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‎自然世界里充满了 ‎常常被我们认为理所当然的颜色 The natural world is full of colours that we often take for granted.
‎很少有动物的颜色 There are few animals more brilliantly coloured
‎能比五彩金刚鹦鹉更艳丽 than these scarlet macaws.
‎动物们会因为各种原因 ‎而形成不同颜色 Animals can use colour for all kinds of different reasons,
‎有一些动物的颜色 ‎甚至是人类无法肉眼可见的 and some have colours that we ourselves can't even see.
‎但并不是所有的颜色 ‎都像看上去的那样 But not all colours are what they seem.
‎有些动物还会用颜色来藏身 Some animals also use colours to hide…
‎颜色可以让它们消失 colours that make them disappear,
‎颜色可以产生视觉幻象… colours that create optical illusions,
‎颜色还可以用来欺骗和误导 and colours that are used to trick and deceive.
‎要了解这些颜色如何起作用 To understand how these colours work,
‎我们需要在动物的角度来看一看 we need to see them from an animal's perspective.
‎在专业相机的帮助下 With the help of our specialist cameras,
‎如今我们可以做到了 we can now do that…
‎并发现一些动物如何成为伪装大师 and discover how some animals have become masters of disguise.
‎剧名：藏身色彩
‎印度次大陆 ‎是一些非常大型动物的故乡 The Indian subcontinent is home to some truly spectacular animals.
‎大部分动物会利用色彩来引起注意 ‎比如这些孔雀 Most, like these peafowl, use colour to attract attention,
‎它们看待世界的方式 and the colours they've developed
‎会受影响自身所形成的颜色 are influenced by the way they see the world.
‎但是 闪亮的颜色也需要付出代价 But flashy colours can also come at a cost,
‎有些时候 and sometimes,
‎最好还是别被看见 it's better to remain out of sight.
‎有一些动物会利用自己的颜色 So some animals use their colours
‎藏身或消失在背景中 to help them hide and disappear into the background.
‎印度中部地区的森林里 ‎就有这样一种动物 One such animal lives here, in the forests of Central India.
‎它是地球上最强大的猎人之一 It's one of the most formidable hunters on earth.
‎孟加拉虎 A Bengal tiger.
‎一只雌虎 A female.
‎这是世界上最大型的猫科动物之一 She's one of the world's biggest cats,
‎像它体型这么大 ‎还要躲在视线以外并非易事 and remaining out of sight is not easy when you are as large as she is.
‎橙黑色外表 ‎是它至关重要的成功要素 Her orange and black coat is crucial to her success.
‎要想抓住猎物 To have any chance of catching a meal,
‎它必须走到距离猎物几米远的地方 she has to get to within a few metres of her prey.
‎它一直躲在树的遮掩处 She keeps to the cover of the trees
‎缓慢地靠近 and slowly makes her approach.
‎在我们眼中 它看起来显而易见 She may appear conspicuous to our eyes,
‎但是对印度白斑鹿来说并非如此 but not so to these chital deer.
‎白斑鹿的眼睛只有两种色彩受体 Chital have only two types of colour receptors in their eyes,
‎而人类有三种 compared to our three,
‎这也就意味着 ‎它们其实无法看到红色和橙色 which means that they are effectively blind to red and orange.
‎对于鹿来说 老虎根本不是橙色 So to the deer, the tiger isn't orange at all.
‎这是我们看到的世界… This is how we see the world…
‎这是鹿看到的世界 and this is how the deer do.
‎对它们而言 ‎老虎的橙色外表是一种柔和的绿色 The tiger's orange coat, to them, is a muted shade of green,
‎因此 鹿群几乎无法察觉到它 so it's nearly impossible for the deer to register.
‎雌虎越靠越近 She creeps closer.
‎白斑鹿没有看到雌虎 The chital don't see her.
‎老虎有很大的机会能捉住猎物 The odds appear stacked in the tiger's favour.
‎但是 鹿群也不是完全没有防备 But the deer aren't entirely defenceless.
‎它们得到了不寻常盟友的帮助 They have help from an unusual ally.
‎这就是长尾叶猴 Langur monkeys.
‎它们被称为森林之眼 They're known as the eyes of the forest,
‎色觉十分出众 and their colour vision is excellent.
‎它们的眼睛和人类的一样 ‎有三种色彩受体 Their eyes, like ours, have three types of colour receptors,
‎能够看到橙色 and they can see orange.
‎雌虎还没有靠近 ‎长尾叶猴就发出了警报 The langur sounded the alarm before she could get close enough.
‎如果长尾叶猴能轻易发现它 If the langurs can easily spot her,
‎那为什么老虎还要长成橙色 why, then, is the tiger orange at all?
