“真正的数学 对战争没有任何影响” --G·H·哈代《一位数学家的辩白》1940年著
这位英国数学家名叫Bill Tutte
估计你从没听说过他
然而在1943年 他的辛勤努力
造就了二战史上最伟大的战绩
它缩短了战争进程 拯救了成千上万的生命
Bill Tutte逝世于2002年 他的成就
却从未得到官方的认可
这位是Tommy Flowers
英国邮政局的一名工程师
1944年 他根据Tutte的数学理论
发明了世界上第一台计算机
Tommy Flowers于1998年逝世
他的故事 也许你亦不曾耳闻
然而 正因为他们和布莱切利其他人的共同努力
英国才能破译德军最高级的密码
它曾被希特勒所用 所向披靡
这并非大名鼎鼎的Enigma
而是一种更隐蔽也更有力的武器...
你肯定没有听说过它
它就好比希特勒的黑莓手机
这条情报能让战争提前结束好几年
他们是布莱切利的无名英雄
在暗潮汹涌的情报战争里 两个人改变了世界
然后消逝在了历史的尘埃中...
翻译：statm 女侠阿呆 校对：女侠阿呆
这里是布莱切利庄园
从1939年起 它成了军情六处的战时总部
大多数人对这里的了解
仅限于一位名叫阿兰·图灵的天才
他破解了德国海军的Enigma密码（译注：也称作“谜”密码） 扭转乾坤
事实确实如此... 但这并非故事的全部
布莱切利出了三位大英雄
第一位是阿兰·图灵
接下来是Bill Tutte 他破解了Tunny密码
功不可没
第三位是Tommy Flowers
他独立造出了史上第一台计算机
令人惊讶的是
Tutte和Flowers的故事鲜为人知
这并不奇怪
因为布莱切利庄园本就隐藏着英国的无数秘密
一直以来 Tunny和Colossus机器都是高度保密的
所以 计算机的历史存在着一些严重的错误
这也给二战时期的密码破译史
留下了一页巨大的空白
情报史的舞台上
Enigma光彩无限 占尽风头
而毫无疑问 这舞台上还有无数的故事
至今不为人知
布莱切利庄园尘封着丘吉尔时代的许多秘密
这儿名不见经传 连地图上都没有标注
在这座代号为“X电台”的庞大建筑群里
有一支神秘的部队 他们日以继夜地从事着
军事情报的收集工作
1939年 布莱切利庄园开始了密码破译工作
当时 这里还只是一个隐藏在顶楼的无线电台
后来 整个庄园也以这个电台的代号命名
“X电台”
随着战争的继续 各项行动从主屋
扩散到周边林林总总的农舍和小楼中
不少天才人物汇集于此
为破解敌人的机密而进行着艰苦的努力
而其中最具挑战性 回报最丰厚的一次行动
当属Tunny密码的破解任务
Bill Tutte和Tommy Flowers攻破了这个密码
改变了整个世界
Jerry Roberts上尉曾与Bill共事
参与了Tunny密码的破译工作
在这个名叫Testery的译码精英小组中
他是最后一名在世的成员了
如今 90岁高龄的他
在战争结束后第一次故地重游
艾森豪威尔说过 Tunny密码的破解
至少让战争缩短了两年时间
想当年 这里热闹极了
成百上千人在这儿拼命工作
现在却破败成这样 真叫人难过
支援Testery小组的 是一个巨大的团队
他们从破译的电文中 源源不断地收集着各种情报
虽然后人修复了布莱切利庄园的不少地方
当时的工作场所却已经荒弃
然而 这里发生过的故事 正在慢慢浮出水面
不为人知的历史
二战期间 密码技术蓬勃发展
各种加密手段层出不穷
二战时期 军队的机动性非常强
也就是说 快速修建一条安全的通讯线路
比以前困难了许多
因此 无线电技术开始被广泛使用 So increasingly, they came to rely upon radio technology
当然 无线电信号对所有人都是公开的 and radio technology, of course, is broadcast to the world
它也会被敌人截获到 and they would, therefore, be able to intercept it.
这是一个巨大的弱点 It's a considerable weakness.
如果能破解敌人的加密规则 If you could break into the right encoding system
胜利便唾手可得 then you could deliver victory.
这就是布莱切利的战略目标 That was what Bletchley was built to do and their most secret
其中最精彩的一场胜利 and stunning success came against a code
就是破译了被他们叫作Tunny which they nicknamed "Tunny"
被德军叫作Lorenz的密码 and the Germans called "Lorenz".
一直以来 这种密码被高度保密 Its existence was a tightly guarded secret.
即使是现在 它也并不为多数人所知 Even now it's not common knowledge.
Tunny密码是用一种新的密码机生成的 Tunny was generated by a new top-secret machine,
希特勒给它取名为“Geheimschreiber” a device Hitler called his "Geheimschreiber" -
也就是“密写机” "The secrets writer".
要搞清德军为什么需要Tunny密码 To understand its genesis and the need for this super code,
我们要先了解这套系统的前身 you first have to look at the system that preceded it.
也就是Enigma密码 Enigma.
布莱切利早期的大部分工作 Enigma would dominate
都集中在破译Engima上 the early work of the codebreakers
它无疑是一个强劲的对手 of Bletchley Park, and it was a formidable opponent.
瞧 这就是Enigma密码机 Well, this is an Enigma machine, a type of cipher machine
在二战期间 它被德军广泛使用 that was used throughout the Second World War by the Germans.
当时 他们相信这种机器生成的密码 Throughout the Second World War, they believed that the ciphers
是不可能被破译的 that were made on this machine could not be broken.
如果我按下字母N 那么字母W会发光 If I press the key for letter "N", lamp "W" lights up on this occasion.
也就是说 N被加密为W So "N" would be enciphered into "W".
假如我松开 然后再次按下字母N If I release my finger and press "N" a second time,
那么这次 发光的字母变成了M on this occasion, lamp "M" lights up,
这是因为 机器内部有一组马达 and the reason for that is the rotors at the back of the machine have moved
每当我按键时 马达就会转动 改变内部电路 each time I press a key and that changes the internal wiring.
Enigma密码保护着德军的无线电通讯 Enigma masked Germany's wireless traffic.
当时负责监听莫尔斯电码通讯的 The Morse code transmissions that were monitored
是英国的“Y电台” back in Britain by "Y Stations",
它是一个监听与记录电台 monitoring and recording stations,
其操作员几乎全部是女性 operated almost exclusively by women.
自从一战以来 我们下大力气 From the First World War, there was considerable emphasis put on
提高了接收机的质量 the quality of wireless receivers.
也许你会认为 对于无线电通讯来说 You might think that the most important thing in wireless
最重要的是发报机 或是传输信号的媒介 is the transmitter or the medium, the ether through which messages travel,
但对于译码者来说 but for the cryptographers,
关键在于接收机的灵敏度 the main thing was the quality of the receiver,
在于对最细微信号的捕捉 being able to pick up the last lingering trace of a message,
在这方面 英国的无线电专家 and that was where the British radio engineers
要远远超过德国的同行 were considerably more advanced than their German counterparts,
德国人根本不相信 他们的信息 and the Germans simply didn't believe that their messages
居然能在如此遥远的距离之外被截获到 could be picked up as far away as they were.
比如 他们不相信来自苏联的无线电信息 They didn't believe that messages from Russia, for example,
能在英国上空捕捉到 could be picked up in Britain.
最初的几年里 这些监听电台 For the first years of the war those listening posts
全都用于收集和记录Enigma的密码通信 were dedicated to picking up Enigma traffic.
1941年时 他们开始收到一种 Then, in 1941, a new and strange sound
奇特的新信号 began to be picked out from the ether.
英国人第一次听到这种信号时 "A new kind of music", it was described as
他们称它为“全新的音乐” by the British listeners when they first heard it.
