1 00:00:03,825 --> 00:00:07,005 Our four-legged pets are the stars of social networks, 2 00:00:07,545 --> 00:00:10,125 but they're not the only ones to delight the crowds. 3 00:00:15,915 --> 00:00:18,285 Wild animals also enjoy playing around 4 00:00:20,195 --> 00:00:22,005 intentionally or 5 00:00:22,185 --> 00:00:25,485 not watching them. 6 00:00:25,485 --> 00:00:28,685 There's no doubt they take pleasure in these activities 7 00:00:34,125 --> 00:00:35,565 contrary to what has long been thought. 8 00:00:35,815 --> 00:00:38,045 Could it be that pleasure isn't only 9 00:00:38,045 --> 00:00:39,605 reserved for human beings? 10 00:00:53,745 --> 00:00:56,565 It has long been known that play is a way of learning 11 00:00:56,585 --> 00:00:59,845 for young animals, but is that all there is to it? 12 00:01:02,475 --> 00:01:04,205 Evidently they enjoy playing. 13 00:01:08,185 --> 00:01:10,245 And what about sexual pleasure? 14 00:01:12,225 --> 00:01:14,205 Up until recently, it was believed 15 00:01:14,205 --> 00:01:17,765 that animals only performed the act for reproduction. 16 00:01:18,025 --> 00:01:21,645 Is that still true? Whatever the case, you have to know how 17 00:01:21,645 --> 00:01:22,765 to choose the right partner. 18 00:01:23,945 --> 00:01:25,205 Is it the search for pleasure 19 00:01:25,205 --> 00:01:27,445 that also pushes certain animals to get drunk 20 00:01:28,465 --> 00:01:30,805 or to eagerly eat psychotropic substances? 21 00:01:30,805 --> 00:01:31,445 To get high 22 00:01:45,155 --> 00:01:48,005 play is the privilege of young animals that are fed 23 00:01:48,025 --> 00:01:49,365 and protected by their parents. 24 00:01:50,755 --> 00:01:53,245 They don't have to worry about feeding themselves 25 00:01:54,085 --> 00:01:56,285 reproducing or escaping from predators. 26 00:01:56,795 --> 00:01:59,965 They've got time and they spend it playing. 27 00:02:01,395 --> 00:02:03,485 They gain several advantages from this 28 00:02:03,905 --> 00:02:06,125 beyond the obvious pleasure they find in play. 29 00:02:06,515 --> 00:02:10,365 Observation also reveals that gains innocently prepare them 30 00:02:10,365 --> 00:02:11,445 for their adult lives. 31 00:02:22,565 --> 00:02:25,485 Sergio Palace is a neuroscientist at the Lethbridge 32 00:02:25,495 --> 00:02:26,565 University in Canada 33 00:02:27,025 --> 00:02:29,645 who is especially interested in animal games. 34 00:02:30,275 --> 00:02:32,325 Play is a very enjoyable activity. 35 00:02:32,905 --> 00:02:35,325 It activates all the pleasure centers of the brain, 36 00:02:35,945 --> 00:02:38,885 and so animals do it at a sheer pleasure, 37 00:02:39,105 --> 00:02:42,685 but by engaging in something for the sheer pleasure 38 00:02:42,685 --> 00:02:45,485 of it also brings important benefits. 39 00:02:45,545 --> 00:02:50,445 The animal is also training its brain how to deal 40 00:02:50,445 --> 00:02:52,805 with the unexpected things in the world. 41 00:02:53,305 --> 00:02:55,445 If you are a predator, you can be better at predation. 42 00:02:55,825 --> 00:02:58,005 If you get into a fight, you can be better at fighting. 43 00:02:58,385 --> 00:03:00,445 If you are trying to court someone, 44 00:03:00,745 --> 00:03:04,645 you're better at love making everything improves through 45 00:03:05,255 --> 00:03:06,845 these experiences of play. 46 00:03:20,555 --> 00:03:22,725 Make no mistake in the wild, 47 00:03:23,065 --> 00:03:25,005 it doesn't take much to have some fun. 48 00:03:35,625 --> 00:03:38,565 And this is what you call sticking your tongue out. 49 00:03:41,945 --> 00:03:44,485 The favorite game of young animals is play fighting 50 00:03:44,915 --> 00:03:46,005 just for the fun of it. 51 00:03:46,875 --> 00:03:47,885 Rats love to play 52 00:03:47,985 --> 00:03:51,645 and the way they play is by wrestling with one another. 53 00:03:52,385 --> 00:03:56,805 And the wrestl involves one rat jumping on the other one 54 00:03:56,945 --> 00:03:59,525 and try to contact the back of the neck 55 00:03:59,625 --> 00:04:03,525 and the other rat will defend itself, turn 56 00:04:03,665 --> 00:04:07,125 and push this one away or roll over on its back 57 00:04:07,265 --> 00:04:08,605 and then they're wrestling like this 58 00:04:08,605 --> 00:04:10,805 and they're both trying to get at each other's back 59 00:04:10,805 --> 00:04:14,365 of the neck or it can turn and run away 60 00:04:15,105 --> 00:04:18,485 and they will repeat this again and again and again. 61 00:04:21,875 --> 00:04:25,205 Play especially play fighting has been shown 62 00:04:25,265 --> 00:04:27,885 to be important in young animals 63 00:04:31,145 --> 00:04:32,485 to train 64 00:04:33,345 --> 00:04:35,965 and change the development of this area 65 00:04:35,965 --> 00:04:38,285 of the brain here called the prefrontal cortex. 66 00:04:39,105 --> 00:04:41,765 And so animals that have played have 67 00:04:42,795 --> 00:04:44,605 much better executive functions 68 00:04:45,255 --> 00:04:47,365 based on changes in the prefrontal cortex. 69 00:04:47,785 --> 00:04:50,965 And this could be absolutely critical for survival 70 00:04:50,965 --> 00:04:54,125 because sometimes the best thing to do 71 00:04:54,875 --> 00:04:57,685 when you encounter a problem is do nothing 72 00:04:59,375 --> 00:05:00,605 hence impulse control. 73 00:05:00,915 --> 00:05:04,805 Sometimes you need to react immediately. 74 00:05:04,805 --> 00:05:08,565 You haven't got time to think. And again, this part 75 00:05:08,565 --> 00:05:13,245 of the brain helps you decide whether to act immediately 76 00:05:13,625 --> 00:05:16,365 or wait and gain some more information before you act. 77 00:05:18,625 --> 00:05:22,485 The prefrontal cortex is the home of reasoning language 78 00:05:22,705 --> 00:05:24,125 and the regulation of emotions. 79 00:05:24,905 --> 00:05:26,645 The executive functions. 80 00:05:27,705 --> 00:05:30,165 It is also the place of self recognition 81 00:05:32,425 --> 00:05:33,565 In a well-known test, 82 00:05:33,965 --> 00:05:36,765 a subject has a distinctive mark placed on their face 83 00:05:37,265 --> 00:05:38,965 and is put in front of a mirror. 84 00:05:40,955 --> 00:05:44,205 Some animals obviously recognize it's their own reflection 85 00:05:44,425 --> 00:05:46,965 and seem proud to be so pretty in the mirror. 86 00:05:52,305 --> 00:05:54,925 Others don't really know who is in front of them, 87 00:05:55,545 --> 00:05:56,845 but enjoy the experience. 88 00:06:02,705 --> 00:06:05,085 One way to show the importance of play is to see 89 00:06:05,085 --> 00:06:07,405 what happens when animals are deprived of it. 90 00:06:08,625 --> 00:06:12,845 You can rear them in a way that they do not get experience 91 00:06:12,845 --> 00:06:14,565 with playing with peers. 