hi I'm Mouse until welcome to organic 嗨，我是鼠标，直到欢迎有机
chemistry unlock with so much to cover 化学有这么多的开锁覆盖
so let's get started before we get 所以让我们去取之前的开始
started you will need to know all of 开始，你需要知道的一切
these beginnings which will apply for 这些开始将申请
basically anything that will be naming 基本上所有的都 命名
shortly so copy these down or whatever 不久，所以复制这些故障或任何
but no lovey 但没有卿卿我我
okay first let's talk about naming 好吧首先让我们来谈谈命名
alkanes the simplest organic molecules 烷烃的最简单的有机分子
so all organic molecules have carbons so 因此，所有的有机分子具有这样的碳
and all alkanes have an an ending so if 和所有的烷烃有一个结局，所以如果
we want to draw an alkane with a mess 我们要画烷烃了乱七八糟
beginning that means that there's one 开始这意味着有一个
carbon so there's one carbon and recall 碳所以有一个碳和召回
that carbons have four valence electrons 该碳原子具有四个价电子
so they want eight and hydrogen's have 所以他们希望八氢的有
one valence electron and they want one 一个价电子，他们想要一个
so if four hydrogen's bond to one carbon 因此，如果四个氢的键合到一个碳
then they're all the valence shells of 那么他们的全部价电子层
all these atoms are complete and this is 所有这些原子是完整的，这是
methane so this is methane we take the 甲烷所以这是我们采取的甲烷
mess from the one beginning and the aim 从一个起点和目标的混乱
from five coats and alkane and alkane is 从五个大衣和烷烃和烷烃是
an organic molecule and that has only 的有机分子，并且具有仅
single bonds so please know that only 单键所以请知道，只有
single bonds so that's methane if if we 单键所以这是甲烷，如果，如果我们
wanted to make F Ain we would have two 想让˚F艾因我们将有两个
carbons to look see we have two carbons 碳看看到我们有两个碳
then we need to fill all these HSN so 那么我们需要填补所有的HSN所以
two carbons you would need six H's for 两个碳原子，你会需要六家H公司的
all everyone have a full valence 每个人都拥有一个完整的价
electron and because there's two and 电子和因为有两个
this would be effing and the formula for 这将是和艾芬公式
this is let's see - and there's h8 here 这让我们看到-而这里有H8
sorry h6 and the formula for any alkane 遗憾H6 和任何烷烃式
is she and any number and then any 是她和任何数字，然后任何
double that number Plus that with my 这一数字翻番加上我
face 面对
double that number 2 n plus 2 so if it 这一数字翻番2 N加上2所以如果
was pentane which is like pen like this 物戊烷是喜欢这样的笔
there's 5 carbons and I'm not going to 有5个碳原子，我不打算
draw the HS blah blah blah but it would 绘制HS等等等等，但它会
be pentane would be um c5h12 because 将戊烷将UMC5H12， 因为
it's 5 times 2 plus a plus 2 它的5 次加2加 2
all right I have butane drawn here 好吧，我已经在这里丁烷画
because butte beginning plus bit MLK and 因为布特开始加位MLK和
ending so butane this formula c4h10 结束所以丁烷这个公式C4H10
repeal from map but there's another way 从地图废除，但有另一种方式
to draw this because it's kind of 作出这样的，因为它是一种
annoying I've tried out all these HS and 讨厌我已经尝试了所有这些HS和
we just make a little something like 我们只是做了一点像
that now each end point here represents 现在每个端点 代表在这里
a carbon so all these are carbons and we 碳因此，所有这些都是碳和我们
just assume that any extra Blom 只是假设，任何额外的布洛姆
electrons that carbon have are responded 碳已被电子回应
to hydrogens but we normally don't draw 以氢，但我们一般不画
in the hydrogen's but here they are just 在氢的，但在这里，他们只是
so you know so this is another way of 所以你知道，所以这是另一种方式
drawing butane and so we use these this 绘图丁烷，所以我们用这些本
exact method a lot like you could draw 具体方法有很多像你这样的可以借鉴
let's see would you feel like that is 1 让我们来看看，你会觉得这是1
2 3 4 5 6 to this and there's only 2 34 5 6此，有只
single bonds hexane okay 单键己烷没关系
all right so we know that this is 没事，所以我们知道这是
pentane because there's five end points 戊烷因为有五个终点
but what if we added a branch like that 但如果我们增加了一个分支一样，
um well first in order to name this we 嗯以及第一顺序来命名这个我们
need to find the longest branch possible 需要找到最长的分支可能
and again this is you could go one two 并再次，这是你可以去一二
three four five and it would be pentane 三四五 ，这将是戊烷
something or you could start here and 东西或者你可以从这里开始和
make this the first one the 1 2 3 4 5 so 这使得 第一个中的1 2 3 45， 从而
it's some sort of pentane so we write 这是某种形式的戊烷， 所以我们写
pentane and now let's say this is our 戊烷和现在让我们说这是我们的
end point so this is our pentane chain 终点所以这是我们戊烷链
and then there's this little extra thing 然后还有这个小东西外
this is also a carbon sticking out and 这也是一个碳伸出和
it's coming off of the second carbon of 它即将关闭的第二个碳
the main parent chain so we write a 2 主父链，所以我们写了2
and there's only one carbon so we use 而且也只有一个碳，所以我们使用
that mess beginning and because it's a 那件事情开始，因为它是一个
