(narrator) Dresden - the great, beautiful and historic city
so far barely touched by the war,
believed by its inhabitants to be somehow inviolate -
became, in the technical language of the experts,
a severe case of over-bombing.
(woman) We had so many refugees who had come from the Eastern Front
that at this point the city had swollen to double its size.
The only men we had in the city
were from the veterans' hospital, blind and crippled.
The blind were trying to carry the cripples and couldn't see their way.
And some people who tried to walk along, they were pulled in by the fire.
They all of a sudden disappeared right in front of you.
There is such a draught in a firestorm like that.
lt's a most horrible thing.
You have to save yourself or try to get as far away from the fire
because the draught pulls you in.
(narrator) Next day came the Americans.
A Western demonstration of support for the Russians,
now less than 100 miles away.
Over 1300 Flying Fortresses to pound the ruins of a city.
(Gray) The city was in flames but after three days we had to go in
and try to find the people and take them out of the ruins.
And sometimes a washbasinful contained nine, ten people,
because their size had shrunk to just a small amount.
We just couldn't believe that this was a whole person.
And this picture is just terrible.
l saw sometimes two people close together
who maybe in despair had... lt was one tiny little figure.
(narrator) ln the centre of the city, cordoned oft from the surVivors,
they built great funeral pyres.
(Gray) There was no time to dig individual graves.
We had to dig mass graves.
They tried to identify by jewellery or by belongings,
but many people could not be identified.
Later in the ruins you found inscriptions:
"Hans, are you alive?"
"Martha, are you still in the ruins?"
(narrator) lndustrial damage was slight.
The railway was working again in three days.
But over 100,000 died.
Dresden was another monument to total war.
(narrator) The last Nazi newsreel the Germans saw.
lt features scratch units in action on the Eastern Front, on German soil.
The slogans now play on sexual fear of the Red hordes.
The main propaganda weapon - stories of rape,
stereotyped accounts backed by dubious pictures
in which the corpses may, for once, be German.
Tales of brutal soldiery told in the stock language of racial hatred -
beasts, rape, animals, bestiality.
Sie haben meine Schwester und meine Mutter
in bestialischer und tierischer Weise misshandelt.
Refugees from Germany's eastern provinces and the occupied territories.
Families were separated, never to be reunited.
Thousands died from drowning, thousands from shelling.
The great German Reich was shrinking.
The Germans coming home.
On the Western Front
the Allied air forces ranged at will beyond the Rhine,
paralysing all movement in preparation for the final assault.
With bombs, rockets and cannonfire
they struck at bridges, railways, roads, at a single horse and cart.
lt was my duty to tell Hitler
that from the point of view of armaments the war was lost.
And l did it in several memorandums,
and the harshest one was 19 March '45
in which l told him very bluntly, which nobody dared to tell,
that the war will be finished within four or six weeks.
(narrator) Hitler boasted of losses in infantry
made good by countless numbers of new units.
He himself presented medals to his new recruits.
What they lacked in experience they made up for in National Socialist ardour.
A young runner reports how he carried weapons up to the front line.
Als der Russe näher heranrückte, bestand meine Aufgabe darin,
Meldungen zu den einzelnen Kompaniegefechtsständen...
(narrator) His reward, an lron Cross Second Class.
March 24.
The Rhine crossing.
Montgomery's last showpiece battle.
Upstream the Americans slipped across almost unopposed.
The goal the field commanders had in mind - Berlin.
Across the Rhine now.
From the Dutch border to the Black Forest in the south,
the Allied columns pushed on into the heart of Germany
through scenes that were the commonplace of war.
Towns and villages that burned
as the towns and villages of Poland, France, Russia,
Yugoslavia and Greece had burned.
But for these civilians, for the women and children who saw the war go past,
there were no ghettos and no gas chambers.
Only, in some, a sense of anger.
(woman) The first time l have had hatred against Hitler and the Nazis
was not hatred against the terror regime,
it was hatred like among gangsters.
Hitler promised us to win half of the world
and he asked us to help him
and so we have done,
and now we have nothing.
We have only our clothes.
