shred ok gets the upper crown position
and widen its crown spread it out an occupied
for Christ so if we wanna grow certain species are we want to move
individuals up we need to be thinking about competition and
her and a pic structure we have to think about what species
1 I'm forward and how we moving those trees forward we take
growth occurs on an acre put it on the trees
want to retain its sigils so we're always looking at their canopy
relative to the quality the trees growing
thinking about how we take growth on the trees
what
ultimately growth is fixed can't change
the volume accumulation stand very much what we can do
undesirable
there hit coming up a series of pictures are that help us look at how stand
development occurs
to think a little bit about the idea that mortality is a natural part of the
process
in the management decisions wanna make choices about which trees have potential
which trees represent the quality of the site and the potential quality
markets and make decisions about who lives and who dies
all the first image
this image is in 1927 in this is a clear-cut
sawlog have been removed 1928 we've taken the chemical without
stayed schiphol behind the man standing there
picture in the regeneration is already in place
the stand will develop over the next seventy-two years it'll be able to
follow individual trees
all here we begin to see a couple things
black cherry and overhears a black cherry in behind it
there's an Aspen later in the foreground we have sugar maple
and we're gonna follow those individuals and think about how
competition affects it how we might either make decisions are influenced the
process
home somehow admission picture in here we're not twenty years interest and
development I guess
a that's right thank you 3790 and we can pick up
all the sugar maple are the black cherry
got a black cherry backers the Aspen foreground here's
sugar maple and we can see scattering usual other trees throughout
picture recognize a teacher all the same age
you saw where they originated and
there's competition happening the previous picture
um previous picture
what we had was 0
0 stem exclusion had occurred there was no light hitting
forced your and at that point we were probably lose interest at a rate of
45 percent year 45 percent
site dying at this point list and development probably church
tree per year for Kalady is a natural part
process because individual trees to catch pro have to be able to expand
brown
bills asking about chesnut this particular stand bill
was up on the Allegheny Plateau in the Allegheny National Forest in
just not was not a major component that stand
it it wasn't on the k-means
19
58 we can start to pick out individual trees we can start to see
differentiation in diameter
on the foreground we still got our are black cherry
black cherry aspin
for me
lecture archer sugar maple
structures sugar maple being shake
and we can begin to look at the surface sugar maple X there
while the surface on this black cherries tart up
we were looking at this at this point in standard element we might say well
what can I do to benefit these two trees I'll
on to black church it may be the expense at the Aspen
sugar maples are probably in subservient composition all
1968 were forty years and a standard element
week it lecture in the foreground
well next i keeping up
Aspen still hangin sure
cards pretty
art pick up saints or each ako
fifty years understand at all man ass but it's all about
act see the age structure
optician your so we can look up under the canopy and we can see
old created by that black cherry
here likely to have better advantage shade and taller
still on the canopy as compared to the sugar maple here which you can still see
some
the checks on the stem for this one started cleaning up
this early next ok all
show
in two years in or sixty years and a standard element we can see the response
to the black
lectured rear sugar maple or still relatively small
then we go into the the last picture she reached
we can see that to black cherries have started to
come closer to diameter sugar maple still in the background
0 hasn't developed a nice clean bowl yet
black church gone pretty well in one would say well
I was gonna grow quality here which one it is gonna be the better stamina this
is accumulated
lot of clear what at this point relative this one but this was starting to catch
up
this overhead opportunity to make decisions well this is the larger tree
I'm actually decide keep it take a smaller tree to provide a more crops
so individual tree decisions begin to
happen at this point standard element
and you're thinking about quality you're thinking about species you think
where those trees
good brings you to the idea the role cutting budgets really sure the process
cutting trees begin to influence how their standard of
happen it's really about how we can make decisions about
outing as a process removes competition it takes away
trees that are in competition with each other CAD
we look at the picture right here I we've got a red oak
and we can see that the crown on it being interfered
by this red maple in below it and so we've got competition taking place
I can look at the species take a look at Crown condition which
on minute make you think about what my market values are the call it my site