branch we write I am a while so this is 分支，我们写我一会儿，所以这是
2 methyl pentane if we were given what 2甲基戊烷，如果我们得到了什么
is that um hexane and we added a branch 是UM己烷，我们增加了一个分支
like that well like I was saying you 类似的还有像我说你
have to find the longest chain possible 必须找到链最长可能
so you could either go 1 2 3 4 5 6 I get 所以你可以去任何1 2 3 4 5 6我得到
stuck here 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 此处卡住1 234 5 6 12 34 5 6 7
oh so this is the longest chain if you 哦，所以这是，如果你的最长链
count like that 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 so this is 算这样的1 2 3 4 5 6 7，所以这是
not a form of hexane it's a form of 不是己烷的形式，它是一种形式
heptane so right heptane and so if this 庚如此正确庚烷和因此，如果这
is our parent chain then the branch 就是我们的父母链然后在该分支
comes off here and there's a carbon here 这里脱落而这里有一个碳
and curve in there so it's coming off of 曲线在那里，所以它脱落 的
the fourth branch then we there's two 第四分支那么，我们有两家
carbons on the little extra branch so 碳上一点额外的分公司，使
roots a ethane so at full because it's a 根一乙烷所以满，因为它是一个
chain F for ethyl heptane and I'm gonna 链F代表乙基庚烷和我要去
realize because it's all one word and 实现，因为它是所有一个字，
let's say you started counting from here 假设你开始从这里计数
the other side 1 2 3 4 it doesn't matter 的另一侧1 2 3 4不要紧
but it would matter if the 但它会如果事情
chain was elsewhere I give it started to 链是其他地方我给它开始
hear or something then you couldn't 听到什么，那么你可以不
start from the side you'd have to start 从你不得不开始侧开始
missing because you want this to be the 因为缺少你想这是
lowest number possible okay don't panic 最低数量可能没事不要惊慌
when you see this we just have to thank 当你看到这一点，我们只是要感谢
so first we find the longest chain 所以首先我们看到的最长链
possible which is this one starting here 可能是这一个从这里开始
one two three four five six or we could 一二三四五六，我们可以
start going up that way doesn't matter 开始往上走这种方式并不重要
and so it's some sort of hexane and 所以这是某种形式的己烷，
there's a group on this three in this 有关于这三本中的一组
dish one carbon so three but we don't 抛出一个碳所以三，但我们不这样做
have to write the methyl part yet 必须编写甲基部分还
because there's also one on four so we 因为有一个也是四个，所以我们
put a comma three four and there's two 加上一个逗号三，四，有两家
methyl we can't just do three four 甲基我们不能只是做三， 四
methyl that since there's two of that 甲基是因为有两个 是
group we put three four dye methyl 组我们把三个，四种染料甲基
hexane can you read that before dynamics 正己烷您可以读取 动态前
dimethyl hexane and this is all one word 甲基己烷， 这是所有一个字
okay 好的
let's start off with words instead of 让我们先从单词代替
symbols first and no problems with four 符号第一，四没有问题
or five dyed purple decane let's start 五个染成紫色癸让我们开始
with the decking by drawing a ten long 通过绘制天珑的装饰
chain so one two three four five six 链，一二三四五六
seven eight nine ten and on the fourth 七八 九十，并在第四
and fifth carbons there is a propyl 和第五碳原子有一丙基
group which is a group of three carpet 这是三个一组的地毯组
so we go to the fourth carbon one two 所以我们去第四碳一二
three four go on to 3 because this is my 三四去到3，因为这是我的
tendency and on the fifth one one two 倾向和第五个一二
three and that's it dad purple Duncan 三就是它的爸爸紫色邓肯
get it okay we just covered alkane so 得到它没关系，我们只是覆盖烷烃所以
let's now talk about alkenes so an 现在让我们来谈谈烯烃这样的
alkene is different because it has one 烯烃是不同的，因为它有一个
or more double bonds and so I'm going to 或多个双键，所以我要去
go back to the molecular structure 回去的分子结构
drawing way so let's say you have a 绘图的方式让我们假设你有一个
double bond symbolized by that with a 双键通过用符号
two month and more carbons and I'll draw 2个月多的碳和我就画
in the H's so knowing our H is a second 在H的那么了解我们的H是第二
and when we get to the double bottom 当我们到达 双底
part start drawing our H and then we 部分开始绘制H和那我们
realize well carve in like I said once 实现以及雕刻在像我说一次
for more valence electrons it has one 更多的价电子它有一个
two three four so it doesn't need 一二三四所以它不需要
another one that's another one too just 另外一个，是一个又一个刚刚过
needs two more 需要两个多
to have for everyone have full valence 有大家 有充分的价
shells so when we write our formula and 贝壳所以当我们写公式和
then I c4h8 instead of ten like an 然后我C4H8 十 ，而不是像
alkane we'd have if this word butane but 烷烃我们不得不如果这个词丁烷但
instead this is butene just like with 这实际上是丁烯就像对待
the alkanes instead we take the env 烷烃相反，我们采取的ENV
ending this butene and as you can see 结束这场丁烯和你可以看到
the formula for any alkyne is C and then 对于任何炔公式 是C，然后
any number 8 - n okay okay let's say 任何数量的8 - N的还好还好我们说