演奏这音乐的 是一种新式密码机 This strange music was a new coding machine delivering messages
它不再使用莫尔斯电码 换成了电传打字 not by Morse, but by teleprinter.
这场没有硝烟的信息战 The information war
即将在全新的领域继续蔓延 was about to move into new territory.
“密写机”
电传密码的出现 给布莱切利带来了直接的影响 The advent of machine-made codes had one immediate effect
那就是 on Bletchley Park -
他们开始招募数学家 they began to recruit mathematicians.
数学家给人们的印象 往往是一群不可理喻的怪人 Mathematicians were regarded as weird, incomprehensible people
那时 他们还没有意识到 数学家将为译码工作 and it just wasn't really understood what contribution
作出巨大的贡献 they could make to code-breaking.
崭露头角的密码机 包括Enigma等等 These machine ciphers that were introduced, Enigma and so on,
还有其他种类的密码 and there were others as well,
都是极其复杂的数学问题 are incredibly complex mathematically.
英国的译码人员大多是语言专家 the British code-breakers were wordsmiths,
比如说 古文字破译家什么的 people who translated ancient documents for example,
因为密码毕竟跟语言有关系 cos it was all about words,
但到二战时 译码工作开始更多地依赖数学 but in the Second World War it was much more about mathematics.
数学家们走到了前台 The mathematicians were thrown into the front line
着手破解这种新的谜团 against this new mystery system.
虽然纳粹认为 Enigma已是坚不可摧 Even though the Nazis believed Enigma was unbreakable,
希特勒仍然要求提高密码的安全性 Hitler demanded more security.
他的指挥风格 需要一种更加直接的新型通信网 His style of command called for a new and more direct
它必须能传输更多信息 communications network. It would carry more information
并取代现有的莫尔斯电码通讯 and supersede the tangle of Morse traffic which his forces generated.
当战争开始的时候 Enigma was really out of date technology
Enigma密码已经有些过时了 by the time the war started.
它需要三名操作员协作 Three operators were required
而接收方也要有三名操作员 and then another three operators at the receiving end.
其中一个人在键盘上敲字母 There'd be the guy who actually typed the message,
而他的搭档必须耐心地把亮起的字母 the operator would have an assistant who would painstakingly note down
一个个抄写下来 the letters as they lit up,
然后再把手写的密文交给发报员 and then that would be handed over to a radio operator
把它变成莫尔斯电码 “嘀嘀嗒” who would translate that into the "dit-dit-da" of Morse code.
另一方需要进行相反的操作 And then the process was reversed at the other end.
这么算来 每使用Enigma传递一条信息 So you had six people co-operating in the transmission
都得由六个人来协作 过程笨拙而低效 of a single message with Enigma. Very slow, very clumsy.
所以 现代战争中所需的海量信息 So the vast volumes of information needed to fight a modern war
已经远远超出了Enigma系统的处理能力 at that time would simply have overwhelmed a system
因此 他们要发明一种全新的方法 based upon using an Enigma machine, so they needed something which would
来应对巨大的信息吞吐量 cope with the throughput of information required.
这就是希特勒理想中的机器 And this is it. The machine Hitler had dreamed of.
Lorenz SZ40 The Lorenz SZ40.
盟军把它叫做Tunny Or as the Allies called it, "Tunny".
这是为数不多的样例机之一 This is an example, quite a rare example,
让我向您展示Lorenz的加密过程 of what is called a Lorenz enciphering attachment.
这台机器相当复杂 Quite a complicated machine.
我打开盖子 你可以看看里面的组成 If I lift up the cover and show you the interior.
这台密码机一共有12个转子 If you count up, you'll find that this device has got 12 wheels in it.
和Enigma相比 Lorenz要复杂得多 The Lorenz was much more sophisticated than Enigma.
发送方的操作员只需输入明文 The operator at one end typed in plaintext
而接收方就能直接收到明文 and the operator at the other end received the plaintext
它会自动打印下来 不需要人工干预 on his teleprinter without any intervention on his part.
当Lorenz密码机工作时 它会将输入的信息 The way in which this Lorenz cipher machine worked was it would apply
用两个密钥进行两次加密 two layers, two keys, to your message,
也就是说 它不只是进行了一轮加密 而是两轮 so it wouldn't encipher it once, it would encipher it twice.
第一轮加密用到了5个转子 The first encipher used five wheels.
然后 第二轮加密 Then they would apply a second key
用到了类似的另外5个转子 剩下2个转子 and this used similar five wheels and they had another two wheels
被我们称作“口吃码” that were called, what we called "stutters" in the key.
它会随机产生重复的字符 And then that would generate a repeat character
这样做的目的 and this was in order to try
是为了向密钥中引入更多的随机性 and introduce this apparent randomness into the key.
在12个转子的作用下 这台无比强大的密码机 The 12 wheels made the machine an awesome generator of code
能够产生的密钥序列 and the number of potential ciphering possibilities
一共有... multiplied out as...
1600万亿种不同的组合 which equalled 1.6 million billion combinations.
Lorenz的另一项创新在于 Another innovation saw the Lorenz
它将电传打字的编码 作为设计的基础 incorporate the natural code of the teleprinter into its basic design.
它非常类似于现代的二进制编码 内容只有0和1 It's kind of modern binary code really. It's zeroes and ones
Lorenz密码机以这种编码为基础 and they just took the teleprinter code
对它进行直接加密 and they encrypted that.
在Lorenz密码机里 明文字母A With the Lorenz enciphering device, the plain text letter "A"
会和另一个随机字母 was changed by a machine which actually added to it
进行加法操作 比如说和K相加 a pseudo-random character, for example, the letter "K"
它在电传打字机里的编码是... might have been used, for which the teleprinter code was this -
4个x和一个点 然后 两个字母要进行一种 four crosses and a dot and these two characters were then combined
名叫“加法”的操作（译注：实际操作叫做“异或”） together by a process which is sometimes called "addition".
规则是 如果两个符号相同 那么结果是一个点 If the two elements were the same then the result was always a dot.
如果两个符号不同 那么结果是一个x But if they were different, the answer was a cross.
这一位相同 所以是点 And here, they're the same so it's a dot.
我们把这一组符号 And if you looked at that set of impulses in terms of
在国际电传代码表中对照 the standard international teleprinter code,
就会查到它们对应着字母N you would find that that was, in fact, the letter "N".
这样 A就被加密成了N The letter "A" has been enciphered to "N"
使用的密钥是K by adding this random character "K" to it.
现在 假设我们是接收消息的电台 Now, at the receiving station, of course,
我们收到了加密的信息N the letter "N" is the cipher message
它的编码是这样的... and we already know that that's going to come in, in terms of this pattern.
接下来的过程很有趣 And now, a little bit of magic...
如果接收方使用相同的密钥 If at the receiving station the same random character that was used
对密文进行完全相同的操作 by the sender was combined with it, in the same way...
也就是“加法”... 这两位不相同 结果是x Adding up... Two, these are different so the result's a cross.
不相同 结果是x 相同 结果是点 They're different, the result's a cross. Same, a dot.
相同 点 这两位也相同 也是点 These two are the same, a dot. And these two are the same, a dot.
结果就是这样 如果我们看看上面 The result would be that. And if we look back,
会发现这正是字母A that of course is the old character "A"
于是我们便得到了原文 which was the original plaintext.
当时 使用这种新型密码机的电台 The actual number of teleprinters using this code
连30个都不到 in the new network was less than 30.
但它们构筑了德军的指挥中枢 But they were the lifeblood of the German command,
源源不断地将作战命令 feeding out to the furthest fingertips
送往第三帝国的疆界 of the Third Reich's reach.
更重要的是 More importantly,
前线的德国将军需要随时了解全局的战情 as many of the generals needed information about other campaigns
也就是说 只要破解了任何一条通讯线路 as well as their own, one line of traffic could produce an insight
就能掌握德军的全盘动向 into the entire German war effort.
这份诱人的回报 摆在译码者的面前 This was the prize awaiting the codebreakers.