makes decisions about which where the street pro and
bike cutting say maybe the red maple I begin to control light and how lights
going to affect the crown development up this tree
allow it to take growth that occurs over here
and capture that its own I'll mask Aug
this red oak here has got a nice crown already in its not competition
Street so if they don't have to do any
workaround tree
ultimately I have to think about how we're I reach growth
said earlier girl two sticks to give by
are I look at the average site pennsylvania's about
250-300 words feet per acre per year
I can put that across thousand trees are kaput across two hundred trees depending
where I am it's Dan development and how I wanna do things and i cant out
I can control through cutting
species composition in species composition
certainly something that one alt ultimately I have set objectives
indications this evening thinking about how our project is
management strategies sector
above
asked a question about arms growth rings and is there
as difference in values
issue GrowthWorks when we're talking about an air quality material
up she there are some issues to
ap home it's not often though that
see that in see
my experience if we're moving into the European markets
up actions German market and I see there's someone here from Germany
tonight
I'll there are some considerations about
with the range in the German forced to actually try to control
very narrow range does that for church wanna grow but when they've done
market studies with consumers they actually like wider brings
I don't think we need to go like
that too much also raised the question will
relation trees affect quality there is always that potential that when I really
should treat
one other biggest day graders might be the formation that the karmic branches
in response to increased light and heat
which is sorta a small branch
develops on the side tree which can be a a great teacher
and we'll talk a little bit
yeah white oak is better that up you have to think about that all the time
wideo 0 social culture is really what we're beginning to think about here
and social culture Siri I signs weird
practice the art positively controlling sources talisman composition structure
or and I put the quote point positively
here because actually about trying to move the stand forward in a positive
kind of way
some things that we do social culture under the name a civil culture doll
positive
dance permanently have to think about it
particular were thinking about high quality hardwood action doing things to
move the state forward
establishment in the death shiner forced
establishment definition because
almost every time later forced
particularly hardwood forest into the condition grown today
we have to think about the next four always thinking about the species cop
structures vertical and horizontal
arrangement trees and ultimately the growth shores
all we can sure to simplify
I the idea of shovel culture two components
all in my mind anyhow I do it in one is what you leave
from any kind of harvesting operation are
and thats residual and then the other side %uh vidios
generation 0 residual actually drives
generation because it leaves speech edged
morrow I was dead come back
minutes all that if you look at the picture on the left
it's the quality of the trees leave their
forward where r future
only look at growing quality in our focus is on retention
a couple things arm
one is what is the quality of the site
what's the potential of that site to grow the species
either there or the species want to grow
how do we maintain enough diversity to have resilience in
branches so afternoon we talk about
every lash or an emerald ash borer affecting Paul
the ensure that have to think about that first
question we have to think about markets are already short
touched on that in that if we produce quality material I think the markup
attached
be there there's always the potential fluctuation in that market fortunately
with trees we don't always have to automatic given time
work hard
to think about the condition of the tree talked about that the idea
Althea stem are
and the idea that log raged that we also have to think about the quality or the
condition
that tree relatives canopy structure but as a canopy
local like all I'll healthy years it
ok list krummel's placement the crown out we manage that
started the idea cop tuition ultimately worth thinking about
out-reached Peter the growing spaced and a crock
and then finally we have to sort of think about risk
arm when we look at that re what's the potential that really being able to
growth
forward in the stand as it develops
stay in a stand what's risk
well as you look at this picture of this force I hope you start to think a little
bit about what things you see here
and and what things you don't see year obviously
media stand appears to be fairly well stocked
not overstock of she's pretty high quality tree
black cherry ago I can
a out red maple foreground black cherry with crotch
your no soft up bombast
that
though you know starting to look at it and I start to look at surface at Damen
if I were in a standard be looking up canopy in a bit thinking about
detection risk species
when we look at recondition no
you can begin to classify I'm a classification
acceptable growing stock unacceptable growing stock
