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1095年11月下旬的一个早晨 On a late November morning in the year 1095, this man,
此人 教皇乌尔班二世 Pope Urban II,
发表了足以改变欧洲历史的布道演说 delivered a sermon that would transform the history of Europe.
他那激昂的言辞 把人群集结到了法国的克莱蒙 His rousing words transfixed the crowd gathered here in the French town of Clermont.
随后的几个月 And in the months that followed,
他的消息在整个西方世界引起巨大反响 his message reverberated across the West.
十字军时代开始了 The age of the Crusades had begun.
教皇对伊斯兰世界宣战 The Pope proclaimed a new holy war against Islam...
旨在夺取基督教心目中最为神圣之地 ..for control of the most hallowed site in the Christian cosmos -
圣城耶路撒冷 the sacred city of Jerusalem.
乌尔班的武装号召掀起了 Urban's call to arms initiated a struggle
2个多世纪的争斗 that would rage for two centuries -
它所带来的遐想与争论 one that fires the imagination
一直延续至今 and fuels debate even today.
十字军东征 总是伴随着宗教的狂热 The story of the Crusades is remembered as a tale of religious fanaticism
和无以言表的暴力 and unspeakable violence,
中世纪骑士与杰哈德武士 of medieval knights and jihadi warriors,
城堡和国王 以及英勇、背叛和牺牲的传奇故事 of castles and kings, heroism, betrayal, and sacrifice.
这感觉就仿佛回到过去，不可思议 This feels like you're touching the past. It's an amazing feeling.
现在通过对基督教和伊斯兰教 But now fresh research, eyewitness testimony,
那一时期史料的最新研究 and contemporary evidence
进一步揭示了 from both the Christian and Islamic worlds sheds new light
这2个伟大的宗教 on how it was that these two great religions
如何以神之名义开战 waged war in the name of God...
为什么无数基督徒和穆斯林 ..why hundreds of thousands of Christians and Muslims
响应圣战的召唤 answered the call to Crusade and Jihad...
谁最终赢得了圣地之战 ..and who, ultimately, won the war for the Holy Land.
十字军东征
第一集：圣战 翻 译：chinasaint
从1096年夏起 From the summer of 1096,
6万到10万基督徒 between 60,000 and 100,000 Christians -
男人、女人和儿童 经过2500英里的长途跋涉 men, women and children - set out to walk some 2,500 miles
穿过已知世界 向目的地耶路撒冷进发 across the face of the known world. Their goal? Jerusalem.
自荣耀的古罗马时期以来 从未有过规模如此浩大的武装集结 Not since the distant glories of ancient Rome had a force of this size been assembled.
富人与穷人，农民和骑士 这就是第一批十字军战士 Rich, and poor, peasants and knights, these were the First Crusaders...
基督的战士们，在持续了3年之久的 ..Christian soldiers who endured unimaginable suffering and privation
武装朝圣期间遭受了难以想象的苦难 during an armed pilgrimage that lasted for three years.
他们是谁，又为何战斗 So who were they? And why did they fight?
乌尔班二世执政时 基督教世界陷入一片混乱 When Urban II became Pope, Christianity was in turmoil,
东方希腊派和西方拉丁派分庭抗礼 split between the Greek Church of the East and the Latin West.
与德意志帝国长期不和 The papacy itself stood on the brink of overthrow,
使教皇权利危在旦夕 embroiled in a long-standing feud with the German Empire.
但乌尔班自有计划 But Urban had a plan.
决意重振教皇权威 Determined to reassert papal authority,
1095年秋他亲临法国，在那里 in the autumn of 1095 he came to France, where he would launch
他将发动一场盛大的武装朝圣 史称第一次东征 a titanic armed pilgrimage, known to history as the First Crusade.
克莱蒙-费朗 法国中部
1095年11月 教皇准备将其计划公诸于众 By November 1095, the Pope was ready to unveil his plan.
在法国中部的克莱蒙 他召集了12位大主教 Here in Clermont in Central France, he gathered 12 archbishops,
80名主教和90名修道院长 80 bishops and 90 abbots
召开他执政生涯中 最大规模的教士集会 for the largest clerical assembly of his career.
经过9天的宗教会议 After nine days of general ecclesiastical debate,
乌尔班发表布道演讲表明了意图 Urban announced his intention to deliver a special sermon,
11月27日 and on the 27th of November,
成百上千的人聚集到城外聆听他的演说 hundreds of people crowded into a field outside the town to hear him speak.
教会亲临贵地 就是要告知诸位事态严重 "We want you to know what grievous cause leads us to your territory.
来自耶路撒冷的报告说 "A grave report has come from the lands of Jerusalem
一支和上帝完全对立的异族 "that a foreign race, a race absolutely alien to God,
入侵了基督徒的土地 "has invaded the land of those Christians
烧杀抢掠我们的子民 "and has reduced the people with sword, rapine and fire."
他的演讲奠定了东征的概念 Urban's speech was the moment of genesis for the concept of a crusade.
完全迎合了天主教会的需求 It was primarily designed to meet the needs of the papacy.
并包含了伟大的构想 And it contained a brilliantly conceived hook.
即将来临的远征将以 The coming expedition would target
基督教世界最伟大的朝拜圣地 the greatest pilgrim destination in the Christian world -
目前为伊斯兰世界所控制的 the Holy City of Jerusalem,
圣城耶路撒冷为目标 which lay in the hands of Islam.
但问题是 But the Pope had a problem.
耶路撒冷早在400年前就落入伊斯兰手中 Jerusalem had fallen to Islam more than 400 years earlier,
因此他不能宣称这是他们的新罪状 so he could hardly claim this as a fresh crime.
为了体现呼吁的紧迫性 To lend urgency to his call,
乌尔班向人们形象的描述了 Urban therefore turned to one of the most powerful and dangerous forces in human history -
人类历史上最强大而危险的 the idea of otherness,
异端分子犯下的可怕暴行 of an alien enemy guilty of ghastly crimes who must be repelled.
这些异教徒们 "These men have destroyed the altars
摧毁并玷污我们的圣坛 "polluted by their foul practices.
他们强行阉割基督徒 "They have circumcised the Christians,
并把他们的鲜血倒入祭坛 "either spreading the blood from the circumcisions on the altars
和洗礼池中 "or pouring it into the baptismal fonts.
他们剖开那些被折磨的 "And they cut open the navels of those
奄奄一息的人的肚子 "who they choose to torment with loathsome death,
拖行并鞭挞 "drag them around and flog them before killing them
受害者匍匐在地 内脏满地横流 "as they lie prone on the ground with all their entrails out."
教皇发起了反伊斯兰的激烈宣传 The Pope created an anti-Islamic onslaught peppered with propaganda.
他那生动的想象 和穆斯林统治的圣地似乎不大相符 His graphic imagery bore little relation to the reality of Muslim rule in the Holy Land.
乌尔班的武装号召 Nor was Urban's call to arms
直接受到了近期发生在东方暴行的启发 directly inspired by any recent atrocity in the East.
他的宣传点燃了复仇之火 Nevertheless, his attack ignited a fire of vengeful passion,
东征的消息在整个基督教世界回响着 as news of the Crusade resounded across Western Christendom.
十字军的观念产生于一个“精神的时代” The idea of the Crusade was unleashed in a spiritual age -
一个完全不同于我们现在所处的时代 an era that in many ways is wholly alien to our own.
