翻译：Elsieee 后期：幼稚的小黄瓜
校对：西瓜胖胖 时间轴：幼稚的小黄瓜
这是爱尔兰岛 This is the island of Ireland
它从政治上被划分为两部分 一个是独立国家——爱尔兰共和国 The island is politically split between the Republic of Ireland an independent country
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另一部分是北爱尔兰跟苏格兰 英格兰和威尔士共同组成联合王国 and Northern Ireland, which, together with Scotland England and Wales, form the United Kingdom
为啥爱尔兰岛被分割成两部分了呢 这是啥时候发生的呢 But why exactly is the island split, And when did it happen
想完全了解这事儿的始末 我们要从12世纪说起 To fully understand the situation, we need to go all the way back to the 12th century
诺曼底人成功占领英格兰及并且掌权之后 after the Normans had successfully invaded England
他们继而决定侵略爱尔兰 and taken the throne, they decided to invade Ireland
拥有教皇阿德里安四世授权的亨利二世 Henry II, with the authorisation of Pope Adrian IV
为了加强教皇对爱尔兰教派的控制 to strengthen the Papacy’s control over
于1171年登陆爱尔兰岛并控制了岛上的大部分领土 the Irish Church, landed in Ireland in 1171,and took control of large parts of Ireland
第二年 爱尔兰建立了统治体系 And in the following year, the Lordship of Ireland was created
但爱尔兰之王也是英格兰的国王 in which the Lord of Ireland was also the King of England
爱尔兰主权是由英格兰国王控制的罗马教皇领地 The Lordship of Ireland was a Papal Possession held by the King of England
这也开启了之后几个世纪英国 乃至英联邦在爱尔兰岛的统治规则 This was the beginning of what would become centuries of English, and later British rule,over the island of Ireland
官方称爱尔兰对整个爱尔兰岛享有统治权 Officially, the Lordship of Ireland ruled the over entire island
但事实上 受控的地区小太多了 but in reality, control was much less than this
很多年来 英国对于爱尔兰地区的控制减弱了很多次 And over the years, English control of Ireland receded over time
有一次发生在爱尔兰和英格兰出现宗教信仰分歧之前 This was a time before there was a religious difference between Ireland and England
在新教出现之前 英格兰人和本土爱尔兰人都信奉天主教 The English and Native Irish were both Catholic nations,as this was a time before the emergence of Protestantism
#注：新教指的就是基督教
大量诺曼底人登陆爱尔兰之后 开始吸收爱尔兰文化 有些人还声称自己比爱尔兰人更爱尔兰化 So many of the Normans in Ireland assimilated into Irish culture and some were said to have become “more Irish than the Irish themselves”
一项禁止英格兰移民与盖尔族爱尔兰人通婚的法令就此颁布 Laws were introduced which banned intermarriage between English settlers and the Gaelic Irish
同时也禁止他们使用爱尔兰语 但这些法令基本没什么效用 as well as a ban on use of the Irish language,but these laws were largely ineffective
15世纪后期 英国统治区域被限制在很小的区域 大家都称之为帕莱地区 By the late 15th century, English rule was limited to an area known as The Pale
16世纪早期 新教徒改革运动在罗马天主教廷的支持下在欧洲展开 建立了基督教信仰一个新的分支 The early 16th century and what became known as the Protestant Reformation, in which many European powers turned their back on the Roman Catholic Church, forming a new branch of the Christian Faith
尽管这是一场宗教改革 但仍在政治上产生了影响 Although the Reformation was about religion, it also had a lot to do with politics as well
亨利八世当政期间 罗马教皇拒绝他想废除与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳之间婚约的请求 With Henry VIII as the King of England, the Pope refused to allow him to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
这也是导致亨利八世与罗马天主教闹掰的众多原因之一 之后他建立了英格兰教会 This, as well as other contributing factors, caused Henry VIII to break away from the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England
他自己当领导人 with himself as the leader
这下子 作为罗马教皇授权下英国统治的爱尔兰 情况就变得不好确定了 With this, the situation in Ireland became uncertain, as Ireland was a Papal possession with the King of England as Lord of Ireland
1542年 在爱尔兰国会的鼓动下 亨利八世被加冕为爱尔兰国王 In 1542, after an Act of Irish Parliament,Henry VIII was proclaimed King of Ireland
爱尔兰主权成为了爱尔兰王国 as the Lordship of Ireland became the Kingdom of Ireland
但在天主教势力之下的欧洲地区 并不承认亨利八世的地位 However, Henry VIII was not recognised by the Catholic powers throughout Europe
