非洲 Africa.
被称为人类的发源地 It's been called the birthplace of humanity,
我们祖先迈出第一步的地方 the land where our ancestors took their first steps.
直到最近才被发现有大量的的热带文明 Yet only recently revealed as the home of a vast tropical civilization.
城市和王国曾经遍布整个大陆 Cities and kingdoms once spread across the continent,
然后消失了，几乎没有留下任何痕迹 then vanished, leaving barely a trace.
这个伟大的成就怎么了？ What happened to this great achievement?
贾里德·戴蒙德教授着手探索人类历史的伟大模式。 Professor Jared Diamond has set out to explore the great patterns of human history.
旅程从新几内亚的丛林 It's a journey that has taken him from the jungles of New Guinea
到秘鲁白雪皑皑的山峰 to the snow-capped peaks of Peru.
他去探究，理解为什么一种人， His quest, to understand why one people,
欧洲人 Europeans,
征服了世界那么多的地方。 have conquered so much of the world.
戴蒙德认为，欧洲胜利的根源可以追溯到几千年前 Diamond argues that the roots of European triumph stretch back thousands of years,
源于天赐的地理力量 and rest in the power of geography.
地理赋予欧洲人生产力最高的农作物和动物 Geography gave Europeans the most productive crops and animals on the planet,
这些使他们能够发展出枪支、病菌和钢铁 and these allowed them to develop guns, germs and steel
三种巨大的征服力量，它们塑造了人类历史。 three great forces of conquest that have shaped human history.
现在，戴蒙德开始了他探索的最后一个阶段， Now, Diamond is setting out on the last stage of his quest
即去发现当枪支、病菌和钢铁 to discover what happened when guns,
来到非洲后的故事。 germs and steel came to Africa.
并探寻这些力量仍在发挥什么作用 And to ask what role these forces still play.
但戴蒙德的旅程不止于验证理论。 But Diamond's journey will test much more than theories.
这也将验证他自己。 It will also test the man himself.
第三部：进入热带 Titles: Episode 3: Into The Tropics
南非19D级铁路蒸汽机车 A Class 19D South African Railways steam locomotive.
1932年建于苏格兰格拉斯哥， Built Glasgow, Scotland, 1932.
它是技术和人类成就的见证 It is a testament to technology and human achievement.
是用来在大陆上开辟道路的工具。 A tool built to carve a path across a continent.
欧洲枪炮、细菌和钢铁胜利的永恒象征。 A lasting symbol of the triumph of European guns, germs and steel.
这台引擎和它的铁轨 This engine and its tracks of steel
将载着贾里德·戴蒙德经历非洲的故事。 will carry Jared Diamond through the story of Africa.
这是根植于野心和贪婪的故事， It is a tale with its roots in ambition and greed,
欧洲人离开本土，寻求征服全球。 peoples of Europe reaching out beyond their native lands in a quest for global conquest.
随着欧洲人在世界各地的扩张，他们征服了其他人， As Europeans expanded around the world, they conquered other people,
他们修建了铁路 they built railroads,
他们发展以欧洲为榜样的富裕社会 they developed rich societies modeled on Europe,
他们在北美和南美成功地做到了 they had done this successfully in North America and South America,
在澳大利亚也成功了，然后他们到了非洲， in Australia, and then they arrived in Africa,
看起来同样事又开始了。 and it looked as if the same thing were starting all over again.
但非洲会有所不同。 But Africa would be different.
一个充满危险和秘密的地方，不为外国侵略者所知。 A place of dangers and secrets, hidden from these foreign invaders.
首批欧洲移民于17世纪中叶抵达南部非洲。 The first European settlers arrived in Southern Africa in the mid 1600s.
他们在大陆最南端的好望角登陆。 They landed here, in the Cape of Good Hope, at the southernmost tip of the continent.
他们很快就在这片新土地上建立了家园，开垦农场， They quickly established themselves in this new land, laying out farms,
种植小麦和大麦，饲养牛羊。 planting wheat and barley, ranching cattle and sheep.
这看起来可能很奇怪，但正是从这样的普通农业中， This may sound strange but it's from ordinary agriculture
我的枪炮、病菌和钢铁理论应运而生。 like this that my theory of guns, germs and steel arose.
我的探索始于30多年前，在巴布亚新几内亚的一次旅行中， My quest began more than 30 years ago, on a trip to Papua New Guinea,
当我开始试着了解为什么那里的人 when I began to try to understand why the people
和欧美人生活得如此不同 there lived so differently from Europeans and Americans.
我意识到，答案的根源取决于农业 The beginnings of the answer, I realized, depended on farming.
新几内亚人只有少数本地作物可以种植 New Guineans had only a few native crops that they could grow,
没有本地的家畜，而我的祖先，甚至一万年前， and no native farm animals, while my ancestors, even 10,000 years ago,
拥有大量的驯化的动植物 had been blessed with an abundance of domestic plants and animals.
几个世纪以来，给了他们巨大的优势，发展出城市、国家 Over the centuries this had given them a huge advantage that let them develop cities,
甚至海外殖民地。 nations and even colonies abroad.
但南部非洲距离欧洲5000英里。 But Southern Africa is 5,000 miles from Europe.
移民怎么可能把欧洲的农作物和动物 How was it possible for the settlers to import European crops and animals
输入到如此遥远的地方？ to such a distant part of the world?
和技巧一样，归根结底还是靠运气 As much as skill, it came down to good fortune.
地理条件给了定居者极大的幸运。 Geography had dealt the settlers an immensely lucky hand.
他们偶然发现了南半球为数不多的几个地方 They had stumbled across one of the few parts of the southern hemisphere
感觉就像欧洲。 that feels just like Europe.
因为开普省和欧洲的纬度相似，或者说离赤道的距离几乎一样， Because the Cape and Europe lie at a similar latitude, or distance from the equator,
这意味着温度和气候， and this means that the temperature and climate
欧洲与这些相隔甚远的地区几乎完全相同。 of these widely separated regions are almost exactly the same.
欧洲人能够建立繁荣的农场和定居点， The Europeans were able to establish prosperous farms and settlements,
现在这些财产属于他们的后代 properties now owned by their descendants
比如汉佩斯·杜·托伊特 people like Hempies Du Toit.