当今我们可能适应了包容、猜疑 Today we might be acculturated to notions of tolerance,
及宗教差异的各种不同观点 但是实际上 scepticism and religious difference, but a singular truth
几乎每个生活在11世纪欧洲的人 bound together almost every human being alive in 11th-century Europe,
都得无条件地完全信仰服从基督教 and that was unconditional and total belief in Christianity.
2种对立的情感 构成了中世纪基督教的核心 At the core of medieval Christianity were the twinned opposing emotions
希望与恐惧 of hope and fear,
救赎的许诺 诅咒的威慑 the promise of salvation and the threat of damnation.
教会告诫世人都会面临末日审判 The Church taught that every human would face a moment of judgment,
灵魂的考问 a weighing of souls.
那些纯洁之人 Those found to be pure
将永享天堂之福 would be rewarded with everlasting paradise in Heaven.
若是有罪之人 But if you were a sinner,
则必将受到严惩 then you faced certain punishment -
在地狱忍受无尽折磨 an eternity of gruesome torment in Hell.
这是描绘末日审判的华丽雕塑 This magnificent sculpture cycle depicts the Last Judgment
完美地表现出中世纪基督教 and it's the perfect evocation of the whole idea
关于痛苦和狂喜一整套理念 of agony and ecstasy in medieval Christianity.
这些雕塑出自于 中世纪最伟大的艺术家之一 It was sculpted, we think, by one of the masters of medieval art -
吉斯勒贝尔之手 a man called Gislebertus.
我们从他留下的铭文得知 And we know this because he's left in his inscription
"Gislebertus hocfecit" "吉斯勒贝尔所作" "Gislebertus hocfecit" - "Gislebertus made this".
我们先从得到救赎的人开始 Let's start with the good, let's start with salvation.
在被拯救的人中 What we see amongst the saved
有3个孩子 被一位天使接引到天堂 are three children being lifted to Heaven by an angle.
如果往上看 And if we look above
可以看到美丽的天使带着被拯救者 升入天堂 we can see beautiful, elongated angels lifting the saved up to paradise.
另一方面，在基督左边 便看到不幸之人 On the other side, on Christ's left hand, we see those less fortunate,
这些罪人将在地狱受到无尽折磨 those who have sinned and will face an eternity of torment in Hell.
还可以看到一个拿袋子的人 可能是一袋钱币 We can see a man bearing a bag, probably a bag of money,
意味着他是个守财奴或放贷者 meaning he's a miser or a moneylender.
也在被诅咒者之中 He's amongst the damned.
在这我们可以看到一个 And there we can see a woman with a pair of snakes
被蛇蚀咬胸部的女人 显示出她的放荡下流 gnawing on her bare breasts, showing that she was lusty or lewd.
最能引起共鸣的是 And perhaps most evocatively of all,
一个面带垂死挣扎表情的男人 a man with a look of fear and agony on his face
被一双恶魔巨手勒住颈部 as a pair of giant demonic hands reach down to strangle him
将其拉入地狱之门 and pull him through the gates of Hell.
生动的恐怖场景就展示在你面前 This is the tableau of horror laid out before you.
这就是吉斯勒贝尔想让其受众明了 This is what Gislebertus wanted his audience to understand -
中世纪犯下罪孽的后果 the consequences of sin in the medieval world.
为了寻求救赎 Primed to seek redemption,
西方基督徒在乌尔班二世的鼓动下 Western Christians were thus enthralled when Urban II
宣布向圣地远征 announced his expedition to the Holy Land.
随之而来的将是惨重的代价 The price would be huge.
为了信仰不惜放弃一切 The faithful would have to give up everything
加入恐怖的、近乎于自杀的未知旅程 to participate in a terrifying, near suicidal journey into the unknown,
然而作为回报 教皇也作出了 but in return, the Pope seemed to be promising
永恒的救赎的许诺 a guarantee of eternal salvation.
勒皮 法国南部
成千上万普通的基督徒们 Tens of thousands of ordinary Christians
回应了教皇的伟大构想 responded to the Pope's brilliantly-conceived campaign.
不过乌尔班的目标受众是西欧贵族 But Urban's target audience was the aristocracy of Western Europe -
一个暴力的武士阶层 a violent warrior class
他们在目无法纪的嗜血世界中 为生存而战 fighting for survival in a world of bloodthirsty lawlessness.
这些霸主们 将成为十字军的领袖 These warlords would become the Crusades' leaders -
教皇的号召对于基督教骑士来说 可谓是天赐良机 Christian knights for whom the Pope's call to arms solved a very particular dilemma.
他深知这些基督战士对暴力的渴望 The Pope knew only too well the anxiety of Christian warriors
深为教会以“流血杀戮便是罪孽” trapped in a worldly profession imbued with violence,
的教条束缚 yet taught by the Church that bloodshed was sinful.
而教皇关于十字军的天才构想 解决了他们的窘境 The real genius of Urban's crusading ideal was that it solved this dilemma,
使信仰和暴力达成一致 reconciling faith and violence.
乌尔班宣称在新圣战中 Urban spoke of a new sacred struggle,
不仅允许战斗 in which fighting would not simply be permitted,
而且还会受到鼓励与奖赏 but actively encouraged and even rewarded.
克莱蒙演说的第二天 The day after Pope Urban's sermon at Clermont,
图卢兹的雷蒙德伯爵 Count Raymond of Toulouse,
法国南部最强大的领主 the most powerful secular Lord in Southern France,
成为第一个加入于十字军东征的贵族 became the first nobleman to commit to the Crusade.
他决意全身心投身于这场远征 Determined to prepare his soul for the gruelling expedition ahead,
雷蒙德来到勒皮的大教堂 Raymond then came here, to this cathedral in Le Puy.
这位伯爵向圣母玛利亚 The Count made a large donation
慷慨捐助 to secure the favourable intercession of the Virgin Mary,
据史料记载，他说 and according to one chronicle requested...
我愿化作蜡烛 "So long as I live a candle should burn for me incessantly,
在高尚的圣母祭坛前 "day and night upon the altar
夜以继日，燃烧不息 "before the revered image of the Mother of God."
一些基督骑士参与圣战 可能是为了 Some Christian knights may have embarked upon the holy war believing they would reap rich rewards
征服东方掠夺财富 from conquest and plunder in the East.
但是绝大多数还是受信仰 But the vast majority were primarily driven by faith
以及救赎许诺的驱使 and the promise of redemption.
有争论认为雷蒙德等人 It's often argued that Raymond, and many like him,
加入十字军的目是攫取财富 joined the Crusade in search of material gain.
但我认为这理论不成立 But I think this theory is simply unsustainable,
据史料记载，恰恰相反 given the vast weight of contemporary evidence that shows us the exact opposite.
雷蒙德的确是参加远征的 欧洲最富有的贵族之一 Raymond actually walked away from one of the richest lordships in Europe to join this expedition.
就像他的众多追随者 And like many of his fellow Crusaders,
他可能希望在东方献身 he probably expected to die in the East.
我认为大部分加入十字军的人 I think most people joined this Crusade
相信这场即来的战争 会净化他们的灵魂和罪孽 because they earnestly believed that the coming campaign would cleanse their souls of sin.
在圣战的烈火中寻求救赎 They were, I think, looking for redemption in the fire of holy war.