1547年亨利八世死后 他9岁的儿子爱德华六世继承了王位 After Henry VIII’s death in 1547, his Protestant-raised 9-year-old son Edward VI ascended to the throne
但没过几年 这孩子因为疾病的原因 在15岁去世了 but he died of illness just a few years later at the age of 15
亨利八世的女儿玛丽一世是下一任接替者 因为比自己的兄弟爱德华大了近20岁 Mary I, Henry VIII’s daughter, was next in line to the throne, and since Mary was nearly 20 years older than her half-brother Edward
于是她在新教改革之前就登上了王位 所以他们也是天主教徒 she was raised before the Protestant Reformation,and was therefore Catholic
玛丽一世也因此被认做爱尔兰女王 Because of this,Mary I was recognised as the Queen of Ireland
爱尔兰对罗马教皇保持忠诚 几乎整个岛都信奉天主教 Ireland had remained loyal to the Pope and the island was almost entirely Catholic
1603年 伊丽莎白一世去世之后 都铎王朝落幕 In 1603, after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, the last of the Tudor Dynasty
苏格兰的詹姆士六世成为英国国王 James VI of Scotland also became King of England
他拥有特别的家族血统 因为他是苏格兰的玛丽一世的儿子 而且是亨利七世的曾曾孙 because of his somewhat unique family ancestry in which he was son of Mary I Queen of Scots and also the great-great-grandson of Henry VII
他被后世称作英国国王詹姆士一世 也是爱尔兰的国王 . He was therefore known as James I King of England, and also King of Ireland as well
这是一段苏格兰 英格兰和爱尔兰拥有共同君主的一个时期 This was known as the Union of Crowns in which Scotland, England and Ireland all shared a common monarch
1609年詹姆士一世在位期间 英国统治者从盖尔族爱尔兰人手中没收了土地 发起了阿尔斯特种植园殖民计划 In 1609, under James I’s reign, the Plantation of Ulster was a process by which Scottish and English settlers confiscated land from the Gaelic Irish
由于阿尔斯特在爱尔兰已经获得很多支持者 因此这被视为平定北方叛乱的一种方式 This was seen as a way to stop rebellion in the north, as Ulster had been a region of Ireland most resistant to English Rule
尽管在爱尔兰出现了大量的殖民者 但要说阿尔斯特殖民计划是成功的可能还差点意思 Although there had been plenty of plantations in Ireland throughout the years, the Plantation of Ulster was by far the most successful
几个世纪以来 新教殖民人口是一枝独秀 and within just a few decades, the Protestant colonist population was thriving
在北方的部分地区已经成了主要人口 and even made-up a majority in some areas in the north
1641年 阿尔斯特的爱尔兰天主教徒发起了反对殖民者的暴动 In 1641, Irish Catholics in Ulster staged a rebellion against the settlers
打响了爱尔兰天主教联合会与苏格兰和英格兰殖民者之间的爱尔兰同盟战争 which led to the Irish Confederate Wars - between the Irish Catholic Confederation and the Scottish and English settlers
大部分爱尔兰岛数年来受控于爱尔兰天主教统治 Most of the island of Ireland was under de facto Irish Catholic rule for a several years
一直到1649年 奥利弗·克伦威尔率领新模范军征服了爱尔兰 This was until 1649, when Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army conquered Ireland
在推翻英国君主制之后 他处死了查理一世 after overthrowing the English Monarchy, executing King Charles I
宣布他自己为苏格兰 英格兰和爱尔兰的护国公 and declaring himself Lord Protector of Scotland, England and Ireland
克伦威尔统治着3个王国 直到1658年去世 Cromwell ruled over the three kingdoms until his death in 1658
在他当政期间 大量天主教徒的土地被没收 During this time there was more confiscation of land from Native Catholics
所有被怀疑与1641年叛乱有关的人也都被处死了 and anyone even suspected of being involved in the 1641 rebellion was executed
后来他儿子只统治了很短的时间 His son Richard very briefly ruled afterwards
但是君主政体在1660年恢复了统治 查理二世当了国王 就是被处死了查理一世的儿子 but the monarchy was restored in 1660, when Charles II became King, son of the executed Charles I
查理二世是新教徒 Charles II was Protestant
但他哥哥詹姆士二世在法国的时候转而信奉天主教去了 but his brother James II, had converted to Catholicism during his time in France
所以查理二世在1685年死后 英格兰 苏格兰和爱尔兰再一次恢复了天主教的统治 So when Charles II died in 1685, England, Scotland and Ireland once again had a Catholic monarch
但情况是 大部分英格兰和苏格兰人都是新教徒 At this point, the majority of people in England and Scotland were Protestant
很多人对于詹姆士二世作为他们的君主感到不安 and many were uneasy with James II as their monarch