92 00:06:15,785 --> 00:06:17,645 And when you track them 93 00:06:17,945 --> 00:06:22,125 and look at their behavior as adults, what you find is that 94 00:06:22,635 --> 00:06:25,485 they're less able to effectively 95 00:06:26,195 --> 00:06:27,845 negotiate sexual encounters 96 00:06:27,845 --> 00:06:29,165 with members of the opposite sex. 97 00:06:29,675 --> 00:06:33,485 They're less able to avoid getting into aggressive 98 00:06:33,485 --> 00:06:36,805 encounters with members of the same sex that is this. 99 00:06:36,835 --> 00:06:39,685 They're socially poorer animals. 100 00:06:40,145 --> 00:06:43,165 And similarly, if you look at the prefrontal cortex, 101 00:06:43,705 --> 00:06:48,125 the prefrontal cortex has abnormal anatomy 102 00:06:48,505 --> 00:06:50,605 and physiology compared to rats 103 00:06:50,605 --> 00:06:53,445 that have played on the screen. 104 00:06:53,505 --> 00:06:57,365 We see two cells from this area in two rats, one 105 00:06:57,365 --> 00:07:00,725 that's played and one that hasn't played on the left here, 106 00:07:00,725 --> 00:07:01,725 the one that hasn't played. 107 00:07:01,725 --> 00:07:04,205 You see a lot of complexity in the one 108 00:07:04,205 --> 00:07:05,725 that has played on the right here. 109 00:07:05,785 --> 00:07:07,485 You see much less complexity. 110 00:07:08,025 --> 00:07:09,165 The simplest structure 111 00:07:09,625 --> 00:07:13,485 of this cell makes it more efficient in its functions. 112 00:07:17,555 --> 00:07:19,565 This isn't the only advantage of play. 113 00:07:20,305 --> 00:07:22,245 Animal handlers in wildlife parks 114 00:07:22,245 --> 00:07:25,045 and certain industrial farms have often noticed 115 00:07:25,075 --> 00:07:27,805 that captive animals play more than their wild cousins. 116 00:07:29,095 --> 00:07:30,125 Since they are fed 117 00:07:30,125 --> 00:07:32,645 and lodged, they have time to do other things. 118 00:07:33,585 --> 00:07:35,005 But is that the only reason? 119 00:07:39,065 --> 00:07:43,205 The play releases all the pleasure chemicals in your brain 120 00:07:44,065 --> 00:07:47,765 and those pleasure chemicals end up calming you down. 121 00:07:48,425 --> 00:07:51,005 And so bringing that stress level down, 122 00:07:51,385 --> 00:07:53,285 so even brief moments of play 123 00:07:53,945 --> 00:07:56,765 can be an antidote to stress. 124 00:08:10,035 --> 00:08:11,205 Playing with balls 125 00:08:11,205 --> 00:08:13,805 and balloons isn't just reserved for mammals. 126 00:08:14,905 --> 00:08:17,525 Fly duos can also perform amazing acts. 127 00:08:22,665 --> 00:08:26,005 As for flea circuses, every shot is a goal. 128 00:08:29,245 --> 00:08:31,005 Bumblebees are also in the game. 129 00:08:31,545 --> 00:08:33,805 The recent work of Sam Gal PAYE 130 00:08:34,405 --> 00:08:37,645 Ethologist at the Queen Mary University of London reveals 131 00:08:37,645 --> 00:08:40,605 that if well-trained, they're on the ball. Finding 132 00:08:40,605 --> 00:08:43,165 That bumblebees engage in this behavior 133 00:08:43,595 --> 00:08:47,365 that fulfills the criteria of play tells us that 134 00:08:47,995 --> 00:08:51,285 because in other animals play is associated to 135 00:08:51,845 --> 00:08:56,005 positive emotions and fun, then in bumblebees it's likely 136 00:08:56,475 --> 00:09:01,365 that they also experience a positive um, state. 137 00:09:05,645 --> 00:09:09,265 Sam Gpe isn't simply training the bees to play football. 138 00:09:09,675 --> 00:09:11,905 She's exploring their mental universe. 139 00:09:14,965 --> 00:09:17,065 Here's a bumblebee nest connected 140 00:09:17,065 --> 00:09:19,105 to the experimental arena through a tunnel 141 00:09:19,245 --> 00:09:21,625 so the bees can walk through and come 142 00:09:21,765 --> 00:09:23,585 and drink some sugar water 143 00:09:23,885 --> 00:09:26,025 and eat pollen as much as they want. 144 00:09:26,405 --> 00:09:28,825 On the way to the feeders, there's this games area 145 00:09:28,835 --> 00:09:30,825 where the bees roll the balls repeatedly 146 00:09:31,205 --> 00:09:33,545 and they don't get any food reward for doing this. 147 00:09:34,275 --> 00:09:36,865 There doesn't seem to be an apparent reason to do so. 148 00:09:37,405 --> 00:09:39,385 So they do this just for fun. 149 00:09:41,665 --> 00:09:44,505 Bumblebees have the reputation of being tireless workers, 150 00:09:45,005 --> 00:09:47,625 but they certainly do seem to enjoy pushing a ball around 151 00:09:48,125 --> 00:09:49,865 and perhaps even doing somersaults. 152 00:09:56,645 --> 00:10:00,825 Sam created an experiment that confirms this in the wild, 153 00:10:00,885 --> 00:10:03,345 it is acknowledged that bees clearly prefer 154 00:10:03,375 --> 00:10:04,425 blue and violet flowers. 155 00:10:08,685 --> 00:10:12,185 The scientists set up two areas, an empty blue zone 156 00:10:12,485 --> 00:10:14,785 and a yellow one filled with tiny balls, 157 00:10:14,995 --> 00:10:17,065 which the bees had already played with 158 00:10:27,645 --> 00:10:28,505 in her test. 159 00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:31,465 Samie removed all the balls, then opened the door 160 00:10:31,465 --> 00:10:35,345 to both zones despite their attraction for the color blue, 161 00:10:35,685 --> 00:10:37,305 all the bees went to the yellow zone. 162 00:10:37,765 --> 00:10:40,145 The possibility of play is motivating. 163 00:10:46,515 --> 00:10:47,825 Samie also observed 164 00:10:47,825 --> 00:10:49,985 that younger bees rolled the balls more 165 00:10:49,985 --> 00:10:51,185 often than the older ones. 166 00:10:51,805 --> 00:10:53,425 As in humans and other mammals, 167 00:10:53,605 --> 00:10:55,625 the young are more playful than adults. 168 00:11:00,175 --> 00:11:02,705 This kind of behavior, even if basic, some kind 169 00:11:02,705 --> 00:11:07,665 of emotion like experiences just like your pets, 170 00:11:08,005 --> 00:11:11,225 me, you and many other larger animals 171 00:11:14,165 --> 00:11:16,745 In little animals playing around is less common. 172 00:11:25,355 --> 00:11:27,345 There are two other examples of 173 00:11:27,935 --> 00:11:31,865 play behavior in tiny brain animals in wasps and spiders. 174 00:11:32,375 --> 00:11:35,825 Both of those examples are to do with social play 175 00:11:35,875 --> 00:11:39,065 where one individual interacts with another with wasps. 176 00:11:39,525 --> 00:11:42,905 The social play was more similar to play fighting 177 00:11:51,125 --> 00:11:55,125 and with the spiders, um, they engaged in, uh, 178 00:11:55,495 --> 00:11:58,925 copulation before the act was functional 179 00:11:59,065 --> 00:12:00,885 and so it was a sort of sex play. 180 00:12:02,745 --> 00:12:04,885 Few insects seem to have game-like fun. 181 00:12:06,035 --> 00:12:07,205 What about reptiles? 