对于像雷蒙德这样的贵族 For noblemen like Raymond,
以及他的随从骑士们 and the retinues of knights and infantry that came with them,
十字军东征给他们提供了救赎的许诺 the Crusade offered the promise of eternal salvation,
作为回报，他们的个人财产 也将用以资助神圣的远征 and, in return, their personal fortunes would bankroll the sacred expedition.
雷蒙德成了十字军东征的元老 Raymond of Toulouse became the Crusade's elder statesman,
但他只是富有强大的贵族之一 but he was just one of scores of rich and powerful noblemen
对于这些人 军事征服和宗教救赎的诱惑是不可抗拒的 for whom the combined allure of military conquest and religious redemption proved irresistible.
比如，布永的戈弗雷 There was Godfrey of Bouillon,
一位虔诚的公爵 其领地从法国东南部延伸至德国的低地国家 a pious duke whose lands extended from North-Eastern France into the low countries of Germany.
尽管和教会长期不和 Despite a long-standing feud with the papacy,
他还是被东征所吸引 并加入了远征耶路撒冷的行列 Godfrey was so enthralled by the crusading message that he joined the expedition to Jerusalem.
还有意大利南部的诺曼人 塔兰托的博希蒙德 There was the Southern-Italian Norman, Bohemond of Taranto,
一位杰出的军事天才 也许是他那时代最伟大的将领 a guileful military genius, perhaps the greatest general of his age.
并且还有来自法国北部，布洛瓦的斯蒂芬 英王威廉一世的女婿 And there was Stephen of Blois from Northern France, William the Conqueror's son-in-law.
他让妻子阿德拉代其执政 Stephen left his wife Adela behind to rule in his stead
而后从前线给她发来一系列信件 and later wrote her a series of extraordinary letters from the front line,
描述其在东方的非凡冒险 describing his adventures in the East.
在和这些上帝及我们的敌人的战斗中 "In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own, we have,
受上帝恩泽的感召 忍受巨大苦难 "by God's grace, endured many sufferings
面对无尽的邪恶 直到现在 "and innumerable evils up to the present time."
他的话成为了十字军东征的直接见证 'Stephen's words survive as a direct, eye-witness account of the Crusade.
还有其他很多那一时代的人 'But there were many other contemporaries
力图把这次不寻常的远征载入史册 'who also sought to chronicle this remarkable expedition.'
这本手稿是《骑士史》 This manuscript is a French copy
的法语副本 of the Histoire d'Outremer.
出自提尔的威廉 William of Tyre.
图文并茂 It's illuminated.
它是记述十字军东征 It is one of our most popular manuscripts
最流行的手稿之一 for the story of Crusaders.
感觉仿佛回到了过去 This feels like you're touching the past.
真是妙不可言 It's an amazing feeling.
这是1289年出品的带插图的副本 'This is an illustrated copy, produced in 1289,
是十字军东征最著名的编年史 'of the most famous chronicle of the Crusades,
由提尔的威廉所著 'written by William of Tyre,
他是一位12世纪 在圣地工作的基督史学家 'a Christian historian working in the Holy Land in the 12th century.'
和这样的稀世珍宝 There's something absolutely extraordinary about being this close
近距离接触 to an item of this kind of rarity.
能触摸如此珍贵的手稿 Such a precious manuscript - to actually be able to touch it,
简直令我兴奋之极 for me, it's almost electrifying.
这绝对是描述第一次东征 This is an absolute masterpiece in terms of depicting
绝无仅有的的佳作 the start of the First Crusade.
这显示了一队骑士从欧洲骑马出发 And what it shows is a series of knights riding out from Europe,
准备向3000英里外的耶路撒冷进发 preparing for their 3,000-mile journey to reach Jerusalem.
我们可以看到布永的格弗雷 And we can see Godfrey of Bouillon himself,
东征的伟大领袖之一 one of the great leaders of the Crusade, in amongst this group.
他后面是金色的背景 And he's against a golden background,
让这画面熠熠生辉 and it's that gold that really sets this image alight.
仿佛马儿都动了起来 It makes it seem as if the horses themselves are moving,
给图像赋予的生命活力 it gives action, gives life to the image.
向世人传达了新旅程的开始 And it's that which conveys this sense of a journey beginning - the start of the Crusade.
但这庄严的队列掩饰了 摇摇欲坠的第一次十字军东征 But this dignified procession belies the ramshackle reality of the First Crusade.
对于大多数人，加入东征 绝对是信仰的重大飞跃 For most people, embarking on a crusade was a colossal leap of faith.
这将是一次探寻完全未知世界的旅程 This would be a journey to a wholly alien and unknown world,
没有精确地图和充分计划 attempted with little or no planning and no accurate maps.
这次6万多人的 This was an extraordinary mass migration
非凡浩大的迁移 undertaken by over 60,000 people -
是人类历史上前所未有的 an unprecedented tide of humankind.
第一批出发的是一小群农民和一些骑士 The first to depart were small groups of peasants and some knights.
他们穷的付不起船费，只能步行 Too poor to pay for ships, their only option was to walk,
用推车拉着他们仅有的家当 dragging their few belongings behind on carts,
风餐露宿地启程 living hand-to-mouth off the land.
这群对基督狂热的乌合之众 在向东行进之时 As they marched East, this rabble of Christian fanatics
卷入了一系列针对 欧洲犹太人的残忍攻击 became embroiled in a series of murderous attacks on the Jews of Europe.
骑士的主力部队随后跟进 The main contingents of knights soon followed.
1097年第一个月里 But it was only in the first months of 1097,
在第一波朝圣者出发约1年后 almost a year after the first pilgrims set out,
第一批十字军终于在 拜占庭帝国的首都 that the First Crusade finally united at Constantinople,
君士坦丁堡会师 capital of the Byzantine Empire.
对多数十字军来说 这就是世界的尽头 For most Crusaders, this was the end of the world as they knew it -
一个比西欧任何城市都大10倍的都市 a mighty metropolis ten times the size of any city in Western Europe.
是东方希腊教派的中心 And it was the centre of the Greek Church in the East,
中世纪基督教的超级强权所在地 the greatest Christian superpower of the medieval age.
君士坦丁堡以拥有 无与伦比的圣物而闻名天下 Constantinople boasted an unrivalled collection of sacred relics.
诸如 荆棘王冠，圣母玛利亚的发丝 It had the Crown of Thorns, locks of hair from the Virgin Mary,
至少2颗施洗约翰的头颅 at least two heads of John the Baptist,
几乎所有门徒的遗骨 and the bones of virtually all the apostles.
还有 圣索菲亚大教堂 And it had this - St Sophia,
毋庸置疑是中世纪最壮观的基督教教堂 undoubtedly medieval Christendom's most spectacular church.
托上帝之福 我满怀欣喜的来到君士坦丁堡 "I arrived at Constantinople with great joy by the grace of God.
受到君主的盛大迎接 "The Emperor verily received me with dignity and honour
就好像我是他的亲生儿子一般 "and with the greatest affection as if I were his own son."
十字军到达了通向东方的大门 The Crusaders had arrived at the gateway to the Orient,
伊斯兰世界的前沿 the frontier with Islam.
拜占庭帝国曾经 The Byzantine Emperor had, for some time,
向西方求援 been appealing to the West for help
以防御基督教国家的东方边界 in defending Christendom's Eastern border.
在拜占庭军队的协助下 十字军以尼西亚城为目标 With the aid of his troops, the Crusaders targeted Nicaea,
一个伊斯兰教在小亚细亚西部的据点 an Islamic foothold in Western Asia Minor.