that we were given 3 hub teen well we 我们给予3轮毂以及青少年我们
know attempt to there 7 3 4 5 6 7 ok and 知道企图有7 3 4 5 67确定和
this 3 specifies that the double bond 这3指定该双键
starts on the third carbon the 1 2 3 开始于第三个碳的1 2 3
it starts on this one or if you come 它开始于这一个或如果你来
from the side 1 2 3 it would be here and 从侧面12 3这将是在这里和
this wouldn't be there but it doesn't 这不会是有，但它不
matter it's just flip and that's it 不管它只是翻转，这就是它
let's say this is on the first carbon 让我们说，这是第一个碳
well we wouldn't have to say 1 hep teen 好，我们就不用说了1个HEP青少年
it's just given if there's no number in 它只是给定的，如果有一个在没有号码
front of this then you just put the 这前，那么你只需把
double bond on the first carbon ok take 在第一碳确定取双键
a look at this crazy thing so first I 看看这个疯狂的事情，所以我第一次
guess I have to find the longest chain 想我必须找到最长链
and it's just the parent chain right 它只是父权链
here and there's 1 2 3 4 在这里和那里的1 2 3 4
at six seven eight it's going to be some 在六七八这将是一些
sort of opt it's double bonds it's going 排序选择的 是双键这是怎么回事
to be some sort of octene and like I 是某种辛 烯和我一样
said we always want to make these 说我们总是希望让这些
branches the lowest numbers possible 分支机构的最低数量可能
like this would be two and three instead 像这将是两个和三个替代
of making them six and seven but this is 使他们六，七，但是这是
not the case because of this double bond 因为这种双键的情况并非如此
on this side we want this to be below 在这方面，我们希望这是下面
this number we don't want this to be 这个数字，我们不希望这是
let's see one two three four five six 让我们来看看一二三四五六
octene has to be two walking just 辛烯已是两个步行只需
because that's the rule it prioritizes 因为这是规则它优先
so this is going to be some sort of two 所以这将是某种形式的 两
octene so that means we have to start 辛烯所以这意味着我们要开始
counting from this sides just the rule 从这个侧面就在计数规则
three four five six seven eight 三四五六七八
so that means on the six there's an 以便在六意味着有一个
ethyl group and this is how we write 乙基，这是我们如何写
this we say 6a so like normal then 这一点，我们说6A所以像正常那么
another - seven - is a methyl group 另一个- 7 -为甲基
- - Octane's this is six so7 - -辛烷值的这款为六个SO7
methyl - octane and that reminds me if 甲基-辛烷和提醒我，如果
it were to be something like where the 它是被什么东西等，其中的
methyl comes first we still have to say 甲基至上，我们还是不得不说
the ethyl first if we're starting from 第一，如果我们从开始的乙基
this side just pretend that we were 这一边假装我们是
starting from this side notice two three 从这个方面 出发 通知，二，三
there's a methyl and an ethyl group we 有一个甲基和乙基我们
have to say the ethyl first because it 不得不先说乙基因为它
comes in it comes first in alphabetical 进来这是第一位的字母
order one last quick alkene um example 订购的最后一个快速烯烃嗯例子
so let's see if you can roll up there's 让我们看看，如果你能卷起还有的
eight so there's some sort of Achtung 8所以有某种ACHTUNG的
because of the double bond and let's see 因为双键的，让我们看看
these are all methyl groups and they 这些全部为甲基和它们
come off with the third carbon chain and 与第三碳链脱落和
the fifth one and there's two so we 第五个，并有两家 ，所以我们
can't just say um three five a methyl it 不能只说嗯三五甲基它
has to be much more specific so we say 必须更加具体， 所以我们说
three three five what your Pete the 3 三三五片什么的皮特3
because it's twice and then that little 因为它是两次，然后那个小
- and there's they're all methyl groups - 还有就是他们全部为甲基
so we say try because there's the tri 所以我们说尝试，因为有三
methyl octane and we don't need to say 甲基辛烷和我们不需要说
the one remember because the double bond 一记得，因为双键
is on the first carbon oh yeah and if 是第一个碳噢，如果
there were four methyl groups like two 有四个甲基基团像两个
two four four beep tetra tetra methyl or 两个四4蜂鸣四四甲基或
whatever 随你
ba-ba-ba-ba-ba as you may guess an BA-BA-BA-BA-BA如你所猜测的
alkyne will have one or more triple 炔将有一个或多个三
bonds so I'm going to go back to our 债券所以我要回去给我们的
molecular structure 分子结构
let's take good old propane and turn it 让我们好好老丙烷，并把它
into pro pine by making a triple bond 成通过使一个三键的亲松
here so when I'm drawing those H's this 在这里，所以当我画这些H公司的这
four carbons normal has three and 四个碳正常的有三个
this carbon doesn't actually need any it 这种碳实际上并不需要任何IT
already has four one two three four and 已经有四一二三四和
then one day three four 后来有一天，三，四
so let me write our formula then let's 所以让我写我们的公式，然后让我们
see see a 3h one two three four how do 看的见一3H一二三四怎么办
we get that well then I'm to figure this 我们得到了很好然后我摸不着
out and the formula is C and then 出和式是C，然后
whatever number H 2 and minus 2 so 2 3 任何数量的H 2和减去2 SO 2 3