(narrator) The collapse of Nazi government had left a vacuum.
The advancing troops were politically innocent.
Their methods were rough and ready.
(man) The Bürgermeister's the first one you meet.
He'd have his sash on
and he would inform us that he was not a Nazi,
the town council was not.
We would promptly round them all up
and ship them out because we knew we had all the Nazis.
You put soldiers with townspeople
and after the first couple of hours of a small amount of tension
when both parties realised that the other was not gonna stab them suddenly,
we'd find ourselves swapping hard tack or chocolate
for a cooked meal by one of the German families.
And they in turn would show us family pictures - not the uniform ones -
and then you'd find a Gl showing his family to them.
lt's funny how the feeling could change so rapidly.
Some woman came to me. ln addition to trying to ofter me her own serVices,
she was trying to obtain something else.
l looked at her. l was feeling particularly mean that day.
My father was sick and the Red Cross had given me information
that my brother-in-law had been killed in Germany. Word had just come to me
and l was about ready to tear anyone apart with my own two hands.
And l said in desperation almost:
"Don't bother me. You're dealing with a Jew."
"You don't want anything to do with me."
And she looked at me and she said, "Aber Sie sind ein weißer Jude",
which you can translate, "But you are a white Jew."
And l did everything to restrain myself from just belting her in the mouth.
(narrator) The camps were overrun.
Many Germans had known of them. Others had preferred not to know.
Now they were forced to see.
ln one place the mayor and his wife went home and hanged themselves.
This is Buchenwald.
Those who had surVived deportation, slave labour,
selection for the death camps, starVation,
were from every country in Europe,
of all callings, of many religions, many political faiths.
Some turned on their oppressors.
Allied prisoners were freed.
(cheering)
(narrator) German soldiers went into captivity.
Displaced persons, ordinary Germans, prisoners of war passed on the roads
and had nothing to say to each other.
Germany was an ant heap some giant had kicked to pieces.
Here and there, looting.
Brief opportunities to celebrate the collapse of the system.
The victors had their own views on law and order.
Some property was still sacred.
(Speer) ln April '45, Berlin was more ruins than a town.
ln the centre of Berlin,
one could find almost no building which was still intact.
But it was my wish to have the Berlin Philharmonic
having a concert for the last time.
l knew that it would be my last concert for a long time, perhaps forever,
and l invited friends
and as many people as possible to go in.
We were sitting there in our coats because there was no heating.
lt was cold and it was shivering
and in this atmosphere of destruction and misery
the concert started and we started
with the last part of the Götterdämmerung.
(narrator) Hitler no longer made public appearances.
More and more he withdrew
to his underground headquarters beneath the lmperial Chancellery - the bunker.
(Speer) When l came back from this concert for the military conference,
we came into the bunker and Hitler was almost out of his mind.
And Goebbels was already there.
And Hitler showed to us the wires he'd just received of the death of Roosevelt.
Goebbels was jumping up and saying, "That's it. That's it!"
"Now we have got it. Now l think everything will turn to the better."
(narrator) ln the east, over railway lines converted to the Russian gauge,
the Russian command was piling up vast supplies of material.
Six armies were involved.
Their object: to smash the German forces on the approaches to Berlin
and take the capital of Nazi Germany.
On the 75th anniversary of Lenin's birth, 16 April 1945,
the massed artillery opened fire.
My heart was going smaller and l get very anxious
because l knew that the attack began.
(narrator) The first barrage was less eftective than Zhukov had hoped.
The Germans were still secure in their second line of defence.
ln the centre of the front, opposite Berlin,
there were 400 guns to the mile to open a way for the assault tanks.
The Red Army was over the Oder,
reinforcing and breaking out of its bridgeheads.
The armoured columns pushed ahead against desperate resistance.
Some of our young boys, they jumped out of the holes, had their Panzerfaust
and they were shooting to the tanks and destroyed more than four tanks,
and the others were shooting with their guns
and killed all the Russian soldiers.
And the Russians must have been before in a Magazin,
or in a sweet factory,
because they had all their arms full of sweets and chocolate.