然而 接下来继位的他的女儿玛丽一世 也是新教徒 However, next in line to the throne was his daughter Mary, who was Protestant
这一切都在1688年他儿子詹姆士三世出生之后发生了变化 This all changed in 1688 with the birth of his son - the would-be James III
毋庸置疑 他儿子也信天主教 who would undoubtedly be raised Catholic
他女儿是新教徒的唯一原因就是他哥哥和先皇要求她必须如此 The only reason his daughter Mary was Protestant was because his late brother and former King demanded she be raised as such
因为这个变化 苏格兰和英格兰 在可以预见的未来基本上也要被天主教君主统治了 So with this change, it looked like Scotland and England would have a Catholic monarchy for the foreseeable future
国王儿子的诞生引发了光荣革命 The birth of the King’s son sparked what became known as the Glorious Revolution
两大政党纷纷邀请威廉率军入侵英国并继承王位 in which the two major political parties invited William of Orange to invade England and take the throne
威廉成功击败了他的岳父 由于他和玛丽是堂兄妹 他岳父碰巧也是他叔父 William of Orange successfully defeated his father-in-law who also happened to be his uncle since William and Mary were first cousins
之后他们同时继承英国王位成为威廉三世和玛丽二世 and they took the throne together as William III and Mary II King and Queen of England
当然 他们也同时成了爱尔兰的国王和女王 Of course, this also made them King and Queen of Ireland
在天主教占多数的地方 这显然没得到普遍接受 and with a Catholic majority this was obviously not received well
然后爱尔兰人在詹姆士二世的带领下 与苏格兰和英格兰王室展开了一场大战 This started a war in Ireland between the native Irish led by James II who were mainly Catholic against the Kingdoms and Scotland and England
爱尔兰这场战争使威廉国王获得了胜利 The Williamite War in Ireland resulted in victory for King William
接下来的一个世纪里 天主教徒居多的爱尔兰被新教政权统治着 For the next century, Catholic majority Ireland was ruled by a Protestant minority
被称为新教权势 known as the Protestant Ascendancy
1707年 苏格兰王国和英格兰王国致力于推进大不列颠王国 In 1707, the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England joined to create the Kingdom of Great Britain
之后的1798年 爱尔兰有一场反对英国统治的起义 And then, in 1798, there was an uprising against British rule in Ireland
1798年爱尔兰的叛乱 是受到了大概十年前法国大革命的启发 in the Irish Rebellion of 1798,inspired by the French Revolution a decade earlier
反叛以失败告终 但为爱尔兰政治局势增加了许多可能性 The rebellion failed, but caused a lot of uncertainty on the political situation of Ireland
有人担心爱尔兰会寻求法国帮助建立同盟来推翻不列颠的统治 There were concerns that Ireland could ally themselves with France and break away from British rule
所以在1801年 爱尔兰加入了工会 成立了大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国 So in 1801, Ireland joined the Union, and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
反对工会的声音也很强烈 偶尔还会升级为暴力事件 Opposition to the Union was strong, and occasionally escalated into violence
18世纪后半叶 要求建立独立政府的需求提升 The late 1800s saw a rise in demand for self-government
1886年第一个地方自治法产生了 and in 1886 the first Home Rule was proposed
作为反对爱尔兰地方自治法的回应在工会的支持下 自由党成立了 In response to this, the Liberal Unionist Party was created, in support of the Union,and opposed to Irish Home Rule
法案没有通过 1892年第二次提案也没通过 The Bill failed, as did the second Bill proposed in 1892
直到1914年第三次提案的地方自治法才予以通过 but in 1914, the 3rd Home Rule bill was passed
但1914年也是第一次世界大战开始的时间 所以法案的执行也被推迟了 But 1914 was also the year in which World War 1 started, and therefore the Bill was put on hold
欧洲战争期间 不列颠军队依旧占领着爱尔兰 叫做复活节起义 With the British army were still occupied with the War in Europe
于是爱尔兰共和党在都柏林上演了一场叛乱 Irish Republicans staged a rebellion in Dublin, called the Easter Rising
目的就是为了摆脱不列颠对爱尔兰的统治建立爱尔兰共和国 with a goal of putting an end to British rule in Ireland, and establish an Irish Republic
起义就持续了没几天 但有将近500人丧生 大部分还都是普通公民 The Rising took place over the course of just a few days, but nearly 500 people died, most of whom were civilians
面对数量巨大的起义者 英国军队试图武力镇压 But with far superior numbers, the British Army managed to suppress the rebellion