为实现这个目标 To get to it,
他们必须破译这种无人理解的密码 they had to crack a code no-one understood,
它来自于不知名的密码机 produced by a machine no-one had seen,
而可能的密钥数量 and with a range of possible encryptions
远远超过任何人的想象 that were utterly unimaginable.
蓄势待发
这个不可能完成的任务 To defeat the impossible machine, Bletchley would turn to
落在了一位24岁的数学家Bill Tutte肩上 a 24-year-old mathematician called Bill Tutte.
1917年 Bill生于纽马克特 Bill was born in Newmarket in 1917, the son of a gardener
父亲在当地的马场Fitzroy House当园丁 at Fitzroy House, a local racing stable.
他从小就展露出过人的才智 As a child, his keen intelligence soon showed itself.
获得了剑桥郡中学的奖学金 He gained a scholarship to Cambridge and County High School.
拿到奖学金后 Bill叔叔 After winning the scholarship, Uncle Bill faced
克服了更大的困难 上学的路途很遥远 the even greater feat of getting to and from the school,
来回都要走将近20公里的路 which was roughly a 12-mile journey there and then 12 miles back again.
没毅力的人可坚持不下来 So he definitely had a lot of determination.
在这里 他成绩优异 At his new school he excelled,
每一门课程都名列前茅 winning prizes in every subject.
我猜 他肯定觉得学校无趣透顶 I imagine he might have been frustrated at the school itself
因为他比其他同学强太多了 in that he was apparently so much ahead of all the other pupils
也许会和大家有些格格不入 so he would've been a bit isolated in that respect, I imagine.
1935年 他进入剑桥的三一学院 In 1935, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge
学习化学 后来钻研数学 where he studied chemistry and then mathematics.
布莱切利庄园向来善于招收各类顶尖人才 Bletchley's habit of raiding the best academic talent
1941年 Bill也应邀加入这里 meant that Bill was sent to the Park in 1941,
但并非每个人都注意到了他的潜力 although not everyone recognised his potential.
阿兰·图灵首先面试了他 He first was interviewed by Alan Turing
结果 他没被选入Enigma破译组 and was not chosen to work on the Enigma project.
不过 对于Bill来说 这算是一件好事 However, that was the best thing that could have happened to Bill.
他被John Tileman看中 Instead, he was chosen by John Tiltman
加入了研究小组 to be part of the research group.
他们都是密码界的精英 They were the cream of the cryptographic people.
而且Bill加入的时机也正合适 Bill found himself in the right place at the right time.
因为在毫无头绪的几个月后 Because after months of fruitless examination,
这个研究Tunny密码的小组 the team working on the invincible Tunny code
突然收到了一份大礼 were about to be gifted a way in.
拨云见日
刚开始的时候 德国人很大意 At the beginning, the Germans were very sloppy.
显然 这是因为他们非常相信新型密码机 They obviously had so much confidence in the machine,
他们太过自信了 they were over-confident.
凭着这一点 我们才有所突破 In fact, this is how we came to break the system.
要破译密码 需要积累足够的深度 You need depth to break any cipher.
所谓“深度” 指的是多条信息 By depth, I mean a number of messages sent using the same key
用完全一致的密钥和方法进行加密 or the same system.
1941年8月30日 30th August, 1941.
一位德国发报员把一封长达4000字的电文 A German operator had a long message of 4,000 characters
从雅典发往维也纳 to be sent from Athens to Vienna.
电文发出后 他们收到了回应 What happened is they sent the message
对方说 “我好像没有收到 and the person at the end said, "Well, I didn't quite get that.
“请再发一次？” "Can you send it again?"
这位发报员把电文又发了一遍 The German operator went and sent it again,
但他没有更换密钥 but he didn't change the wheel settings,
于是 我们就得到了一组“深度” and so we got what we called the depth,
也就是用相同密钥加密的两条不同的电文 two messages with exactly the same encryption.
他用完全相同的加密方法 So he sends the same message
发送了两次相同的信息 on the same setting,
但当他第二次发送电文时 and the trouble is then that when he resends it,
和上一次有些细微的不同 he makes slight differences in the punctuation,
所以 两份电文并非完全一致 so the message isn't quite the same as it was.
他把“Nummer” 也就是德语的“数字” He abbreviated Nummer, the German word for "number",
缩写成“Nr” to "Nr",
这样可以少打“umme”几个字母 so he didn't have to type in the U-M-M-E every time,
总之 只要能用缩写的地方 他全都用了缩写 and anything he could abbreviate, he'd abbreviate it.
一个电台截获了这些电文 An intercept station picked up these messages.
发现它们来自电传打字机 They realised that they were radio teleprinter.
一名信差把电文送到了布莱切利庄园 The message was sent to Bletchley via a despatch rider.
在获取电文后 When it got there,
第一个着手研究它的 the first person to attack it
是著名的译码员John Tiltman was legendary codebreaker John Tiltman.
一战时 他曾是一名普通的士兵 A former frontline soldier in World War One,
获得过军功十字章 Tiltman was awarded the Military Cross.
他凭借过人的语言天赋 But it was his talent for languages
成为了一名高级情报人员 that saw him rise through the ranks in intelligence work.
人们普遍认为 He's generally recognised
他是二战期间 英国最优秀的译码员之一 as one of Britain's best codebreakers in the Second World war.
在破解日本密码时 他立下了汗马功劳 He did achieve quite a lot on Japanese codes, for example.
他自学日语只用了几个星期 He taught himself Japanese in just a few weeks.
当他研究Lorenz密码后 意识到 But he looked at this Lorenz cipher and he was the first to realise
这种密码是有办法破解的 that there was a method of breaking through this code.
Lorenz密码有这样一个弱点 The Lorenz machine had a particular weakness.
如果两条不同的消息使用相同的密钥加密 If two messages were sent with the same key sequence,
那么 就有可能将它们还原出来 then there was a way in which the signals could be recovered.
我来演示一下 Let me show you.
刚才我们把一个明文A We had a message earlier where the plaintext was letter A
加上机器生成的密钥K and the pseudo-random character generated by the machine was K,
结果得到了密文N and the result turned out to be the letter N.
假如我们将另一份明文B Now, suppose another plaintext message B was sent
用同样的密钥进行加密 using the same key.
于是会得到密文P Then on this occasion the answer to that in fact turns out to be P.
过程我就不写了 I'm not going to show that,
和刚才的做法是一样的 but it's the same procedure as we used before.
之前我讲过 Now, we saw previously
只要把密钥K和密文进行相加 就能还原出明文 that if you add K to this message you recover the plaintext.
那么 如果我们把两个等式相加 Suppose you add those up,
左边就变成了A+B+K+K so that on the left-hand side you've got A + B + K + K.
根据运算规则 如果两个元素相同 Now, the elements of those two in each case will be identical,
它们会互相抵消 they'll cancel each other out,
这样 我们就消去了K and in effect the K disappears from the equation.
当然 右边是N+P And of course, on the right-hand side we've got N + P.
在电码表里 N+P的结果是字母G N + P, from the teleprinter code, is in fact the letter G.
那么 我们现在又得到了 And so we can say that this is what we've got.
两条密文的和 字母G We've got G, the sum of the two pieces of cipher text,
现在的问题是 有没有办法把它 and the question is, is it possible to decompose that
拆分成原始的消息 也就是A和B呢？ back into the original messages, which were of course A and B?
这样 我们的目的就能达到了 That was what we would like to do.
从数学上讲 这是无法做到的 Well, there's no mathematical way of doing it,
不过 还是有一种可行的方法 but one way in which it CAN be done
那就是通过常识去猜测可能的答案 is to make an inspired guess for one of those answers.
假设我们猜测 Suppose, for example, we made a lucky guess
第一条消息的内容是A that the first message was just the letter A.