‎它怎么不长成绿色呢 Why isn't she green?
‎那是因为哺乳动物无法形成绿色色素 That's because mammals are unable to develop green pigments,
‎所以对于老虎来说 so it seems the next best solution for the tiger
‎最好还是长出橙色的皮毛 is to have orange fur,
‎这在它的主要猎物眼中 ‎看上去是绿色 which appears green to her main prey.
‎它必须寻找新的目标 She will have to find a new target.
‎顺着水流 它找到了一只 Down by the water, she finds one.
‎水鹿 Sambar deer.
‎水鹿没有猴群作伴 Sambar don't keep company with monkeys.
‎它们自力更生 They are on their own.
‎它们和白斑鹿一样 视力受限 They have the same limited eyesight as the chital,
‎但是听力却像是卫星天线一样灵敏 but ears like satellite dishes.
‎如果雌虎踩到树枝 树枝折断 If she treads on a twig and it snaps,
‎这次捕猎就会在开始前便宣告失败 the hunt will be over before it began.
‎鹿群似乎感觉到了危险 The deer seem to sense danger.
‎它们还看不见雌虎 They still can't see her.
‎尽管它伪装得很好 Despite her effective camouflage,
‎但大部分捕猎都会像这样结束 most hunts end like this.
‎出击的成功率不足10％ Less than 10% of her attacks are successful.
‎但要是没有橙色皮毛 But without her orange fur,
‎它的机会还会更小 her chances would be even lower.
‎颜色是它生存的关键 It is her colours that are key to her survival.
‎这里是苏格兰的凯恩戈姆山 The Cairngorm Mountains in Scotland.
‎在这里 捕猎也会遇到特别的难题 Here, there are special problems for the hunted.
‎有些动物已经进化出了完美的伪装 Some animals have developed camouflage of such perfection
‎几乎可以在周围环境中隐形 that they are virtually invisible against their surroundings.
‎但是 如果环境改变了 ‎那会发生什么呢 But what happens when those surroundings change?
‎动物当然也必须随之改变 Well, then, of course, the animals have to change too.
‎这些山脉中 ‎居住了一种特别的松鸡 These mountains are home to a particular kind of grouse
‎叫做雷鸟 called the ptarmigan.
‎斑驳的棕色羽毛 ‎让它们很容易藏身于 Their mottled brown feathers make them inconspicuous
‎岩石和石南属植物之间 among the rocks and heather.
‎但是 到了冬天 But in winter,
‎这些山脉就会变成很难生存的地方 these mountains are hard places in which to live.
‎温度下降 Temperatures drop,
‎一夜之间 大地就被白雪覆盖了 and the land can, overnight, be covered by a blanket of snow.
‎大多数鸟儿在这个时候 ‎都已飞向南方更温暖的地方 Most birds, by now, have gone south to warmer parts of the world,
‎但是雷鸟并没有这么做 but not the ptarmigan.
‎冬天来临之时 When winter comes,
‎它们会发生特别巨大的变化 they undergo the most extraordinary change.
‎它们会换掉棕色羽毛 ‎长出纯白色的羽毛 They replace their brown feathers with pure white ones.
‎这么做的原因很简单 They do so for a simple reason.
‎因为它们必须不被发现 They must go unnoticed.
‎它们需要藏起来 They need to hide.
‎这个开放的栖息地 This open habitat
‎让雷鸟非常容易受到掠食者的攻击 makes the ptarmigan very vulnerable to predators.
‎长对颜色很重要 Being the right colour is crucial.
‎现在即使是面对眼神敏锐的老鹰 ‎它们也是隐形的 Now they are invisible even to a keen-eyed eagle.
‎雷鸟不是唯一会采取 ‎这种隐身行为的动物 Ptarmigan are not the only animals to use this disappearing act.
‎北极狐 So does the Arctic fox,
‎北美野兔 snowshoe hares,
‎黄鼠狼都是如此 and weasels.
‎冬天到来的时候 All, with the coming of winter,
‎它们全都会改变外表 从视野中消失 change their coats and vanish from sight.
‎不断减少的日光 ‎引发了它们的改变 Their transformation is triggered by the decreasing daylight,
‎经过数周的时间 and, over several weeks,
‎它们的棕色外套就会变成白色 they replace their brown costumes with white ones.
‎因此 随着季节改变颜色 So changing colour with the seasons,
‎对某些动物而言 for some animals,
‎是避免成为捕食者食物的唯一方式 is the only way to avoid becoming a meal.
‎但是 很多植物 But many plants, of course,
‎恰好相反 do the reverse.