times 2 is 6 minus 2 is 4 次2是6减2是4-
ok let's make these real quickly this 好让我们 这些真正的快速这
has four carbons it is some sort of Bute 有四个碳时， 它是某种弼
and it's dribble once a few times y and 和它的运球连用数次y和
E and it's on the first carbon because E和它的第一个碳，因为
we can sit from this edge so don't need 我们可以从这个边缘坐所以不需要
to specify any number let's look at this 指定任意数量让我们来看看这个
one now one two three or one two so we 一个现在一二三或一二，所以我们
start on this side and count that way so 就在这一侧并计算这样如此
2 and I 1 2 3 4 5 2 a pen time and I 2 和I 1 2 3 4 5 2笔时间和我
mean the rest of this is basically just 意味着这剩下的基本上就是
the same as what we've been going over 一样的是我们已经在去
except there's triple bonds involved um 除了有参与三键UM
so I don't think we really need to go 所以我不认为我们真的需要去
over any more about alkynes for now a 在任何更多炔对现在
couple of things I haven't mentioned yet 夫妇的事情我还没有提到
before we go on well if we look at this 之前，我们去得很好，如果我们看看这个
some sort of Bute but this can't just be 某种弼 ，但这不能只是
butane because there's two double bonds 丁烷，因为有两个双键
and if there's two double bonds then we 如果有两个双键那么我们
say um beautif you to die and we need to 说嗯beautif你死，我们需要
specify where these start because i'm 指定这些启动，因为我是
double bond so you get 1 2 3 so it down 双键等你拿1 2 3这样下来
to 1 & 3 so this is 1 comma 3 到1和3， 所以这是1个逗号3
- butadiene okay if we look at the other -丁二烯好，如果我们看看其他
one let me do the same thing it doesn't 一个让我做它不是一回事
matter what side we start on and this 无论我们开始什么侧，这
this is some sort of hexene um but 这是某种形式的己烯微米，但
there's two so we say hexa die and it 有两家所以我们说六模具中，
says if I wear the double bonds start 说，如果我穿的双键开始
I'm Stefan decides that one two four two 我斯特凡决定一二四两
four hex of die okay I'm looking over 四个六角的死没关系，我找过
here as you can guess if there were 这里你可以猜测，如果有
three double bonds like in this case 三个双键像在这种情况下，
then Mike relates it to four six there 然后迈克它涉及到四六级有
it's off to off to try okay so know that 这是关关闭，以尝试好了，所以知道
let's look at these weird geometrical 让我们来看看这些奇怪的几何
shapes these are also organic compounds 这些形状也有机化合物
or organic molecules uh so there's five 或有机分子呃所以有5
carbons because each of these still 碳，因为每个这些仍然
equals and endpoints at some sort of 等于和端点在某种
pent there's no double or triple bonds 被压抑没有双键或三键
so some sort of pentane but this can't 所以某种 戊烷但这不能
just be pentane because there's going to 因为那里将仅仅是戊烷
be less hydrogen atoms then if it were 少的氢原子，然后，如果它是
in a straight chain so we say cyclo 在直链，所以我们说环
means it's in a circle so this is just 意味着它是一个圆圈，这只是
cyclopentane look at this one well hex 环戊烷看看这一个很好的十六进制
the double bonds hexene and sentencer 双键己烯和sentencer
coolest thing so sick whoa 最酷的事情这么恶心哇
we don't need to specify where it is 我们并不需要指定它在哪里
because if you just started counting 因为如果你刚开始计数
here then this would be the first end 这里，那么这将是第一端
you know so yeah so if we use all our 你知道，所以是的，所以如果我们用我们所有的
knowledge we would think that this is 知识，我们会认为这是
one three five cyclo hexa trying and it 一个三五环六尝试，它
is that we have special name for it it's 是，我们有专门的名称，它是
called benzene and benzene it can also 所谓的苯及苯它也可以
be written like this which is basically 这样写这基本上是
the same way but it's just showing that 以同样的方式，但它只是表明
it doesn't matter where these bonds are 没关系，这些地方债券
because you could always start counting 因为你总是可以开始计数
at a different spot and because these 在不同的点，而且因为这些
are the same 都是一样的
then we also can just draw benzene like 那么我们还可以只画像苯
this so if you ever see that lugnut 此所以如果你看到lugnut
thingy um then these are all forms of 啄嗯那么这些都是各种形式的
benzene and that's just the common name 苯那只是共同的名字
for it and you'll definitely have to 对于它，你肯定会要
know what this is another thing I 知道这是另一回事我
haven't talked about yet our saturated 还没有谈到我们尚未饱和
versus unsaturated hydrocarbons a 相对于不饱和烃的
saturated hydrocarbon is one in which 饱和烃是其中
there's only single bonds 这里只有单键
just like now came to any alkane is a is 就像来到了现在的任何烷烃是 为
a saturated hydrocarbon and this is 的饱和烃，这是
because it's called saturated because 因为这就是所谓的饱和，因为
these carbons all are connected or 这些碳所有被连接或
bonded to the maximum number of 键合到的最大数目
hydrogen's possible whereas in an alkene 氢可能，而在烯烃
and alkyne if we took that and added a 和炔如果我们采取了 和增加了
double bond then only drew our 那么双键只是提醒我们
hydrogen's well this is the maximum 氢的以及这是最大