are acceptable growing stock
is the kind of things we want to move forward and the US for service and
assigning
this talks about a minimum log great potential
and their responses we want to have at least a great to potential
disorder the middle of the road as or three tractor
great and we want likelihood of the surviving from
one entry the next so we have to be thinking about what's the potential that
Trystan alive
you bro ombre
and watches relationship those others
they did unacceptable growing stock wanna take unacceptable
up but it comes back to going to bridge
now I get that brings me to the garden now
inch because I like a garden arch because it allows us think about
for the activities of Forestry relative to a shorter
prop think about growing a crop we think about
what will it grow this species wanna grow
quality in order to grow quality kept eat
take out those things poor quality
speech all row and we want to think about
inning that or did growth on the things that we do
they were an allergy here or character how many of us ever grown
little carrot about little care principally because we don't have
gumption or ka finish that then those carriers to remove optician even if
all we have it scare I'll and what you're managing here most the time in
their garden maze
are the light restore so next moisture Res
look in that forest canopy for managing
same sage Prince some extent
Potter ext new trees
in the Northeast lot a bit just act on a light we can put on
trees
you have to be thinking about composition
at think up all
so here we begin to see some this comment tight de cheques
up the tree on the left cataloging injuring
that indication gotta Center
center that's subjected what potentially how large is that right is extended to
the
for on decor occupy more than 40 percent
diameter the Dajjal they naturally BS
you here we have a frost crack
trust crack maybe we can put it on a great on
or shakes head tree up
well their questions about how far that extends into the tree
you're obviously early degraded tree maybe
8 strike bop
so when you start to see the have a knowledge about
all they open up sawmill
about that indicates aged things
after think out arms
yes it does describe what makes a great
to also what makes a great three
no nature walk
sure the Fortune you're thinking about Trisha he
trees might screaming pension
obviously checks holes all
or crotch is this black cherry that's gotta
also crotch at any kind we're loading your snow loading ice loading that's
certainly one it's gonna be at risk
crown I had a really nice red oak this
bring out and it would lot I managed University at a crotch like this
had paid a lot of attention to and basically have two tree came down and so
at a pretty decent but log I'll have a market for
probably should taken out years ago on August teach are
what I remove these catcher treatises they become apparent home
probably I wouldn't understand into I probably had five or so
diameter grow that way they begin to express some other
crown dominance and you have to be careful coming into our stand
were released him yet if you come into early
you may have a tendency to keep locked short
are the crown get to wide when the crowds which
wide shortly get more but swelling week
it's nice to allow the tree to be able to long gate under some
optician I might identified the trees that I wanna move forward
are early on and development and do some light
dinning around them think the important thing is identify the tree
eat in discriminate against
ecologist in a fine keepers taking out losers
and in doing that answer early as you can its cautiously chick
begin to express crown dominance
nice first know if
if we look at a stand as it develops the average hard work tree is about four
teenaged diameter
going to be looking at about a hundred 128 reached
acre and so we might start with forty thousand
by the time it gets that I amor forty which under
money gotta lose a lot of trees yeah
you can be thinking about this all the time and and you
keeping yourself some options up bring it down
their mates says and here we see some other day shacks
on tree got a red maple here with number
bob's what not copper red maple or hear none of them are particularly
clear the street about 12:40 ish ammeter
there in competition with each other we go ok all the material
could we have done something early maybe take to
these of out the strategy I am quickly
helped but we have taken
had this been a good trick take a nap comic branch of
March I think that's something really odd
think about oftentimes is something like
shouldered on in a big gun to prepare Stan
regeneration leave high quality trees evenly spaced
it develops in the comic branch say that white oak
which merge earlier in way short of let it go
let it get bigger and we see dang it gotta African franchise where we could
have taken it off when it formed relatively easily
in the check small main a naughty scale
out need to think about those she some additional defects and
in these pictures we got ice damage in the top black cherry
certainly not a trick forward got a black cherry with quite a bit sweep in
it
member that one more fucking this up may be able to touched
outed shirts in it here we have some
white oak purchased
back to the there you go thanks Jim