‎在春天 In spring,
‎它们会改变颜色 ‎来表明自己可以提供食物 they produce colour to declare that they are providing food,
‎花蜜 nectar.
‎蜜蜂和许多其它昆虫 ‎都很喜欢花蜜 Bees and many other insects love it.
‎春夏季节 In spring and summer,
‎蜜蜂们穿梭在花丛间采蜜 they travel busily from flower to flower collecting it.
‎当蜜蜂离开去寻找其他花蜜时 ‎会在不经意间进行授粉 And when the bees leave to look for more, they inadvertently take pollen with them,
‎再接着给之后的花朵授粉 which then fertilises the next flowers they visit.
‎但是这里还有一个猎人 ‎想要利用这种关系 But there's a hunter here that exploits this relationship.
‎一只蟹蛛 A crab spider.
‎这只雌蛛很小 只有指甲盖大小 She's tiny, no bigger than a fingernail,
‎它正在等待猎物 and she's waiting for her prey.
‎它几乎和背景颜色一样 Almost the same colour as her background,
‎几乎是隐身了 she's virtually invisible.
‎这只蜜蜂再也采不到蜜了 No more honey for her.
‎但是 蜘蛛的猎场当然也会受到限制 But, of course, the spider's hunting grounds are limited.
‎并非所有的花都是黄色的 Not all flowers are yellow.
‎当雌蛛呆在纯白色的花瓣上时 When she sits on a pure white petal,
‎就会变得很明显 she immediately becomes obvious.
‎这么显眼的它可抓不住蜜蜂 She will never catch a bee while she's so conspicuous.
‎所以 它改变了 So, she changes.
‎它褪去了皮肤外层的黄色色素 She breaks down the yellow pigments in the outer layer of her skin
‎展现出下方的特殊透明体 to expose special crystals underneath
‎像小镜子一样反射着光线 that act like tiny mirrors and reflect the light.
‎整个过程需要几天的时间 It may take a few days,
‎但是 它还是从黄色 but she turns from yellow
‎变成了白色 to white.
‎改变颜色不是蜘蛛的唯一手段 Changing colour isn't the spider's only trick.
‎事情并不像表面上那样简单 There's more to this story than meets the eye.
‎蜜蜂能看到人类看不到的颜色 Bees can see colours that we cannot.
‎它们能看到紫外线的颜色 They can see ultraviolet colours.
‎当它们落到花朵上 As they come in to land on a flower,
‎会用特别的感官 they use special sensors
‎来探测花瓣上的紫外线图案 that can detect ultraviolet patterns on the flower's petals.
‎我们也可以用特殊的相机 ‎看到这些图案 We can see them too with our special UV camera.
‎花瓣上有一些暗色线条 There are dark lines on the petals
‎标记出了指引蜜蜂们找寻花蜜的 that mark the landing strips for the bees,
‎着陆带 guiding them to the nectar.
‎然而 这只蜘蛛 The spider, however,
‎已经找到了方法来利用这些信号 has developed a way to exploit these signals.
‎通过紫外线相机进行观察 Watching her with our UV camera,
‎可以看到雌蛛反射了紫外线光线 we can see that she reflects ultraviolet light,
‎所以它在花朵上变得更加显而易见 so she appears even more conspicuous sitting on a flower.
‎这种额外的光亮 ‎就像是一种超级信号 This extra brilliance acts as a kind of super signal,
‎让蜜蜂们无法抗拒 which the bee can't resist.
‎蜘蛛也因此受益 And the spider benefits.
‎事实上 ‎蜜蜂降落在这些有蜘蛛花朵上的概率 In fact, the bees are more than three times as likely
‎比那些没有蜘蛛的 to visit flowers with UV-reflecting spiders on them
‎要高出三倍 than those without.
‎蟹蛛会用各种复杂的颜色 The crab spider uses a sophisticated range of colours
‎来欺骗猎物 to deceive its prey.
‎但颜色也会通过更简单 ‎甚至更令人惊讶的方法 But colour can also be used in a simpler, even more surprising way
‎来迷惑敌人 to confuse the enemy.
‎在肯尼亚马赛马拉的草原上 And on the plains of Kenya's Masai Mara, there's one animal
‎有一种动物会只用两种颜色 that uses just two colours
‎来瞒骗它的捕食者 to outwit its predators.
‎斑马 The zebra.
‎在开阔的草原上吃草时 Its black and white coat makes it extremely obvious
‎它的黑白外表显得格外明显 as it grazes out on the open grasslands.
‎其它的食草动物颜色 ‎更加柔和 色差较小 Other grazers have softer, gently varied colouration,
‎融入了环境 which blends with their background.