182 00:12:11,545 --> 00:12:13,125 Of course they play too, 183 00:12:13,625 --> 00:12:14,925 but their games are limited 184 00:12:15,145 --> 00:12:18,405 by their cold-blooded metabolism, which compels them 185 00:12:18,405 --> 00:12:20,285 to reserve most of their energy for hunting. 186 00:12:27,825 --> 00:12:30,765 Gordon Burkhart ologist at the University 187 00:12:30,765 --> 00:12:33,605 of Tennessee in the United States is an expert 188 00:12:33,625 --> 00:12:34,765 in reptile play. 189 00:12:35,425 --> 00:12:38,725 Hey girl, He has studied 190 00:12:38,785 --> 00:12:40,525 and filmed them over many years. 191 00:12:41,145 --> 00:12:42,325 Now she's gonna go back and 192 00:12:42,325 --> 00:12:43,485 maybe grab something outta my pocket. 193 00:12:43,485 --> 00:12:44,485 That's what they like to do. 194 00:12:46,305 --> 00:12:49,125 Gordon has identified play behavior in the 195 00:12:49,125 --> 00:12:50,485 world's largest lizards. 196 00:12:50,825 --> 00:12:52,765 The impressive Komodo dragons 197 00:12:56,075 --> 00:12:58,805 Sometimes play is uh, confused with exploration. 198 00:13:00,625 --> 00:13:02,525 One of the uh, ways of telling the difference is 199 00:13:02,525 --> 00:13:04,725 that exploration, you just checking out something, 200 00:13:05,035 --> 00:13:06,925 what you do with it is now play. 201 00:13:20,545 --> 00:13:21,545 Hey girl. 202 00:13:22,425 --> 00:13:23,845 Hey, Here's 203 00:13:23,845 --> 00:13:24,165 A box, 204 00:13:42,745 --> 00:13:46,805 Ma, she goes, rep reptiles operate a little slower pace 205 00:13:46,805 --> 00:13:49,485 than we do, but she has all the important elements. 206 00:13:50,035 --> 00:13:52,245 This is behavior that, uh, is part 207 00:13:52,245 --> 00:13:53,485 of their normal repertoire. 208 00:13:54,105 --> 00:13:55,805 She'll do this over and over again. 209 00:13:57,515 --> 00:13:58,965 It's a behavior in an animal 210 00:13:58,965 --> 00:14:00,885 that we consider in a relaxed state. 211 00:14:01,635 --> 00:14:03,685 It's a behavior that's voluntary. 212 00:14:05,075 --> 00:14:06,805 Another confusion may be, well, 213 00:14:06,805 --> 00:14:09,285 maybe the animal is stupid enough and thinks it's food 214 00:14:09,625 --> 00:14:11,525 and it's acting as if it's prey. 215 00:14:11,955 --> 00:14:13,685 That is clearly not the case either 216 00:14:13,685 --> 00:14:15,845 because the animal doesn't try to eat the object. 217 00:14:17,305 --> 00:14:18,305 Bye girl. 218 00:14:18,955 --> 00:14:21,045 Understanding behavior in animals 219 00:14:21,165 --> 00:14:23,565 that hardly resemble us is complicated, 220 00:14:24,665 --> 00:14:26,565 but what about those that live underwater, 221 00:14:31,365 --> 00:14:33,885 immersed and grouped together in a candle like position? 222 00:14:34,215 --> 00:14:36,365 These sperm whales are sleeping. 223 00:14:39,535 --> 00:14:42,765 These huge animals also spend a lot of their time playing. 224 00:14:48,845 --> 00:14:51,765 Francois Serrano is a renowned oceanographer, 225 00:14:52,205 --> 00:14:54,045 a key specialist of sperm whales 226 00:14:57,025 --> 00:15:00,045 in the Indian Ocean off the coast of the Mauritius Islands. 227 00:15:00,365 --> 00:15:01,765 Francois has been following 228 00:15:01,765 --> 00:15:05,005 and studying a clan of these citations for over 10 years. 229 00:15:09,995 --> 00:15:12,725 Said they are the ones that welcome us. 230 00:15:13,195 --> 00:15:15,565 They accept that we spend a few moments together. 231 00:15:16,335 --> 00:15:17,645 There are two reasons for that. 232 00:15:18,185 --> 00:15:20,605 The first is the end of hunting 30 years ago 233 00:15:20,825 --> 00:15:22,925 and today they've forgotten the great massacre 234 00:15:23,225 --> 00:15:26,045 and the young are oblivious to this, so they are ready 235 00:15:26,045 --> 00:15:27,605 to come closer to humans. 236 00:15:28,745 --> 00:15:31,765 And the second reason, we've been extremely patient, 237 00:15:32,125 --> 00:15:35,645 discreet, and humble to become step by step 238 00:15:36,405 --> 00:15:38,365 sperm whales among sperm whales 239 00:15:41,595 --> 00:15:44,165 Over the many dives with the clan, Francois 240 00:15:44,165 --> 00:15:46,085 and his team have identified the 241 00:15:46,105 --> 00:15:47,525 key features of each member. 242 00:15:49,425 --> 00:15:53,165 The scars, the form of a jaw marks on the fins 243 00:15:53,695 --> 00:15:56,685 today they can identify each individual at a glance. 244 00:16:00,105 --> 00:16:03,645 So they named this large adult female whose face is clearly 245 00:16:03,665 --> 00:16:06,565 offset to the right Irene twisted face. 246 00:16:12,045 --> 00:16:15,635 Irene is the Klan's leader, a group of 17 adult females 247 00:16:15,635 --> 00:16:16,675 and nine juveniles. 248 00:16:17,495 --> 00:16:19,395 The solitary males live elsewhere. 249 00:16:19,945 --> 00:16:22,875 They only approach the females during the mating season. 250 00:16:30,265 --> 00:16:32,355 Fois has found that some of the clicks made 251 00:16:32,355 --> 00:16:34,915 by Irene twisted face are not simply 252 00:16:34,935 --> 00:16:38,195 to explore the environment but are invitations to play 253 00:16:57,655 --> 00:16:58,435 on her side. 254 00:16:58,695 --> 00:17:01,115 German watches over two juveniles, 255 00:17:03,865 --> 00:17:05,155 kind of like a nanny. 256 00:17:07,135 --> 00:17:10,115 She can be recognized by her damaged left chest. Fin 257 00:17:12,215 --> 00:17:15,235 German is the babysitter who looks after the nursery 258 00:17:15,375 --> 00:17:16,755 and allows the young to play. 259 00:17:17,225 --> 00:17:19,195 They're safe. They've been fed 260 00:17:19,785 --> 00:17:21,955 well breast fed, so they've got time. 261 00:17:22,505 --> 00:17:24,915 They're looking to feel good in the present moment. 262 00:17:25,575 --> 00:17:26,595 We have to stop looking 263 00:17:26,655 --> 00:17:29,755 for some benefit in all these cuddles, these games. 264 00:17:30,305 --> 00:17:31,835 This is just for pleasure. 265 00:17:38,455 --> 00:17:40,715 At times we hear purring clicks 266 00:17:44,175 --> 00:17:46,275 and these vibrations which we can hear 267 00:17:46,335 --> 00:17:47,875 as divers hear in the chest. 268 00:17:48,785 --> 00:17:51,045 Well they too can feel these purring. 269 00:17:51,635 --> 00:17:52,885 It's like being stroked. 270 00:17:57,085 --> 00:17:58,765 I think there's a tactile perception 271 00:17:58,785 --> 00:18:01,645 to these special sounds which are released during play. 272 00:18:35,815 --> 00:18:37,405 Underwater games performed 273 00:18:37,405 --> 00:18:40,125 by marine mammals have behaviors close to those 274 00:18:40,125 --> 00:18:45,005 of land mammals, affectionate 275 00:18:45,085 --> 00:18:45,805 little bites, 276 00:19:08,635 --> 00:19:13,125 acrobatic leaps and stunts. 