let's just talk quickly about Stan development and think about how we make
some decisions
about inning and how in a mixed species stand
we might dinette and benefit of quality
here we have a single species and you might it might be a pine plantation
Mike black cherished dominated by
solid line curve represents
free pre denning
and distribution that lotteries around the average reader
halted archery small trees
are in inning we would tend to cut heavier in the smaller diameters
but some a large trees because there's obviously going to be competition there
and in that process we actually moved the averaged and I amor
forward and by doing that we kept the best reach
could but those in the situation to accumulate the volume
its onto the site in actually
that at a faster rate so we should have extrapolate that idea to a mic speech
East
and you may not have recognized this kinda and
I know which is you may have seen it and said well it
its your uneven H yours but if we actually located
diameter distributions individual species based on
all urged black churches least shaped our sugar maple moshe eight-hour
we may actually see if which
measured automation treat all at we have different distributions to reach many
species
they overlap with each and and so
what we do is we think about how we might read each one at the species just
change in a finning operation digits
structure you know that in it look up into the canopy we think about where
individual trees
are tissue each other how they each to find their own crown space
as begin to move around in your competition with each other
and think about how we can create more opportunity safe
shell a popular here by taking this side
a lot of decisions are made up there
but also made in in of
so we need to be looking down at
the stems
recognizing that a lot of stems are gonna die and which ones are in
competition
forward alchemy begin
over timed in this and moving ourselves toward higher quality individuals
I'm splaine this back
here
to all terminally in the VIN H and we've gone from something like this
something like this: Tanana right where we've got lot of high quality which
stems and you know we're gonna have to be thinking about going to generate this
another discussion together though in the stands well we're actually doing is
worth
inning each 10 the species distribution sugar maple distribution
here in down to here we
cut soma no upper diameter clashes same thing white actions
the overall we reduce the total number just region you can imagine what that
does
Annabi structure and we've taken out reserve lesser
quality trees optician
we begin to have
standard look something like yes and we can see that we've still got some trees
to Remo
but overall all which which caption pretty nice individuals
all the things I noticed but this stand that I had noticed
shores teachers are marked save blue lines of everything that was in marked
save stake this accurate
fortunately one other
things we often see happen in standard across the northeast
as we take this diameter distribution just a minute ago
we impose a diameter restriction and we cut all trees above a certain
diameter we can see immediately what happens
simplify species composition by taking a species out of it
be take the better half at the diameter dished
action our staff leave ourselves and understory sugar maple sugar maple may
be a good thing
Yvonne site any not be unfortunately
at least in Pennsylvania at least and Sylvania we see that may be as many as
50 percent of our camper shells
are driven by diameter limit sitions so we're seeing
shifting in species composition opposition
seeing losses siege sources and so we have all kinds of things
a mentor sacked he did start think about
home yeah we've we would hope rouse raise a question about the base or and
matched and
yeah we'd be one to watch the base or and I don't recall what the basal area
was it but probably that wasn't ok standout wanna be carrying probably
sixty your
seven ish and it may have been under that at that point
or nething is arm it
that we've gotta remember that in many the standard look at in on
southern New England up Pennsylvania
different places wrote nor central area region
that diameters not indicative page think back to this year's
slides we just looked at on the development of that stand on the
Allegheny National forced
those trees were all the same age it is clear that we had
different diameter distributions are
would we head it different we had cautioned
H structure up a different diameter judge
in in this case here we've got two trees the woodlot I managed University
is treasonous in the picture for us 64 years old age we've got the one that on
hold up over your honor right
I was eleven point eight inches in diameter in 1985
this red oak here was 20 inches in diameter 1980 last summer this tree
7.9 inches nationalist
on with Donna diameter distribution distributed just
law I'm ago just and
and oftentimes those trees don't respond well alt
heavy inning already cutting and
we often see degrades show up
form about the comic branches oak tree
age autumn mortality trees are set up
handled
the standard too bad if you looked at it but if you're an astute observer
assist and it's been high grade it repeatedly back here we got a black
cherry and I
leaders another black cherry here everything else in this picture