你的家人已经在这片土地上生活了几个世纪了。 So your family has been here for centuries on this land.
那你自己对这片土地感觉如何？ How do you feel about the land yourself then?
我从小就喜欢这片土地， Well I've always loved the land since childhood days and it comes,
农业在我们家已经有很多代了。 agriculture's been in our family for so many generations.
请告诉我这个农场的历史。 Tell me about the history of this farm.
嗯，这块地是1683年开发的， Well the, the land was occupied in 1683,
我是说，那是在首批定居者来到开普省后的几年。 I mean that was only a couple of years after the first settlers came to the Cape.
但是像杜·托伊特这样的定居者知道，这里不是荒地 But settlers like the Du Toit knew that this was not an empty land.
即使在今天，农场也能找到开普省原住民的证据， Even today their farms turn up evidence of the Cape's original inhabitants,
一个叫科桑的民族。 a people known as the Koysan.
哦，很有趣。看这个，这是石器时代的。 Oh this is interesting. This is a, this is from the Stone Age.
这块土地在1683年移民占领之前， Prior to the occupation of this land in 1683 by the settlers,
很可能是属于柯桑人的。 this land was most probably occupied by Koysan people.
这是他们用过的工具，鞣皮时用来刮皮。 These were the tools they used to, to scrape the skins when they tanned the skins.
很漂亮 Beautiful.
你可以看到很容易上手，很合手。 And you can see how easily, how nicely it fits into your hand.
是呀 Yeah.
随着欧洲人的到来，这些原住民被赶出了他们的土地。 With the arrival of Europeans, these native peoples were driven from their land.
但他们也面临着一种无形的、甚至更具破坏性的征服媒介。 But they also faced an invisible and even more devastating agent of conquest.
戴蒙德确认是人类史上最重大的一种力量： A force Diamond has identified as one of the greatest in human history:
病菌 Germs.
认识到耕种的重要性 Realizing the importance of farming
引导我对枪支、细菌和钢铁的惊天大发现。 led me to the next big surprising discovery of guns, germs and steel.
驯养的动物带给欧洲人 Domesticated animals had given Europeans
完全意识不到的一个优势。 one advantage of which they were completely unaware.
因为生活在离家畜很近的地方， By living in close proximity to their livestock,
他们已感染了这些动物的病毒和细菌， they had become infected with viruses and germs of those animals,
它们演变成人类的疾病 which evolved into diseases of humans.
经过几个世纪的接触， Through exposure over centuries,
欧洲人对这些疾病产生了一定的抵抗力 Europeans had developed some resistance to those diseases.
但随着欧洲人遍布世界， But as Europeans spread around the world,
他们遇到了那些没有同样抵抗力的人， they encountered peoples who didn't have that same resistance,
那些人成为毁灭性传染病爆发的受害者， and who then fell victim to devastating outbreaks of infection,
尤其是天花 especially of smallpox.
在美洲，数百万原住民人死于这种疾病 In the Americas, millions of native people died from this one disease,
在开普省，它对科桑人造成了同样的破坏 and here in the Cape it wrought the same havoc on the Koysan peoples.
通过他们的耕种和病菌， Through their farming and their germs,
欧洲人在非洲南端建立了稳固的立足点。 Europeans had established a firm foothold in the southern tip of Africa.
现在，他们想扩张。 Now, they looked to expand.
19世纪30年代，一股开拓潮爆发 In the 1830s there was a burst of the pioneer spirit
类似于欧洲人在北美和澳大利亚 such as had been seen in the European expansion
的扩张开拓。 across North America and Australia.
这一次是荷兰殖民者，他们深入内地， This time it was Dutch settlers, and these pioneers moved into the interior
就像当初拓荒者穿越北美和澳大利亚一样。 like the pioneers moving across North America and Australia.
在19世纪30年代，成千上万的荷兰人 Over the course of the 1830s, thousands of Dutch farmers with their families
带着他们的家庭和财产离开了开普省，寻找新的土地定居。 and possessions loaded into wagons left the Cape in search of new land to settle.
他们称自己为沃特雷克人(即开拓者)， They called themselves the voertrekkers,
这些先驱都挥舞着欧洲征服的另一种工具： and these pioneers all wielded another agent of European conquest:
枪支 the gun.
这是一支典型的前膛步枪， This is a muzzle-loading rifle, typical of the weapon
每个沃特雷克人的大篷车上都会装备这武器。 that every Voertrekker would have had in his wagon.
布尔人(即荷裔南非人)特别擅长使用这种武器。 The Boers were particularly adept at using this weapon.
他们可以在马背上装弹并射击。 They could reload it and fire from horseback.
这些前膛步枪仍然深受沃特雷克后裔的喜爱。 These muzzle-loading rifles are still much admired by the voertrekkers' descendants.
每一个身体健康的人 Every single man that was in, in good health
都至少有两三支这种步枪。 had at least two or three of these particular rifles.
你知道，那个时候这性命攸关。 In those days it must have been the person's life, you know.
一切都依赖于它，你知道的 Everything depended on that, you know.
他们用它打猎，用它保护自己。 They hunted with them, they protected themselves with them.
属于自身的一部分，如果哪天你不拿枪， It was part of him, you know, if you didn't handle a gun in that day
你脑子就有问题，对吧。 there was something wrong with you. Yeah.
枪支和制造它们的钢铁 Guns and the steel from which they're made
是欧洲人带着它们 were the last two of the great advantages
横扫世界的最后两大法宝。 that Europeans carried with them around the globe.
枪支是数千年复杂技术发展的结果， Guns are the result of thousands of years of complex technological developments,
这些技术始于欧洲以外，但欧洲完善了这些技术。 which began outside Europe but which Europeans perfected.
而这一切都是因为几千年前 And that was all because of the head start that their farming
领先起步的农业 had given them thousands of years previously.
你看，燧发步枪，它很重要 You know, the flintlock rifle, it was, you know,
我真不该这么比喻， I shouldn't really say this but it was nearly like as important
但就像今天的手机一样 as a cellphone is today.