‎所以 很奇怪的是 ‎斑马们的做法显然正好相反 So it seems strange that zebras, apparently, do quite the opposite.
‎特别是 ‎它们所处的环境中有那么多猎手 Particularly as they live in a world where there are so many hunters.
‎狮子… Lions,
‎土狼… hyenas,
‎还有猎豹 and cheetah.
‎大胆的斑马似乎是在自找麻烦 The boldly striped zebra seem to be asking for trouble.
‎它们要如何侥幸逃生 How do they get away with it?
‎博物学家已经就这个问题 ‎讨论了好几个世纪 The question has been hotly debated by naturalists for centuries.
‎新的研究给出了一个答案 New research is now suggesting an answer.
‎为了理解可能的原理 To understand how it might work,
‎我们需要考虑到所涉及的特定颜色 we need to consider the particular colours involved.
‎黑白是对比度最高的两种颜色 Black and white are two of the most contrasting colours.
‎而且两只斑马不会有完全一样的图案 And no two animals have exactly the same pattern,
‎所以 每匹斑马的全身纹路 ‎都各不相同 so each has a unique whole-body fingerprint.
‎但是当斑马移动时 But when the zebras move,
‎条纹会造成混乱 the stripes create confusion.
‎也被称为“动态眩晕” It's known as motion dazzle.
‎捕食者很难将注意力 ‎集中在某一个目标上 And it makes it difficult for a predator to keep focused on one particular target.
‎这只猎豹在寻找食物 The cheetah, looking for a meal.
‎为了发出成功一击 To make a successful strike,
‎它们必须精确地判断距离 they must judge the distance accurately
‎完美地安排好时机 and time it perfectly.
‎所以如果斑马的条纹能迷惑猎豹 So if a zebra's stripes can confuse the cheetah
‎哪怕只有几秒钟时间 just for a few crucial seconds,
‎它就有可能逃生 it may escape.
‎但这些草原上还有另一个威胁 But there's another threat on these plains.
‎苍蝇 Flies.
‎它们真的是这里的害虫 They are a real pest here.
‎它们不仅是讨厌 They're not just a nuisance.
‎还会携带病菌 They carry diseases,
‎有一些会很严重 甚至致命 some of which are particularly nasty, even deadly.
‎尽管有大量的苍蝇 Despite the huge numbers of flies,
‎斑马却看起来 ‎似乎并不怎么会受到干扰 the zebras appear remarkably untroubled by them.
‎周围有很多的苍蝇… There are plenty of flies around…
‎但很少会落在斑马身上 but few actually land on the zebra.
‎有一个理论认为 One theory is that the black and white stripes
‎黑白的条纹会让苍蝇很难判断距离 make it difficult for flies to judge the distance.
‎为了检验这个理论 To test this idea,
‎科学家们计算了有多少苍蝇 scientists counted how many flies landed on animals
‎落在了柔和色差的动物身上 with gently graded colours
‎又有多少落到了斑马的条纹上 and how many landed on the zebras' stripes.
‎他们发现 在斑马身上停留的苍蝇 They found that four times fewer flies landed on zebras
‎比那些寻常颜色的邻居们少了四倍 than on their more plainly coloured neighbours.
‎怎么会这样呢 Why should that be?
‎看来又是条纹的功劳 It seems it's another consequence of those stripes.
‎在苍蝇还没想好停在哪里时 They confuse the flies
‎条纹就迷惑了苍蝇 as they make their final approach to settle.
‎也许是这些图案 ‎给苍蝇造成了视觉模糊 Perhaps this creates a visual blurring for the flies,
‎就像它们对猎豹那样 much as it does for a cheetah.
‎所以斑马的条纹图案 So it seems that the zebras' patterns of stripes
‎似乎形成了 ‎帮助它们逃离敌人的视觉效果 creates an optical effect that helps protect them from enemies,
‎大小敌人均如此 both large and small.
‎斑马用不同图案来迷惑敌人 While zebras use different patterns to confuse their enemies,
‎古巴的岛屿上 on the island of Cuba,
‎有一些体型更小 ‎移动也相对更慢的生物 there are smaller and rather slower-moving creatures
‎也在做着做类似的事 that do a similar thing.
‎这就是叉线海明蜗牛 This is Polymita picta,
‎一种古巴的彩带蜗牛 a Cuban painted snail.
‎你可能会觉得这只蜗牛特别可爱 You might think that this one is an exceptionally lovely,
‎非常引人注目 eye-catching individual.
‎但无论从什么角度来说 But it's not, by any means,
‎它都不是唯一装饰得这么漂亮的蜗牛 the only snail that is so beautifully decorated.