Everybody in our unit was 15 and 16
and they were running onto the street with the chocolate.
(narrator) ln the west it was a difterent story.
Sidestepping pockets of the enemy the Allied columns moved east.
(man) You could pick up the telephone and ring up the next village
to see if it was still German-occupied.
Say, "Hello, what's happening down there?"
One had almost moved into a dreamlike and unreal situation
where towns and villages flew by with no resistance at all.
Normal countryside, no damage at all.
And every day one said to oneself, "Surely this can't go on."
Certainly, l think, the thought of one's own surVival
after all this gradually became more and more uppermost.
When one did run into any sort of determined resistance,
it was a matter of half anger:
"How dare these people prolong the agony any more?"
And the other half was jolly nearly a blue funk.
(narrator) Uelzen, a little town in northern Germany,
30 miles short of the Elbe. Here the Germans did stand and fight.
There was an edginess now among the Allied fighting men,
their fingers quick on the trigger.
Their opponents were elite troops and ofticer cadets.
lt took a four-day battle with considerable losses
and many civilian deaths before resistance collapsed.
Mostly the Germans surrendered thankfully.
Their main aim - to go into captivity with the Anglo-Americans
rather than with the Russians
on whose land and population they had inflicted such losses.
Desperately they strove to reach safety in the west.
ln the Ruhr pocket over 300,000 men of Army Group B
were surrounded and forced to surrender.
The Western Allies had achieved their main objective -
the destruction of the German land forces in the west.
(speaks German)
(translator) lt wasn't until the first half of April
that he retired to the bunker,
because the air raids were getting worse and more frequent.
The bunker was divided up in such a way
that in the lower area there was a military conference chamber
with an anteroom which led to Hitler's study.
His workroom and bedroom led oft this anteroom
and also a room with a bathroom for Eva Braun.
There were some women in Hitler's former life who were important for him,
but l think during the last time
there was nobody else near and as close to him like Eva Braun.
She loved him really and she came surprisingly to Berlin
and when she arrived, Hitler tried to seem angry but he wasn't successful.
His eyes were so full of joy
and he was obviously so happy that she was there
that nobody tried to send her back.
(narrator) The Russians were now firing on Berlin itself,
their forward troops already in the outskirts
fighting their way from street to street.
So came his birthday, 20 April,
and there came the congratulations
and everybody shook his hand and wished him the best.
lt was all very depressed,
it was not a happy birthday.
And when the ofticial part was over
Hitler retired at once, but Eva Braun invited some of the people
to go upstairs in her little living room to make a birthday party.
And one found a record, a hit song, to dance with music.
And then we sat around the table and tried to forget our miserable situation.
There was laughing and joking
and everybody drank and giggled and gaggled.
lt was a very artificial sort of gayness.
(speaks German)
(translator) After there was another conference on the situation,
but it was already apparent that it was getting near the end.
Reichsleiter Bormann said to me that l should put everything in motion
so that we would have luggage ready
in case of a possible move to the Berghof in Berchtesgaden.
He refused absolutely and said, "No, l cannot leave Berlin."
"l have to make a decision here in Berlin or l have to go under."
And this was the first time
that he ever mentioned the possibility that we could not win,
that he mentioned the chance of defeat.
l remember April 20 1945,
that was the birthday of Adolf Hitler,
and on the radio there was a speech of Joseph Goebbels.
And he said, "Berlin will remain German
and Vienna will be German again."
And my mother said, "God thanks, we will win the war",
and l said, "Mother, you are wrong and Goebbels is wrong."
"lt's terrible, but l am quite sure the war is over
and we will lose the war."
And my mother said, "Do you think in this hour
Goebbels will tell us a lie?"
(speaks Russian)
(translator) The battle for Berlin itself was extremely difticult.
lt had to be taken street by street, house by house,
some of them nine and ten storeys high, and there were lots of these houses.
The fascists held out on every floor.
They had also set up barricades in every street.
They'd converted the main buildings into strongpoints against us.
We were in Berlin now and in this evening we just visit my mother
and she was very nearly crying,
because she thought maybe l'm dead or something.