277 00:19:19,745 --> 00:19:22,965 The most famous are no doubt the aerial gymnastics 278 00:19:22,965 --> 00:19:24,205 of spinner dolphins. 279 00:19:26,375 --> 00:19:29,225 They can perform seven complete rotations in a 280 00:19:29,225 --> 00:19:30,305 single spinning jump. 281 00:19:31,445 --> 00:19:34,665 Our best world class ice skaters can do a maximum of four 282 00:19:45,485 --> 00:19:46,545 in certain bays. 283 00:19:46,885 --> 00:19:49,545 Larger groups have been seen patrolling the waters. 284 00:19:50,135 --> 00:19:53,025 They cut through the waves with impressive regularity 285 00:19:53,085 --> 00:19:55,705 and impressive discipline, giving them the appearance 286 00:19:55,705 --> 00:19:59,745 of a military parade with freestyle acrobats. 287 00:20:13,685 --> 00:20:16,265 The dolphins also play up blowing air bubbles 288 00:20:16,265 --> 00:20:17,345 through their blow holes 289 00:20:17,485 --> 00:20:19,785 and splashing them around with their beaks. 290 00:20:26,855 --> 00:20:30,305 They can also bite them with a clack of their jaws just 291 00:20:30,305 --> 00:20:31,585 before the bubbles burst. 292 00:20:38,995 --> 00:20:40,825 Manta rays tend to swim above divers 293 00:20:41,005 --> 00:20:43,385 and play with the bursts of bubbles released 294 00:20:43,445 --> 00:20:44,545 by their breathing gear. 295 00:21:07,845 --> 00:21:11,045 Speaking of bubbles, researchers are convinced the bubbles 296 00:21:11,115 --> 00:21:14,525 made by beluga whales is a way of expressing their feelings, 297 00:21:15,025 --> 00:21:17,085 but can also be just playing around 298 00:21:26,865 --> 00:21:29,565 the fascinating rings they create with their mouths 299 00:21:29,565 --> 00:21:32,925 and blow holes look just like the swirly smoke rings 300 00:21:33,205 --> 00:21:34,605 produced by creative smokers. 301 00:21:49,535 --> 00:21:51,235 We still don't know why dolphins 302 00:21:51,235 --> 00:21:53,475 and citations slap repeatedly the surface 303 00:21:53,535 --> 00:21:54,955 of the ocean with their tails. 304 00:22:00,135 --> 00:22:02,595 It could be a call or the display of a need 305 00:22:04,985 --> 00:22:07,435 just for the simple pleasure of making some noise. 306 00:22:26,615 --> 00:22:29,315 Not everyone is alike when it comes to play. 307 00:22:30,225 --> 00:22:33,835 fsis Serrano notices very different personalities in sperm 308 00:22:33,835 --> 00:22:37,555 whales characterized by specific ways of approaching play. 309 00:22:39,685 --> 00:22:41,355 Romeo who has been well looked 310 00:22:41,355 --> 00:22:43,755 after by his mother, is the most playful. 311 00:22:44,065 --> 00:22:45,675 When there's a stick or a tree trunk, 312 00:22:45,735 --> 00:22:46,835 he starts to play with it. 313 00:22:47,385 --> 00:22:49,355 Then lets it go to play with seaweed 314 00:22:49,695 --> 00:22:51,995 and then he brings it back to his babysitter. 315 00:22:52,295 --> 00:22:54,235 So he uses a lot of tools to play with. 316 00:22:59,825 --> 00:23:03,955 However, Elliot, the Explorer, is interested by everything 317 00:23:04,015 --> 00:23:05,595 but the world of the sperm whales. 318 00:23:06,305 --> 00:23:09,395 It's the outside world. He comes towards the divers. 319 00:23:10,245 --> 00:23:11,595 There we were just the two of us. 320 00:23:11,815 --> 00:23:15,235 He danced, turned on his back, offered his belly, 321 00:23:15,415 --> 00:23:16,795 and a few seconds later 322 00:23:22,695 --> 00:23:26,475 he used this sound of eight clicks 40 times in a row 323 00:23:26,815 --> 00:23:27,995 to ask me for cuddles. 324 00:23:32,995 --> 00:23:36,555 Francois recorded the clicks linked to different behaviors 325 00:23:36,555 --> 00:23:39,795 of sperm whales and created a graphic illustration. 326 00:23:47,545 --> 00:23:50,485 The oceanographer often invites the marine mammals 327 00:23:50,485 --> 00:23:51,685 he approaches to play. 328 00:23:53,195 --> 00:23:56,645 This wild female dolphin replies willingly to his invitation 329 00:23:57,265 --> 00:23:58,605 and asks him to play. 330 00:23:58,605 --> 00:23:59,005 In turn, 331 00:24:03,795 --> 00:24:06,605 when he scratches a rock with a crab shell, 332 00:24:06,945 --> 00:24:10,005 she analyzes the sound with her echolocation system, 333 00:24:10,255 --> 00:24:13,045 which functions a little like an ultrasound scan. 334 00:24:15,065 --> 00:24:17,925 She deduces the shape, texture, internal structure 335 00:24:17,985 --> 00:24:19,165 and movement of the object 336 00:24:29,305 --> 00:24:31,405 in a way through echolocation, 337 00:24:31,945 --> 00:24:33,725 she can see in touch with her ears. 338 00:24:34,505 --> 00:24:37,765 In reply, she produces very intense bursts of sound, 339 00:24:37,895 --> 00:24:40,045 which means she wants to play. 340 00:24:46,355 --> 00:24:48,285 It's just incredible to be asked to play 341 00:24:48,465 --> 00:24:49,645 by a wild dolphin. 342 00:24:50,465 --> 00:24:53,885 She calls out to you, it's wild. She looks here and there 343 00:24:56,665 --> 00:24:58,405 She Goes around and comes back. 344 00:24:59,165 --> 00:25:00,605 I hold her out the claw. 345 00:25:00,905 --> 00:25:03,645 No, she doesn't want it, and off she goes again 346 00:25:03,825 --> 00:25:04,565 and all the time 347 00:25:10,075 --> 00:25:12,165 then her eye looks straight at you. 348 00:25:12,555 --> 00:25:13,555 It's extraordinary. 349 00:25:17,465 --> 00:25:20,365 For a dolphin, everything is a reason to play. 350 00:25:22,325 --> 00:25:25,445 Drifting seaweed becomes a scarf which the dolphin 351 00:25:25,535 --> 00:25:26,685 wraps about itself. 352 00:25:26,915 --> 00:25:28,045 With amazing skill, 353 00:25:41,365 --> 00:25:44,805 a jellyfish becomes a ball pushed with the snout 354 00:25:44,805 --> 00:25:46,645 or kicked off with a sweep of the tail. 355 00:25:50,885 --> 00:25:53,285 A small globe fish all swollen up 356 00:25:53,285 --> 00:25:56,405 because it's scared to death becomes a ping pong ball 357 00:26:08,905 --> 00:26:09,805 at Shark Bay. 358 00:26:09,805 --> 00:26:13,485 In Australia, dolphins often play with sea sponges. 359 00:26:14,035 --> 00:26:16,805 They have discovered how to use them to protect the end 360 00:26:16,805 --> 00:26:18,965 of their snouts when they seek out prey. 361 00:26:19,265 --> 00:26:20,265 In the coral. 362 00:26:23,735 --> 00:26:25,355 The dolphin who was playing around 363 00:26:25,355 --> 00:26:28,115 with sponges must have used the sponge by accident. 364 00:26:28,815 --> 00:26:31,195 He saw a fish hiding in the coral dived 365 00:26:31,195 --> 00:26:32,715 after it with a sponge on the nose 366 00:26:32,735 --> 00:26:35,315 and caught the fish without cutting his nose. 367 00:26:36,855 --> 00:26:39,235 The game became a tour, an innovation, 368 00:26:39,775 --> 00:26:41,715 and this was passed on throughout the group. 