起义的结果是叛军无条件投降 大部分叛军首领也被绞死 The result was an unconditional surrender by the rebel forces and most of the rebel leaders were executed
1918年英国大选 爱尔兰的新芬党支持爱尔兰独立 In the 1918 UK General Election, an Irish political party called Sinn Féin
他们其中的大多数人也参与过复活节起义 who supported Irish independence, and many of their members had participated in the Easter Rising
而且拿到了英国议会105个爱尔兰席位中的73个 won 73 of 105 Irish seats at the British Parliament
但他们选择不参加英国议会 But they chose to not take their seats at the British Parliament
而是决定组建爱尔兰的独立议会 and instead decided to form their own Irish Parliament
他们还声称爱尔兰共和国是一个全新的独立国家 and proclaiman Irish Republic as a newly independent country
爱尔兰共和国宣布占有爱尔兰全岛 The Irish Republic claimed the whole island of Ireland
但在北方 尤其是阿尔斯特在9个郡中的4个赢得了联邦的支持 希望保持联合王国 but there was a lot of support for the Union in the North, especially in Ulster, in which 4 of 9 counties won a Unionist majority
这又导致了爱尔兰独立战争 This led to the Irish War for Independence
参战双方是爱尔兰共和军和英国陆军之间 Primarily between the IRA and British Army
1920年 战争还在继续 地方自治法的第四次提案通过了 In 1920, with the war still ongoing, a fourth Home Rule was passed
取代了那个虽然通过了却没实施的第三版 superseding the 3rd Home Rule Bill that was passed but never implemented
这使得爱尔兰分成了北爱尔兰和南爱尔兰两部分 This partitioned Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland
北爱尔兰由阿尔斯特9个郡中的6个组成 Northern Ireland consisted of 6 of the 9 counties of Ulster
这里面有俩还是天主教居多 this was despite two of them having a Catholic majority
其余部分就是南爱尔兰 The rest of the island became Southern Ireland
这次分裂被认为是战争的临时状况 The split was intended to be a temporary solution to the war
所以爱尔兰还是保留做英国的一部分 继续执行地方自治法 So Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom, with Home Rule
但取代了原先一个爱尔兰议会的情况 but instead of having None Irish Parliament in Dublin
现在变成了俩 一个南爱尔兰的在都柏林 there would be two - one in Dublin for Southern Ireland
一个北爱尔兰的在贝尔法斯特 and one in Belfast for Northern Ireland
这是一次尝试 期望同时满足爱尔兰民族主义者 和爱尔兰工会会员的需求 This was an attempt to meet the demands of both Irish Nationalists and Irish Unionists
当北爱尔兰政府成功建立的时候 And while the Northern Irish government was successfully established
南爱尔兰政府还不知道在哪儿呢 the Southern Irish government was not
战争还在继续 然而南爱尔兰政府从来没发挥过作用 The war continued, and the Southern Irish government never functioned
爱尔兰独立战争持续了两年半签订了盎格鲁·爱尔兰条约才停火 The Irish War for Independence lasted for 2 and a half years, resulting in a ceasefire,and the Anglo-Irish Treaty
条约建立了爱尔兰自由联邦 The treaty established the Irish Free State
形成了英联邦自治领 很多地方有点像加拿大 澳大利亚 和南非 which would become a dominion of the British Commonwealth, along with the likes of Canada, Australia, and South Africa, among others at the time
该条约包括爱尔兰的整个岛屿 The treaty included the whole island of Ireland
但对北爱尔兰有一个可选条款 要求他们立即执行 but had an opt-out clause for Northern Ireland,which they immediately exercised
所以短命的南爱尔兰就成为了爱尔兰自由联邦 So the short-lived Southern Ireland became the Irish Free State
部分人对这结果相当满意 但部分人就不开心了 Some were happy with this situation, but others were not
不少人不开心的点就在于爱尔兰还是大英帝国的一部分 而他们就想要完全独立 Many were unhappy that Ireland was still part of the British Empire, and wanted total independence
接着爱尔兰民族主义者就分成了挺条约派和反条约派 So the Irish Nationalists were split between the pro-treaty Nationalists and the anti-treaty Nationalists
新芬党也变成了两部分 The political party Sinn Féin split into two separate parties
挺条约党对现状表示满意 Pro-treaty Sinn Fein that was happy with the status quo
反条约党接着寻求完全独立 and the anti-treaty Sinn Féin that sought full independence
1922年的爱尔兰大选 In the 1922 Irish General Election
两党获得更多席位的依旧是新芬党和新芬党里面的挺条约党赢得了较多席位 the two poltical parties that won the most seats were Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin With the pro-treaty party winning more seats