那么我们把G和A相加 Then if you take the G we've got and add A to it,
根据电传码表 G和A相加的结果 then from the teleprinter code, if you add G and A together
恰好是B 也就是第二条消息 you discover that you do get B, the second one.
如果两条消息都能说通 就说明我们猜对了 And so if this make sense, that makes sense, and you've got a result.
我再举一个更有意义的例子 A second, more convincing example, perhaps, is this one,
这次的消息有六个字母 which is based upon six letters.
如果这六个字母 ..is the sum of, in teleprinter world,
是英国的两座大城市名称的和 the names of two principal cities in the United Kingdom.
那么 我们怎样才能知道 Now, the question is, could we resolve that
这两座城市的名称呢？ into the actual names of these cities?
布莱切利的译码员使用的方法 And the method they used at Bletchley was based upon
就是灵感和耐心 intuition and perseverance.
如果它代表着两座大城市 For example, if you've got two important towns here,
我们不妨假设其中的一个是伦敦 it's conceivable that one of them might well be London.
不妨试一下... And so a good try...
然后把字母逐个相加 And then proceed to add these pairs of letters together
就用我刚才讲解过的方法 using the teleprinter code method I showed you earlier.
我现在就不一一计算了 We won't do those. It'll take us too long.
总之 会得出这个结果（Oxford，牛津） But I assure you that if you do, you come up with this result.
也许你会说 这只是巧合 还可能有别的答案 Now, it might be argued that that could have occurred by chance,
但是 巧合的几率微乎其微 but it's very unlikely,
这就是布莱切利的工作人员 and so this approach was one that was used at Bletchley Park
用来拆分电文的方法 to decompose these combined messages.
当John Tiltman上校拿到这样的电文后 Colonel John Tiltman would take such a message
他会用一小段德文 and he would use a plausible piece of German,
用他认为最可能出现在开头的内容 开始试探 something he thought might well occur at the beginning of one of the messages,
将它和密文相加 add it into the composite
看结果是不是有意义的德文 and see if something in plausible Germanic came out as a result.
Tileman花了10天时间手工破译这些密电 Tiltman took ten days to hand-break and unravel the transmission.
这次破译很了不起 他成功地分离了密文 In his extraordinary feat, he manages to extract from this
他从一份电文中 the cipher text,
同时找出了密钥和明文 what was the cipher text, what was added to the plaintext.
这次成功意义非凡 It was a phenomenal piece of decryption.
但他没能找到一种 But it still didn't help the team understand
破译所有Tunny密码的通用方法 how they could regularly read Tunny.
他琢磨不出这种密码机的工作原理 He couldn't work out the system - how the machine worked,
这项任务落在了Bill Tutte的肩上 and the job was passed to Bill Tutte.
根据Tutte的回忆 Tutte sort of recalls it
当时完全是“死马当做活马医” as almost an act of desperation -
“嗯 这玩意儿我们是无能为力了 "Oh, well, we can't work it out -
“要不你来试试吧” here you are, you have a go at it,"
其实根本没抱任何希望 almost disparagingly, you know?
Tutte经过一番研究 发现了某种规律 And Tutte sits down and he sees patterns.
他想要找出密文中的规律 He's looking for patterns.
他把这份4000字的电文纵向抄写在格子里 And he did put this 4,000-word message into columns
做成了一张表格 and made a rectangle out of it,
他想找出合适的表格长度 and he thought about what might be a useful length of this.
突然 他注意到 在整张表格中 And then he noticed that there were certain repetitions
有些内容反复出现 that went across the rectangle.
他发现 似乎每隔23个字母 就会有一次循环 He realises that there seems to be a pattern every 23 times, a rotation.
他想 或许有25个齿轮 所以他把23跟25乘起来 He thinks it might be 25, so he tries multiplying 23 by 25
想看看在第575行是否有类似的循环 to see if the pattern extends along that.
结果没有 And it doesn't quite work,
不过 在第574行却有这样的循环 but the pattern does extend along 574.
于是他大胆设想 So he thinks then,
嗯 也许每41次 密钥就变一次 "Ah, well, maybe it's 41,"
因为41刚好能被574除尽 because 41 is a prime number of 574.
而密码机的转子不可能有574个齿轮 You wouldn't have a machine that rotated through 574 positions.
“也许就是41” 他尝试了一下 成功了 "Maybe it's 41." And he tried it, and it worked.
他推断 From that, he began to deduce,
既然每41个字母就有一次循环 "Well, this starts repeating itself after 41 strokes,"
那么密文就会有规律 that you get a certain resonance
尽管它还被其他的因素所影响 that even though it's affected by other impulses,
但最重要的是 每41个字母之后 密钥有重复 the dominant thing is here the fact that you get this resonance after 41.
于是他想 “对 第一个转子的大小是41” So he says, "Well, I think the first wheel in this has 41 spokes."
然后他开始继续判断第二个转子 这样继续下去 Then he starts working on the second wheel, and so forth.
那段时间我几乎一直和Bill Tutte共事 I was working in the same office as Bill Tutte for most of that time,
直到现在 我还记得他会时不时专注地望向远方 and I can still remember him staring into the middle distance
或在一张张的稿纸上数着什么 and making counts on reams and reams of paper.
当时 我还怀疑他到底有没有进展呢 And I used to wonder whether he was actually doing anything!
天哪 岂止是有进展！真的太了不起了 My word, he was! The most extraordinary achievement.
凭借着Tutte的观察能力 Using Tutte's insight
以及一种名为Turingery的方法 and a method known as Turingery,
Testery小组用锲而不舍的努力 the Testery applied brute mental force
攻破了这种密码 to break the code.
后来人们发现 As they did, it became apparent
Tunny密电传递的情报 都具有极高的价值 just what a valuable source of information Tunny would prove to be.
我们看到了电文的签署人和收件人 We saw the signatories and we saw who the messages were sent to.
都是一些熟悉的名字 So we were well aware of all that.
它们包括 And they included
陆军元帅凯特尔 德军总统帅 Field Marshal Keitel, who was the head of the whole German army,
如雷贯耳的名字 which was not a bad start,
还有约德尔 他是德国的陆军大将 and Jodl, who was the Chief of Staff of the German army,
也是德军的作战部长 in other words the chief operating officer,
还有他的副手 瓦利蒙特 and his number two, Warlimont.
到了1944年 又出现了一个新名字 But in 1944 they were joined by a fourth -
阿道夫·希特勒本人 Adolf Hitler himself.
我们仿佛身处高级军官的会议室 You're almost in the High Command meeting,
他们在讨论军情 而我们在暗处 where they're working it all out.
将一切看得一清二楚 You are almost actually the fly on the wall.
世界上最强大的密码被攻克了 The world's toughest code had been broken.
希特勒的秘密昭然若揭 Hitler's secrets were laid bare,
战争的局势也即将扭转 and the course of the war was about to change,
这一切的起因 都是那位发报员 all because of one sloppy, lazy error
犯下了懒惰的错误 by a lowly teleprinter operator.
我觉得 这位德国发报员帮了我们一个大忙 I think this German operator did us such a huge favour,
真应该在白厅给他修一座雕像 供后人瞻仰 I think there ought to be a statue of him in Whitehall.
军情先机
布莱切利庄园第一次将破译的Tunny电文派上用场 The first chance for Bletchley Park to use Tunny information in the field
是在东线的库尔斯克战役上 came at the battle of Kursk on the eastern front.
当时 由Ralph Tester带领的Testery小组 The Testery, the elite group commanded by Major Ralph Tester,
仍然在人工破解这种密码 were still breaking this impenetrable code by hand.
尽管如此 他们还是掌握了大量的情报 Even so, they had uncovered an incredible amount of information
得知德军将向苏军 regarding plans for a massive surge by Germany
发动一场大规模突袭 against the Russian forces.
破译出的Tunny密码显示 他们即将在东线 The Tunny decrypt showed that they were about to make
发动一场大战 a major assault on the Russian lines,
于是我们提前将这些告知了苏军 and we were able to warn the Russians.