‎没有两只蜗牛会长得一模一样 No two individuals are exactly the same,
‎但它们都属于同一物种 yet all these belong to the same species.
‎这里还有五种叉线海明蜗牛 There are also five other species of Polymita here.
‎每只蜗牛都有自己独特的 Each snail has its own unique combination
‎颜色和条纹 of colours and stripes.
‎它们的颜色来自于饮食 Their colours come from their diet.
‎地衣和苔藓中富含矿物质 Lichen and mosses rich in minerals
‎让它们的壳变成了闪耀的颜色 that give the shells these stunning colours.
‎每只蜗牛所吃植物组合各有不同 They differ according to the particular mix of plants
‎变得也各有差异 that each snail has been eating.
‎自然界里同一物种的不同个体 ‎出现如此多变化并不常见 Variations of individuals within a species is not uncommon in the natural world.
‎这叫做多态性 It's called polymorphism.
‎但这个现象 在古巴蜗牛中特别明显 But it's particularly marked among Cuban snails.
‎有些科学家认为 这种差异本身 Some scientists believe that the variation in itself
‎也许也是一种对抗捕食者的防御行为 may be a kind of defence against predators.
‎但这要怎么起效呢 But how could that work?
‎大部分动物在寻找猎物时 Most animals looking for prey
‎脑海中已有了要搜寻的形象 have a search image in their minds.
‎它们会扫描周围环境 They scan their surroundings looking for a victim
‎寻找符合期待的受害者 that matches their expectations.
‎如果它们看到了自己能认出的东西 ‎就会直接拿下 If they see something they recognise, they'll go for it.
‎这就是蜗牛形成不同颜色的原因 And that's where the snails' varying colours may come in.
‎各种不同的色彩和图案 The great range of different tints and patterns,
‎似乎会迷惑鸟类 it seems, confuses the birds.
‎鸟儿之前从没见过这样的蜗牛 He's never seen one quite like this before.
‎在鸟儿纳闷蜗牛是否可以食用的时候 And while the bird is wondering whether it's edible or not,
‎蜗牛可以慢慢地逃离 the snail can slowly make a getaway.
‎所以 颜色似乎可以 ‎同时做到隐藏和迷惑 So it seems that colour can both conceal and confuse.
‎有时候 ‎还有第三种不同的用途 And sometimes it's used in yet a third quite different way.
‎有些有毒的动物 比如这只小瓢虫 Some poisonous animals, like this little ladybird,
‎会用颜色当作警告 use colour as a warning.
‎这个明亮的红色传递的信息是： It's bright red, and that's a message which says,
‎“躲远点 "Keep away."
‎我有毒” "I'm poisonous."
‎红色、黑色和黄色 ‎普遍被认为是警告的颜色 Red, black, and yellow are widely understood as warnings.
‎这只瓢虫传达的信息是真的 So the ladybird's message is a truthful one.
‎它有毒 It is poisonous.
‎但有一些动物其实是无害的 But some animals that are, in fact, harmless
‎它们发现长出警告系的颜色 ‎对自己有利 have found it profitable to develop these warning colours themselves.
‎这只金斑蝶和那只瓢虫一样 This African queen butterfly, like the ladybird,
‎确实毒性非常大 is indeed very poisonous.
‎但这是另一种完全不同的物种 ‎金斑蛱蝶 But this is a different species entirely, a Danaid butterfly.
‎它的颜色几乎完全一样 ‎但却完全可以被食用 It has almost exactly the same colouration, yet it's perfectly edible.
‎你也可以说 ‎它是用自己的颜色和图案 It is, you might say, using its colours and patterns
‎说了一个谎 to tell a lie.
‎在我们的眼中 ‎在那些捕食者眼中 To our eyes, and to that of the predators,
‎有毒和无毒的蝴蝶 ‎看起来几乎一模一样 poisonous and non-poisonous individuals look almost identical.
‎这就是重点 And that's the point.
‎金斑蛱蝶模仿了金斑蝶的颜色和图案 The Danaid mimics the colours and patterns of the African queen,
‎不让自己被吃掉 and so it isn't eaten.
‎这种模仿行为在昆虫中很常见 Mimicry like this occurs quite frequently among insects.
‎这只无害食蚜蝇的黄黑条纹 The yellow and black stripes of this harmless hoverfly
‎很像会叮人的蜜蜂和马蜂的警告色 resemble the warning colours of bees and wasps that sting,
‎所以不会有东西招惹它 so it's left alone.
‎其它的动物也会用模仿来隐藏 Other animals use mimicry to hide.