你出门不能不带手机 You can't go without your cellphone;
在那时，你外出不能没有燧发步枪。 in those days you couldn't go without your flintlock rifle.
尽管欧洲定居者拥有武器，但还要有坚定的信心 Armed as they were, the European settlers must have been confident
向非洲内陆推进时能克服任何障碍。 they could overcome any obstacle as they pushed further into the African interior.
到1838年2月17日， By February 17th 1838,
沃特雷克人已经到达了距开普800英里的内陆。 the voertrekkers had reached 800 miles inland from the Cape.
他们进入了一个陌生的未经探索的土地 But they were entering an alien and unexplored land.
突然从黑暗中冲出一支非洲土着军队。 Suddenly out of the darkness swept a native African army.
沃特雷克人没来得及开一枪， Their victims barely had time to fire a single shot
毫无准备，完全不知所措。 from their rifles before they were completely overwhelmed.
几个小时内，将近300名沃特雷克人死亡。 Within hours, nearly 300 voertrekkers lay dead.
他们的敌人进攻时毫不留情。 Their enemy had struck without mercy.
杀掉男人，女人和孩子。 Killing men, women and children alike.
谁会发动这样残忍和有计划的攻击， Who could have committed such a ruthless and calculated assault,
来阻止欧洲人前进？ stopping the Europeans in their tracks?
事实上， In fact,
沃特雷克人侵入了一个强大非洲王国的边界 the voertrekkers had trespassed across the border of a mighty African kingdom.
居住着与开普的科桑人截然不同的人 Inhabited by people very different from the Koysan of the Cape.
他们遇到了祖鲁人。 They had encountered the Zulus.
他们遇到的祖鲁人， When they ran into the Zulus, they ran into a group of people
与他们之前遇到的并征服的人， anybody else they'd been up to, who were very different to
是完全不同的对抗方式。 up against up until that point in time.
这是一群有组织的人。 This was an organized group of people.
祖鲁人是一个独特、高度发达非洲国家的缔造者。 The Zulus were the authors of a unique and highly developed African state.
他们的军事技能使他们对邻国具有压倒性优势 Their military skills had allowed them to overwhelm their native African neighbors.
他们拥有超过3万多平方英里的国土， They held more than 30,000 square miles of land,
建立了一个复杂的经济和社会体系 and had established a sophisticated economy and society.
祖鲁人保卫他们土地的凶猛 The ferocity of the Zulu defense of their land
是沃特雷克人根本没预料到的。 was something the voertrekkers had simply not expected.
超出了布尔人所能承受的 It was more than the Boers could handle.
他们，他们对祖鲁人的攻击毫无准备 They, they, they were not prepared for the attack from the Zulus.
他们面对的国王，可以动员一支10-15000人的军队 They were up against a king who could mobilize an army of 10-15,000 men
迅速而毫无问题 without any problem at all.
能击退任何人，他们绝对无所畏惧 It could take on almost anybody, they were absolutely fearless.
沃特雷克人震惊万分。 The voertrekkers were stunned and devastated.
具备枪支、病菌和钢铁力量的他们， Had they, and the power of guns, germs and steel
能在非洲战胜对手？ met their match in Africa?
沃特雷克人对祖鲁人是谁， The voertrekkers showed little interest in who the Zulus were,
以及是如何发展成这样一个复杂的国家毫无兴趣。 or how they'd developed such a sophisticated state.
他们要一决胜负 They wanted a showdown.
他们把分散的兵力集结在大篷车围成的圈里， They gathered their scattered forces behind a great circle of wagons,
并准备投入战斗。 and readied themselves for battle.
1838年12月16日拂晓， At dawn on 16th December 1838,
一万多名祖鲁战士冲过地平线， more than 10,000 Zulus stormed across the horizon,
准备消灭寡不敌众的定居者。 charging in to destroy the outnumbered settlers.
但这一次，欧洲人把技术发挥到极致。 But this time, the Europeans were able to use their technology to maximum effect.
为了增加前膛枪的射速， To increase the rate of fire from their muzzle-loading rifles,
一些人开枪射击，而另一些人同时装弹。 some would shoot while others would reload.
他们开枪，换枪，拿下一把枪，再开火，再换枪。 They would shoot, hand the gun over, take the next gun, fire, hand the gun over.
所以每隔五六秒钟就可射击一次。 So every five or six seconds you could fire a shot.
那是很重要的。 See that, that was the important thing.
这次，没有一个祖鲁人能冲进距营地十步以内。 This time, not a single Zulu could get within ten paces of the encampment.
这是一场大屠杀。 It was a massacre.
沃特雷克人可能杀死了3000-3500名祖鲁人 The voertrekkers had probably killed an estimated 3-3,500 Zulus.
布尔人只有三人受伤。 The Boers themselves suffered only three injuries.
这场冲突被称为血河之战。 The conflict became known as the Battle of Blood River.
祖鲁人被击败 The Zulus had been broken.
枪支、病菌和钢铁占了上风。 Guns, germs and steel had prevailed.
得胜的欧洲殖民者向祖鲁的土地推进， The victorious European settlers pushed on beyond Zulu lands,
而新技术的发展加快了征服的步伐。 while new developments in their technology let them increase the pace of conquest.
铁路是关键。 Railroads were key.
有了铁路，人们可以在广阔的地区 With railroads one could transport lots of people
运送大量的人和他们的物资。 and their supplies over vast areas.
所以在非洲，欧洲人开始修建铁路， And so in Africa, Europeans started to build railroads,
进入内陆地区，运输人员和物资。 move into the interior and transport themselves and their supplies.
这是工业革命的时代， This was the era of the industrial revolution,
这场革命为非洲的殖民统治带来了另一种武器。 a revolution that introduced one further weapon to the colonization of Africa.
能把血河之战上毁灭性的火力 A weapon that put the same devastating fire power seen at Blood River
集中到一个人手里的武器。 into the hands of just a single man.
这是马克沁机枪，是什么造就如此伟大的武器， This is a Maxim gun. What made this weapon such a great weapon,
与多年前使用的老式单发武器不同， as opposed to the old single-shot weapons that had been used in years before,
这把枪能每分钟连续射击500发子弹 is this gun could fire continuously for up to 500 rounds a minute.