这种分歧升级成为内战就在独立战争后一年爆发 This disagreement escalated into civil war, just one year after the end of the war for independence
很多爱尔兰男性在独立战争时都是一个战壕的战友 Many men who had fought together in Ireland’s war for independence
如今却在内战中成为了对手 were now on opposing sides of a civil war
挺约派出现了胜利肯定了爱尔兰自治领作为英国自治领的地位 The pro-treaty forces emerged victorious,affirming the status of the Irish Free State a British Dominion
战后 新芬党中的反约派拒绝出席爱尔兰议会 以此对条约表示抗议 After the war, the anti-treaty Sinn Féin refused to take their seats at the Irish parliament in protest of the treaty
他们的领袖埃蒙·德·瓦莱拉因此辞职建立了一个全新的政党 共和党 Because of this,their leader, Éamon de Valera, resigned from the party and founded a new political party Fianna Fáil
#注：埃蒙德瓦莱拉：爱尔兰革命者,1918年成为新芬党主席
并从1932年起成为爱尔兰掌权的政党 and they became the dominant party in Ireland from 1932 onwards
他也极度反对条约 但他觉得他之前党派的战术实在是没啥技术含量 He strongly opposed the treaty as well, but thought his former party’s tactics were not helpful
1937年 为新宪法举行了一次公投 In 1937, a referendum was held for a new constitution
目的是清除爱尔兰和英国的一切关系 to remove all British ties from Ireland
56%的选票赞成 爱尔兰通过了新宪法成为了一个完全独立的国家 56% of people voted in favour, and Ireland adopted a new constitution becoming a fully independent country
然后他们改了自己国家的名字 叫做爱尔兰 就这个词 The country changed its name to Ireland. Just “Ireland”
为了跟爱尔兰岛区分开 它们常把自己写成爱尔兰共和国 The country isoften referred to as “the Republic of Ireland”,to differentiate it from the island of Ireland
但这个国家的官方名字就是简单的爱尔兰 仨字儿 but its official name is simply “Ireland”
这也可以影射一个事实 其实爱尔兰想宣布整个岛都是他们的 This was to reflect the fact that Ireland’s claimed territory was the entire island
而且坚信爱尔兰的分裂是不合法的 believing the partition of Ireland to be illegitimate
尽管这声明这样说 北爱尔兰还是一样是属于英国的一部分 Despite this claim though, Northern Ireland continued as normal, as part of the United Kingdom
就在两年后爱尔兰在二战中行使自己的独立性保持着中立 Ireland exercised their independence by choosing to remain neutral in World War 2
就在两年后 which started just 2 years later
这故事该有个结尾的时候 And while that should be the end of the story
又迎来了1960年代到90年代 长达三十多年的持续暴力 史称暴乱 there were three decades of ongoing violence from the late 1960s to the '90s, in a period known as The Troubles
战争主要聚焦北爱尔兰问题 The violence was mostly concentrated in Northern Ireland
但战火蔓延到了爱尔兰 英格兰 以及欧洲大陆 but occasionally spilled over into Ireland,England, and even mainland Europe
尽管北爱尔兰的大多数人口都是新教徒和工会会员 Although the majority of Northern Ireland’s population was Protestant and Unionist
同样也有大量的少数民族人口 是天主教和民族主义者 there was also a substantial minority that were Catholic and Nationalist
他们也希望回归爱尔兰共和国 and wanted Northern Ireland to join the Republic
在不同组织长达30年的冲突下 数千人伤亡 损失惨重 After three decades of conflict between various organisations, and thousands of casualties
1998年 双方签订和平周五协议 最终停息了战火 a ceasefire was called to put a stop to the violence in 1998, with the Good Friday agreement
条约使得爱尔兰修订宪法 放弃他们对北爱尔兰的主权 The agreement caused the Republic of Ireland to amend their constitution removing their territorial claim over Northern Ireland
双方还达成共识 and the British and Irish governments agreed that
如果大多数北爱尔兰人同意离开英国加入爱尔兰共和国 if the majority of people in Northern Ireland wish to leave the United Kingdom and join the Republic
那么双方政府将促成这件事 the governments will make it happen
战争的伤害到今天也可以看到 特别是在贝尔法斯特 The lasting impact of The Troubles can still be seen today, especially in Belfast
还有分隔新教和天主教教会的墙 时常还会伴随着暴力冲突 in which there are walls separating Protestant and Catholic communities, and there is still occasional violence
但说真的 这情况已经改善很多了 However, the situation is improving
政府已经达成协定将在2023年 彻底拆掉这些所谓的和平墙 and the government has made a goal to remove all of these so-called “Peace Walls” by the year 2023