不仅如此 But much more than that,
我们还把作战部署也告诉他们了 we were able to tell them how the attack was planned.
“德军将从两面夹击” "It's going to be a pincer attack."
更不可思议的是 And even more astonishingly,
我们甚至可以向他们提供整场战役的作战序列 we were able to give them the whole order of battle.
对于纳粹来说 这是扭转颓势的最后机会 It was the Nazis' last chance to put the Red Army on the back foot,
但苏军早已准备停当 坐等敌人上门 but the Russians, forewarned and forearmed, were waiting for them.
库尔斯克战役是有史以来规模最大的坦克会战 Kursk was both the largest armoured clash in history
其空战也史无前例地惨烈 and the single bloodiest day of aerial warfare ever.
战役结束后 德军被打得落花流水 By the end of it, Germany's Russian campaign was in tatters
而苏军则完全夺得了战略主动权 and the Red Army gained an initiative
从此一路攻进柏林 they would press all the way to Berlin.
毫无疑问 苏联人把库尔斯克战役称作“转折点” The Russians, of course, called Kursk "the turning of the tide".
这一役展现了破译Tunny密码的巨大贡献 Kursk proved just how important intercepted Tunny messages could be.
不过 新的挑战也应运而生 The challenge now
怎样提高破译效率呢？ was to accelerate the decoding process.
这份资料提到了Bill Tutte I've got a page up here that mentions Bill Tutte.
上面写着 他设计了一种名叫... It says that he invented what they call...
“1+2的破译方法 the "1 + 2 break-in method
“由William Tutte在1942年设计” was invented by William Tutte in November 1942."
Bill的第一个成就是 What Bill did, his first achievement was
他分析出了密码机的结构 he actually diagnosed the machine, the structure of the machine
他仅从截获的密电 就推断出密码的运作方式 and how the cipher worked, purely from intercepted messages.
要知道 当时根本没人见过这种密码机 Nobody had actually seen the machine at all.
此后 他的第二个重要贡献在于 But then, his second major contribution
研究出了破译这种密码的统计学方法 was working out a statistical method of cracking the machine.
在那之前 他们一直使用的手工破译法 The hand methods that they had used up until then
已经不起作用了 were no longer possible
因为德国人加强了防范措施 because of extra German security measures and so on,
就在大家即将对这些密电无计可施时 so they were coming to an end of what they could do in cracking these messages.
Tutte又想出了这种数学方法 And then Tutte worked out this method.
这种方法利用数学和统计学来破译密码 It was a mathematical and statistical attack on the coded messages,
然而 它需要对密文进行海量的检查和统计 and it required a huge amount of checking and counting of data.
幸运的是 在布莱切利 有一个人 Luckily, at Bletchley Park there was a man who had an idea
恰好想到了解决这个问题的方法 how this work could be done.
机械能手
有一个人将Bill Tutte的理论付诸实践 Putting Bill Tutte's theories into practice
取得了二战史上 led to one of the great technological breakthroughs
最伟大的科技突破 of the Second World War,
而这项成就 近60年之后 才被公诸于众 a breakthrough kept secret for nearly 60 years.
他就是英国邮政总局的一名工程师 It was made by a GPO engineer
Tommy Flowers called Tommy Flowers.
Flowers是个非常优秀的人 Flowers was a brilliant man.
他话不多 有点内向 He was quiet, he had a slightly hesitant manner.
一副大男孩模样 He looked very boyish,
头发总是用发油打理得整整齐齐 and with his hair perpetually smarmed back with Brilliantine,
他看上去普普通通 一点儿也不高调 he didn't look like someone who was about to change the world.
但他改变了整个世界 But change the world he did.
1905年 Tommy Flowers出生于伦敦的Poplar区（译注：Poplar区位于伦敦东部 曾是一个贫民区） Tommy Flowers was born in Poplar, London in 1905,
他的父亲是一名砖瓦匠 the son of a bricklayer.
那儿的人们 He was born into
讲话都带着东部土音 a Cockney-speaking world,
而Flowers说话时 也总是带着那么一点儿乡音 and Flowers kept his accent, to a greater or lesser degree,
一辈子都没有改变 right through his life,
他之后曾说 and he said later in life
他的口音或多或少地局限了他的发展 that his Cockney accent had probably been a handicap to him.
后来 天资聪慧的他 His brilliant mind enabled him
离开了伦敦东区 来到了外面的世界 to move out of that world into a quite different world.
和Tutte一样 他在学校的成绩优异 Like Tutte, he was a scholarship boy,
但他没有去上大学 而是选择了就业 but he would gravitate to industry rather than university.
他做过一段时间的机工学徒 First, he did an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering
随后 在夜校拿到了学位 before gaining a degree at night school
最后 他来到了Dollis Hill and then rounding off his education at Dollis Hill,
这是邮局位于伦敦的一处研究所 the Post Office's unique research laboratory in London.
当时 Dollis Hill的工程师们 Bletchley used the Dollis Hill engineers to help with their attempts
正在协助布莱切利庄园制造破译密码的机器 to harness machines to the task of codebreaking.
就这样 Tommy受到了庄园里一位关键人物 This is how Tommy came on to the radar of a pivotal figure at the park,
数学家Max Newman的关注 the mathematician Max Newman.
Newman发现 Tutte的译码方法 He discovered that you could mechanise
能够被机械化 Tutte's method of breaking this cipher.
他认为 可以根据Tutte的数学原理 He understood that it was something
建造出一台机器来 that you could put into a machine.
Max的部门名叫Newmanry Max's department, called the Newmanry,
他们已经造出了一台Tunny译码机 had built a machine to crack Tunny.
不过 这台名为Heath Robinson的机器状况百出 Nicknamed Heath Robinson, it kept breaking down.
于是 Newman便让Flowers来修理Robinson Newman brought in Flowers to fix the Robinson,
而Tommy却想到了一个更好的主意 but Tommy had a better idea.
Tommy Flowers看了看它 说 Tommy Flowers took one look at this and said,
“我能造出更好的机器” "I can do that better."
我能造出可以生成密钥规律的电路 I can have the patterns generated in electronic circuits,
只需要一条记录密文的纸带就够了 and now I've only got one tape, which is the source tape, the cipher text.
我能以每秒5000字的速度读取它 I can read that now at 5,000 characters per second,
而Heath Robinson的速度是每秒1000字 compared with 1,000 on Heath Robinson.
而且 我能用电路来生成密钥规律 And I can now generate these patterns in electronic circuits.
当然 他要用海量的电子管 But, of course, that meant that he had to have
才能实现这种功能 vast numbers of valve tubes in order to do this.
电子管是一种脆弱的元件 Valves were flaky kind of devices,
同时运转的电子管越多 and the more of them that you had, the greater the probability
出问题的概率就越大 that a couple of them would be out of action at any time.
但Tommy有着丰富的实践经验 But Tommy's practical experience meant that at that time,
在当时 他对于电子管潜力的了解 he knew more about the potential of this technology
比任何人都多 than anyone else in the country.
他知道 当电子管长时间持续运行时 He knew that if you left electronic valves running for a long time
是不会出问题的 then you didn't get problems with them.
只有当反复开关它们时 才会有麻烦 The problems arose if you kept switching them on and off.
对于这点 Flowers充满自信 Flowers knew he was right,
于是他回到了Dollis Hill的实验室 so he just went back to his laboratory at Dollis Hill
不声不响地开始建造这种 and quietly got on with building the electronic machine
用于译码的电子设备 that he knew the codebreakers needed.
这是一项浩大的工程 It was massive, the effort that was required to do it.
Flowers告诉我说 Flowers told me that
他的小组累到眼睛都睁不开了 he and his group worked until their eyes dropped out.
当最终组装完毕时 他们试着运行了一次 Eventually, he produces this thing and they try it out,
结果旗开得胜 and it works first time.