‎这只飞蛾像是折断的树枝 This moth resembles a broken twig.
‎这种螳螂的形状和颜色 ‎很像是一片树叶 A kind of mantis closely matches the shape and colours of a leaf.
‎另一种螳螂的形状和颜色 ‎像是一朵花… Another mantis is shaped and coloured like a flower…
‎还因为这样的相似得到了奖赏 and gets a reward for the resemblance.
‎这种特别的毛毛虫看起来像一条小蛇 And one particular caterpillar has come to look like a tiny snake.
‎而这只蝴蝶的翅膀 ‎长得像是枯掉的树叶 While this butterfly's wings take on the appearance of dead leaves.
‎但也有一些动物会利用模仿 But there are some animals which use mimicry
‎达到更险恶的目的 for a rather more sinister purpose.
‎澳大利亚的大堡礁里 ‎就有这样一种生物 And one such creature lives here on Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
‎海面之下 Just beneath the surface,
‎珊瑚礁五彩缤纷 the reef is a riot of colour.
‎但这意味着 But that means
‎欺骗的机会也更多 there are great opportunities for deceptions.
‎这是一条横口鳚 A bluestriped blenny.
‎它住在清洁站附近 It lives close to a cleaning station,
‎这是珊瑚礁上的一处地方 a place on the reef where
‎大鱼会游过来 让小一点的鱼 large fish come to get their parasites picked off by smaller fish
‎吃掉自己身上的寄生虫 that feed on what they remove.
‎这条小隆头鱼就是清洁工中的一员 This little wrasse is one of these cleaners.
‎它们之间 It has a long-standing relationship
‎有着基于信任的长期关系 that relies on trust.
‎大鱼得到健康治疗 ‎小鱼可以饱餐一顿 The big fish get a health treatment, and the little fish get a meal.
‎但是横口鳚学会了 ‎如何利用这种信任关系 But the blenny has learned how to exploit this trusting relationship.
‎它离开自己的洞穴 开始寻找食物 It leaves its hole and starts looking for a meal.
‎但是大鱼似乎并不信任它 But the big fish don't seem to trust it.
‎是时候换套衣服了 It's time for a change of costume.
‎通过在可控的条件下近距离拍摄 Filmed close up, under controlled conditions,
‎我们可以看到 ‎横口鳚的棕色条纹如何变成了黑色 we can see how the blenny's brown stripes turn black.
‎它皮肤中的色素细胞 ‎会扩张和收缩 The pigment cells in its skin expand and contract
‎产生这种微妙的变化… to bring about this subtle change…
‎但这还达不到它要的效果 but it's enough to do the trick.
‎横口鳚现在看起来很像是 The blenny now looks very similar
‎幼年的清洁工隆头鱼 to a juvenile cleaner wrasse.
‎这是一种狡猾的伪装 It's a devious disguise,
‎它将会利用这种伪装 and one that will help it take advantage of the arrangement
‎在清洁工隆头鱼和顾客的关系中 ‎捞上一把 the cleaner wrasse has developed with its clients.
‎它发现了一个目标 It's spotted a target.
‎一条鲽鱼 A butterflyfish.
‎横口鳚跟在后面 The blenny hangs back,
‎先让熟练的清洁工隆头鱼开始工作 allowing an established cleaner wrasse to start work.
‎然后 横口鳚缓慢地移动过来 Now the blenny slowly moves in,
‎假装像隆头鱼一样提供着服务 as if to offer the same service as the wrasse.
‎但一旦进入范围… But once within range…
‎它动手了 it strikes.
‎它那锋利的牙齿 ‎咬下的不只是死皮 Its razor-sharp teeth have removed not just dead skin,
‎还有一大块肉 but a chunk of flesh.
‎这不是蝶鱼期待的治疗 This isn't the treatment the butterflyfish was expecting.
‎横口鳚的骗局可能会管用一阵子 The blenny's deceit may work for a time,
‎但最终也会产生一些后果 but eventually it has consequences.
‎岩礁鱼在被横口鳚咬疼了之后 Reef fish begin to associate the distinctive colours of a cleaner wrasse
‎会认为那是颜色鲜明的清洁工隆头鱼 with the pain of the bites of a blenny.
‎然后 它们再也不会来这个清洁站 Then they will eventually stop coming to this cleaning station.
‎对横口鳚来说 这桩买卖也就砸了 And that is bad for business for the blenny too.
‎所以 是时候让事情冷静下来 So it's time to let things cool off.
‎迅速变回棕色 骗局结束 A quick change back to brown and its deception is over.
‎不过只是暂时 For now.