And it was late in the evening and we wanted to sleep there,
but some men of the house came and they said, "lt's impossible."
"You can't sleep here because the Russians are not far from here
and if they arrive here by night and they see you here with guns,
maybe they will shoot us."
So we couldn't sleep there.
We went over the street, there was a school, and we slept there.
(man speaks Russian)
(translator) On the 21st,
we went on together into the outer ring of the suburbs of Berlin itself.
The order of the day of our high command reverberated through the whole country.
They were heard throughout the world:
"Our soldiers have broken into Berlin."
(narrator) The Russians worked out their tactics in detail
using models of streets and buildings.
Behind the apparent chaos of the fighting lay a precise plan
to encircle the city and strike at the centre.
Some troops had come all across Russia
through territory the retreating Germans had looted, burned, destroyed.
Berliners sheltering in their cellars
wondered what their fate would be at Russian hands.
(woman speaks Russian)
(translator) Even the children had not been evacuated.
They all lived in cellars.
l went into the cellars
and remember most of all the repetition of this phrase:
"When will this nightmare end?"
Suddenly on April 22, l think - yes -
they came out of the military conference
with a totally stony face
and dark, frightened eyes
and he called us to come to this little anteroom.
He sent for Eva Braun and for the secretaries and for the cook
who was still in Berlin who cooked for him.
And then he came in and said with a monotone voice
and so unkindly as we never had heard him speak to us:
"Ladies, please pack your things at once."
"You have to go to the south."
"The last aeroplane starts in about an hour."
And then it was silent. "No", he said, "it's all lost."
"There's no hope. You have to go."
And then was a moment of absolute silence
and we stood shocked.
Suddenly Eva Braun made a few steps,
went to Hitler and said:
"But you know l don't leave you. l stay on your side."
"You know that. Don't try to send me away."
Then Hitler did something very astonishing
which he never did and nobody had ever seen such a gesture.
He kissed her on her lips.
And then it happened that the other girls and me too,
we heard us saying, "We'll stay, too."
This situation in the bunker
was a fantastic one.
One really can't...
An unrealistic one.
One really can't describe
how the moods went on and oft like waves.
Sometimes they were all exhilarating and were thinking,
"Well, now the Western troops coming for release of Berlin..."
Goebbels was exclaiming
one of the biggest decisions of war Hitler just made,
he is now determined
no more to fight against the West, only to the East in Berlin,
and this will mean that the Western powers
will join us in our fight against Russia.
Such things happened every now and then.
And then a few minutes afterwards everybody was speaking about suicide
and how they are preparing it.
Goebbels in detail was saying
how he will let his children be killed who were already in the bunker.
(speaks German)
(translator) After a few days the telegram came from Göring
which said, "Mein Führer..."
No longer "my beloved Führer", just "my Führer".
"l know that you are now totally cut oft
and are no longer in possession of full freedom to command."
"According to the law of succession, l will now step into your position
and will undertake to represent Germany both in internal and external matters."
"Yours, Göring."
Hitler was so worked up over this.
He sat in his chair and could not grasp it at first.
This was added to by Bormann who added fuel to the fire somewhat
so that Hitler then said:
"To give me an ultimatum, that really is the end!"
One day there came one of the men of the press bureau, press oftice,
and brought the news -
l think he had heard it by radio from Reuters News Agency -
that Himmler had had negotiations
with GrafBernadotte for capitulation.
And Hitler was very upset
because he held Himmler for his most faithful paladin
and the most reliable one,
and now he saw that also he had tried to betray him.
He remembered suddenly that the poison which he had to use for himself
was given to him by one of Himmler's staft
and he mistrusted that it may aftect...
Perhaps Himmler tried a dirty trick
and gave him something that would only make him unconscious,
so that he could be transported against his will out of the bunker
and delivered to the enemy.
And to test this he ordered a doctor
to try to test this poison capsule on the dog.
So he said farewell to this creature.
l think it was next to Eva Braun, this one who stood next to him.
And Blondi died very promptly.
(narrator) For a tiny handful of German anti-Nazis,
the Russians came as liberators.
