这是SARS CoV-2。 This is SARS CoV-2.
它属于冠状病毒家族， It belongs to the family of coronaviruses,
以冠状尖峰命名 named for crownlike spikes
在他们的表面上。 on their surfaces.
SARS CoV-2可能导致COVID-19， SARS CoV-2 can cause COVID-19,
传染性病毒感染 a contagious viral infection
主要攻击您的喉咙和肺。 that attacks primarily your throat and lungs.
你体内到底发生了什么 What actually happens in your body
当您感染冠状病毒时？ when you contract the coronavirus?
究竟是什么导致您的身体 What exactly causes your body
患上肺炎？ to develop pneumonia?
疫苗将如何工作？ And how would a vaccine work?
冠状病毒必须感染活细胞 The coronavirus must infect living cells
为了繁殖。 in order to reproduce.
让我们仔细看看。 Let's have a closer look.
在病毒内部 Inside the virus,
遗传物质包含信息 genetic material contains the information
制作更多副本。 to make more copies of itself.
蛋白质外壳提供了坚硬的保护 A protein shell provides a hard protective
基因材料的外壳 enclosure for the genetic material
随着病毒在 as the virus travels between
它感染的人。 the people it infects.
外壳允许病毒 An outer envelope allows the virus
通过与细胞融合感染细胞 to infect cells by merging with
细胞的外膜。 the cell's outer membrane.
从信封上伸出来的是 Projecting from the envelope are
蛋白质分子的尖峰。 spikes of protein molecules.
典型的流感病毒和 Both a typical influenza virus and
新的冠状病毒利用其峰值 the new coronavirus use their spikes
就像进入体内细胞的钥匙一样， like a key to get inside a cell in your body,
它接管内部机器的地方 where it takes over its internal machinery,
重新利用它来构建组件 repurposing it to build the components
新病毒。 of new viruses.
当被感染者讲话时， When an infected person talks,
咳嗽或打喷嚏 coughs or sneezes,
携带病毒的飞沫可能降落 droplets carrying the virus may land
在你的嘴或鼻子里 in your mouth or nose
然后进入肺部。 and then move into your lungs.
一旦进入体内， Once inside your body,
病毒接触 the virus comes into contact
在您的喉咙，鼻子或肺部有细胞。 with cells in your throat, nose or lungs.
病毒一刺 One spike on the virus
插入受体分子 inserts into a receptor molecule
在健康的细胞膜上 on your healthy cell membrane
就像锁中的钥匙一样。 like a key in a lock.
此操作允许病毒 This action allows the virus
进入你的牢房。 to get inside your cell.
典型的流感病毒会传播 A typical flu virus would travel
在麻袋里 inside a sack
由您的细胞膜制成 made from your cell membrane
到细胞核 to your cell’s nucleus
你的牢房所在的地方 that where your cell houses
所有其遗传物质。 all its genetic material.
另一方面，冠状病毒 The coronavirus, on the other hand,
不需要进入宿主细胞核。 doesn’t need to enter the host cell nucleus.
它可以直接访问部分宿主细胞， It can directly access parts of the host cell,
叫做核糖体。 called Ribosomes.
核糖体利用遗传信息 Ribosomes use genetic information
从病毒中制造出病毒蛋白 from the virus to make viral proteins,
例如病毒表面的尖峰。 such as the spikes on the virus’ surface.
单元中的包装结构 A packaging structure in your cell
然后在小泡中携带尖峰， then carries the spikes in vesicles,
与您的单元格合并 which merge with your cell's
外层，细胞膜。 outer layer, the cell membrane.
创建新病毒所需的所有部件 All the parts needed to create a new virus
聚集在细胞膜下。 gather just beneath your cell's membrane.
然后新的病毒开始扑灭 Then a new virus begins to butt off
来自细胞膜。 from the cell's membrane.
为此，我们必须检查您的肺部。 For this, we’ll have to look into your lungs.
每个肺都有独立的部分 Each lung has separate sections,
称为叶。 called lobes.
通常，当您呼吸时，空气自由流动 Normally, as you breathe, air moves freely
通过气管或气管， through your trachea, or windpipe,
然后通过大支气管，称为支气管， then through large tubes, called bronchi,
通过较小的管，称为细支气管， through smaller tubes, called bronchioles,
最后进入称为肺泡的微小囊中。 and finally into tiny sacs, called alveoli.
您的气道和肺泡 Your airways and alveoli
富有弹性和弹性。 are flexible and springy.
当你吸气时 When you breathe in,
每个气囊都像一个小气球一样膨胀。 each air sac inflates like a small balloon.
当您呼气时，囊会收缩。 And when you exhale, the sacs deflate.
小血管，叫做毛细血管， Small blood vessels, called capillaries,
包围你的肺泡。 surround your alveoli.
呼吸空气中的氧气 Oxygen from the air you breathe
进入毛细血管， passes into your capillaries,
然后从你体内排出二氧化碳 then carbon dioxide from your body
从毛细血管中传出 passes out of your capillaries
进入你的肺泡，使你的肺 into your alveoli so that your lungs
呼气时可以摆脱它。 can get rid of it when you exhale.
您的气道捕获大多数细菌 Your airways catch most germs
在衬着气管的粘液中 in the mucus that lines your trachea,
支气管和细支气管 bronchi, and bronchioles.