经过1个月的围攻夺取了该城 After a month-long siege, the city was conquered.
圣战开始了 The holy war had begun.
但是对于这次入侵 伊斯兰世界并未立即做出反应 But there was no immediate response to this audacious invasion.
十字军不经意地选择了最佳攻击时间 The Crusaders had, inadvertently, chosen the perfect moment to strike.
当时的穆斯林正处于混乱状态 The Muslim world was in a state of disarray,
被宗教和种族分裂 闹得鸡犬不宁 riven by religious and ethnic divisions.
所以伊斯兰世界 还无法像十字军那样 As yet, Islam could not draw upon the same profound sense of shared purpose
团结一致 that united the Crusaders,
因为这些基督徒有着神圣的共同目标 the dream that drove these Christians on towards their sacred objective.
告诉你，我的挚爱 "I tell you, my beloved,"
斯蒂芬给他法国的妻子写到 wrote Stephen of Blois to his wife back in France,
5周后，我们就会抵达耶路撒冷 "In five weeks, we will reach Jerusalem."
由于规模浩大 Because of its vast size,
我们无法像单独队伍那样快速行进 the Crusade couldn't realistically move forward as a single force.
6万人的纵队可能要花1整天 A column of 60,000 people might take an entire day
才能通过一个地方 just to pass a single point.
为了搜寻食物供给 And foraging for food and supplies as they went,
他们像蝗虫一样席卷周边地区 they might scour the surrounding landscape like a plague of locust.
十字军决定把军队一分为二 Instead, the Crusaders decided to divide their army in two.
多利留母 土耳其西部
由塔兰托的博希蒙德 Led by Bohemond of Taranto,
率领的第一队，预计出发4天后 the first contingent set off, with a plan to regroup after four days,
在距离尼西亚东南100英里的 here at an abandoned Byzantine military camp,
一个废弃的拜占庭军营集合 100 miles south-east of Nicaea.
但是神圣大军并未到达集结地 But the holy army never made its rendezvous.
战马嘶鸣 HORSE WHINNIES IN PANIC
十字军穿越小亚细亚平原之时 As the Crusaders marched across the plains of Asia Minor,
被一队凶悍的游牧武士伏击 they were ambushed by a ferocious band of nomadic warriors...
他们第一次尝到了 全盛时期的突厥骑兵的苦头 ..their first terrifying taste of Turkish horsemen in full flight.
博西蒙德的一个追随者 回忆当时的恐怖情形 One of Bohemond's followers recalled the moment of horror
突厥人突然出现 as the Turks suddenly came into view
并大声嚎叫 and began to howl and gabble.
战马嘶鸣 HORSE WHINNIES IN PANIC
另一名在最激烈时刻战斗的目击者写到 Another eye-witness, caught in the thick of the fighting, wrote,
他们像狼一样咆哮着 "The Turks were howling like wolves."
射出密密麻麻的箭雨 "They began shooting a cloud of arrows.
我们都惊呆了 "We were all stunned by this.
因为对我们来说 这种形式的战争非常陌生 "Because for all of us, this form of warfare was unknown."
面对无穷无尽的突厥人 Ranged against a seemingly endless multitude of Turks,
基督徒阵脚大乱 the Christians were thrown into disarray.
但并未混乱撤退，而是 Instead of chaotic retreat,
在博西蒙德带领下组成防御队形 Bohemond managed to establish a defensive formation.
可是孤立和暴露 让基督徒面临灭顶之灾 But isolated and exposed, the Crusaders faced disaster.
像羊在圈里挤成一团似的 "Huddled together like sheep in a fold,
我们被敌军四面包围，惊恐战栗 "we were trembling and frightened, surrounded on all sides by enemies
无路可逃 一名十字军后来回忆 "so that we couldn't turn in any direction," one Crusader later recalled.
为了稳定军心 To strengthen their resolve,
十字军传递了振奋士气的消息 the Crusaders passed a morale-boosting message down the line.
绝不退让 相信上帝和十字架的胜利 "Stand fast, trusting in Christ and the victory of the cross."
有人描述突厥人破阵而入 One account described how the Turks burst into the camp,
他们用角质弓射击 striking with arrows loosed from their horned bows,
恣意屠杀男人女人和儿童 任何年龄的人都无一幸免 killing men, women and children indiscriminately and sparing no-one on grounds of age.
被可怕的杀戮吓呆的 Stunned and terrified by this hideous killing,
漂亮贵妇们匆忙打扮 girls who were delicate and nobly born were rushing to get themselves dressed up
把自己奉献给突厥人 and offering themselves to the Turks.
希望至少用她们的美貌 So that at least, appeased by their beauty,
换取突厥人对囚徒的怜悯 they may offer their prisoners some pity.
那些西方妇女们冲出帐篷 This idea of Western women rushing into their tents
浓妆艳抹 to beautify themselves,
宁愿沦为奴隶，也不想当场被杀 all in the hope that they'd be taken slave rather than killed on the spot,
这些轶闻听似滑稽 can almost sound comical. But this anecdote is supposed to tell us something.
其实也揭示了当时十字军 It's supposed to reveal that the Crusaders were absolutely terrified
在多利留姆的遭遇 by what they encountered at Dorylaeum.
他们遇到前所未有的敌人 They'd come across an alien enemy - something they'd never experienced before.
但他们并未放弃 What's really extraordinary is that they didn't give up,
而是重振旗鼓 they didn't buckle. Instead they managed to re-group,
坚守阵地5个小时 re-order their lines and hold their position for five hours
直到援军赶来 until crusading reinforcements arrived.
接下来的战斗里 4千基督徒遇难 In the ensuing battle, as many as 4,000 Christians were killed.
至关重要的是十字军毫不屈服 But, crucially, the Crusaders simply refused to give in.
虽然多利留姆之战并未击败突厥人 The Turks were not defeated at Dorylaeum,
但是他们的抵抗已被瓦解 but their resistance was broken,
通往小亚细亚的道路被打开了 and the route across Asia Minor opened up.
在信仰鼓舞下 西方入侵者似乎所向披靡 Empowered by their faith, the Western invaders seemed invincible.
相反伊斯兰世界的防御 In contrast, Islam's defence lay in the hands
由于其的军阀割据而岌岌可危 of a disparate array of squabbling warlords.
不过十字军在穿越小亚细亚时 But the Crusaders faced a different kind of enemy
还面临着其他“敌人” as they marched across Asia Minor,
夏季的酷热 enduring the blistering heat of the summer months,
饥渴的折磨 plagued by starvation and thirst.
缺水成了严重问题 For the first time, a lack of water became a real issue.
导致死亡率直线上升 在当时 The death rate skyrocketed and there's one thing that's
有这样一个特别情况 目击者说 really extraordinary about this period and that's that the eyewitness testimony
相较于那些已经因口渴而死的人 seems to suggest that the Crusaders were almost as concerned, if not more concerned,
十字军们似乎对于动物死亡更加在意 about the death of animals as they were about those men and women who died through thirst.
我们一直以为十字军的 We've always thought that the Crusaders
骑兵队伍完好无损地到达圣地 arrived in the Holy Land with their cavalry intact, the truth is
实际上，穿越小亚细亚的时候 几乎所有的马匹都死了 that, crossing Asia Minor, almost all of these Western horses died.