它的火力相当于 It had the equivalent fire power
大约100人连队的单发武器。 of probably 100 men in a company with single shot weapons.
当驱车深入非洲时，欧洲人遇到了新的部落， As they drove further into Africa, Europeans encountered new tribes,
有些部落和祖鲁人一样对入侵怀有敌意。 some just as hostile to invasion as the Zulus had been.
但对于像马塔贝列这样的部落， But for peoples like the Matabele,
面对世界上第一台全自动武器根本束手无策。 there was simply no answer to the world's first fully-automatic weapon.
1893年10月的马塔贝列冲突持续了几个小时。 The Matabele conflict of October 1893 lasted a matter of hours.
在定居者的扫射下，马塔贝列战士纷纷倒下， The settlers mowed down those Matabele warriors
直到只剩下几个人。 until there were only a few of them left.
这是个真实案例，落后古老的技术对抗 It was a real case of ancient technology up against
欧洲最新最伟大技术。 the latest and greatest as far as European inventions were concerned.
这好像是新时代的诞生。 It seems like the birth of a new age.
欧洲人在开辟道路通向非洲内陆。 Europeans carving the path into the interior of Africa.
征服一个又一个部落，在他们喜欢的地方定居。 Conquering tribe after tribe, settling where they pleased.
枪炮，病菌和钢铁的胜利。 Guns, germs and steel triumphant.
但不久，这些定居者发现面临了全新的敌人， Except now, those settlers would find themselves facing an entirely new enemy
曾经是他们最伟大的盟友。 one that had once been their greatest ally.
地理 Geography.
当他们向北迁移时，定居者不断开垦土地， As they moved north, settlers cleared land for farms,
他们相信可以在非洲建立繁荣的生活。 confident they could build a prosperous life in Africa.
但没有什么警告，就开始出岔子了 But with little warning, things began to go awry.
土地变得无法耕种了。 The land became impossible to plough.
他们的庄稼不肯生长。 Their crops refused to grow.
他们的鞋在泥泞中脱落。 Their shoes fell apart in the mud.
那只是开始。 And that was only the start.
欧洲人遇到的第二个大问题是动物死亡。 The second big problem that Europeans encountered was their animals died.
马和牛是欧洲人优势的主要组成部分， Their horses and oxen had been a big part of the European advantage
相对于世界其他地方。 elsewhere in the world
牛可出劳力，马可用于作战， oxen as draught animals, and horses as their military animals,
但在这里，动物正在死亡。 but here their animals were dying.
几千年来， For thousands of years,
这些驯养的动物和农作物维持着欧洲文明。 these domesticated animals and crops had sustained European civilization.
没有他们，就没有枪、病菌和钢铁； Without them, there would have been no guns, germs and steel;
不会有征服和殖民的历史。 no history of conquest and colonization.
现在定居者也开始患上可怕的热病， And now the settlers themselves began to fall ill with terrible fevers,
而他们可以看到周围的原住民 while all around them they could see native Africans
耕种，放牧， farming, herding cattle,
健康而有活力。 healthy and alive.
这怎么可能？ How was this possible?
这个陌生的新土地有什么秘密？ What were the secrets of this strange new land?
枪支、病菌和钢铁背后的理念都源于对地理的理解。 The ideas behind guns, germs and steel all spring from an understanding of geography.
地理学解释了为什么欧洲人现在失败了 And geography explains why Europeans were now failing.
欧洲的庄稼在开普省长得很好， European crops had grown well in the Cape,
因为开普省是欧洲对赤道的镜像， because the Cape was a mirror of the European world,
位于相似的纬度上。 lying on a similar latitude.
但是随着定居者进入非洲内陆，一直向北迁移， But as the settlers progressed into the African interior, they'd been moving north,
离赤道越来越近。 closer and closer to the Equator.
南纬23度，靠近林波波河 At about 23 degrees south, near the River Limpopo,
他们经过了重要的地理边界，叫南回归线。 they passed a major geographical boundary known as the Tropic of Capricorn.
他们离开了熟悉的欧洲气候， They were leaving behind their familiar European climate
进入了一个完全不同的世界 and entering a totally different world.
他们已进入热带地区 They had entered the Tropics.
与欧洲或温带地区相比， Compared to the European or temperate zones,
热带地区的规则完全不同。 the Tropics operate by entirely different rules.
没有欧洲、北美和开普的四季， Instead of the four seasons of Europe, North America and the Cape,
这里只有两季： here there are just two:
旱季和雨季。 the dry season, and the rainy.
小麦和大麦 Wheat and barley,
延续了欧洲文明几个世纪的农作物 the crops that had sustained European civilization for centuries,
并没有进化到能在热带气候中生存 had not evolved to survive in this tropical climate.
但是非洲原住民 Yet the native Africans,
祖鲁人，马塔贝列人，所有定居者遇到的部落 the Zulus, the Matabele, all the tribes that the settlers had encountered,
和欧洲人一样，也依赖农业 depended on agriculture just as much as the Europeans.
当欧洲人遭遇失败，他们是如何成功的？ How were they succeeding as the Europeans failed?
即使在今天， Even today,
非洲大陆由数千个不同的部落组成。 the continent of Africa is composed of thousands of different tribal groupings.
在风俗习惯和语言上，每个都其他略微不同 Each is subtly distinct from the next, in custom and language.
这种多样性意味着大多数非洲人必须掌握多种语言， Such diversity means that most Africans have to master more than one language,
他们在很小的时候就学会了这些技能 and they acquire those skills at a very young age.
我想知道你们会说多少种语言 I would like to find out how many languages you speak.
这里谁会说，会说本巴语？ Who here speaks, knows how to speak Bemba?
啊哈 Aha.
还有谁知道、或懂、或会说洛齐语？ Does anybody else know how to understand or speak Lozi?
- 你会说洛齐语。- 是的。 - You speak Lozi. - Yes.
- 你还会说本巴语吗？- 是的。 - Do you also speak Bemba? - Yes.
你还会说别的语言吗？ Is there another language that you speak also?
卢瓦语 Lovak.