“天哪 这是瞎猫撞上死耗子吧” "Oh, gosh, that's luck."
于是他们又试了一次 So they try it out again.
第二次也很成功 每次都能成功运行 And it works second time, and it keeps working,
他们的心情...可以想象 every time they try it out. And they're so...you know,
“成功了！” 他们造出了Colossus "Good grief!" And he produces this thing called Colossus,
世界上第一台半编程型电子计算机 which is the world's first semi-programmable electronic computer.
这就是Colossus This is Colossus.
我们把截获的密文 And what it did was, you took the intercepted cipher text,
用这种纸带记录下来 on a lot of paper tape.
也就是五位电码 密电被我们的电台截获后 Five bit code there. And that is received by us on our radio station,
打在纸带上 planked on a paper tape,
然后从这个纸带架输入Colossus and loaded on to this part of Colossus here, called the bedstick.
Colossus在这里储存密文 That's the part of Colossus that holds the intercepted
将它们送入一个回路中 cipher signal, and that is joined into a loop,
进行连续的读取操作 and being read continuously.
读取的速度是每秒5000字 And that is being read at 5,000 characters per second.
这样 数据就进入了Colossus That's the data going into Colossus.
输出的数据会在这个面板上显示出来 They put the results of those readings up on to a lamp panel here,
这就是一轮运算的结果 and here are the results of a particular run.
所以 每进行一轮读取和运算 它就会变换一次 So this is refreshed every time the tape goes round one continuous cycle.
这里有一份文档 它是在战后撰写的 We got one document that was written at the end of the war.
Colossus I型机的技术说明 A Technical Description of Colossus 1.
它是一份技术手册 It's a sort of technical manual that describes
记载了机器中用到的电子管 the different types of valves that were used, for example.
以及各部分的构成 And the different parts of the machine,
各种电子管的设计图 the circuit diagrams of the valves
它们被应用在不同的模块里 that were used in the different parts of the machinery.
内部码流生成器 时钟脉冲系统 各种各样的元件 Internal bitstream generators, the clock pulse system and what have you.
这些都是现代计算机的标准部件 Which were all, nowadays are standard parts of any computer,
但在当时 它们都是从零开始设计的 but all had to be invented for this machine from scratch.
我刚刚说过 现代计算机继承了这些设计 Now, as I say, they have been taken over and used in modern day computers.
尽管Colossus很先进 As innovative as it was,
却只能破解两个chi转子 Colossus would only break the two chi wheels.
破译Tunny密码依然需要团队协作 Decoding Tunny would still be a team effort.
破译Tunny一共有七个步骤 There were seven stages to the breaking of Tunny.
虽然有Newmanry的机器参与 And, uh, whilst the Newmanry was established,
但它只负责其中两个步骤 the Newmanry handled two of them,
后面五步会由Testery接手 and then the Testery handled the other five.
登陆日
Colossus成功后 Bletchley Park's scepticism
布莱切利原先的所有怀疑都烟消云散了 was immediately cured as soon as they saw Colossus working.
他们想要更多机器 They wanted more machines.
于是他们狮子大开口 又订下了四台Colossus A little unrealistically, they asked for four more Colossi
要求在原计划的D日 也就是6月1日之前送达 by the 1st June, the projected date for D-Day.
不过 Tommy和他的小组 As it was, Tommy and his team
只能造出一台新机器 Mark II型 only just managed to deliver one more machine, the Mark II.
6月1日的凌晨一点 It was 1am on the 1st June,
Flowers和同事们都回家去略作休息了 and Flowers and his men just had to go home to catch some sleep.
Flowers最得力的助手Bill Chandler Flowers left one of his right-hand men, Bill Chandler,
留在办公室 利用破晓前的最后几个小时继续工作 to carry on the fight alone, through the small hours of the morning.
对于Chandler来说 这一夜很难熬 大概3点时 It was a very tough night for Chandler. He worked on, and about 3am
他发现地上有积水 he noticed that his feet were in a pool of water.
原来是暖气管道破掉了 A radiator pipe on the wall had burst
水沿着地板流淌 and water was inching inexorably across the floor
流向机器的高压元件 towards high-voltage equipment.
我想 对于Chandler来说 It was quite dangerous, I think,
当时风险可不小 但是他没有放弃 for Chandler, but he carried on
他只用了短短几个小时 and eventually, in the wee small hours,
就找到了问题所在 he tracked down the fault
拿出烙铁修修补补 and he made some adjustments using his soldering iron,
几个小时后 当Flowers回来时 and Flowers turned up a few hours later to find
Colossus又恢复正常了 Colossus working perfectly.
不过 漏水的暖气片倒是一直没有修好 No one had managed to fix the leaking radiator pipe, though,
所以 Colossus的操作员 and the people operating Colossus had to wear Wellington boots
从此只好穿着长筒靴工作 to insulate themselves.
无论如何 Flowers完成了任务 But, Flowers beat the deadline.
6月1日 另一台Colossus也开始运转了 It was the 1st June and Colossus was working.
这样 Colossus I号和II号 And so both Colossus I and Colossus II were in operation
都在登陆日派上了用场 in time for the D-Day landings.
Tunny的破译 为登陆日的成功作出了两大贡献 Tunny decrypts made two major contributions to the success of D-Day.
第一 盟军从破译的密电中 The first was to uncover the entire defensive structure
获悉了德军的全部防御部署 of the German army.
在登陆日的准备过程中 The most important information
Tunny密电提供的最重要信息 that Lorenz provided for the run-up to D-Day
就是德军的战斗序列 was the order of battle information,
也就是他们在防御登陆时 which give details of the aircraft, the tanks and so on
能够部署的兵力 that were available to the Germans against the D-Day forces.
这些情报 在Enigma密电中是不可能出现的 None of this information came from Enigma intercept.
这里甚至标注了战斗机的维护工作 Even got details of aircraft being refitted
还有转移记录 or moved around and so on.
所以 我们对德国空军的了解 So we had as much information about the German air force
跟他们自己一样多 as the German air force itself had.
另一大贡献 The other contribution was to eavesdrop
是通过窃听纳粹的通讯 on conversations which confirmed
确认他们已经被“刚毅行动”所蒙骗 that the Nazis had fallen for Operation Fortitude,
相信盟军将进攻加莱 the fake invasion of Calais.
希特勒中了我们的计 Hitler had swallowed our deception campaigns,
他被假情报所惑 以为进攻将从多佛海峡开始 Hitler was convinced the attack was coming across the Straits of Dover,
而诺曼底只是一场佯攻 and that Normandy was a feint.
将军们经验老道 These generals, being professionals,
他们计划在诺曼底一带展开登陆 wanted it to be in the Normandy region.
希特勒自恃有优势 所以我们知道 Hitler won out, so we knew that the Normandy region
诺曼底的防御并没有达到最高水准 was less well-defended than it could have been.
随着欧洲战事的继续 As the war through Europe progressed,
盟军从Tunny密电中破译的情报 the information gained from the Tunny system
被运用得更加巧妙 更加新颖 began to be used in a more subtle and innovative way.
这些源源不断的信息 The effect of this flow of information
帮助我们读懂了希特勒 helped us to "read" Hitler,
并可以预测他接下来要发出的命令 and predict the way he would react and wage war.
知己知彼 才能百战不殆 In modern terms, it helped us to get inside his head,
而在当时 这是很难做到的 something which up until then had been difficult to do,
因为希特勒并不是一般的将领 because Hitler didn't act like a normal military commander.
他们认识到 不能用自己的想法去揣测希特勒 They had to learn not to think that Hitler would do what they would do,
而要彻底搞清 他本人面对当前的局势会如何反应 but to understand how Hitler would actually react in these situations,
并如何做出常人意想不到的决策 and do things that they simply didn't expect him to do.
比如 毫无意义地坚守某个地区 To hang on to territory when it was completely pointless.