number of hydrogen's that we can have in 氢的数量是我们可以在
this women um but if you weren't for 这个女人嗯，但如果你不是为了
that wasted um double bond we would be 浪费的UM双键我们将
able to have two more so its unsaturated 能有两个这样的不饱和
and don't quote me on this but I'm 不要引用我这一点，但我
pretty sure that any non alkane is an 可以肯定，任何非烷烃是
unsaturated hydrocarbon a pretty sure 不饱和烃相当肯定
lastly you need to know that there is a 最后，你需要知道，有 一个
third way to draw these things we've 画这些东西我们已经第三条道路
done it like that that's butene we've 做了这样的这丁烯我们已经
done it like this with all the H's and 与所有的H公司，做它像这样
I'm not going to waste my time drawing 我不会浪费我的时间绘制
all the edges in the third way is when 在第三个方式，所有的边缘时
you literally write it out so if there 你从字面上写出来所以如果有
are three H's on this one as we know 有个H就这一个，因为我们知道
this a ch3 then this one has two um so I 那么这一个CH3 这其中有两个嗯，所以我
said ch2 this one else has two ch2 ch3 说这CH2其他人有两个CH2 CH3
these are all butane 这些都是丁烷
a functional group is any group of atoms 的官能团是任意的原子团
attached to a hydrocarbon that gives it 附着于烃，赋予其
special reactive properties and there 特殊的反应特性，有
are tons of them but these seven are 吨人，但这些七都
just some of the main ones I'd say that 只是一些 主要的的我会说，
we're going to be going over there he 我们打算是想在那里他
lights um aldehydes ketones alcohols 灯庵醛酮醇
ethers esters and carboxylic acid so 醚酯和羧酸这样
let's get started let's first talk about 让我们开始吧！先说说
halide and before we go on this note 卤化物和之前我们走在这条笔记
that I'm not going to spend very much 说我不打算花太多
time on functional groups I'll go fit as 时间上的官能团，我会去适合作为
quickly as possible and if you don't 尽快，如果你不
understand then please see my longer 了解那么请看看我长
video which will have more examples and 视频将有更多的例子，
be more descriptive okay so for hey 更具描述性好所以哎
let's I'm going to start off with just 让我将只开始
simple propane what a halide is it's a 简单丙烷什么卤化物是它的一个
it's when you take a um halogen and you 这是当你把一个UM卤素和你
so you replace one of the hydrogens with 所以你更换一个氢与
a halogen you know like fluorine 你知道像氟卤素
chlorine bromine stuff like that okay 氯溴类的东西好吗
so let's replace one of the H's with 让我们更换H公司之一，
Quine looks like that 奎因看起来像
so now there's a coin attached to the 所以现在有连接到一个硬币
first carbon and so we just name this 第一碳，所以我们仅举这
core Rho propane and this is all one 核心的Rho丙烷，这是一个所有
word for propane and just like with 意为丙烷，只是像
alkenes and all kinds if this were on 烯烃和各类，如果这是在
the second then we just this by two 第二那么我们就这两个
chloro propane okay and if this were 氯丙烷没关系，如果这是
bromine then it would be bromo and if it 溴那么这将是溴并且如果它
were fluorine will be floral propane 是氟会花丙烷
oops okay and this is all one word all 哎呀很好，而且这一切都是一个字都
right so those are hailey eyes real 右所以这些都是真正的黑利的眼睛
quickly next let's talk about alcohols 很快接下来，让我们来谈谈醇
when we name an alcohol it has an O L 当我们将其命名酒精它有一个0 1
ending like methanol this is the 如甲醇结束，这是
simplest alcohol and the mess evidently 最简单的酒精和明显的混乱
um means there's gonna be one carbon the 嗯意味着会是一个碳
o L means 11 Oh a CH is an alcohol is a 0 1装置11哦CH是醇是
fine fat oxygen and a hydrogen bond 细脂肪氧和氢键
together bonded to the carbon chain 一起键合到碳链
which of course is just bonded with any 这当然仅仅是键合有任何
extra it just so this is methanol and so 额外的，它只是所以这是甲醇等
anytime you see this is Oh H and that's 任何时候你看这是OH H，这就是
it attached to a carbon chain then it's 它连接到碳链那么它的
an alcohol and we define alcohol symbol 醇与我们定义酒精符号
just like this and this are means rest 就这样，是这意味着休息
of the carbon chain it so the R and time 碳链的它，以便将R和时间
you see this it means like the rest of 你看这意味着像其余
the molecule or respect the carbon chain 所述分子或相对于碳链
basically 基本上
carbon chain or my favorite residue you 碳链或我最喜欢你残留
know like the leftover stuff after you 知道像你以后的吃剩的东西
look at the that what am I saying 看看那我说什么
oh the functional group okay so that's 哦，没关系的官能团，所以这是
messing methanol and you can tell 搞乱甲醇你可以告诉
because Oh H okay moving on aldehydes 因为醛OH H好的运动
characterized just like this it's C 特点就像这一点，公司的C
double bonded to an O also singly bonded 双键键合到O也单键键合
to an H remember this is just the rest 在H记住，这仅仅是休息
of the molecule so and to do this group 分子因此而要做到这组
it has to be at the end of the molecule 它必须是在分子的端部
always okay so thinking of the symbolist 总行了吧这么想着的象征的
aldehyde we just take one carbon and do 醛，我们只取一个碳，做