American beech its the large low
body America features one here stopped you note
allowing these kinda things that happen by
indiscriminately taken a better audit results or to set up later
Roache gingrich urs here that though
if we treat a stand poorly eventually we're going to half
they can bash much it the right kind ago
and much much easier to do think this through from the
the onset think about the idea quality an hour can get reproduction an hour
managed a residual Trystan forward
this is a an idea that came out of Susan style dinner at the station
are based on some research we did in the in the mid 90's
%uh this is the acid test in and tortures
are not well known for their ability style
acid but we want you always think about when you're working in a Stan
on the idea quality where's advance regeneration have you left the C Jorge
for desirable species
regardless of what your intended every time you understand it
think what's the role of interfering plants
relative to that regeneration in
northeast you have to think about white-tailed deer well so
sugar the acid test and
even if you're all you're thinking about is going into a force
in is doing improvement card or inning it
whatever term you want to use you're always shutting up
the processes for natural region search uneven age for sure and even h4
you're managing this thing in a way that you're affecting like
managing what's left not managing that reach
cut tree and show you
always have to think about questions stability also call it the tree
on summary as you're looking at a forced and you're thinking about managing it
using harvesting is a tall to grow high-quality trees
to your species missions those trees
look at how competition is affecting the trees which one to go forward
while you wait risk individual trees stance
element based on the kinds of things we talk about
quality look at the residuals that you gonna leave
think about always how regeneration for
arm that's sorta wraps up the presentation
and as I promised I've got a couple resources here 0
the one on the ones on log grading this one here particularly
a guide to hardwood logs grading all
by Rashed at all Sunderman with another offer on it
that was printed I think in ninety 73 is a real good referenced
look at try to understand of hard wood log rage
break down the basic elements all deductions
and a link it into some other kind
things each's put the website up Fort website also
this image arm the other one is
is lumber from local would lodge which is an enraged publication on a corner of
you just type
in regent Google went up on their site at
for sale publication it's designed more for ob
or homeowners people may
live in residential areas
but it also gives us real good insights on how to handle lumber
how to make some decisions about harvesting trees in dealing with them
put up our website here
publication that we encourage you to look at relative to hardwood lumber
her log production sharp ends in a4 store chip bulletin number seven
and if you go to that site and look at publications find their publication
and I put my contact information but p
that that sorta wraps up the formal presentation
and first think there was one question about the mid-coast Maine
I think oh some the mid-coast Maine as the same kinda Stan structures that we
have
even down here I am home
trying to think about this is a woodlot worked up in there
saw a lot of strikeouts could say air opens I'll
your website in the that the tree search site
in the background all had to slash selection Indian
arm that should be if if if you look at your web browser that
should be open up right now
she
just talk about the timing for you
I
XP great we'll all people are
thinking and typing their questions only bring up her third and final
hole
spokes can please take just a minute to respond to that Jimmy give another great
presentation right on time
I am stand alone at last with her
your type you know this and in and the
you know the the onto the triple to cover that amount
well you know there's their most
ok ideally want morning it's hump trial judge not
I learned some type of night I don't think about the stuff a lot of three
people in the past lights on
route salomon scans unions dozens
I call SPG solo
yeah your and and we've looked at that rush on here
the survey can also be thinking as hang out there doing ok stand questions
in a maybe should have already had a couple one large dams we see
it some stand could be stopped sprout or extend then on the other five are going
to
another 100 on bomb how many stem I'll remove watch Tom so when can probably
want to do it before their
say five inches in diameter 6 inch diameter all
Jim responded you would could take it down to one
I generally say you could take a downed true
eg ideally down one bit you have to know that you're gonna try to park now I'm
sorry under
okay with that go ahead you want to be a slower
on this topic as awesome boy their point of origin
all that being that as they
grow out ok develop you crotch
bother autumn rather the crotch that you crush
indicates it you'd all have joined yep treat those
individuals rather than single tree
you can want all
and that would be in in anything that we
HP she 11 your solid
I'll parents for church talk honestly about undergrowth