369 00:26:42,185 --> 00:26:46,125 That transmission means it became a culture more 370 00:26:46,125 --> 00:26:49,165 so this approach will probably be the source of speciation 371 00:26:49,165 --> 00:26:51,965 because this group of sponge dolphins little 372 00:26:52,025 --> 00:26:55,045 by little moves away from the original group of dolphins. 373 00:26:55,065 --> 00:26:56,065 It was part of 374 00:26:59,555 --> 00:27:02,605 Many forms of behavior are passed down from generation 375 00:27:02,605 --> 00:27:05,645 to generation in animals and this forms a culture. 376 00:27:06,675 --> 00:27:08,885 This is true in the case of pleasure of taste. 377 00:27:10,185 --> 00:27:13,245 It is well known that monkeys use stones to break the shells 378 00:27:13,245 --> 00:27:16,365 of fruit and long grass or twigs to catch and eat termites. 379 00:27:16,955 --> 00:27:21,765 Some clans of maca monkeys in Japan soak sweet potatoes in 380 00:27:21,765 --> 00:27:23,325 sea water before eating them 381 00:27:23,905 --> 00:27:26,205 and it has long been asked why they do this. 382 00:27:27,275 --> 00:27:30,605 According to Ethologists, it is probably a lucky discovery 383 00:27:31,105 --> 00:27:32,725 by playing around or by accident, 384 00:27:32,785 --> 00:27:34,725 the sweet potatoes fell into the sea water 385 00:27:35,145 --> 00:27:38,405 and the Maccas found they had a delightfully salty taste. 386 00:27:39,275 --> 00:27:40,805 This became common usage 387 00:27:41,105 --> 00:27:42,965 and like others was passed down from 388 00:27:42,975 --> 00:27:44,685 generation to generation. 389 00:27:55,115 --> 00:27:59,005 Jean Battis Le and Noel Gust Ethologists at the University 390 00:27:59,005 --> 00:28:01,685 of Lethbridge in Canada are studying the cultural 391 00:28:01,685 --> 00:28:04,245 transmission of games in long tailed Balinese 392 00:28:04,245 --> 00:28:05,525 and Japanese macaques. 393 00:28:12,595 --> 00:28:16,165 This is an example of a long tailed maca in Bali, 394 00:28:16,965 --> 00:28:20,485 engaging in what we call stone pounding behavior. 395 00:28:20,835 --> 00:28:22,445 This is kind of reminiscent of 396 00:28:22,445 --> 00:28:25,965 what chimpanzees do when they use stones as hammers 397 00:28:26,425 --> 00:28:28,805 to crack open hard shell nuts. 398 00:28:29,145 --> 00:28:30,685 But this is not what's going on here. 399 00:28:31,155 --> 00:28:35,765 Here the monkey treated the stone almost as a toy. 400 00:28:35,785 --> 00:28:37,965 The monkey is playing with the stone. 401 00:28:38,265 --> 00:28:41,325 As you can tell, the monkey is repeatedly pounding the stone 402 00:28:41,465 --> 00:28:44,485 on the ground for apparently no purpose at all. 403 00:28:44,755 --> 00:28:46,285 Perhaps just for the fun of it. 404 00:29:01,615 --> 00:29:04,245 Among the different stone directed actions, 405 00:29:04,565 --> 00:29:07,365 a monkey can clack two stones together. 406 00:29:08,035 --> 00:29:12,605 Another monkey may rub vigorously a stone on the ground. 407 00:29:12,755 --> 00:29:16,845 Another monkey may swipe two stones together. 408 00:29:17,735 --> 00:29:22,525 We've also seen a monkey throwing stones up in the air. 409 00:29:25,525 --> 00:29:27,485 A heat sensing camera measures the skin 410 00:29:27,485 --> 00:29:28,765 temperature of the Maccas. 411 00:29:29,635 --> 00:29:31,445 Knowing the temperature of the tip 412 00:29:31,445 --> 00:29:34,085 of their noses gives an indication as to their mood. 413 00:29:36,155 --> 00:29:38,805 Jean Batiste is checking if the playing monkeys have a 414 00:29:38,805 --> 00:29:42,205 colder nose and a more relaxed facial expression than those 415 00:29:42,205 --> 00:29:43,205 who don't want to play. 416 00:29:47,755 --> 00:29:50,085 Even though Maccas are widespread in Asia, 417 00:29:50,335 --> 00:29:53,365 there are different ways of playing games like blind men's 418 00:29:53,365 --> 00:29:54,485 birth peekaboo 419 00:29:54,665 --> 00:29:57,605 or playing with stones are exclusive to certain communities. 420 00:30:09,185 --> 00:30:11,725 In Bali only the long tailed Maccas 421 00:30:11,725 --> 00:30:13,285 of the sacred forest at the center 422 00:30:13,285 --> 00:30:15,085 of the island play with stones. 423 00:30:16,275 --> 00:30:18,565 This characteristic is associated 424 00:30:18,705 --> 00:30:20,765 to the many offerings which are given 425 00:30:20,825 --> 00:30:22,285 to the apes of this forest. 426 00:30:28,435 --> 00:30:31,165 When humans give food to the monkeys, 427 00:30:31,395 --> 00:30:33,645 they also give them more free time. 428 00:30:34,355 --> 00:30:37,725 What are the monkeys gonna do with this extra free time? 429 00:30:38,315 --> 00:30:41,645 Well, they might keep their hands moving and 430 00:30:41,745 --> 00:30:44,445 and one way to keep your hands moving when you have more 431 00:30:44,445 --> 00:30:48,485 free time is to possibly invent this form of object play. 432 00:30:48,615 --> 00:30:49,615 Stone play 433 00:30:53,665 --> 00:30:56,005 In southern Thailand, a community 434 00:30:56,005 --> 00:30:58,685 of Maccas play it making sounds with stones 435 00:30:58,905 --> 00:31:01,685 and anything else at hand that creates a sound. 436 00:31:09,265 --> 00:31:12,805 That's an example of uh, the the Jack Stone game, 437 00:31:12,985 --> 00:31:14,845 the equivalent of the Jack Stone game. 438 00:31:14,875 --> 00:31:18,005 This monkey could do that for 20 minutes in a row, 439 00:31:18,195 --> 00:31:22,285 picking up those gravel, light, tiny stones 440 00:31:22,585 --> 00:31:23,845 and dropping them on the ground. 441 00:31:31,675 --> 00:31:34,405 Monkeys are not the only ones playing this kind of game. 442 00:31:35,155 --> 00:31:37,725 Many species of otter also play with stones. 443 00:31:42,025 --> 00:31:43,165 In playing with pebbles, 444 00:31:43,235 --> 00:31:45,085 they reproduce the actions they make 445 00:31:45,085 --> 00:31:46,725 to extract meat from shellfish. 446 00:32:01,075 --> 00:32:04,805 This juggling frenzy is catchy When one of the otters starts 447 00:32:04,825 --> 00:32:07,085 to play around all the others join in. 448 00:32:08,025 --> 00:32:10,645 The same behavior can be seen in grooming sessions 449 00:32:10,645 --> 00:32:15,165 of primates in specific species. 450 00:32:15,715 --> 00:32:17,085 Play has a social purpose. 451 00:32:17,865 --> 00:32:20,405 It brings pleasure and helps unite the group. 452 00:32:34,445 --> 00:32:37,485 Ethologist Noah Gust is studying another game played 453 00:32:37,485 --> 00:32:38,765 by long tailed Balinese 454 00:32:43,025 --> 00:32:44,725 Mac forage on coconut. 455 00:32:45,265 --> 00:32:47,485 And while eating the flesh like this, 456 00:32:48,835 --> 00:32:52,805 they hide their eyes and face with the empty coconut shell. 