当他们抵达圣地之时 By the time they reached the Holy Land,
只得骑着毛驴 the Crusaders were forced to ride, sometimes on donkeys
双脚在泥里拖行，另一些则骑着牛 with their feet dragging in the dirt, others were astride oxen.
十字军无敌的神话 So this idea of an invincible military force,
只是幻象而已 that the Crusade had at its fingertips, is an illusion.
基督徒数量在横越艰险的 Christian numbers were severely depleted by an epic journey
托鲁斯山脉的旅程中锐减 that concluded with a terrifying traverse of the Taurus Mountains.
1097年秋 By the time the First Crusade reached northern Syria,
第一批十字军到达叙利亚北部时 in the autumn of 1097,
那些1年前离开欧洲的人 只有半数幸存下来 only around half of those who had left Europe a year earlier survived.
穿越小亚细亚的确是一个非凡壮举 The crossing of Asia Minor had been an extraordinary feat in itself.
现在在圣地的大门口 But now, standing at the gateway to the Holy Land,
十字军面临着一个 the Crusaders faced a gargantuan task,
前所未有的艰巨的任务 one that eclipsed everything that had gone before.
征服东方最伟大的城池之一 安条克城 The conquest of one of the great cities of the Orient - Antioch.
安条克是至关重要的中途站 十字军向南进发 Antioch was a crucial staging post, as the Crusade now looked south
前往耶路撒冷还有不到一个月路程 to Jerusalem itself, perhaps less than a month's march away.
但是此城掌握于突厥人之手 But Antioch lay under the rule of Muslim Turks,
而且在两大山脉 shielded by two great mountains,
以及牢固城垛的防护下 and a ring of awesome battlements that made this
它成为中世纪最固若金汤的城池之一 one of the most strongly-fortified cities in the medieval world.
这就是“铁门” So this is the iron gate.
我超喜欢这地方 若你想了解中世纪的安条克 I absolutely love this place, because it's the perfect spot to come to if you want to
为什么被十字军认为坚不可摧 understand what medieval Antioch would have looked like.
这就是个绝佳的地方 And why the Crusaders thought this city was going to be impregnable.
这里就是安条克最后的大门 This is Antioch's last surviving gate, part of a series
一系列强大防御 让他们无法直接进攻 of formidable defences that made an immediate attack impossible.
此城驻守着约5千突厥人 The city was garrisoned by around 5,000 Turks...
虽然防御足够强大 ..enough to mount a defence
但也难以抵御 十字军的正面进攻 but not sufficient to confront the Crusaders in open battle.
一场可怕的僵局将考验 The result, an appalling stalemate that would test
基督徒的信仰极限 the Christians' faith to the limit.
从1097年秋，十字军决定 From the autumn of 1097 onwards, the Crusaders committed
打一场中世纪最为残酷的围攻战 themselves to the grinding reality of a medieval encirclement siege -
这场毁灭性的消耗战 将持续8个月 a devastating war of attrition that would last for eight months.
严冬对露营在安条克城外的十字军来说 That winter would prove to be a living hell for the Crusaders
简直就是人间地狱 而且还面临传染病和饥荒 camped outside Antioch, facing illness, disease and starvation.
1098年1月 是十字军最为困难的时期 The height of the Crusaders' suffering came in January 1098.
在这最黑暗日子里幸存的 布洛瓦的斯蒂芬 Stephen of Blois, who managed to survive these darkest of days,
后来在信中写到 later wrote in a letter,
整个冬天，我遭受了极度的严寒 "Throughout that winter we suffered from excessive cold,
和暴虐的冻雨 有人说 "and enormous torrents of rain. What some say about the impossibility
叙利亚的阳光酷热难耐 "of being able to bear the heat of the sun throughout Syria is untrue
可那边的冬季和我们西方一样寒冷 "because the winters there are very similar to our own in the West."
那年1月, 成百上千的人丧生 That January, hundreds, perhaps thousands, lost their lives,
并非死于战争 而是疾病 not to the edge of a sword, but to illness,
及营养不良 and malnourishment.
根据记载 Indeed, according to one account,
由于食物极端缺乏 人们只得以狗和老鼠或兽皮果腹 food became so scarce that the poor were forced to eat dogs and rats,
甚至是肥料中找到的谷物种子 the skin of beasts and even seeds of grain found in manure.
很多基督徒开始质疑 为什么上帝抛弃了十字军神圣的冒险 Many Christians began to question why God had abandoned the Crusade, his sacred venture.
然而更糟糕的是 And when it seemed that things couldn't get any worse,
穆斯林世界最终团结起来 the Muslim world finally appeared to unite.
正像是春天的来临 开始打破 Just as the advent of spring began to shift the balance
围攻战的平衡 of the siege in the Crusaders' favour,
可怕的谣言四起 a dread-laden rumour began to circulate.
基督徒军营的侦察兵透露 他们看见了 Scouts from the Christian camp revealed that they'd seen
一支穆斯林军队 a Muslim army.
满山遍野，就像海中的沙子 Reportedly swarming over mountain paths. Like the sands of the sea.
摩苏尔的卡布卡 一员伊拉克猛将 Kerbogha of Mosul, a fearsome Iraqi general,
率4万叙利亚及美索不达米亚大军 and some 40,000 Syrian and Mesopotamian troops were
正在赶来 距安条克还有不到1周的路程 on the way, and now they were less than one week away from Antioch.
这只军队是应安条克穆斯林领袖 This huge relief force, mobilised in response to desperate appeals
的紧急求援而来 for support from Antioch's Muslim leaders,
以2比1的数量远超十字军 outnumbered the Crusaders by two to one.
搁浅在城外的基督徒军队 Stranded outside the city,
无疑会在安条克城墙下遭受重创 the Christian army would surely be crushed against Antioch's walls.
面临着极度恐慌，逃兵甚众 Facing the very real threat of panic and mass desertion,
十字军领导人召开了紧急会议 the Crusade's leaders convened an emergency council.
指挥多利留姆之战的军事天才 博西蒙德站了出来 And Bohemond, the military genius who had taken command at Dorylaeum, stepped forward.
他说无论是谁 只要能拿下安条克 Bohemond argued that whoever could orchestrate Antioch's fall
就应该取得该城的合法权利 should be given legal rights to the city.
会议刚开完 And it was only after the bargain had been sealed,
多谋的博西蒙德便亮出底牌 that the wily Bohemond showed his hand.
他联系到一名城内的叛教者 Bohemond had made contact with a renegade inside Antioch,
这个亚美尼亚基督徒 叫菲鲁兹，而且是瞭望塔指挥官 an Armenian Christian tower commander named Firuz,
他自愿背叛安条克 who was willing to betray the city.
十字军紧急会议不久后的几天 Just a few short days after the Crusaders' emergency council,
一小队博西蒙德的人偷偷来到 a small group of Bohemond's men stole up to the foot
西南墙脚下一个偏僻处 of an isolated section of the city's south-eastern walls.
菲鲁兹在那放了梯子 There, Firuz lowered a ladder.
当时的目击者说 大家都吓得要死 We know from eyewitness testimony that these men must have been
很多人以为一上城墙 absolutely terrified, most of them expecting to be killed as soon as
就会被杀 they reached the top.
而结果是 他们完全悄无声息干掉了 As it turned out, they were able to despatch the guards
全部3个瞭望塔上的守卫 at all the three surrounding towers in almost complete silence,
不久下面的一个小门就被打开了 and soon afterwards a small gate was opened below.