Kurt shady crop tree stems up I've been in Germany
twice had the opportunity
culture and development they certainly can to carry a lot more stalking
we audited region H lanting
Hall I've seen them already plant on meter by meter shatters
ideas carried a step forward so that their
York only is grown about a sixteenth image or
hearings m diameter aren't carrying
Beach in the understory shading are I think if you
I don't think that that's necessary we haven't seen it in our research
I okay particularly excited about it seems like it's quite best
carry
I'm a month motivated
0 Bob national questions all are reducing
little stain arched little stain in red oak
I don't know that I can address that pic ever thought a whole lot about it
but I have heard about it generally replaced
full
television x culture
but that's an interesting question bob about the hemlocks
as trainers and you know that comes back to the idea
%uh reducing at the core makes may be shot in a min to
into higher higher high class is on the hearts
my wife and I have a a property in north-central Pennsylvania
thats red oak founded by
by hemlock and they've got some nice balls but I suspect they would add
pretty nice goals
out there hemlock 0 however I'm gonna take advantage at the hemlock
smaller this summer got a phenomenal
ok she crop least here in Central title nom eager to get up into the northern
part States yet
at the same kind there if we do
my intent is to sell all a lot of the hemlock around the red oak
Bay up your French
maybe I can capture some that red oak siege
hours as red oak really only siege about every
four to 12 years here we r
so I'd love to be able to capture that he on the force
more and start to set myself up and all
home last night here P Lee
trainer trees would be ones that would be company and underneath the canopy ok
the
tree that I wanna grow hope sorted the German kind of an idea
keeping shade on the stem putting the crowning competition moving it up
foes it should be coming in below in scorching
forcing the trees above them to continue
up kinda way I would enter
my dad soft
she
yes i engineer fine well trainer trees are
and hemlock has to be growing in the south side of the red oak tree
almost you mean by that bob
yeah now the up the whole I bob just brought up the point about the
a mid-level trees that might
be in a stand important ecological thing to always think about
look at light higher like higher shade is in the canopy
Last Dance India buys
size with us on in the race coming coming from that big
orb in the sky actually allows like to move past
surface highway its last
as she gets closer first
or like which a Hornby
striped maple peach rush those changes things
that light is close earns
azzam very very dense shade it also has a relatively
or like quality you always have to think about
low shade quickly as it relates to richer
though that some think about
the IKE Bob duration: a point at the hemlock on assaults I would be a better
trainer than am walk on the north side
sure all I think in this case I'm gonna have enough hemlock left a mother to
worry about it either
wax that's a good point
right
but
gym
like more
and is asking a question about suggestions on how to protect hardwood
trees from an online
handles in the winter time in an absolute might could clarify that if
thats
those are I'm assuming those are forced to resign I guess the
next question would be if he knows what those naw I aint in a guy was looking
for their
the answer from my Canadian see it yet Tom bob raises no English to
two things that I've seen in red oak well damage in
hotel damn ugly round box Robin area nursed
on Sat planes in the owners our minds
and shantytowns I seedlings
sizes then I've I've got rentals I manage
for university that doesn't have any competition round about it
0 right which persons her quality there
some the sites were working on to the Bureau of Forestry in a long-term
regeneration site
project we have we have almost no conifers in those dancing
grosses carrier rattle don't know that I make that linkage entirely but
to up red oak and and hemlock are often associated
there
Tim Davis noticed that a lot of the pictures I had didn't have a lot of
understory
I'll that relate a lot of times to the white-tailed deer
although where you saw cutting relatively fresh cutting obviously we
had taken
under story structure out are in harvesting activity
but a lot of times we just don't have much happening on the foreshore
other than those things that your eat you might recall that there was a
picture of of some black cherry
0 in a series
for an and the only thing grown in the understory was
birch
home you mention harvesting before treaty rage how can I recognize this
I'll I was talking about there
the idea that that you know tree trees do reach
physiological majority and
it's not common that you're gonna grow a tree to
logic likely to take its
economic 0
some other work that's been done by the Allegheny
are the Northeast force Experiment Station suggested hard which stands
that when we start to have average
and diameter approaching eighteen inches
we're probably reaching the point where
we shorter reached economic majority
other rate immortality is gonna start
be so high that it's going to offset our growth rate
as Italy at five at an average standout diameter over 18 inches I'm probably