卢瓦语，那就是四种语言了。很好。 Lovak. That's four languages. That's good.
大多数美国人只说一种语言 Most Americans speak only one language.
在接触了这些不同的语言之后，开始意识到， After a little exposure to these different languages, you begin to realise one thing
它们听起来都非常相似 they all sound remarkably similar.
我对语言很着迷，无论我去哪里，我都会问非洲人 I'm fascinated with languages, and wherever I've been going I'm asking Africans,
你的语言是什么，用你的语言告诉我一些单词 what's your language and tell me some words in your language,
这就是我发现“太阳”这个词 so here's what I found out for the word for sun.
在本巴语中是 Haka Zuba，在尼昂加语中，太阳是 azuba in the Bemba language it's haka zuba, In the Neanga language, sun is azuba,
奇瓦语是 Dzuba，塞加语，又是 zuba。 in Chiwa it's dzuba, and in the Senga languages, zuba again.
又如“水”这个词 Or the word for water.
尼昂加语是 manzi，本巴语是 amenchi， In the Neanga language it's manzi and in Bemba it's amenchi,
奇瓦语是 manzi，相互间十分相似。 and in chiwa it's manzi, similar to each other again.
这些语言上的相似之处说明什么？ What do these linguistic similarities tell us?
热带非洲的大多数现代语言都有一个共同的发源 That there is a common root for most of the modern languages of tropical Africa.
一个族群讲一种古老的语言 A single ancestral language spoken by a single group of people
现代许多语言都是源于它。 from which the many languages of today have descended.
语言分析已经分离出叫班图的语系， Linguistic analysis has isolated a family of languages known as Bantu,
起源于热带西非。 which originated in tropical West Africa.
大约5000年前，早期讲班图语的人开始来到新土地， About 5,000 years ago, the early Bantu speakers began to spread into new lands,
带来他们的庄稼、动物和他们的语言。 bringing their crops, their animals and their language with them.
几个世纪以来， And over centuries,
班图文化发展成数百个部落， Bantu culture evolved, diversifying into hundreds of tribes,
在非洲热带地区扩张 expanding across the tropical region of Africa.
但这个泛非文明的真相被埋藏了多年。 But the truth of this pan-African civilisation was suppressed for many years.
亚历克斯·肖曼博士试图推翻南非种族主义历史的遗产。 Dr Alex Schoeman is trying to overturn the legacy of South Africa's racist past.
她一直在林波波河岸挖掘一处考古遗址 She has been excavating an archaeological site on the banks of the Limpopo River.
在20世纪初， In the early part of the 20th century,
南非白人社区里有传言说这个地方， and there were rumors in the white South African community about this place,
在他们心中与示巴女王有关 in their minds linked to the Queen of Sheba
或者与南部非洲早期的白人文明有关 or some other early white civilization in Southern Africa,
试图证明腓尼基人或苏比人 trying to show that the Phoenicians or the Subeyans,
总之是任何比非洲人肤色浅的人最早来的， basically anybody who was a bit lighter- skinned than Africans, were here first,
但发现恰恰相反 and they found the opposite,
非洲人有着惊人的伟大历史 that Africans actually had amazing great history
他们建立的早期国家远在 and that they had earlier states running before,
任何白人踏入非洲之前 way before any white set foot in Africa.
这个地方叫做马彭古德，豺狼之地， This site, known as Mapungudwe, the place of the jackal,
形成了王国的中心，类似于欧洲最早的文明。 formed the heart of a kingdom similar to the earliest civilizations in Europe.
马彭古德是核心，是一个庞大国家的首都， Mapungudwe was the core, it was the capital of a massive state,
约有5000人生活在这座山的周围 and about 5,000 people living around this hill,
还有几千人生活在山谷里 but then you had several thousand other people living in the valley
农业生产足以养活城镇里的人 who produced the agricultural surplus to feed the city or town.
他们有牛，有羊， They had cattle, they had sheep,
他们种高粱、小米，还打铁。 they grew sorghum, millet, and they worked iron.
规模很大， It was a massive,
在南部非洲发展了惊人的文明。 amazing development that occurred in Southern Africa.
这不是一个孤立的国家 And this was not an isolated state.
是更大的经济网络的一部分 It formed part of a much larger economic network
遍布南部非洲内外。 that had spread across Southern Africa and beyond.
这些是马彭古德珠子，漂亮的蓝色珠子， These are Mapungudwe beads, they're gorgeous blue ones,
这些玻璃珠来自印度洋海岸， these are glass beads that came down the Indian Ocean coast,
通过他们发现马彭古德是国际贸易的一部分， and through them we know that Mapungudwe's part of an international trade network,
一直连接到海岸 linking it all the way to the coast.
这是不可思议的非洲成就 It's an incredible African accomplishment,
建立了连接博茨瓦纳北部的复杂贸易网络， to set up such a complex trade network that links all the way into Northern Botswana,
把货物从那里运到印度洋沿岸 bringing material from there and taking it all the way to the Indian Ocean coast.
所以，非洲人克服了挫败 So, Africans had overcome the problems of agriculture
欧洲殖民者的农业问题 that defeated the European settlers.
他们发展了独特的热带农业体系 They had developed a unique tropical system of agriculture
遍布整个大陆， that had spread across the continent,
并成为复杂社会的基础，贸易通达印度。 and become the foundation of complex societies, trading as far a field as India.
在这个繁荣的热带文明的中心， But there was an even more extraordinary story
有一个更为不寻常的故事。 at the heart of this flourishing tropical civilization.
他们一进入热带， As soon as they entered the tropics,
欧洲人和他们的家畜就染上了可怕疾病。 Europeans and their imported animals had fallen victim to terrible disease.
发烧使他们的人口锐减。 Fevers wracked their population.
然而，热带非洲的人却没有受到影响。 Yet tropical Africans showed fewer of the same effects.
许多人甚至幸免于欧洲最致命的病毒武器： Many of them even survived that most lethal of European weapons:
天花 smallpox
这种疾病已经摧毁了北美洲和南美洲的原住民 the disease that had devastated the native peoples of North and South America
以及非洲开普的科桑人 and the Koysan of the African Cape.
这怎么可能？ How was this possible?