‎从始至终 All the while,
‎它都盯着清洁站 it keeps its eye on the cleaning station
‎等待着下一个目标 and waits for its next target.
‎有些动物会为了欺骗别人 Some animals change colour for short periods of time
‎在短时间内改变颜色 in order to deceive others,
‎但有些动物则会 ‎永久地模仿某种颜色 but some use colour mimicry permanently,
‎用这种方式说服不同物种 ‎来抚养自己的后代 as a method of persuading a different species to rear their young.
‎赞比亚南部的草原上 ‎就生活着这样的一种生物 One such creature lives here on the grasslands of Southern Zambia.
‎草丛里藏着一处巢穴 A nest, hidden in the grass.
‎属于一对常见的梅花雀 It belongs to a pair of common waxbills.
‎它们正忙着喂雏鸟 They are busy feeding their chicks.
‎饥饿的幼鸟张开了嘴 The hungry youngsters open their beaks
‎展示出了明显的图案 to display a conspicuously patterned gape,
‎仿佛在说着：“请往这里喂食” which says, in effect, "Food here, please."
‎父母们也照做了 And the parent obeys.
‎但是 在这个巢穴里 But among them, in this nest,
‎有一个冒牌货 there is an impostor.
‎它比剩余的雏鸟都大得多 One is significantly bigger than the rest.
‎孵出它的那只蛋 It hatched from an egg
‎是被一只针尾维达鸟 that was surreptitiously laid in the waxbills' nest
‎偷偷放进梅花雀巢中的 by a pin-tailed whydah.
‎做完这件事后 针尾维达鸟就飞走了 Having done so, she flew away,
‎把幼鸟留给梅花雀来抚养 leaving her young to be cared for by the waxbills.
‎但为什么梅花雀 ‎会喂食这个冒牌货呢 But why do the waxbills feed this impostor?
‎鸟家长们是靠幼鸟张嘴后的图案 ‎来识别幼鸟 The parent birds recognise their young by the pattern of their gapes.
‎黑白的斑纹 And the black and white markings
‎是其物种的特征 are characteristic of their species.
‎但是冒牌货的纹路 But the impostor's markings
‎和巢内其他伙伴们十分相似 closely mimic those of its nest-mates.
‎因为体型更大 ‎它几乎吃掉了所有的食物 And because it's bigger, it takes nearly all the food,
‎小梅花雀几乎什么都不剩了 and the young waxbills get little or none.
‎两周之后 Two weeks later,
‎针尾维达幼鸟长得更大了 and the young whydah is much bigger.
‎然而 到这时候 By now, however,
‎成年梅花雀已经把 ‎针尾维达幼鸟当成了自己的孩子 the adult waxbills have accepted the young whydah as their own.
‎它要得更多 家长们就喂得更多 And the more it begs, the more they give it.
‎不幸的养父母们喂完最后一餐后 One last meal from its luckless foster parents…
‎针尾维达幼鸟离开了巢里的伙伴 and the young whydah leaves its nest-mates behind.
‎这就是它长大后的样子 And this is what it will grow up to be,
‎和辛勤养育它的梅花雀十分不同 quite different from the hardworking waxbills that raised it.
‎所有的针尾维达鸟都是这么抚养后代 All pin-tailed whydahs are reared like this.
‎模仿赢了 Mimicry wins.
‎欺骗不同物种是一回事 Deceiving a different species is one thing,
‎但是在南非 but in South Africa,
‎有一种动物会用模仿 ‎来骗过自己的同类 one animal uses mimicry to fool its own kind.
‎在南非流量最大的奥兰治河 The Orange River, the largest in South Africa.
‎和其上方的奥赫拉比斯瀑布处 And on it, the Augrabies Falls.
‎居住着一种特别的物种 These are the main home of a particular species
‎平背蜥蜴 of flat-backed lizards.
‎这种雄蜥蜴颜色非常艳丽 The males are brilliantly coloured.
‎而雌性则非常不同 The females, on the other hand, are very different.
‎它们看上去平淡又单调 They are plain and drab.
‎雄蜥蜴的鲜艳颜色 The brilliance of a male's colours
‎暗示了它的健康和强壮 is an indication of its physical fitness and strength.
‎它们的地位越高 颜色就越丰富 The higher their status, the more colourful they are.
‎它们并不害怕展示出自己的资历 And they're not afraid to make their seniority quite clear.
‎一段炫耀自己颜色的侧滑舞蹈 A side-shuffle dance, showing off their colours,
‎通常已经足够被用来 ‎决定谁能笑到最后 is usually quite enough to settle who is the boss.
‎但如果这样不管用的话 But if that doesn't work,
‎它们就会搏斗 they fight.