尖利的号角划破了夜幕的平静 The calm night air was suddenly shattered, a shrill bugle sounded
对城市其余地方的第二波攻击开始了 to signal a wave of secondary attacks on other parts of the city.
基督徒高喊战斗口号 And the Christians began screaming out their battle cry,
上帝的旨意！ 上帝的旨意！ "God wills it! God wills it!"
穆斯林守军顿时大乱 The Muslim garrison was thrown into a state of utter confusion
不久安条克其余的大门也被打开 and soon Antioch's remaining gates were thrown open
十字军蜂拥而入 and the Crusaders poured in.
在黎明的薄光下 大屠杀开始了 In the half light of dawn, a chaotic slaughter began
十字军释放了积压了8个月的愤怒 as the Crusaders unleashed eight months of pent-up anger and aggression.
此图描述了 1098年6月3日安条克的陷落 This illumination depicts the fall of Antioch on the 3rd of June 1098.
我认为这真是 不可思议的图片 And I think it's an absolutely remarkable image.
一个穆斯林胸前插着利剑 One Muslim is having a sword stabbed through his chest.
另一个马上就要被斩首 Another is about to be decapitated.
让我困惑的是 这插图如此漂亮 And I find this image quite troubling because in many ways it's very beautiful.
如此鲜艳的颜色 就像是上周才画的 The colour is extraordinary, it looks as if it was painted
而不是800年前的作品 last week, not 800 years ago.
但同时又叫人毛骨悚然 But, at the same time, it's horrific.
我认为在某种程度上 这就是 And I think, in a way, this cuts to the heart of the enigma
第一次及后续东征的不可思议之处 of the First Crusade and the Crusades that would follow,
因为这些暴行所发生在 because this is about violence that's enacted
鼓吹圣战的历史背景下 in the context of Holy War.
在那样的背景下 暴力也许罪孽深重 And perhaps in that context the idea that that violence might be sinful,
可这些道德错误 却因为是为上帝而战 that it might be morally wrong, has been erased.
已经被统统抹去 Because this was now the work of God.
打了8个月进入了安条克 Having spent eight months battling to gain entry to Antioch,
十字军们才发现 他们已经掉入了陷阱 the Crusaders now found themselves ensnared in a bizarre predicament.
第二天, 卡布卡的大军抵达 The very next day, Kerbogha's great army began to arrive.
十字军被困于城内 The first Crusaders were now trapped inside Antioch,
围城者变成了被围者 the besiegers had become the besieged.
卡布卡的大军围城警戒 Kerbogha's ferocious army formed a cordon around Antioch.
陷入了一个失去补给的城市 Trapped inside a city already bereft of supplies,
基督徒面临着最大的信仰考验 the Christians now faced the greatest test of their faith.
食物很快耗光 Food very quickly ran short
饥荒蔓延 and starvation became endemic.
据说穷人只得吃 It was said that the poor were forced
鞋子上的皮革 to eat the leather of their own shoes,
另一些人则喝仅存下来的马匹的血 while others drank the blood from the few remaining horses to sustain themselves.
十字军被遗弃了 Many Crusaders now deserted.
人们从城墙放下绳子 Lowering ropes from the walls,
在夜幕掩护下逃生 and escaping under cover of darkness, these rope danglers,
其中还包括一些著名的骑士 as they came to be known, included many well-known knights.
十字军士气一落千丈 The Crusaders had reached their lowest point.
被饥饿和恐惧的阴云笼罩 Weakened by hunger, utterly terrified of the enemy outside
baying for their blood, they were in a state of total despair.
似乎第一次东征就要在灾难中完结 It seemed that the First Crusade was about to end in disaster.
只有奇迹才能挽救基督徒了 Surely only a miracle could save the Christians now.
1098年6月中旬，来了一个法国南部的农民 名叫保罗-巴塞罗缪 In mid-June 1098, a southern French peasant named Peter Bartholomew came forward,
宣称他看到了一系列幻像 announcing that he'd experienced a series of visions.
圣安德鲁向他透露了 In these, St Andrew revealed to him
难以置信的强大精神武器 “圣矛”的所在地 the resting place of an incredibly powerful spiritual weapon - the Holy Lance -
就是在十字架上刺穿耶稣的长矛 the very spear that had pierced the side of Christ on the Cross.
他带领一队十字军，来到安条克的 Peter Bartholomew led a group of Crusaders
圣彼得教堂开始挖掘 to the basilica of St Peter's in Antioch and began digging.
其中一员，阿奎莱拉的雷蒙德 描述了当时的场景 One member of this party, Raymond of Aguilers, described the scene.
我们一直挖到晚上 当我们中一些人 "We'd been digging until evening when some of us
开始放弃的时候 "began to give up hope of unearthing the lance.
农民彼得看到工人们精疲力竭 "But Peter Bartholomew, seeing the exhaustion of our workers,
于是他脱去外衣，只穿衬衫 "stripped off his outer garments and, clad only in a shirt
赤脚跳进洞里 "and bare-footed, dropped into the hole"
并要我们向上帝祈祷 归还圣矛 "He then begged us to pray to God, to return his lance
为他的子民带来力量和胜利 "and bring strength and victory to his people.
最终主向我们显现了圣矛 "Finally, the Lord showed us his lance,
我亲吻了那露出土地的矛尖 "and I kissed its point as it barely protruded from the ground -
整座城市欢欣鼓舞 "what great joy and exaltation filled the city."
彼得找到的，可能仅仅是 What Peter Bartholomew supposedly found was probably no more
一小块金属碎片 than a small shard of metal.
但是中世纪基督教有 But the idea that God might manifest his will on Earth
上帝通过圣物显灵的说法 through such sacred objects was part and parcel of medieval Christianity.
宗教狂热加上 And the ravings of a religious fanatic
圣物现世 and the discovery of such a significant relic
再次点燃了十字军 had the potential to reignite the Crusaders' belief
神圣使命的信仰 in their holy mission.
多数人认为圣矛的发现 Most accounts indicate that the discovery of the Holy Lance had an electrifying effect
就像是给十字军打了强心剂 on the Crusaders' state of mind.
虽然他们精疲力竭，饥肠辘辘 Even though they were exhausted, starving,
面临重重困难 and facing seemingly insurmountable odds,
但这个似乎无可辩驳的神迹 this seemingly irrefutable demonstration of divine support
让他们拿起武器，直面卡布卡 fired the Crusaders to take up arms and confront Kerbogha head on.
就在那天 他们获得了奇迹般的胜利 On that day, they scored a miraculous victory,
赶走了卡布卡的大军 driving Kerbogha's horde from the field.
安条克到手了 圣矛传说诞生了 Antioch was theirs, and the cult of the Holy Lance was born -
一个给予未来东征 力量源泉的传说 a cult with the power to shape the future of the Crusade.
意大利威尼斯
我总对圣矛传说着迷 I've always been captivated by the story of the Holy Lance
长久以来我像其他人一样 相信圣矛的发现 and for a long time I believed, like everyone else, that the discovery
使得十字军的士气大振 of this relic provided an electrifying boost to Crusader morale,
让他们冲出安条克 勇敢面对卡布卡 sending them sprinting out of Antioch to confront Kerbogha.