that so H double O and the rest of the 该SO 3 H双O和的休息
molecule we think 1 2 3 it needs 4 bump 分子我们认为1 23，它需要4凸点
just another H so this right here is the 只是另一个h后，这一权利在这里是
simplest aldehyde and it's called math 简单的醛，这就是所谓的数学
and now with an Al ending these 现在有铝结束这些
aldehydes with an al ending um so that's 与人醛结束嗯，这样的
what we normally name it with our 我们通常用它命名我们
standard naming system but this is also 标准的命名系统，但是这也是
called formaldehyde it just is it's just 所谓的甲醛，它不过它只是
the common name oh and like I was saying 共同的名字哦，就像我说的话
uh tons of different chemicals have 呃吨不同的化学物质有
common names but I'm just mainly going 共同的名字，但我只是去为主
to be covering the ways that we would 要覆盖的方式，我们将
name it so anyways ketones here is the 它命名为这样反正酮这里是
Gripen for ketones it's a carbon chain 鹰狮酮体它的碳链
and double bonded if c double bonded to 和双键如果c双键结合
an ax and another carbon chain and the 斧子和另一个碳链和
posture free this means that this 姿态释放，这意味着这
primary doesn't have to be the exact 主要不一定是准确的
same is expect to be 3 carbons on the 同样是期望是对 3个碳
side and 4 on the side but this has to 侧和4侧不过这次
be in as close to the middle as possible 在尽量靠近中间尽可能
it can't be on the end like an aldehyde 它不能像醛结束
otherwise it would be an aldehyde 否则这将是一个醛
and the ending when Minnie Mickey tone 和结束时，米妮米奇音
is owned not one but own so drawing the 是不是所有的人，但拥有如此绘制
simplest one I'll go back to this method 我会回到这个方法最简单的一个
now because remember there's so many 因为现在还记得有这么多
different ways to draw all these things 不同的方法来绘制所有这些事情
and go like that and this would be one 去这样的，这将是一个
two three four butte unknown butanone 一二 三四孤山未知丁酮
okay and we don't have to specify two or 还好，我们不必指定两个或
three butanone because we know that this 3个丁酮，因为我们知道这
is as middle as possible okay next up is 是中间尽可能好接下来是
the carboxylic acid the grouping is a 所述羧酸的分组是一
messy double bond between Oso a carboxyl 奥索羧基之间凌乱双键
group also with an O H it's kind of like 集团还与OH它有点像
a mix between an aldehyde and an alcohol 醛和醇之间的混合
and this must come at the end of the 而这必须付出的结束
molecule that and name what for a 分子，并命名为哪一个
carboxylic acid is a weak acid so let's 羧酸是一种弱酸让 我们
draw our anything I'll go back to this 把我们的东西，我会回到这个
message method ch3 ch2 ch2 Oh see Oh H 消息的方法CH3 CH2 CH2哦看到OHH
Oh 哦
okay so if we do it this way make it 好了，所以，如果我们做这样 使它
look good see there's four carbons so 好看看到有四个碳等等
beaut it's this whole grouping so BEAUT这是这整个组合，这样
butanoic acid alright moving on let's 丁酸好吗移动开始，让我们
talk about esters here is the flan 谈论酯这里是馅饼
formula 式
it's a si double si double bond to do 这是一个双SI SI双键做
now also singly bonded to an out and 现在还单独键合到一个彻头彻尾
it's somewhere in the middle of a carbon 它在碳的中间位置
chain it's not on the end um and I'm not 连锁它不是结束嗯，我不
really going to get into naming these 真的要进入这些命名
but if you don't know an ester is it's 但如果你不知道的酯是它的
usually responsible for smells like the 通常负责，如气味
banana smelly or whatever it's you smell 香蕉臭或不管它是你闻
that because of esters and I will tell 因为酯的，我会告诉
you how to recognize them just if you 你如何识别它们只是如果你
see anything like this one second okay 看到像这1秒中什么好
if you see anything like this just be 如果你看到这样的事情仅仅是
able to tell that it's an ester because 能够告诉它的酯，因为
of this 这个的
and it is the only functional group that 并且它是唯一的官能团
we're covering there's two oxygens so 我们覆盖有两个氧等等
but again I'm not really going to get 但再次声明，我不是真的要弄
into naming this because it's a little 为命名，是因为它是一个小
more complicated than the other things 比其他事情更复杂
but just be able to tell that that's an 但只能够 告诉这是一个
ester if you also mix this up with 酯，如果你也有这种混合起来
ethers a lot um but one way to tell each 缩水甘油醚中的很多嗯，但一个方式告诉每
ester kind of sounds like Easter and 酯那种听起来像复活节和
Easter has like a lot of Easter eggs so 复活节有一个像很多的复活节彩蛋等等
yeah maybe I can help you remember next 是啊，也许我可以帮你记住下
we have ethers they're characterized by 我们有醚他们特点
a single oxygen awkwardly sitting in 单个氧笨拙地坐在
between some carbon chains okay 一些碳链之间好吗
that's strong one I'll go back to the 这是一个强大的，我会回去的
zigzag method and get rid of this so 锯齿形方法， 摆脱这种所以
this is not a carbon here and put an 这不是一个碳这里，把一个
oxygen and the way we named these is 氧气和我们这些命名的方法是
first we say ether it's just the endings 首先我们说醚它只是结局
just saying if you're at the end and we 只是说，如果你在最后，我们