(man) On Tuesday morning, the 24th,
we suddenly saw the Gestapo had disappeared.
During the night the whole prison was given over to normal prison guards,
old men, not nice men.
And when we saw that...
Many of the uniforms the Gestapo guards had put away there.
We said, "Now, when the Russians take over,
you are the men who will be killed, not we. Let us out."
They were very...
They said, "No, we can't do that. Tonight the Gestapo will come back."
And then in the afternoon of Tuesday we made an agreement with them
and said, "Look, we will put out ourselves,
we the prisoners, some guards on the roof,
and obserVe the coming here of the Russian Front."
"ln the minute we hear Russian gunfire, not only the artillery shelling,
then you will let us out." They said, "All right."
When the door was opened in the prison
there was with us a Jewish Russian doctor
who was a concentration inmate of Sachsenhausen, the famous...
He - l don't know for what reason -
a month ago was brought by the Gestapo to our prison
to do the most dirty jobs in the prison all the time.
And we couldn't contact him much but we knew him.
Then he stood there on the street and, "Where to go?" as a Russian.
And l said, "Look, come with us."
"My mother-in-law will feed you. Come in our basement."
And he went with me. When the first units of Russians came two days later,
he met them at the door addressing them in Russian:
"We are all anti-fascists in this basement."
When the Russians came in in the end...
We found the first lot, the fighting troops which came in,...
They took away our watches, of course,
and they were very cautious.
We could understand that.
They took away things they liked but they behaved very businesslike.
They stayed in this house here
and they lived in this room, three or four of them, quite high ofticers.
They got up in the morning at eight o'clock
and at nine o'clock they went to the Tiergarten,
which isn't very far from here,
and behind the Tiergarten is, or was, the Chancellery
where Hitler was still alive and fighting.
They went out and did their job
and came back at five o'clock in the afternoon sharp
and then they asked me down here to play the piano
and give them a little tune.
And then we drank together and we sang together.
(woman) Suddenly we saw the first Russian soldiers.
They knocked at our door,
came in and were very kind.
They said to my mother and to me
if there were German soldiers in the house
or asked for weapons.
And then they left.
But the next Russians were quite difterent.
One of them raped me and other inhabitants of the house.
Two women living next door were killed
and we weren't able to bury them because the shelling was still going on.
When the Russians came along they asked us:
"Where are your women? We want to have your women",
or, "Frau, Frau, Frau", they said in German, what they called German.
l had the trick or l found the trick
to take them to these two dead bodies.
l opened the carpet and said, "This is my Frau here."
"l can't supply you with any women."
"These are the only two women we knew here which we had."
And the Russians kneeled down, some of them,
and made the cross
and said little prayers, which was very astounding,
and got up again and kissed me because they thought l was the widower
and gave me presents, gave me cigarettes, gave me bread,
clapped me on my shoulder and went oft again
and got what they wanted, probably, the next house or in the next street.
Every night, l used to go home to see my mother
and get something to eat and some cigarettes,
because we didn't get any food at daytime.
And my mother was every time, every night,
she was very lucky to see me again, naturally.
And so my mother asked me and also other people from our house asked me:
"Just take your uniform oft,
stay here and don't go back to fighting."
Always l said, "No, l can't do it."
l couldn't stay at home safe and they are still fighting.
(narrator) The Battle of Berlin was one of the most difticult of the war.
lt cost the Russians over 100,000 men.
Total German losses are unknown.
(man speaks Russian)
(translator) The storming of Berlin continued.
The encircling ring round the whole city and round the centre of Berlin itself
was being drawn tighter and tighter.
Only a few hundred yards separated us
from the viper's nest of Hitler's headquarters,
the lmperial Chancellery.
Then he began, "My last will",
and then he dictated me at first his private will
and afterwards his political testimony.
And, l must confess,
that l was... l was at first in a very excited mood,
because l expected that l would be the first and the only one
who knows, who is going to know,
the explanation and declaration
why the war had come to this end
and why Hitler couldn't stop,
and why the development and why the catastrophe.
l thought, "Now l will come to the moment of the truth."
And l was heart bumping
when l wrote down what Hitler said.