戴蒙德认为这一切仍要回到地理上来 Diamond believes it all comes back to geography.
造成定居者及牲畜死亡的疾病 Many of the diseases that were killing the settlers and their European livestock
是热带地区独有的 were unique to the tropical world.
他们以前从未遇到过 They had never encountered them before.
这完全颠覆了通常的征服模式。 It was a complete reversal of the usual pattern of conquest.
在新大陆， In the New World,
病菌是欧洲人杀害原住民的武器。 the germs had been a weapon on the side of the Europeans killing indigenous people.
这里是原住民的病菌，欧洲人没有接触过， Here it was indigenous germs, to which Europeans had not a history of exposure,
所以我们又有枪、病菌和钢铁， and so here we have guns germs and steel again,
但这次病菌的作用相反，杀死了欧洲人。 but the germs working in the opposite direction, killing Europeans.
定居者和他们带来的牲畜 The settlers and their imported livestock
成为众多热带传染病的受害者。 had fallen victim to a host of tropical infections and diseases.
但是非洲的牛，几千年来， But African cattle, over thousands of years,
对这些热带病菌产生了抗性。 had developed resistance to many of these tropical germs.
这些牛也可以解释为什么热带非洲人 And these cattle might also explain why tropical Africans
没有像开普的科伊桑人那样死于天花 had not succumbed to smallpox on the same scale as the Koysan people of the Cape.
天花病毒在几个世纪前最初从牛传给人类， The smallpox virus originally crossed over from cattle to man centuries ago,
专家们现在认为它可能最早起源于热带非洲。 and experts now believe it may have fi rst originated in tropical Africa.
非洲人肯定对这种疾病很熟悉。 Africans were certainly familiar with the disease.
他们甚至发明了终身免疫的接种方法 They had even developed methods of vaccination that bestowed immunity for life.
还有更多 And there was more.
非洲原住民也进化出了抗体 Native Africans had also developed antibodies
针对地球上最致命的一种疾病。 against one of the most virulent diseases on earth.
疟疾 Malaria.
一种由普通蚊子携带的疾病， Carried by the humble mosquito,
现在正席卷着欧洲殖民者。 this was the disease that was now overwhelming the European settlers.
非洲热带地区的人们不仅有抗体来对抗疟疾 But tropical Africans were combating malaria with more than just antibodies.
他们整个文明的进化 Their entire civilisation had evolved
首先就帮助他们避免感染。 to help them avoid infection in the first place.
他们往往定居在高海拔或干燥的地方， They tended to settle in high or dry locations,
远离蚊子滋生的潮湿地区。 away from the wet, humid areas where mosquitoes breed.
居住的社区相对较小，分布的地区相对广阔， And by living in relatively small communities, spread out over vast areas,
非洲人可以限制疟疾的传播程度。 Africans could limit the level of malaria transmission.
这是一项非凡的成就。 It was an extraordinary achievement.
但欧洲人对非洲人的生活方式知之甚少 But the Europeans understood little of the Africans' way of life.
他们以河流和湖泊为水源地建造定居点， They built settlements by the rivers and lakes they used for water,
这是蚊子出没的地方。 in places infested by mosquitoes.
数千人死亡。 Thousands died.
因此，热带地区似乎战胜了欧洲的枪支、病菌和钢铁。 So it seemed that the tropics had defeated European guns, germs and steel.
非洲人已经胜利了。 And that Africans had emerged triumphant.
他们演化出了一种非常适合热带的复杂文明。 They had evolved a complex civilization well suited to the tropical world.
一种以散居形式扩散在整个大陆上 A civilization that had spread throughout the continent in a vast cultural Diaspora.
是欧洲的枪支、病菌和钢铁在非洲的终结？ Was this the end of European guns, germs and steel in Africa?
这个强大热带文明的未来会是怎样？ What would the future hold for this mighty tropical civilization?
欧洲人没能在非洲定居下来。 The Europeans had failed to settle Africa's land.
这里不会变成北美洲或南美洲。 This would become no North or South America.
但是，对于殖民大国来说，非洲仍然有巨大的吸引力， But Africa still had one great draw for the colonizing powers
那就是巨大的自然资源储备： vast reserves of natural resources:
铜；钻石；黄金。 copper; diamonds; gold.
欧洲的征服以及枪支、病菌和钢铁的故事 European conquest and the story of guns, germs and steel
现在将进入一个全新的时代。 would now enter a whole new age.
在19世纪末，现在的刚果民主共和国， In the late 1800s, is what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
比利时人把数百万非洲原住民赶出了村庄， the Belgians drove millions of native Africans from their villages,
让他们收集橡胶，开采铜和其他矿物。 setting them to work gathering rubber, mining copper and other minerals.
烧毁他们身后的家园。 Burning their homes behind them.
具有千年历史的热带文明化为灰烬 Reducing their 1,000 year old tropical civilization to dust and ashes.
很少有人像比利时人那样残忍，整个大陆， Few were as brutal as the Belgians, but across the continent,
数以百万计的非洲人被迫放弃已经 millions of Africans were compelled to abandon a way of life
完全适应热带的生活方式， perfectly adapted to the tropics,
沦为欧洲人的劳工。 and to labor for Europeans.
把非洲的自然财富运回欧洲 To ferry Africa's natural wealth back to Europe,
殖民者再次借助他们的技术， the colonizers turned again to their technology,
建造更大的铁路网 building ever greater railroads.
经过半个多世纪，几万人的劳动， After more than half a century and the labor of tens of thousands,
闪闪发光的铁轨从开普一直延伸到 tracks of shining steel reached all the way from the Cape
热带的中心地带。 into the very heart of the tropics.
为欧洲人攫取非洲的财富而建造 Constructed for Europeans to extract Africa's wealth.
建在非洲文明的废墟上。 Built on the ruins of African civilization.
一直以来， All this time,
我在批露非洲各地枪支、病菌和钢铁的踪迹。 I've been uncovering the trail of guns, germs and steel across Africa.
甚至这列火车和轨道都是我故事的核心。 And even this train and the track it rides on lie at the heart of my story.
这些铁路仍在使用，仍在实现其原始目的。 These tracks are still in use, still fulfilling their original purpose.