我来威尼斯 看到可能是现存最古老的 I'd come to Venice to see perhaps the oldest surviving copy
编年史副本 由埃德萨的马修所写 of a chronicle written by Matthew of Edessa,
他是生活在第一次东征时代的 亚美尼亚历史学家 an Armenian historian who lived during the time of the First Crusade.
看到这手稿真是激动 It's really exciting to see this manuscript.
相较于基督徒和穆斯林 Poised between the Western Christian and Muslim perspectives,
他的立场更为中立 Matthew's account offers a more neutral version of events.
这就是他的记述 So this is the text.
我来这里的一个原因 So one of the reasons that I've come here
是因为埃德萨的马修 记述了真实发生在安条克 is because Matthew Of Edessa offer us a unique moment in his text
1098年6月的那个特别时刻 where he describes what's actually happening in Antioch in June 1098.
可以给我们看一下证据吗 Can you show us that specific bit of evidence?
这就是那个部分 This is the part.
您能用亚美尼亚语读出来吗 好的 And could you read the section actually in Armenian to me? Yes.
这些法兰克人饱受饥荒 因为城中补给 'The Franks became threatened with a famine, because provisions
早已消耗殆尽 'in the city had long become exhausted.
在越来越大压力下 他们想要拱手让出该城 'More and more hard-pressed, they resolved to obtain from Kerbogha
以换取卡布卡的特赦 'a promise of amnesty on condition that they deliver the city
并回到自己的国度 'into his hands, and return to their own country.'
马修叙述说 So Matthew's telling us that the Crusaders
在6月，十字军试图谈判 in this month of June, that they actually tried to negotiate
放弃安条克撤离吗 a surrender to be able to leave Antioch - to give up effectively?
是的，恩，要卡布卡 保证他们 Yes, yes. And, er...to have his assurance
能够回家，回到欧洲 that they could turn to their home in, er...Europe.
长久以来 For so long,
圣矛的发现 the Crusaders' reaction to the discovery of the Holy Lance
都作为十字军们 has been held up as proof
那不可动摇的盲目虔诚的证明 of their unshakable, almost blind, piety
但如果他们真的谈判投降 but if they did indeed try to negotiate a surrender,
那留给我们的就是另一番景象 then we're left with a very different image -
中世纪勇士 仍然心存恐惧和疑惑 one of medieval warriors still wracked by fear and doubt.
对我来说，马修的记载很重要 它可以让我们 For me, Matthew's account is so important - because it allows us
更人性、更细微地去感受 那些十字军战士 to construct a more human and more nuanced image of these Crusaders.
卡布卡拒绝了他们的投降条件 Kerbogha dismissed the Crusaders' terms of surrender,
让十字军面临无望的抉择 leaving the Christians with a hopeless choice -
要么饿死城中，要么战死沙场 to die within the city from starvation, or to die fighting.
最后 他们毫无疑问地 In the end, the Crusaders did undoubtedly
作出勇敢决定 make an extraordinarily brave decision -
和卡布卡决一死战 to confront Kerbogha's hoard head on.
他们这样做 But they seem to have done so
不仅是对宗教的狂热 not in a state of ecstatic religious fervour
而且是置于死地而后生 but in utter desperation, expecting to die.
基督徒们在绝境中爆发了 The Christians fought with a primal sense of desperation.
讽刺的是，面对死亡和一无所有 他们赢了 Ironically, facing certain death, with nothing to lose, they won...
他们变得万夫莫敌 ..defeating an enemy that turned out to be anything but invincible.
而由那些割据军阀组成的 Far from being a united army,
卡布卡的军队则成为一盘散沙 Kerbogha's force was actually a loose and fragile coalition of rival warlords,
他们猜疑卡布卡 会以十字军入侵为借口 each suspicious that Kerbogha himself was hoping to use the Crusader invasion
将安条克据为己有 as a pretext to seize Antioch as his own.
这就是穆斯林军心涣散的原因 That was why the Muslim army shattered so readily
面对基督徒的攻击 when struck by the Christians charge,
他们溃不成军 retreating in headlong defeat.
大部分十字军战士认为 大败卡布卡是 For most Crusaders, the seemingly miraculous victory over Kerbogha
圣矛力量的证明 was proof of the power of the Holy Lance,
圣物的热情拥护者 图卢兹的雷蒙德 and the relic's most ardent advocate, Raymond of Toulouse,
现在成为了远征的道德领袖 now asserted moral leadership over the expedition.
但在随后的几个月 But in the months that followed,
一些十字军领导人 对权利和掠夺的 some of the Crusades' leaders became increasingly greedy
贪欲与日俱增 for power and plunder.
博西蒙德固守安条克 Bohemond remained to rule Antioch,
而雷蒙德则坚持 征服叙利亚和黎巴嫩 and instead of driving on to Jerusalem, the expedition's holy goal,
并未继续向耶路撒冷进发 Raymond insisted on pursuing further conquests in Syria and Lebanon.
对很多基督徒来说 这样的延误是不可原谅的行为 For many Christians, these delays were unforgivable.
有人甚至开始怀疑圣矛的真实性 Some even began to question the authenticity of the Holy Lance,
以及它的发现者 and the integrity of the increasingly delusional fanatic who had found it.
面对铺天盖地的置疑 农民彼得请求进行 Facing a barrage of criticism, Peter Bartholomew actually begged
一次足以致命的“神裁法” to undergo a potentially lethal trial by ordeal,
以证明他的清白和圣矛的真实 all to prove his own innocence and the authenticity of the Holy Lance.
在1099年4月10日 On 10th April 1099,
在黎巴嫩的阿卡城外 outside the city of Arqa in Lebanon,
这位农民空想家 开始准备一场戏剧性的审判 the peasant visionary began to prepare for a dramatic trial,
这次结果将决定 第一次东征的命运 the outcome of which would determine the fate of the First Crusade.
他斋戒4日以净化灵魂 Peter spent the next four days fasting to purify his soul
然后在耶稣受难日那天 and then on Good Friday,
人们用橄榄枝搭起了2垛柴堆 olive branches were stacked into two pyres,
4英尺高，13英尺长 four feet in height and 13 feet in length.
随着柴堆的点燃 With the two pyres set alight,
彼得身着长袍，手持圣矛 wearing a simple tunic and bearing the relic of the Holy Lance,
决心走入地狱之火 Peter Bartholomew willingly walked into the heart of the inferno.
他的一些支持者后来写到 Some of Peter Bartholomew's supporters later wrote
他奇迹般地走了出来，毫发无损 that he managed to emerge miraculously from the flames unscathed,
可随被后一帮失去理智的人群围殴 and it was only subsequently that a frenzied crowd mobbed him
打断了他的骨头 and broke the bones of his body,
但是他的反对者 却讲述了截然不同的故事 but a very different story was told by his opponents.
他们看到彼得被严重烧伤 They recorded that he emerged mortally wounded by burns.
不过有一件事可以肯定 这个在安条克找到圣矛的人 One thing's certain. The man who had found the Holy Lance in Antioch
在12天内死于他的“神裁法” had died within 12 days of his ordeal.
圣矛的魔咒被打破了 The spell of the Holy Lance was broken,
图卢兹的雷蒙德同样名誉扫地 and, with it, the reputation of Raymond of Toulouse.
布永的格弗雷 成为了十字军的新领导 It was Godfrey of Bouillon who emerged as the Crusade's new leader,
耽搁了10个月后 十字军以不可思议的速度前进着 as after more than ten months of delay the Christians advanced with almost breakneck speed.