look at what's on either side of the 看对的两侧什么
oxygen on this side we have two carbons 在这一侧的氧气，我们有两个碳
and on this side we have one carbon and 并在此方面，我们有一个碳和
we put we have to go in alphabetical 我们把我们的字母去
order so this is a methyl group and this 为了所以这是一个甲基，这
is an ethyl group so the ethyl actually 是乙基所以实际上乙基
has to come first 有先来
first so we say ethyl methyl ether and 第一所以我们说乙基甲基醚和
this time they actually are spaces in 这个时候，他们实际上是在空间
between okay this is three separate 还好之间，这是三个独立的
words okay and quickly let's look at 话还好，迅速让我们来看看
dimethyl ether how do we draw either 二甲醚我们怎么要么画
means there's an O in the middle there's 意味着有中间的O有
two mouths methyl group so we put it 两张嘴甲基所以我们把它
Midway oh yeah so yeah a methyl group on 中途噢所以是甲基上
that said a methyl group on aceh I meant 在于：所述上阿齐 甲基 我的意思
it 它
so it's dimethyl ether right there oh we 所以它的二甲醚在那里哦，我们
could draw carbon o carbon with all the 可以得出碳％炭与所有的
H's well I'm not going to waste your H公司以及我不会浪费你的
time and all they just here's an awesome 时间和所有他们只是在这里是一个真棒
shirt about like everything we've 衬衫约好像一切我们已经
covered so far so pause don't copy it 覆盖到目前为止，一切都停顿不复制
down yeah so here's some things that I 下来是啊所以这里的一些事情，我
still haven't covered yet like I forgot 还没有涉及但像我忘了
to mention that N in front of something 一提的是N的东西前
just like we can have 就像我们可以有
two pentane or three pentene to specify 2个戊烷或三个戊烯，以指定
where the double bond is um or if we 其中双键UM或者如果我们
have n pentane for instance that just 有例如ň戊烷，只是
means that the pentane is going to be in 意味着，戊烷将是在
a straight chain like that or like that 的直链那样的或类似的
these are the same exact thing and I'm 这些都是同样的事情，我
not going to draw on the edges it just 不会画上边缘，它只是
reminds you that this is in a straight 提醒你，这是在一条直线
chain and it's not necessary if I decide 链，它不是必要的，如果我决定
pentane it'd still be the same okay and 戊烷它会仍然是一样的好和
the reason why sometimes people specify 为什么有时人说明原因
that it's in a straight chain is because 它是在一个直链是因为
stuff your things like pentane have 东西你喜欢的东西有戊烷
isomers now what is an isomer an isomer 同分异构体，现在是什么的异构体
is a something that has the things I 是有一个东西我的东西
have the same molecular formula but 具有相同的分子式但
different structural formulas so let's 不同的结构式让我们
look at hexane whose um 看正己烷，其UM
molecular formula is C 6 H 分子式为C 6 H
so there's different ways to draw this 所以有不同的 方法来画这个
and the different structural formulas 和不同的结构式
but they'll all have the same formula 但他们都会有相同的公式
c6h14 C6H14
and let me explain for instance we could 让我比如我们可以解释
draw hexane just the normal way like 画正己烷只是正常的方式一样
that they're all this in a straight line 他们是这一切都在一条直线上
and this is just n hexane or we can just 而这仅仅是正己烷或是我们可以把
call it over here um so we just call it 把它在这里嗯，所以我们叫它
normal hexane it doesn't have to have 正己烷它不必有
the UM then n that's another way well if 在UM那么n这是另一种方式好，如果
you think about it if you drew a little 你想想看，如果你画了一个小
something like this but looks like some 这样的事情，但看起来像一些
sort of pentane and it is this is 2 排序戊烷，这是这是2
methyl pentane oops one word uh but if 甲基戊烷糟糕一个字呃但如果
you added up all the carbons hydrogens 你加起来所有的氢碳
it would be c6h14 so this is an isomer 这将是C6H14，所以这是一个异构体
of hexane we kept thinking you'd come up 正己烷我们想保持你上来
with but 但与
in which the methyl group is on the 其中甲基是在
third carbon this is three methyl 第三个碳，这是三个甲基
pentane mainly do that - to show that 戊烷主要做的-证明
this is one word also an isomer of 这是一个词也的异构体
hexane let's try another one 正己烷让我们尝试另一个
before we do something like that which 之前，我们做这样 的事情，其
would be two three dimethyl butane also 是二三 二甲基丁烷也
c6h14 an isomer of hexane and there's C6H14 正己烷的异构体 和有
one more that exists for hexane and it 存在于己烷和一个更多的
is that isomer this in which the methyl 是，此异构体，其中甲基
groups are on the same carbon so this is 基团是在相同的碳，所以这是
2 2 because remember we have to start on 22，因为记得我们不得不开始
the set to get to this faster so this 2 设定让这个快所以这2
to dimethyl butane and that's it these 为二丁烷，就是这样，这些
are all of the isomers of butane or 都是丁烷的异构体或
hexane and sorry if this one off-screen 己烷和对不起，如果这一个离屏
okay so you just have to think and make 好了，你只需要思考和做
sure you figure out all of the isomers 一定要弄清楚所有的异构体
if you're asked to so yeah that's one 如果你问那么是的，这是一个
isomer is oh and if you're still fuzzy 异构体是哦，如果你还在模糊