457 00:32:56,145 --> 00:32:59,485 The game consists of walking around blindfolded for 458 00:32:59,485 --> 00:33:00,485 as long as possible. 459 00:33:09,515 --> 00:33:12,565 It's a form of peekaboo play like for children. 460 00:33:15,465 --> 00:33:19,365 In a social context, we noticed that uh, this form 461 00:33:19,585 --> 00:33:24,285 of peek play can attract the attention of other monkeys, 462 00:33:24,855 --> 00:33:28,045 which in the end can trigger social play 463 00:33:28,115 --> 00:33:30,045 between those monkeys. 464 00:33:30,215 --> 00:33:32,565 These monkeys can use a variety 465 00:33:32,625 --> 00:33:35,845 of objects like plastic bag trash 466 00:33:36,425 --> 00:33:39,645 or closing material to cover their eyes 467 00:33:39,865 --> 00:33:41,765 and faces while walking around. 468 00:33:51,735 --> 00:33:56,245 These monkeys by playing blind, put themself in a risky 469 00:33:56,805 --> 00:33:59,085 situation, which is similar to 470 00:33:59,355 --> 00:34:02,045 what Australian macies for instance, do. 471 00:34:02,425 --> 00:34:03,805 By playing upside down, 472 00:34:09,065 --> 00:34:11,925 The pleasure of the game is greater than the risk 473 00:34:11,925 --> 00:34:12,845 of getting hurt 474 00:34:24,345 --> 00:34:25,005 in Bali. 475 00:34:25,405 --> 00:34:26,845 Whatever the age or gender of the apes, 476 00:34:26,845 --> 00:34:28,405 there is only one community 477 00:34:28,405 --> 00:34:31,965 that plays constantly at peekaboo or the stone game. 478 00:34:42,465 --> 00:34:46,285 We observe this peekaboo lay behavior on daily basis 479 00:34:47,065 --> 00:34:52,005 in this population of Mac, whereas in other population of 480 00:34:52,515 --> 00:34:57,165 Maca, we only observed this behavior occasionally. 481 00:34:58,105 --> 00:35:00,565 For example, it has never been observed within 482 00:35:00,625 --> 00:35:01,685 the neighboring community. 483 00:35:01,705 --> 00:35:06,205 At the northwest of the island, territorial anchoring 484 00:35:06,205 --> 00:35:09,245 of cultural traits is also found in another source 485 00:35:09,245 --> 00:35:11,725 of pleasure, frequently sought by animals. 486 00:35:12,475 --> 00:35:13,475 Sexuality, 487 00:35:26,035 --> 00:35:29,445 That is a male monkey using a stone to m********e. 488 00:35:29,835 --> 00:35:33,245 This is another male monkey using a big stone to m********e. 489 00:35:33,305 --> 00:35:36,245 And this is a female monkey using several 490 00:35:36,345 --> 00:35:37,765 stones to m********e. 491 00:35:48,435 --> 00:35:49,525 What is really interesting 492 00:35:49,525 --> 00:35:52,005 with the stone tapping behavior is that it 493 00:35:52,565 --> 00:35:57,285 probably emerged from the cultural practice of stone play. 494 00:35:57,595 --> 00:36:00,165 It's almost like this specific group 495 00:36:00,165 --> 00:36:03,405 of monkeys have been doing stone play for generations, 496 00:36:03,745 --> 00:36:08,005 and at some 0.1 individual invented the use 497 00:36:08,105 --> 00:36:10,365 of stones as sex toys and maybe 498 00:36:10,365 --> 00:36:11,885 because the behavior is pleasurable, 499 00:36:12,115 --> 00:36:13,645 it's spread within the group. 500 00:36:15,335 --> 00:36:18,605 Other primates use plastic bottlenecks as sex toys. 501 00:36:22,585 --> 00:36:25,205 The search for pleasure throws a new light on animal 502 00:36:25,275 --> 00:36:29,165 sexuality, which was until today assumed to be only 503 00:36:29,165 --> 00:36:30,165 for reproduction. 504 00:36:30,625 --> 00:36:33,685 Do animals copulate just for the survival of the species 505 00:36:34,255 --> 00:36:38,925 offer pleasure between the herma of earthworms, 506 00:36:39,425 --> 00:36:42,805 the homosexual bonds of lions and the sea. 507 00:36:42,825 --> 00:36:44,885 Breams transsexuality born male 508 00:36:44,905 --> 00:36:46,765 and turn female at around the age of three. 509 00:36:47,145 --> 00:36:48,845 The animal world holds a wide range 510 00:36:48,845 --> 00:36:50,165 of different sexualities. 511 00:36:51,915 --> 00:36:54,165 Some species copulate without penetration. 512 00:36:54,305 --> 00:36:55,925 Others go straight to the point. 513 00:36:59,245 --> 00:37:01,965 Occasionally the female is better gifted than the male like 514 00:37:01,965 --> 00:37:04,325 the hyena with a clitoris as big as a penis. 515 00:37:07,555 --> 00:37:09,685 What we call heterosexuality is only 516 00:37:09,905 --> 00:37:11,085 one option amongst many. 517 00:37:12,465 --> 00:37:13,925 The masturbation of baboons 518 00:37:13,925 --> 00:37:18,045 and maccas, the sexual inconstancy of dolphins, 519 00:37:19,465 --> 00:37:22,725 the erotic frenzy of bears clearly reveal 520 00:37:22,725 --> 00:37:25,285 that animal sexuality isn't dominated by the need 521 00:37:25,285 --> 00:37:28,045 to procreate, but by the search for pleasure. 522 00:37:34,875 --> 00:37:38,165 Professor thi Lodi has long studied ative ecology 523 00:37:38,465 --> 00:37:40,325 and his conclusions are bewildering 524 00:37:44,435 --> 00:37:45,435 Sexuality. Not 525 00:37:45,435 --> 00:37:48,525 only is sexuality not designed for reproduction, 526 00:37:49,345 --> 00:37:52,085 but it is totally different from reproduction. 527 00:37:53,505 --> 00:37:55,805 If Something had been invented for reproduction, 528 00:37:56,345 --> 00:38:00,365 surely it would not have been so complicated as random 529 00:38:00,905 --> 00:38:03,125 and expensive as sexuality. 530 00:38:05,425 --> 00:38:08,285 One of the great advantages of sexuality is 531 00:38:08,285 --> 00:38:12,885 that it releases waves of sensations, which little by little 532 00:38:13,345 --> 00:38:14,805 as animal species evolve. 533 00:38:15,475 --> 00:38:16,485 Invents pleasure. 534 00:38:18,965 --> 00:38:22,565 A whole group of substances in the nervous system leads to 535 00:38:22,565 --> 00:38:25,725 that incredible sensation of pleasure that we see. 536 00:38:38,025 --> 00:38:41,205 We find this from tiny fruit flies, troph files 537 00:38:41,715 --> 00:38:44,805 that are capable of having gratifying ejaculations 538 00:38:45,705 --> 00:38:47,525 in the first fish, the amphibians, 539 00:38:47,545 --> 00:38:49,725 and then it becomes explosive in other species. 540 00:38:50,345 --> 00:38:54,165 For example, birds who have extraordinary orgasms 541 00:38:54,345 --> 00:38:57,045 and even turtles who have been seen enjoying 542 00:38:57,155 --> 00:38:58,525 very long orgasms. 543 00:39:01,585 --> 00:39:04,925 And then of course in mammals there can be very quick 544 00:39:04,925 --> 00:39:06,805 populations that are often repeated 545 00:39:06,875 --> 00:39:08,485 because that's what at stake. 