火车从非洲南端开往现代的刚果和赞比亚， Trains travel from the southern tip of Africa into modern Congo and Zambia,
运回大量铜和其他矿物。 ferrying back tons of copper and other minerals.
但今天的非洲不再是殖民地大陆。 But Africa today is no longer a continent of colonies.
它的国家是自由和独立的。 Its nations are free and independent.
枪支、病菌和钢铁理论在现代非洲有什么地位？ What place is there for my theory of guns, germs and steel in modern Africa?
赞比亚北部的姆多拉。 M'Dola, northern Zambia.
杰瑞德·戴蒙德铁路旅行的终点。 The end of the line for Jared Diamond.
邻国刚果的内战 Civil war in the neighboring Congo
使这条铁路的最后几英里太危险了。 makes it too dangerous to travel the last few miles of this track.
但即使在这里，现代非洲的现实也是很清楚的。 But even here, the reality of modern Africa is clear.
我现在在非洲热带的中心，我在赞比亚， I'm now in the centre of the African tropics, and I'm in Zambia,
是非洲乃至全世界最贫穷的国家之一。 one of the poorest countries in Africa and really in the whole world.
这里的平均年收入是几百美元， The average annual income here is a few hundred dollars,
赞比亚人的平均寿命是35岁， and the lifespan, average lifespan of a Zambian is 35 years,
我自己快到将近赞比亚人平均寿命两倍的年纪。 so I myself have now lived nearly two average Zambian lifetimes.
我脑子里想的是， What goes through my mind here is,
历史和地理、枪支、病菌和钢铁能告诉我们什么， what can history and geography and guns, germs and steel
能帮助我们了解赞比亚今天的困境？ tell us that would help us understand the plight of Zambia today?
在现代赞比亚，几乎看不到曾经在热带非洲 In modern Zambia I see few signs around me of the great native civilizations
繁荣发展的伟大本土文明的迹象。 that once flourished in tropical Africa.
相反，是一个被殖民统治所塑造的国家。 What I see instead is a country shaped by colonization.
我看到在欧洲人建立的 I see towns and cities that grew up
矿山和铁路旁形成的城镇， next to the mines and railroads established by Europeans,
以欧洲模式为基础。 and built on the European model.
最初塑造这个大陆及其人民的强大力量呢？ What about the great forces that originally shaped this continent and its people?
欧洲人征服非洲背后的力量。 The forces behind its conquest by Europeans.
在现代非洲，枪、细菌和钢铁在哪里？ Where are guns, germs and steel in modern Africa?
在赞比亚，疟疾是地方病。 In Zambia, malaria is endemic.
这是头号公共卫生问题， It is the number one public health problem,
如果你特别关注孩子们， and when you look at the children particularly,
当你去一家医疗机构时， when you go to a health facility,up to 45% of the children
门诊部多达45%的儿童实际罹患疟疾。 in the outpatient facility of the hospital will actually be presenting with malaria.
病菌是戴蒙德认为历史上最伟大的力量之一， Germs, one of Diamond's great forces of history,
仍在塑造现赞比亚。 are still shaping the story of modern Zambia.
不仅仅是最近的艾滋病 Not just the recent scourge of AIDS,
也有那个战胜欧洲人的古老热带病 - 疟疾。 but also that ancient tropical disease that defeated Europeans - malaria.
疟疾现在是非洲五岁以下儿童的头号杀手。 Malaria is now the number one killer of African children under five years old.
这本旧的登记簿让你感受到 This old register will just show you the picture of,
医院内的死亡人数。 of the number of deaths that would have occurred within the hospital.
他们大多是五岁以下的孩子， Most of them are children below five years,
一岁半，三岁， one year six months, three years,
五个月，一岁， five months, one year,
他们中的大多数都在五年以下。 most of them are really below five years.
热带非洲人曾经散居在大片地区， Tropical Africans once lived in settlements spread out over large areas,
从而将疟疾的传播降到最低。 which minimised the spread of malaria.
但现在生活在现代化的高密度城镇， But now they're living in modern high-density cities and towns,
感染率急剧上升。 and the rate of infection has increased dramatically.
病菌是困扰这个国家的最大问题之一。 The burden of germs is one of the greatest problems afflicting the country.
毫无疑问，疟疾给国家带来了巨大的经济负担， Undoubtedly malaria has a very big economic burden on us as a country,
因为你可能知道， because as you may be aware,
如果有那么多的孩子会患疟疾， if so many children would be suffering from malaria,
看看这个病房里的孩子们， if we just look at the children who are in this ward,
这些母亲原本应在某处工作并且有生产力， these mothers would be working somewhere and being productive,
所以我们直观地看到 so that's one direct way in which we know
生产力在很大程度上受到影响。 productivity's been affected to a large extent.
据着名经济学家估计， It's been estimated by eminent economists
过去半个世纪，非洲每年1%的负增长 that the 1% negative growth each year in Africa
完全可以归因于疟疾。 over the last half a century can be attributed entirely to malaria.
非洲人几千年形成对疟疾的免疫抗体 The immunities and antibodies that Africans had developed over thousands of years
现在不能再提供足够的保护。 to protect them from malaria no longer provide sufficient protection.
这种疾病毒株变异了，标准药物的疗效越来越差。 The strains of the disease are mutating, and standard drugs are becoming less effective.
在疟疾高发季节，这家医院每天有多达7名儿童死亡。 In the high malaria season, up to seven children a day die in this hospital.
你已经习惯了。 You're used to this.
我，我没有习惯这种场景 I'm, I'm not. I'm - what is this,
这让你如何感受……，你在赞比亚的工作？ what does this scene make you feel about... your work in Zambia?
坦白说，贾里德，我不会说我已经习惯了。 I wouldn't say I'm used to this, Exactly. To be frank with you, Jared,
因为我不认为有人会习惯生病 because I don't think there's anyone who can be used to sickness
甚至死亡， and eventually death,
尤其是那些你深爱的，并成为你一部分的人。 especially of people that you love so very much and are a part of you.
是的，事实上我会说，因为问题的严重性， It is, it is something that in fact I would say because of the magnitude of the problem,
人们希望尽其所能来帮助他们。 one would wish to do everything they possibly could do.