在健康的身体中 In a healthy body,
毛状纤毛衬里 hair-like cilia lining the tubes
不断推动粘液和细菌 constantly push the mucus and germs
在你的气道外 out of your airways,
在这里您可能会通过咳嗽将其驱逐出境。 where you may expel them by coughing.
通常情况下，您的免疫系统细胞 Normally, cells of your immune system
攻击病毒和细菌 attack viruses and germs that
经过黏液和纤毛 make it past your mucus and cilia
并输入您的肺泡。 and enter your alveoli.
然而， However,
如果您的免疫系统减弱 if your immune system is weakened
像冠状病毒感染一样 like in the case of a coronavirus infection,
病毒会淹没您的免疫细胞 the virus can overwhelm your immune cells
还有你的细支气管和肺泡 and your bronchioles and alveoli
发炎 become inflamed
您的免疫系统攻击 your immune system attacks
繁殖中的病毒。 the multiplying viruses.
炎症可能导致 The inflammation can cause
您的肺泡充满液体， your alveoli to fill with fluid,
使你的身体变得困难 making it difficult for your body
获得所需的氧气。 to get the oxygen it needs.
你可能会患上大叶性肺炎 You could develop lobar pneumonia,
肺的一个肺叶受到影响的地方 where one lobe of your lungs is affected,
或者您可能患有支气管肺炎 or you could have bronchopneumonia
会影响双肺的许多区域。 that affects many areas of both lungs.
肺炎可能导致... Pneumonia may cause...
呼吸困难 difficulty breathing
胸痛 chest pain
咳嗽 coughing
发烧和发冷 fever and chills
混乱 confusion
头痛 headache
肌肉疼痛 muscle pain
和疲劳。 and fatigue.
这也可能导致 It can also lead to
更严重的并发症： more serious complications:
发生呼吸衰竭时 respiratory failure occurs when
你的呼吸变得如此困难 your breathing becomes so difficult
你需要一台叫做 that you need a machine called
呼吸机帮助您呼吸。 a ventilator to help you breathe.
这些是拯救生命的机器 These are the machines that save lives
和医疗设备公司 and medical device companies currently
为增加产量。 ramp up production for.
你是否会发展 Whether you would develop
这些症状取决于 these symptoms depends on
很多因素，例如 a lot of factors, such as
你的年龄以及你是否 your age and whether you
已经有一个条件。 already have an existing condition.
虽然所有这些听起来都很恐怖， While all this all sounds scary,
推动开发冠状病毒疫苗 the push to develop a coronavirus vaccine
正在高速移动。 is moving at high speed.
其他冠状病毒的研究 Studies of other coronaviruses
导致大多数研究人员认为 lead most researchers to assume that
从中康复的人 people who have recovered from
SARS-CoV-2感染可以得到保护 a SARS-CoV-2 infection could be protected
从一段时间再感染。 from reinfection for a period of time.
但是这个假设需要支持 But that assumption needs to be backed
根据经验证据和 by empirical evidence and
一些研究表明并非如此。 some studies suggest otherwise.
有几种不同的方法 There are several different approaches
潜在的疫苗 for a potential vaccine
对抗冠状病毒。 against the coronavirus.
基本思想是 The basic idea is that
你会得到包含 you would get a shot that contains
病毒的模糊版本。 faint versions of the virus.
疫苗会使您的身体暴露 The vaccine would expose your body
对太弱的病毒 to the virus that is too weak
引起感染，但足够坚固 to cause infection but just strong enough
刺激免疫反应。 to stimulate an immune response.
在几周内 Within a few weeks,
免疫系统中的细胞会 cells in your immune system would
制作称为抗体的标记， make markers called antibodies,
这将是特定于 which would be specific for
仅冠状病毒或专门 only the coronavirus or specifically
它的峰值蛋白。 its spike protein.
然后，抗体会附着在病毒上， Antibodies then attach to the virus and
防止它附着在您的细胞上。 prevent it from attaching to your cells.
然后您的免疫系统做出反应 Your immune system then responds
来自抗体的信号 to signals from the antibodies
通过消耗和破坏 by consuming and destroying
大量的病毒。 the clumps of viruses.
如果您随后感染了真正的病毒 If you then catch the real virus
在以后的阶段 at a later stage,
您的身体会识别并摧毁它。 your body would recognize and destroy it.
换一种说法， In other words,
您的免疫系统已启动。 your immune system is now primed.
收集证据 Collecting evidence on
这是否可能， whether this will be possible,
安全有效 safe and effective
是研究人员的一部分 is part of what’s taking researchers
这么久才开发出疫苗。 so long to develop a vaccine.
这是一场与时间的赛跑 It is a race against time
在大流行中开发疫苗。 to develop a vaccine amid a pandemic.
疫苗开发的每个步骤 Each step in vaccine development
通常需要几个月甚至几年的时间。 usually takes months if not years.
埃博拉疫苗破纪录 An Ebola vaccine broke records
通过五年的准备。 by being ready in five years.
希望在这里 The hope here is
为新的冠状病毒开发一种 to develop one for the new coronavirus
在创纪录的12到18个月内。 in a record-breaking 12 to 18 months.
虽然这需要时间， While all this will take time,
如果可以的话，待在家里 stay home if you can
保护最脆弱的人 to protect the most vulnerable
别忘了洗手 and don’t forget to wash your hands
至少持续20秒， for at least 20 seconds and
尽可能经常地。 as often as possible.