在意大利的战斗中 有一个很精彩的故事 And this was one of the amazing things about the war in Italy,
不过真正理解它的人并不多 which people don't really get or understand.
有一次 当英国人从电文中得知 Once the British know from this teleprinter link
德军打算固守前线时 that the Germans have decided to keep the front going,
他们不光规划了短期内的战斗 not only do they know how to shape the immediate battle,
而且还意识到 他们可以将战局 but they also realise that they can keep the thing going
无限拖延下去 for as long as they like.
他们能够控制战斗的进程 They can control the extent to which the battle moves forward.
进而消耗德军的资源 And by doing so, can drain away German resources,
这样便削弱了德军在欧洲主战场的力量 which won't then be used for the main battle, the invasion of Europe.
对于热衷于密码和机械的德国人来说 This is the great irony of the Nazis' love affair
这无疑是当头一棒 with secrets and machines.
他们将通讯安全完全托付于这台密码机 The very devices they trusted to give them total security
而盟军却反客为主 利用这些机器使希特勒处于被动 allowed the Allies to play Hitler like a fish on a line.
从一开始 纳粹就犯了一个根本上的错误 From the beginning, the Nazis were in the impossible position
他们不应该完全相信这些机器 of having to trust these machines.
最后 它们果然成为了致命的弱点 Machines which would prove to be an Achilles heel.
在纳粹的哲学里 人是不可信赖的 The Nazi philosophy led them to distrust people
只有机器最为可靠 and to put their trust in machines,
但这种想法的问题在于 他们必须同时相信 and the problem then is you have to accept the idea
机器一定是完美无缺的 that the machine cannot be broken.
事实上 任何一种密码机都有漏洞 And in fact, all of these machines are vulnerable
只要找到破译的门道 provided you approach it in the right way
就像英国人做的那样 and that is what the British did.
因此 纳粹德国和希特勒的机密 And the secrets of Nazi Germany, of Hitler himself,
并非无懈可击 flowed forth because of that.
在英国 我们只有一个译码机构 Unlike here in Britain, where we had one codebreaking organisation,
而在德国 七个不同的部门 in Germany, there were seven different organisations
一起负责密码破译工作 involved in codebreaking.
这些部门之间的内耗非常严重 And they spent a lot of their time just fighting one another -
有一次 他们甚至公然在大街上大打出手 even, on one occasion, actually physically fighting on the street.
所以 他们是无法像英国的译码部门这样 So it couldn't bring together a mass of people
齐心协力 共同努力完成工作的 and get the best out of them in the way in which we did in Britain.
同时 纳粹的意识形态也决定了 Similarly, their ideology meant they were equally ill-equipped
德国不可能拥有自己的布莱切利庄园 to create their own version of Bletchley Park.
有些人说 这是因为布莱切利的人们 Some people say it's because the kind of people
用德国人的眼光来看 that worked at Bletchley Park
是压根无法胜任这种工作的 were just, by German lights, unemployable.
他们中间有图灵这样的同性恋 There were gays like Turing,
还有“卑贱”的犹太人 there were Jews,
以及各种领域的专家学者 鱼目混杂 群龙无首 there were totally disorganised academics,
他们虽然头脑聪明 却毫无用处 people who were brilliant but practically dysfunctional.
这些人从根本上就与纳粹的标准相去甚远 They just did not fit into the Nazi ethos.
1945年5月 欧洲大陆的战争结束了 By May 1945, the war in Europe was over,
布莱切利庄园完成了它的使命 and Bletchley Park had done its job.
当时 每年都有一千万人死于战争 The war cost, on average, ten million lives a year.
这还不包括伤残人数 This is not counting the wounded and the maimed.
所以 在那个节骨眼上 Breaking Tunny at that juncture
破解Tunny密码有着极大的意义 was pretty jolly important.
而对于Tutte和Flowers来说 For Tutte, and for Flowers in particular,
和平年代又带来了全新的问题 peacetime would bring a unique set of difficulties.
守口如瓶
战争期间 布莱切利的所有行动都严格保密 During the war, Bletchley operated behind a wall of silence.
而情报工作的性质 决定了 And thanks to the nature of their work,
在很长一段时间里 他们都必须保守秘密 that secrecy would remain intact for a long time to come.
哪怕战争已经结束了 也要守口如瓶 Even once the war was over, they still couldn't say.
当时的管理者清楚 这些东西事关重大 That was a big issue, and the bosses at the time understood
从某种程度上讲 这算是一个安全隐患 that that was a security threat, if you like,
所以他们立即通知大家 so they moved quickly to say to people,
“抱歉 你们必须永远保守秘密 "Sorry, you've got to keep this secret permanently, forever.
“你绝对不能把自己做过的工作 "You can't go home and tell your mother or your father
“告诉亲戚和朋友” "what you were doing."
由于要恪守命令 他们后来的人生 And there are many interesting and quite tragic stories
大多坎坷而酸楚 70年代以后 where people didn't, and right into the 1970s and beyond,
许多译码员的父母一个个去世了 parents died without knowing
却对儿女的成就一无所知 what their children had done.
至于密码破译机 丘吉尔在战后告诉公众 As for the machine itself, after the war, Churchill let it be known
Colossus已经被摧毁了 that Colossus had been broken into pieces.
但事实并非如此 This was not true.
至少有两台没有销毁 At least two survived
它们被送往新的GCHQ大楼 and were taken to the new GCHQ building,
一直使用到60年代 where they were used until the 1960s.
我觉得 苏联在冷战期间 It seems very likely to me that the Russians were using Tunny
很可能使用过Tunny密码 in the Cold War period.
当苏军横扫欧洲时 As the Russian armies swept across Europe,
缴获了无数台Tunny密码机 they captured numerous German Tunny machines,
他们很可能对密码机进行了改装 and they very probably reconditioned them
然后用于自己的通信 and used them for their own communications.
Tunny的秘密被掩埋后 As the Tunny brick was being buried,
Tommy回到了邮政局研究所 Tommy was recalled to Dollis Hill.
在这期间 美国宣布 While he was there, the Americans announced that they had built
他们在1946年2月 造出了第一台计算机ENIAC the world's first computer, ENIAC, in February 1946.
此时 计算机的历史 已被永远错误地写就 Already, the true history of computing was being corrupted.
而Tommy不可言说的委屈 也逐渐被人遗忘... Tommy's suffering in silence was slowly disappearing from history.
Bill Tutte在战后就职于剑桥 As for Bill Tutte, he was awarded a fellowship at Cambridge,
后来他去了加拿大 从事教师工作 before moving to Canada, where he took up a teaching post
并遇到了妻子Dorothea and met his wife, Dorothea.
不可思议的是 曾使用尖端技术 Bizarrely for a man who had helped defeat the Nazis
战胜纳粹德国的Bill with the use of cutting-edge technology,
定居在了蒙特罗斯的农村 Bill settled in rural Montrose,
和一群讲德语的阿米什农夫共同生活 surrounded by German-speaking Amish farmers.
他在滑铁卢大学工作 There, he continued to do breakthrough work
继续从事前沿性的研究 at the University of Waterloo,
他研究的数学分支 在计算机技术兴起的过程中 in a branch of mathematics that was growing in importance
扮演了重要的角色 thanks to the rise of computer science.
他研究的数学领域 So he was working in an area of mathematics
在上世纪中期还不是很流行 that wasn't especially fashionable in the middle of the 20th century,
但它却是计算机科学的数学基础 but it is the mathematics that underlies much of the theory of computation.
所以 他在这个领域作出的贡献 So the importance of his work in the field he helped nurture
对于20世纪后期信息化革命来说 became astronomically important,
是至关重要的 as the information age unfolded in the late 20th century.
...好了 既然搞明白了这个 Well, all that was rather nice,
就能看出 在单位阻抗的计算中 and you see it meant that in the case of unit resistances,
这些行列式都是整数 all these determinants were integers,
所以 假设实数轴上的数值等于虚数轴 and therefore if you made the horizontal side equal to the complexity,
那么 所有矩形的边 all your little squares and rectangle sides,
就都变为整数了... they all became integers.