并放弃了征服 黎巴嫩和巴勒斯坦的计划 Any thoughts of further conquests in Lebanon and Palestine were abandoned.
3周后 And just three weeks later,
1099年6月6日星期2 on Tuesday, 6th June, in the year 1099,
历时3年 after three years
跋涉2千多英里 and more than 2,000 miles,
第一批十字军终于到达了 the First Crusade finally arrived
基督教世界的精神中心 at the spiritual centre of the Christian cosmos.
耶路撒冷
这些来自欧洲的人们，大约有九成 Around 90% of those who had set out from Western Europe
在旅途中失散，死去或逃亡 had been lost along the way, either to death or desertion.
对那些坚持到现在的人们来说 For those few who managed to make it this far,
看到期待已久的耶路撒冷 一定是难以置信的感动 the sight long-awaited of Jerusalem must have been incredibly moving.
不只是 But it wasn't just because the journey to get here
旅途的漫长艰辛 had been so long and arduous -
还因为它是最神圣的基督教圣地 it was because this place was the most sacred Christian site on Earth.
那是耶稣经历了他受难、死亡和复活的地方 It was the place in which Christ had undergone his passion, his life, his death,
也许最重要的是 and, perhaps most importantly of all, his resurrection.
很多十字军相信 如果占领了这座城市 Many Crusaders believed that if they could conquer this city,
耶路撒冷将会成为 it would become one with the heavenly Jerusalem,
荣耀的基督教天堂 a glorious Christian paradise.
耶路撒冷的城墙和穆斯林守军 Jerusalem's walls, and the Muslim garrison within,
比起安条克有过之而无不及 made it an even bigger obstacle than Antioch.
但对克服了重重困难的十字军 But for the Crusaders, having come so far,
这已经不算什么了 defeat here was simply unthinkable.
在疯狂的6个月围攻之后 After a frantic six-week siege,
布永的格弗雷取得了决定性的进展 Godfrey of Bouillon made the decisive breakthrough,
打破了城内的防御 breaching the city's inner defences.
1099年7月15日 On the 15th July, 1099,
第一批十字军 终于实现了长久以来的梦想 the first Crusaders finally achieved their long-cherished dream -
光复耶路撒冷 the liberation of Jerusalem.
血雨腥风席卷了街道 Surging through these streets in bloodthirsty ravening packs,
他们完全占领了圣城 they overran the Holy City.
经历了3年难以想象的 Fuelled by three years of unimaginable strife,
战斗、贫困及渴望 privation and yearning,
他们进行了一场不分青红皂白 狂暴野蛮的大屠杀 they unleashed a rampaging torrent of barbaric and indiscriminate slaughter.
一名十字军报告说 随着耶路撒冷陷落 One Crusader joyfully reported "With the fall of Jerusalem,
这些场景随处可见 "one could see many marvellous works.
一些异教徒被仁慈地斩首 "Some pagans were mercifully beheaded,
或是利箭穿身跌落塔下, 还有的 "others pierced by arrows plunged from towers, yet others,
受尽折磨后, 被扔进火中烧死 "tortured for a long time, were burnt to death in searing flames".
成堆的头颅和手脚被丢弃在街道上 Piles of heads, hands and feet littered the streets,
就连执行杀戮的士兵 and even the soldiers carrying out the killing could hardly bear the stench
都无法忍受齐踝深的血液 散发出的恶臭 rising from the blood lapping at their ankles.
犹太人和穆斯林都被屠杀 Jews as well as Muslims were butchered.
这就是圣战的恐怖 This was holy war in all its horror.
许多穆斯林逃到耶路撒冷最神圣的区域 Many Muslims fled to Jerusalem's most hallowed ground,
伊斯兰教的穆罕默德升天之地 revered in Islam as the site of Mohammed's ascent to heaven.
但是基督战士紧追不放 But the Christian warriors went after them,
一路砍杀到著名的阿克萨清真寺 cutting them down as far as the famous Aqsa Mosque...
在那里，十字军 ..where there was such a massacre
大开杀戒 that the Crusaders were wading through their enemies' blood.
耶路撒冷的大屠杀 The massacre that took place
不仅仅是压抑愤怒的倾泻 on the streets of Jerusalem was not simply a feral outpouring of pent-up rage.
更像是一场蓄意而延长的杀戮 Instead, it was a much more calculated and prolonged campaign of killing,
持续了至少2天 that lasted at least two days.
使城市尸血流成河，尸横遍野 It left this city awash with blood and strewn with corpses.
暴力和信仰的融合 In a moment that perfectly encapsulated the Crusade's extraordinary fusion
瞬间在基督徒们身上 体现的淋漓尽致 of violence and faith...
1099年7月15日落日之时 ..at sunset on 15th July, 1099,
十字军仍然沐浴着敌人的鲜血 the Crusaders, still covered in their enemies' blood,
聚集到圣墓教堂 gathered here in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
在耶稣死亡与重生之处 believed to be the site of Christ's death and resurrection,
感谢他们的上帝 to give thanks to their God.
对今天的我们而言 第一批十字军 For us today, the idea that the first Crusaders
即使他们犯下杀孽 could present themselves as faithful Christians,
也足以证明他们是忠诚的基督徒 even as they carried out acts of butchery
这可真是叫人费解 might seem abhorrent, almost incomprehensible.
如果想了解第一批十字军 But if we want to understand the first Crusaders,
那么我们必须尝试 以他们的眼光去看待当时的世界 then we have to try to see the world as they saw it,
去体会中世纪的宗教观念 to appreciate that they had a distinctly medieval conception of religion.
所有的历史证据 All the best eyewitness and contemporary evidence
都表明他们对其所作所为 抱以坚定不移的信念 indicates that they ardently believed in what they were doing,
为上帝杀戮是 一种奉献行为 that for them killing for Christ was itself an act of devotion,
是一种打开天堂之门的信仰表达 an expression of faith that would open the gates of heaven.
乌尔班二世发表了武装号召的4年后 Four years after Pope Urban II delivered his dramatic call to arms,
第一批十字军 实现了他们的目标 the First Crusaders had achieved their goal.
耶路撒冷无疑回到了西方基督徒手中 Jerusalem was now undeniably in the hands of Western Christians.
第一次东征的成功 震撼了欧洲基督教世界 The success of the first Crusades stunned Christian Europe,
成为中世纪时期记载最多的事件 and it became the most widely-recorded event of the Middle Ages.
那一时期的人 把占领耶路撒冷 Contemporaries saw Jerusalem's seemingly miraculous conquest
看做是上帝确实需要他们 as an immutable proof that their God did indeed want them
进行圣战的一个不变的证明 to embrace the idea of Holy War.
这次基督徒的胜利 This single moment of Christian triumph
激起了十字军东征的狂热 would fuel enthusiasm for the Crusades for centuries to come.
但在随后几十年乃至几个世纪 伊斯兰世界一直认为 But in the decades and centuries that followed, Islam came to regard
十字军入侵耶路撒冷 是野蛮玷污的暴行 the sack of Jerusalem as the central act of Crusader barbarity and defilement.
中东陷入了200多年 The Middle East was now locked into a bitter struggle
水深火热的苦战 that would rage for 200 years,
回教徒们将以杰哈德之名 a conflict in which Muslims would embrace the cause of Jihad,
团结一致，寻求复仇 并重夺圣地 uniting in pursuit of vengeance and the Holy Land's re-conquest.
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