But he used nothing new.
He came out with his old phrases.
He repeated his accusations,
his revenge swearing to the enemy
and to the Jewish capitalistic system.
And then he announced
in the second part of the political testimony,
he announced a new government.
(speaks German)
(translator) Eva Braun had by now persuaded the Führer
to the point where he actually wanted to improvise a marriage serVice to her.
To do this, they got an ofticial from the propaganda ministry
who would fulfil the function of registrar.
l joined the others in this little workroom of Hitler's
and they were sitting there around a table
and so l had to congratulate Eva Braun.
l was a little shy as to what to say,
and l shook hands with her
and she said, "Oh, you can say Mrs Hitler to me now," and l did.
(narrator) On the rocket, "This is for the Reichstag."
Others said, "Remember Stalingrad", "Remember the Ukraine",
"Remember the widows and children", "Remember the tears."
(Linge speaks German)
(translator) Hitler had now drawn his conclusions.
He said farewell to everybody.
l was the last one he came to.
Hitler said to me: "l have given the order to break out."
"You should break out in groups."
"Join one of these groups and try to get through to the west."
Then l asked Hitler: "For whom should we fight on for now?"
And to that Hitler said in a monotone:
"For the coming man."
l saluted him. He gave me his hand and l disappeared out of the room.
Suddenly there was a bang, there was a shot,
and it was obviously within the bunker,
because the noises of the outside shooting,
we know how they sound.
And the little boy of Goebbels,
he noticed that there was another sound.
He said, "Oh, that was a bull's-eye."
And l thought, yes, you are right. That was really a bull's-eye.
(speaks German)
(translator) l went into Hitler's workroom
with the former Reichsleiter Bormann and this picture presented itself to us.
Hitler was sitting on the left of the sofa
with his face bent slightly forward and hanging down to the right.
With the 7.65 he had shot himself in the right temple.
The blood had run down onto the carpet
and from this pool of blood a splash had got onto the sofa.
Eva Braun was sitting on his right.
Eva Braun had drawn both her legs up onto the sofa
and was sitting there with cramped lips
so that it immediately became clear to us
that she had taken cyanide.
l took Hitler by his neck.
Behind me were two other ofticers from his bodyguard.
And so we took Hitler's body and proceeded with it into the park.
ln the park, we laid the bodies together next to each other
and poured the available petrol over them.
ln the Reich Chancellery park there was fire all around.
A draught had got up
so that we could not set the corpses alight with an ordinary match.
So l twisted a taper out of some paper from a notebook
and Reichsleiter Bormann, who meanwhile had also come upstairs
with others like Dr Goebbels, Burgdorf and some ofticers,
lit the taper and l threw the taper onto the bodies
and in an instant the corpses were set alight.
(Nikulina speaks Russian)
(translator) That night we were the first
to take the fight into the Chancellery itself.
Our objective was to be the planting of our banner on the building itself.
There was a group of us.
Our group consisted of me, Sanogen, Alimov and Uzbek,
who was the Young Communist organiser of our battalion.
He and his Young Communists had fought through with us together.
They protected me so that l could fight my way in to hoist the flag.
They gave me the banner to enable me
to get into the building itself and hoist it up.
Having got into the building,
we started making our way up the staircase towards the attic.
Some fascists opened up on us and Sanogen was hit in the head and fell.
His friends rushed forward to him
while l had to make it upstairs to plant the banner.
And having made my way onto the roof through a shell hole,
l secured our red banner with a length of telegraph wire.
(cheering)
- How do you do? - You're one of Joe Stalin's soldiers
- and l'm pleased to meet you. - (man speaks Russian)
(narrator) When the armies of East and West met in Germany
there was a brief moment of warmth and comradeship.
- Well, we fought the same way together. - Yes.
Well, all the best, old man. l'm very glad to have met you. Very glad indeed.
- (speaks Russian) - Thank you very much.
We don't understand the language but we mean the same thing.
(narrator) The Red Army saw themselves as liberators, not avengers.
But the crimes of Hitler's Reich had to be paid for,
it was the ordinary German who paid.