他当然是个天才 从很多方面来说都是 Certainly, we're talking about a genius, yes, in many respects.
无论是他在布莱切利庄园的杰出工作 I think for what he did at Bletchley, he proved it,
还是他在图论 and for what he did in graph theory
和其他数学领域的贡献 都证明了这一点 and related parts of mathematics, he proved it again.
同时 Colossus的故事逐渐开始流传开来 Meanwhile, the story of Colossus was beginning to creep out.
Tommy的成就终于受到了一些肯定 Tommy at last began to receive some recognition.
1982年 他应邀 In 1982, he was invited to talk
在波士顿的数字科技博物馆进行演讲 at the Museum of Digital Technology in Boston.
1939年 欧洲爆发了战争 When the hostilities commenced in Europe in 1939,
英国也全面进入了战争状态 all civil work in Britain had to be subordinated to war work.
那时 我被派往布莱切利庄园 In the course of which I was sent to Bletchley Park,
伦敦北边80公里一处秘密基地 a highly secret establishment some 50 miles north of London,
从事机密情报工作 to take on some top-secret work.
演讲能说什么 不能说什么 他还得咨询国防部 He was still consulting with the MoD as to what he could and couldn't say
到了80年代 有些事情依然是保密的 and some things were restricted even in the 1980s.
Tommy比Bill大12岁 For Tommy, 12 years older than Bill,
对于他来说 这些秘密的揭露来得太迟了 the gradual lifting of secrecy came too late.
不过他在有生之年 Although he did live long enough
总算看到了他发明的计算机被布莱切利重建 to see his famous machine rebuilt at Bletchley.
他心里明白 历史对他十分不公 He knew that history had treated him badly.
我能感受到他内心的压抑 I had the sense that he was weighed down
他对自己本应拥有的璀璨人生不能释怀 by all those might-have-beens,
如果命运换一个轨迹发展 how fabulous it could have been
自己的生活该会是多么不一样 if things had gone differently.
但木已成舟 所有的假设都只能是幻想 If only it hadn't been for the secrecy.
他知道 也曾告诉我说 He also knew - and told me -
布莱切利的故事公开得太迟 that the story was coming out too late for him.
对他来说 已经无济于事 什么都无法改变了 It was too late to make any real difference.
而身处加拿大的Bill Back in Canada, Bill took the opportunity provided by
在他80岁生日的一堂课上 his 80th birthday lecture
终于讲出了Tunny的故事 to finally break his silence on Tunny.
接下来 如果知道了转子的规律 And then, if you know the wheel patterns...
就能用第一个chi转子 ..you can try the first chi wheel
来试探第一个信号... against the first impulse...
他说 当他终于讲出这些故事时 He said that when he finally did tell about it,
有种如释重负的感觉 finally did speak of it, then it lifted an enormous burden,
我想 我们很难说 and it's hard to exactly say
这件事对他的性格造成了怎样的影响 to the extent to which it may have altered his personality,
不知道他还是不是我们当初相识时的样子 the personality that I first met him as.
然而 除了领域内的专业人士外 Outside of a select group of academics, however,
他们二人的卓越成就 依然鲜有人知 few people realise the significance of these men's achievements.
Bill因他在学科上的贡献 获得了加拿大勋章 Bill received the Order of Canada for his academic work,
但从未被他的故乡英国表彰过 but he was never decorated by his own country.
不过 他赢得了另一项最高荣誉 He did, however, gain the most important award he could have wished for.
要成为皇家学会的院士 To become a Fellow of the Royal Society
并在会员名册上签字 你必须是泰斗级的科学家 and to sign this charter book, you need to be a leading scientist,
必须获得领域内同行的一致认可 you need to convince your peers that your work is good enough.
在你的领域里 你必须有一言九鼎的分量 So you are refereed in the same way that a scientific paper is refereed.
一旦做到了这一点 皇家学会的理事会 If you cross that hurdle, Council of the Royal Society
就会认定你是一名优秀的科学家 will assess you as being a good enough scientist,
授予你院士称号 这样 you become a Fellow, and if you get over that hurdle,
你就成为了皇家学会的院士 then you become a Fellow of the Royal Society
并在这本精美的花名册上签字 and you sign this very fine book.
当然 你要是获得过诺贝尔奖也行 It helps if you have a Nobel Prize tucked away somewhere.
1987年 Bill签上了自己的大名 In 1987, Bill signed the book.
成为了这群卓越人才的一员 He joined an illustrious group.
艾萨克·牛顿 Isaac Newton,
查尔斯·达尔文 温斯顿·丘吉尔 Charles Darwin, Winston Churchill,
还有他自己 William·T·Tutte and William T Tutte.
名册上还有阿兰·图灵和Max Newman Other names in the book are Alan Turing and Max Newman.
Tommy却一直无缘这项殊荣 Tommy's name was never entered in it,
不过他确实有另一张证书 although one of his many awards
证明了他在计算机领域付出的努力 does show the effect of the revolution he helped begin.
当个人电脑在80 90年代出现时 When personal computers came in
他也买了一台 in the 1980s and '90s, he bought a PC,
想自己试试怎么用 不过遇到了困难 tried to work out how to use it and had difficulty,
于是他在附近的学院报了名 so he enrolled on a course at the local college
参加一门基础的信息处理课程 to learn basic information processing,
这是他的毕业证书 and he got a certificate, here,
上面写着他完成了“信息处理导论” which shows that he passed an introductory course in information processing,
所以 他和其他人一样 学会使用电脑程序了 so he learned how to use programs on a PC like everyone else,
当时是1993年6月28日 他已经87岁了 and that was 28th June 1993, when he was 87 years old.
Tommy唯一获得的认可 是在他的故乡 Tommy's only public recognition was to have a road
以他的名字命名的一条公路和一所IT中心 and an IT centre named after him in his native East End.
而那座IT中心 也早已不复存在了 The centre has since been closed.
战争结束时 At the end of the war,
Flowers获得了首席发明家奖 Flowers got a leading inventors award for his war work,
还获得了1000英镑的奖金 and this carried a monetary reward of 1,000 pounds,
当然 在那时 这是很大一笔钱了 which was quite a lot of money in those days, of course,
但Flowers为人慷慨 but Flowers being Flowers,
他和手下一起分享了这笔奖金 去掉这些的话 he shared it with his men, and so by the time he had done that,
他发明电子计算机的奖金是350块 he'd got about 350 quid for inventing the first electronic computer.
1998年 92岁的Tommy去世了 Tommy died aged 92 in 1998.
四年后 84岁的Bill也离开人世 And Bill four years later, aged 84.
Bill Tutte留下的 Bill Tutte's memorial
除了加拿大乡下的一座墓碑 is a simple headstone in a rural Canadian cemetery,
还有他毕生的卓越成就 and a lifetime of academic achievement.
Tommy则有些不同 Tommy's is slightly different.
我父亲是火葬的 骨灰就地撒在了火葬场 My father was cremated and the ashes scattered in the crematorium,
但我觉得 他最喜爱的墓碑 but I think he would have recognised that his main memorial
应该是布莱切利庄园里那台重建的Colossus is at Bletchley Park in the reconstituted Colossus.
用工程师的伟大作品来做他的墓碑 As an engineer, to have a working machine
真的是再好不过了 as your memorial is the ideal thing, really.
这台密码机是希特勒亲自要求制造的 Hitler ordered this machine himself.
它本应是天衣无缝的 It should never, ever have been broken.
但布莱切利的天才们 But the minds at Bletchley Park
最终还是破译了它 managed to find ways of breaking it.
在这场智力和机器的较量中 我们取得了伟大的胜利 And this is an amazing triumph of mind over machines.
有关Tutte和Flowers的部分文档 目前仍被保密
时至今日 我们依然无法了解他们的全部贡献