因为事实上…… Because of the fact that ...
对一些东西理智地理解和 There's a difference between understanding something intellectually
亲身体验是有区别的。 and experiencing it at first hand.
在我的书里， In my book,
客观上，病菌是三个主要的历史力量之一， forces of history and it's impersonal, germs was one of the three main
但是… and...
还是不太一样，而且… it's still different and...
在病菌活动的地方深深地打动了我。 it hits me to be in a place where germs are in action.
三十年前我开始了一次旅行。 Thirty years ago I set out on a journey.
寻求了解世界不平等的根源。 A quest to understand the origins of inequality in our world.
我发现故事可以追溯到文明的开始， I discovered that this story stretched back to the beginning of civilization,
并依赖于我们星球的地理位置。 and rested on the geography of our planet.
当人类第一次开始耕种时，世界上只有一小块地方 When humans first started farming, one small area in the world
有幸拥有最好的农作物和动物， was lucky enough to have the best crops and animals,
这使一群人在历史上具有独特的优势。 which gave one group of people a unique advantage in history.
欧洲人完善了枪支和钢铁， Europeans perfected guns and steel
进化出致命的疾病和病菌。 evolved lethal diseases and germs.
然后，他们利用这些工具 They then used these tools
征服大陆，并积累了非凡的财富。 to conquer continents and to build extraordinary wealth.
我总结认为地理、枪支、病菌和钢铁， I conclude that geography, and guns, germs and steel,
是塑造我们世界历史的最强力量。 have been the strongest forces to shape the history of our world.
在赞比亚，这些力量今天仍在塑造世界。 Here in Zambia, these forces are still shaping the world today.
热带病菌正席卷这个国家和人民， Tropical germs are overwhelming this country and its people,
使他们陷入贫困。 and driving them into poverty.
这是否意味着赞比亚将永远是 Does that mean that Zambia will always remain
这些历史和地理原因的牺牲品？ a victim of these great forces of history and geography?
非洲的未来注定要和现在一样贫穷？ And that Africa is condemned to a future as poor as its present?
绝对不是。 Absolutely not.
我想说这是一个充满希望的信念， And I would say that the message is a hopeful one,
不像确定论和宿命论者说的， it's not a deterministic, fatalistic one that says,
忘掉非洲和不发达地区。 forget about Africa and underdeveloped areas.
而是说世界上不同的地区有各自特殊的原因 It says there are specific reasons why different parts of the world
成了现在的样子 ended up as they did,
了解这些原因， and with understanding of those reasons,
可以利用这些知识，帮助那些历史上处于劣势的地方。 we can use that knowledge to help the places that historically were at a disadvantage.
马来西亚和新加坡是世界上最富有、最具活力的经济体之一。 Malaysia and Singapore are among the richest and most dynamic economies in the world.
和非洲一样，它们也是热带国家， Like Africa, they are tropical countries,
有着同样的地理和健康问题， with the same problems of geography and health,
同样的地方性疟疾流行。 the same endemic malaria.
但他们都通过了解自己的环境而改变自己。 But both transformed themselves by understanding their environment.
五十年前， Fifty years ago,
这些国家意识到地理和病菌可能带来的负担。 these countries realized the burden that geography and germs could be.
通过共同努力， Through concerted effort,
他们设法消灭当地的疟疾， they managed to almost entirely eradicate malaria from their land,
改变他们的经济和生活方式。 transforming their economies and way of life.
马来西亚和新加坡的故事 The story of Malaysia and Singapore
说明了对地理和历史的理解可以有所作为。 shows what an understanding of geography and history can do.
解释给你力量，给你力量去改变。 Explanations give you power, they give you the power to change.
告诉我们过去发生了什么，为什么， They tell us what happened in the past and why,
利用这些知识让未来有所不同。 and we can use that knowledge to make different things happen in the future.
赞比亚政府同意。 The government of Zambia agrees.
他们建立了一个全国性的项目，试图消除疟疾。 They have set up a nationwide project to try to eliminate malaria from the country,
就像马来西亚和新加坡那样 just as in Malaysia and Singapore.
新药，甚至可能的疫苗， New drugs, even a possible vaccine,
给了他们增加成功的机会。 are giving them an increasing chance of success.
控制疟疾将意味着改善人民的福祉， The control of malaria will mean an improvement in the welfare of the people,
人民福祉的改善意味着生产力的提高， and an improvement in the welfare of the people will mean increased productivity,
生产力的提高意味着将成为富裕的国家， and increased productivity will mean that we will be a wealthy nation,
因为那将意味着那时 because that will mean that then
人们不仅有足够的食物，还有足够的时间， people will have sufficient, not only food
有足够的时间去做那些使人生完整 but sufficient time to do things that make a human being complete and whole
并生活充实的事情。 and able to lead a fulfilled life.
贾里德·戴蒙德的探索 Jared Diamond's quest
是了解人类历史上的巨大力量。 has been to understand the great forces of human history.
但它仍然是最微小的细节， But it is still the very smallest of details,
人类个体的生命， the lives of individual human beings,
那是他工作的核心。 that lie at the heart of his work.
当我们谈论历史，谈论发展， When we talk about history we talk about development, we talk about competition
谈论社会和国家财富之间的竞争， between societies and the wealth of nations,
它听起来很理智，但在非洲还涉及到人。 it can sound intellectual, but here in Africa there are human faces on it.
对戴蒙德来说，即使经过30年的思考和调查， And for Diamond, even after 30 years of thought and enquiry,
枪支、病菌和钢铁背后的问题仍然和以往一样重要。 the questions behind guns, germs and steel remain as important as they ever did.
为什么我们的世界是贫富分化的， Why is our world divided between rich and poor,
我们如何才能改变它呢？ and how perhaps can we change it?
我觉得不管我下半辈子做什么， I feel that whatever I work on for the rest of my life,
都不会像枪支、病菌和钢铁的问题这样迷人了， I can never work on questions as fascinating as the questions of guns, germs and steel,
因为它们是人类历史上最大的问题。 because they're the biggest questions of human history.
Sunpiny 翻译