546 00:39:09,265 --> 00:39:12,525 The impulse towards pleasure which sexuality generates is 547 00:39:12,555 --> 00:39:15,525 obviously to continually repeat those activities 548 00:39:19,025 --> 00:39:21,405 In our human culture and western society. 549 00:39:21,925 --> 00:39:23,525 Monogamy is the general rule, 550 00:39:23,905 --> 00:39:25,605 but contrary to what is often believed, 551 00:39:25,685 --> 00:39:28,285 monogamy is the exception in the animal kingdom. 552 00:39:33,105 --> 00:39:36,205 In nature, monogamous species are restricted species 553 00:39:36,965 --> 00:39:39,205 restricted by their environment, restricted 554 00:39:39,205 --> 00:39:40,365 by conditions of life. 555 00:39:40,455 --> 00:39:42,725 Think of penguins such as the emperor, 556 00:39:42,725 --> 00:39:44,125 which doesn't deprive itself 557 00:39:44,125 --> 00:39:46,805 of homosexuality while remaining faithful 558 00:39:46,805 --> 00:39:48,325 to its partner for very long. 559 00:39:52,705 --> 00:39:54,605 And what about the gender of the partner? 560 00:39:56,395 --> 00:39:59,645 Homosexuality is frequent in most species of animal 561 00:39:59,645 --> 00:40:02,365 because put simply sexuality is frequent. 562 00:40:02,955 --> 00:40:05,525 Such species are more or less fundamentally bisexual 563 00:40:06,105 --> 00:40:07,245 and will develop short 564 00:40:07,385 --> 00:40:11,405 or long term homosexual relationships, especially in monkeys 565 00:40:12,045 --> 00:40:13,805 possibly because they've been the most studied, 566 00:40:19,075 --> 00:40:21,925 seen occasionally in rams and hoofed mammals, 567 00:40:34,375 --> 00:40:37,245 homosexual relationships have been seen in lions. 568 00:40:37,825 --> 00:40:39,365 It has been well-studied in groups 569 00:40:39,365 --> 00:40:40,885 of males that often stay together. 570 00:40:48,065 --> 00:40:50,325 Sex parties have been observed among lions, 571 00:40:50,325 --> 00:40:51,485 especially in South Africa, 572 00:40:51,905 --> 00:40:53,445 but it's also been seen elsewhere 573 00:40:59,585 --> 00:41:00,285 in some species. 574 00:41:00,795 --> 00:41:03,765 Unleashed activities are associated with play 575 00:41:03,945 --> 00:41:06,405 for no other reason than the search for pleasure. 576 00:41:09,795 --> 00:41:12,325 According to thi ludi, it's sexual 577 00:41:12,925 --> 00:41:15,725 pleasure rather than the Darwinian biological logic 578 00:41:15,825 --> 00:41:19,565 of procreation, which pushes the reproductive dynamic in 579 00:41:19,565 --> 00:41:20,645 most animal species 580 00:41:21,265 --> 00:41:24,045 and likely determines their relationship to others. 581 00:41:25,985 --> 00:41:28,605 But how can we know if animals feel pleasure? 582 00:41:31,585 --> 00:41:35,725 The study of vaginal spasms, of a**l tractions, et cetera, 583 00:41:35,915 --> 00:41:38,165 will step by step prove 584 00:41:38,165 --> 00:41:40,365 that the same organic elements occur. 585 00:41:41,445 --> 00:41:43,525 Orgasmic facial expressions that are 586 00:41:43,585 --> 00:41:45,005 so common in the animal kingdom. 587 00:41:47,185 --> 00:41:48,845 All these elements help us understand 588 00:41:48,845 --> 00:41:51,765 that if there is no orgasms similar to 589 00:41:51,765 --> 00:41:55,165 that found in human beings, it is very close. 590 00:41:59,315 --> 00:42:02,005 Homo sapiens does not have the monopoly of sexual 591 00:42:02,525 --> 00:42:05,805 pleasure, whatever its form and whoever the partner may be. 592 00:42:12,205 --> 00:42:14,165 Ethologist Noel Gust at the University 593 00:42:14,165 --> 00:42:17,245 of Lethbridge studies an even more surprising subject, 594 00:42:17,925 --> 00:42:22,485 interspecies sex interactions between seeker deer 595 00:42:22,485 --> 00:42:24,165 of Mino in the center of Japan 596 00:42:24,435 --> 00:42:27,525 with the local Maccas are the center of her attention. 597 00:42:28,275 --> 00:42:32,005 This is a female sitting on the back of a deer 598 00:42:32,505 --> 00:42:34,165 and uh, it's rubbing 599 00:42:34,705 --> 00:42:37,725 its genitals onto the back of the deer. 600 00:42:37,955 --> 00:42:39,445 This is a sexual mount 601 00:42:39,625 --> 00:42:44,405 and the female is probably, uh, experiencing sexual pleasure 602 00:42:45,105 --> 00:42:47,325 out of this genital stimulation. 603 00:42:49,075 --> 00:42:52,565 This somewhat unorthodox custom does not concern just a 604 00:42:52,565 --> 00:42:54,045 few isolated individuals. 605 00:42:54,465 --> 00:42:56,445 It seems as though it is a common trait 606 00:42:56,445 --> 00:42:57,885 amongst the young females. 607 00:43:00,825 --> 00:43:05,045 The young female Japanese Maca don't use the deer 608 00:43:05,635 --> 00:43:07,285 just like a sex toy. 609 00:43:07,635 --> 00:43:12,205 They actually solicit the deer like a regular 610 00:43:12,345 --> 00:43:16,005 sexual partner like they would do with a male monkey 611 00:43:16,065 --> 00:43:17,365 during the mating season. 612 00:43:18,475 --> 00:43:22,085 They solicit the deer, they emit lots 613 00:43:22,085 --> 00:43:23,485 of sexual vocalization. 614 00:43:24,195 --> 00:43:28,205 They defend their dear partner as they would do 615 00:43:28,275 --> 00:43:29,845 with a male monkey. 616 00:43:31,975 --> 00:43:35,285 Adolescent female. Maccas also mate regularly 617 00:43:35,285 --> 00:43:36,885 with the males of their community. 618 00:43:37,385 --> 00:43:40,085 But Noah Gust observed that they prefer to take pleasure 619 00:43:40,085 --> 00:43:43,445 with the deer rather than the males of their own species. 620 00:43:46,915 --> 00:43:49,565 This preference could be due to the aggressive attitude 621 00:43:49,585 --> 00:43:51,685 of male maccas during intercourse. 622 00:43:53,345 --> 00:43:55,485 The ologist has another possible reason. 623 00:43:56,205 --> 00:43:58,805 Mounting deer for this young, uh, female 624 00:43:59,315 --> 00:44:02,725 monkeys is probably a way for them to practice 625 00:44:03,425 --> 00:44:06,685 the sexual months, which will prepare them 626 00:44:06,825 --> 00:44:08,605 for their future sexual life. 627 00:44:10,385 --> 00:44:13,085 For her, these interspecies relationships are a way 628 00:44:13,085 --> 00:44:15,925 of experimenting, avoiding bites and other brutalities. 629 00:44:17,795 --> 00:44:19,365 What could be in it for the deer? 630 00:44:20,675 --> 00:44:22,325 What interest can they find in these 631 00:44:22,335 --> 00:44:23,925 outlandish monkey rodeos? 632 00:44:25,235 --> 00:44:26,565 Observation has shown that 633 00:44:26,565 --> 00:44:29,285 after having rubbed their genitals against the deer's back, 634 00:44:29,705 --> 00:44:32,205 the maccas often clean their partner's neck. 635 00:44:33,025 --> 00:44:35,445 In this way, the deer seems to get a free session 636 00:44:35,465 --> 00:44:36,165 of grooming 637 00:44:40,505 --> 00:44:42,525 on the Japanese island of Yakima. 