I'll
carrying it saying ok stand-up 60s damn so if I lose one up sixty stems that
you're out Los
if amount of money so can you recognize it no I think you have to be sure to be
paying attention to how to stanch moving
to
potato chips okay um yeah
%uh Mikes raising a question about trying to grow hardwoods in
in Oldfield sites I'll it's always a challenge
and a couple things to think about their
all one is to reduce the the crash
popper or in the stand a
in the field all lawyers probably pretty expensive but herbicide applications at
least
are it probably in bands
round it reached in the Rosewood the
the advantageous if its natural regeneration making some decisions about
which trees you wanna
shorter protected in removing vegetation around them could be helpful
all I would also consider ways that I might put perches in the stand
or in the field perch things that might my text like
hawkish Raptors sheesh
howls
Fox those kinda things it would be Bickley
hard on probably
metal porch rather than mice all
there are opportunities debate are the same species and I'm not up to date on
the Kaiser beatch
the legality
black ass
I have no knowledge black cashed that I can
artist Paul Sep
that show looks wise black ash is a species that's associated with whether
sites
be lookin for the site at the siege
source and the potential to grow it but I don't know anything about it
I know that white ash is relatively shaded holiday early in aged and
initiation
its tolerance ships azima tortured by the time
but about five or six inches in diameter is pretty shade in taller
I was suggested you a check the Celtics
of North America trees which you can locate haunt research
US for sures webs
Bob duration: a question about scarification
for regeneration that's an interesting
are question it's one we've been trying to look at what some of our regeneration
work
here in Pennsylvania it's interesting about red oak
ok if you've ever looked at the timing I'll acorn drop
it'll drop a check or should be four drops sleeved
and so it tends to sell barrier take orange
out you can get those acorns a little deeper scarification
or disturbance at the site in a min contact
mineral soil i think thats church Vantage
arm maple on not wheels though you're with
I know red maple doesn't require much care for k she
she lot germination
sugar maple black cherry has see
easily into the
the later it as out
Nick problem very
understory have any sector other -1
all Sri
don't think so arm you know
wanna come when it comes to looking at
stand development and quality development
its each really where the crowns are an honest and structure and density
and you don't open it up too much too quickly
much done that earlier all
so in oil and
I don't think that it really has a a lot of impact
it's certainly going to have an impact on regeneration once I got to stand
established
I don't think that's a particular issue as far as bob's question about
bill's question about leading all hops in stance
and returning stuff too the job site
yeah I think that always a good idea I try to encourage people to leave
ops in a stand up because the micronutrients associated with them
and oh they do act as
natural barriers word because here are
leaders have opportunity and doesn't take a whole lot of slashed to deter
them sometimes from
taken some other things that I'd like to have option good
needle stick around long enough oughta a lot
H age raising questions about robust
or blackberry on my actually offs
advocate for blackberrys I'd like to see blackberry
kurdistan we noticed
and it's been documented in the literature that there's a influence
blackberry on koernke's if I am
BlackBerrys commandos and hell of it excludes earned
other thing is that Blackberry sharper for bear fruit
if I get blackberry at office just
your densities may be low enough like establish creature
which the other thing is that Blackberry I'm endorsed and immediately after
disturbance
and they bind up above the the elements that would normally leach out of the
stand and
and grab it and hold it and then having biannual Kane
that buyout wall relatively quickly
actually releasing that back into the site recycling nutrients
and hardwood trees will come up through
blackberries and so there they're all kinda wonderful things
Oshie with blackberries not mention
fail to mention pies up
I me
actually octopi and thanks everybody for showing up
well on that note
let's sing I had no idea I do hope your BlackBerry
via BlackBerry game are and in Blackbird for all the reasons you mentioned as
well
this is such a move done a wonderful job I really appreciate that
caustic I'm an effort you put into this in I
yes I appreciate all the audience are stick around this year's
great questions I'll and I look forward to seeing you all at
concert here in the future so have a great evening enough have fun in your
words
in thanks again to jam
on looking to the west the Sun is cool
down over the richest in buying our house
I can see that reach you work stick around for just a minute jim
just right red union
worship
the office I had a are
Hannah heavy clouds getting it well that our closet doors
could get a website link well I finally had to go to
netscape netscape
the other one skate doesn't exist
who were are you are you coming for