‎所有的争端都和位置有关 Their disputes are all about location.
‎有时候它们是想要一个 ‎可以炫耀的有利位置 Sometimes, they want a vantage point from which to show off.
‎有些则是为了找个藏身的好地方 At others, a good place to hide.
‎或者是能够靠近河流 ‎因为那里有食物 Or to get close to the river, where there's food.
‎在瀑布附近 Here on these falls,
‎食物是苍蝇 food means flies.
‎这条河流是黑蝇的繁殖地 The river is a breeding ground for blackflies.
‎有着成群结队的黑蝇 There are huge swarms of them.
‎而它们是蜥蜴最喜欢的食物 And they are the favorite food of the lizards.
‎要想抓住它们 ‎蜥蜴们需要使用杂技 They have acrobatic skills needed to catch them.
‎在色彩绚丽的雄蜥蜴忙着捉食时 While the colourful males are busy feeding,
‎另一只雄蜥蜴出现了 a different kind of male appears.
‎它呈棕色 看起来更像是雌蜥蜴 He is brown, rather like a female.
‎但它的喉咙处有一点蓝色印记 There's just a hint of blue on his throat
‎泄露了它身为雄性的秘密 that gives him away as a male.
‎它已经完全成年 He's fully mature,
‎却没有强壮到 ‎能和更耀眼的邻居们竞争 but not yet strong enough to compete with his flashier neighbours.
‎为了避免争斗 To avoid fighting,
‎它放缓了变色的速度 he delays the development of his colours
‎模仿雌蜥蜴 and so mimics a female.
‎十分之一的雄蜥蜴 ‎都在用这种方式生存 One in ten young males behave in this way.
‎但它也需要吃东西 But he still needs to eat,
‎为了吃上东西 and to do that,
‎它来到有苍蝇的河边 he's got to get down to the river, where the flies are.
‎这就意味着 ‎要越过有权势的亮色雄蜥蜴 That means getting past the powerful, highly coloured males.
‎有一点可以会揭穿这个骗局 One thing could reveal the deception.
‎它可能看上像是雌蜥蜴 He may look like a female,
‎但气味却是雄蜥蜴 but he smells like a male.
‎只要保持距离 就会没事 As long as he keeps his distance, he'll be all right.
‎强大的雄蜥蜴没有注意到 ‎它不是雌蜥蜴 The big male hasn't noticed that he's not a female.
‎马上就到了 Almost there.
‎现在只有一个雄蜥蜴挡住了它 Only one male now stands in his way.
‎整个族群中 ‎最有统治力和侵略性的一只 The most dominant and aggressive of the lot.
‎它成功了 He's made it.
‎它的伪装起效了 His disguise worked,
‎现在它也可以饱食苍蝇了 and now he can feast on the flies.
‎它不可能永远这样下去 He won't be able to keep this up forever.
‎最终 所有的雄蜥蜴都会换上华服 Ultimately, all males have to put on their glad rags
‎在要繁殖的时候 变成鲜艳的颜色 and develop those bright colours if they are to breed.
‎不过现在 它靠着伪装 ‎骗过了自然界中 For now, though, he's developed a disguise that enables him to cheat
‎最依赖颜色进行交配的动物 in one of nature's most colour-dependent mating systems.
‎各种动物都在通过不同的方式 So animals of all kinds use colour
‎使用颜色 in a multitude of different ways.
‎新的发现为我们了解这些动物的生活 New discoveries are giving us fresh insights
‎提供了新的见解 into the lives of these animals.
‎新的相机让我们看到了 And new cameras are allowing us to see into a world of colour
‎从未见过的颜色世界 as never before.
‎我们才刚刚开始理解 We're only just beginning to understand the many different ways
‎不同动物利用颜色的方式 in which animals use colour,
‎尤其是那些我们看都看不见的颜色 particularly those colours that we can't even see.
‎对我们而言 For us,
‎自然界的颜色是美丽和奇迹的来源 colour in the natural world is a source of beauty and wonder,
‎但是对动物来说 ‎颜色是生存的工具 but for animals, it's a tool for survival.
‎《自然本色》的故事还在继续 The story of Life in Colour continues.
‎我们将更深入地钻研这些动物的生活 We delve even deeper into the lives of these animals
‎去探究科学如何破解颜色密码 and discover how science cracks the code of colour
‎去探索我们肉眼看不见的世界… to see into a world that is invisible to us…
‎看那里 太棒了 Look at that. That's extraordinary.
‎揭开《自然本色》藏着的秘密 …revealing the hidden secrets of Life in Colour.
‎字幕翻译：肖琦