on antemer please watch the long version 在antemer请观看长版
of my video and you'll see another 我的视频，你会看到另一个
example 例
okay now I know that I covered 现在没事了，我知道 我所覆盖
unsaturated versus a traitor fats again 不饱和与叛徒脂肪再次
but I just wanted to mention that we all 但我只是想提一提，我们都
know I think that unsaturated fats are 知道我想的不饱和脂肪是
better for you and that is because of 更好地为您，这是因为
the double bonds which makes it so these 双键这使得它所以这些
less hydrogen's and it's not saturated 氢少的，它不是饱和
um it makes sunset treated pact easier 嗯这让夕阳处理协议更容易
to digest and less likely to coat the 消化并不太可能以涂覆
inside of your arteries that's because 你的动脉内这是因为
of the double or triple bonds so that's 该双键或三键的，这样的
a little something I'm bad 一个小东西我不好
next up amines and amides the formula 下一个向上的胺和酰胺的式
for and amine 对于和胺
is just the carbon chain with an nh-2 仅仅是具有 NH-2的碳链
attached and the formula for an amide is 附接并用于酰胺式是
our with the C double bond eterno a 我们与C双键ETERNO一
carboxyl group bonded to an NH 2 羧基键合到NH 2
okay so amines and amides know those I'm 好吧，胺和酰胺知道那些我
not going to give any examples no need 不会放弃任何例子不必
lastly we just have to cover that 最后，我们只需要覆盖
aromatic some when we're talking about 当我们谈论一些芳香
aromatics we're talking about benzene 我们谈论苯芳烃
aromatics are substituted versions of 芳烃基取代的版本
benzene you know when we substitute 苯你知道我们什么时候代替
hydrogen's for other things so if we 氢的其他的东西，所以如果我们
let's see if we substitute the first and 让我们看看，如果我们替换第一和
second hydrogens 第二氢
for something on the first and second 对于第一和第二的东西
carbons then we have an ortho beginning 碳，那么我们有邻开始
when we're naming things and this will 当我们命名的东西，这将
make more sense in a minute so just bear 更有意义的一分钟所以只是承担
with me for substituting the first and 跟我要代替第一和
third ones then we call it meta and the 第三者则称它元和
first and fourth it para okay and this 第一和第四是对好，这
will make sense in one second okay I've 才有意义一秒好吧，我已经
written this things off to the side and 写这个东西了，到一边，
remember benzene missile okay uh well 记得苯导弹行不行呵好
let's say we added a CL and a CL it's 比方说，我们增加了CL和CL它的
two chlorines how do we name that well 2个氯我们如何命名那好
instead of saying one two 而不是说一二
dichlorobenzene like you would think 二氯苯就像你会觉得
one two means or 'this so we just say or 一个两种手段或“这个，所以我们只是说或
so and then the - dichloro benzene okay 因此，然后-二氯苯好吗
that's really simple right and drive 这是很简单的权利和驱动器
that one off screen but just also 一个关闭屏幕只是还
dichlorobenzene 二氯苯
if this were on the first and third then 如果这是第一个和第三个再
we would just say meta dichlorobenzene 我们只想说元氯苯
so i've drawn out this way now just so 所以我拉出这样 ，现在只是让
you couldn't see how all the seas around 你看不到周围如何将所有的海洋
one age and let's take away this one and 一个时代，让我们带走这一个，
replace it with a fluorine let's take 用氟取代它让我们
away this one replaced by the fluorine 远离该一个由氟取代的
let me start counting 1 2 3 4 5 it's on 让我开始数1 2 3 4 5它的上
the one in 5 but wait no it's not we can 一个在5但等待不，这不是我们能
count counterclockwise 2 so 1 2 3 it's 算上逆时针2所以1 23这是
on the 1 & 3 在1和3
so do we say 1 3 fluorobenzene no we 所以我们说1个3氟苯没有我们
don't way to say meta meta - um 4o 没有办法说元元- UM40
benzene and I know I just added halogens 苯和我知道，我只是添加卤素
the last two times but do you have to do 过去两年时间，但你必须做
that no of course not 没有当然不是的
let's replace those and how about we 让我们来取代那些和我们怎么办
stick a see with this 3 H's you know a 坚持一看到你知道这3点小时的
methyl group this is a methyl group and 甲基，这是一个甲基基团和
let's go on to stick one on this one do 让我们继续坚持一个在这一个做
now what's this these are just two 现在这是什么，这些只是两个
methyl groups right and they're on the 甲基权利， 他们是在
first one and fourth carbon so we say 第一个和第四个碳所以我们说
para die methyl benzene alright 对模具甲基苯好吗
simple as that okay then that's it I'm 这么简单还行，然后就是这样，我
Mouse Intel and if you liked this video 鼠标英特尔，如果你喜欢这个视频
and please give it a like and if you're 并请给它一个像，如果你是
still confused check out the longer 仍然感到困惑退房时间越长
version of it of the video and it's more 它的视频的版本，它更
descriptive and longer uh and if you're 描述性和更长呃，如果你是
still confused after that then ask me a 还在迷茫之后，然后问我
question I'll try to get back to you 问题我会尽力尽快给您
that thanks for watching oh and sorry I 该感谢收看哦可惜我
didn't get to different types of organic 没有得到不同类型的有机
reactions 反应
maybe that will come later thank you bye 也许这会晚一点谢谢你，再见