638 00:44:42,695 --> 00:44:45,485 Other researchers recently filmed a scene of masturbation. 639 00:44:46,475 --> 00:44:49,125 This time it is a male maca on a female deer. 640 00:44:54,315 --> 00:44:58,525 When other males approach his partner, he chases them off 641 00:44:59,385 --> 00:45:02,085 as if he demanded exclusive rights to the dear 642 00:45:02,315 --> 00:45:03,685 that was bringing him pleasure. 643 00:45:10,255 --> 00:45:13,645 There is a wide diversity of relationships between animals. 644 00:45:14,665 --> 00:45:16,565 The behavior that we call homosexual 645 00:45:16,745 --> 00:45:20,085 or bisexual is common incitation from dolphins 646 00:45:20,185 --> 00:45:25,005 to sperm whales, the oceanographer Francois 647 00:45:25,205 --> 00:45:29,085 Serrano discovered an astounding synchronization of cliques 648 00:45:29,115 --> 00:45:31,725 between two females rubbing against one another. 649 00:45:34,085 --> 00:45:35,925 Del Delphine, who is below here 650 00:45:36,225 --> 00:45:38,845 and whose cliques are symbolized by this white bar, 651 00:45:39,345 --> 00:45:42,045 has just called Vanessa and asked for a correct. 652 00:45:42,825 --> 00:45:46,485 If Vanessa rep applies and she does the two come together 653 00:45:47,065 --> 00:45:50,325 and caress vaginal cleft against vaginal cleft 654 00:45:51,185 --> 00:45:53,645 or vaginal cleft against back fin. 655 00:45:54,075 --> 00:45:56,045 This is an undeniable sexual act 656 00:46:02,705 --> 00:46:07,085 and we've analyzed over 1,700 of these relations and coder 657 00:46:07,265 --> 00:46:10,005 and we've shown that it belonged not only to this kind 658 00:46:10,005 --> 00:46:11,885 of behavior, but to the clan within which 659 00:46:11,885 --> 00:46:13,085 these females live. 660 00:46:13,935 --> 00:46:15,725 These couples are relatively stable. 661 00:46:15,825 --> 00:46:18,325 For example, Vanessa will go with Caroline, 662 00:46:18,325 --> 00:46:21,365 but never with Irene twisted face, who is the matriarch. 663 00:46:21,715 --> 00:46:24,365 Whereas Irene twisted face will go with Claire, 664 00:46:24,705 --> 00:46:26,725 who will never go with Vanessa or Caroline. 665 00:46:33,075 --> 00:46:35,565 When the mating season approaches when the 666 00:46:35,565 --> 00:46:36,605 female is fertile. 667 00:46:36,815 --> 00:46:40,805 These varied forms of sexuality seem to come to an end. 668 00:46:42,745 --> 00:46:44,405 The game of Libertinism is over. 669 00:46:45,785 --> 00:46:48,805 One must appear sensual, thoughtful, and engaged. 670 00:46:50,385 --> 00:46:51,525 Should a rival try 671 00:46:51,525 --> 00:46:54,245 and get in the way of the game, they won't hesitate 672 00:46:54,245 --> 00:46:58,365 to fight sex. 673 00:46:58,365 --> 00:47:00,405 Your pleasure is far more than a pleasant 674 00:47:00,405 --> 00:47:01,525 outcome of evolution. 675 00:47:02,145 --> 00:47:05,325 Recent studies show that it's the driving force 676 00:47:05,345 --> 00:47:06,605 behind reproduction. 677 00:47:07,465 --> 00:47:09,725 The search for pleasure is the foundation 678 00:47:09,745 --> 00:47:11,125 for the survival of the species. 679 00:47:15,545 --> 00:47:19,045 Why are these animals behaving in such an unusual way? 680 00:47:26,055 --> 00:47:27,605 Shawa who think they're weightless 681 00:47:30,265 --> 00:47:32,245 mag pies stumble and cannot fly. 682 00:47:33,925 --> 00:47:35,605 Squirrels falling over backwards. 683 00:47:38,495 --> 00:47:40,405 There is no doubt that they have eaten 684 00:47:40,605 --> 00:47:42,045 psychotropic substances. 685 00:47:43,295 --> 00:47:46,445 These natural drugs bring about the release 686 00:47:46,445 --> 00:47:48,165 of dopamine in the animal's bodies. 687 00:47:48,765 --> 00:47:50,125 A molecule associated 688 00:47:50,125 --> 00:47:52,525 with pleasure also released during play. 689 00:47:57,505 --> 00:47:59,005 In spring RO deer 690 00:47:59,065 --> 00:48:00,765 and sham white graze on birds 691 00:48:00,775 --> 00:48:02,325 which ferment in the animal's stomach. 692 00:48:02,835 --> 00:48:05,725 This produces alcohol and gets them drunk. 693 00:48:09,215 --> 00:48:11,285 Other animals deliberately get drunk 694 00:48:11,345 --> 00:48:13,045 by eating overwrite fruit. 695 00:48:18,075 --> 00:48:21,165 Cats get high by eating certain herbs, CATME 696 00:48:21,545 --> 00:48:22,925 or valerian root plants. 697 00:48:36,075 --> 00:48:37,485 When fine weather arrives, 698 00:48:38,165 --> 00:48:41,085 reindeer a door eating the emerging flyer, Garrick mushroom, 699 00:48:41,175 --> 00:48:43,325 which sends them into a state of Stu. 700 00:48:49,965 --> 00:48:52,565 Elephants seem to delight in eating marula fruit, 701 00:48:52,815 --> 00:48:54,285 which ferments on the ground. 702 00:48:54,955 --> 00:48:57,245 Like other animals, they don't have the enzyme, 703 00:48:57,245 --> 00:48:59,525 which lets them efficiently digest the alcohol 704 00:48:59,825 --> 00:49:01,565 and they rapidly get drunk. 705 00:49:06,165 --> 00:49:09,165 Elephants, birds, and monkeys all delight in the 706 00:49:09,165 --> 00:49:10,365 roots of iboga. 707 00:49:11,395 --> 00:49:13,965 This is a hallucinogenic plant central 708 00:49:14,025 --> 00:49:17,805 to a shamanic ritual performed by the bewi indigenous tribes 709 00:49:17,805 --> 00:49:19,165 of Gabon and Congo. 710 00:49:21,795 --> 00:49:23,285 Many observations suggest 711 00:49:23,285 --> 00:49:26,205 that animals deliberately seek psychoactive results, 712 00:49:26,205 --> 00:49:27,285 which bring them pleasure 713 00:49:27,705 --> 00:49:31,125 and perhaps even help them see pink elephants 714 00:49:34,555 --> 00:49:36,285 long considered as a villain act 715 00:49:36,285 --> 00:49:38,125 of humans lacking moral ground. 716 00:49:38,915 --> 00:49:41,925 Today's scientific studies tend to endorse the idea 717 00:49:42,195 --> 00:49:45,325 that the search for pleasure is common to many animals. 718 00:49:46,265 --> 00:49:49,205 It helps reduce stress, improve animal performance 719 00:49:49,225 --> 00:49:52,725 and social relations, favorize biodiversity 720 00:49:52,825 --> 00:49:54,725 and is a powerful drive-through evolution. 721 00:49:55,785 --> 00:49:58,245 We may like to think we are superior beings, 722 00:49:58,505 --> 00:50:01,365 but our biology confirms we are animals. 723 00:50:02,665 --> 00:50:04,885 We can now finally grasp the importance 724 00:50:04,885 --> 00:50:06,725 of pleasure in our own lives. 725 00:50:11,185 --> 00:50:12,445 Hey, One last thing. 726 00:50:13,305 --> 00:50:15,285 Did you know that a sign that IT study says 727 00:50:15,285 --> 00:50:17,925 that watching a wildlife documentary brings pleasure? 728 00:50:18,265 --> 00:50:21,005 It does, and it's an excellent stress reliever. 729 00:50:24,905 --> 00:50:26,485 I'm an animal, so will you.