I like to welcome people to Moralities of Everyday Life,欢迎大家参加日常生活中的道德这门课
but I wanna do in a short lecture is first introduce myself ,在这个小短片中我想先介绍一下自己
and have the teaching assistant for the course introduce herself.我们的助教也会做自我介绍
And then talk about what we'll be doing,接下来我们再讨论在本课中我们需要做些什么
talk about the procedures,talk about the evaluation也就是课程大纲和评分方式
and then netting the most interesting part of this lecture.然后最精彩的部分来了
We'll be talking about the course itself. What topics will cover?我们将讨论课程本身 本课程会涉及到哪些话题？
What areas will be looking at?涉猎到哪些领域？
And why you should be thinking about taking it?为什么你应该选这门课？
So... My name's Paul Bloom.嗯 我叫Paul Bloom
I'm a professor of psychology and cognitive science at Yale University.我是耶鲁（Yale）大学心理学和认知科学（psychology and cognitive science）的教授
I was born in Montreal Canada.出生在加拿大的蒙特利市（Montreal Canada）
I was an undergraduate at McGill University,毕业于麦吉尔大学（McGill University）
and did my doctorate degree at MIT.之后在麻省理工学院（MIT）拿到博士学位
And now I live in New Haven Connecticut with my wife, my two teenage sons,现在我和我妻子还有两个青少年儿子住在康涅狄格州的纽黑文
and my dog Cassie who was a greyhound,还有我的灰狗Cassie
who was no Greyhound that may not survive the course,是一条老狗 也许活不到我们的课程结束了
but we're hoping.虽然我们都希望它活得久一点
My research is 我的研究关注不同的领域
focuses on different areas including the science of pleasure,包括关于人的愉悦感科学
of religion and especially morality,宗教科学 尤其还有道德科学
and I do scientific experiments to get written up in scientific journals,同时我也在科学期刊上发表我的一些科学研究成果
but also I'm interested in presenting the fruits to this research,我很乐意把这些研究成果
the fruits of other people's research to a broad audience,和他人的研究成果介绍给更多的人
so I publish articles in popular magazines,所以我也把文章发表在通俗杂志上
and I also write books.而且我还著书
I want to introduce now to the teaching assistant for the course,现在我想让大家认识一下我们这门课的助教
Christina Starmanns.Christina Starmanns
Hi. I'm Christina Starmanns.大家好 我是Christina Starmanns
I'll be the teaching assistant for this course.担任本课的助教
And I'm a fifty year graduate student here at Yale.我现在是耶鲁大学五年级的研究生
And I was also born in Canada and Toronto.我也是加拿大人 出生在多伦多（Toronto）
And I did my undergraduate at the University of Waterloo,本科毕业于滑铁卢大学（the University of Waterloo）
there I'm in both psychology and philosophy.在此期间我修学了心理学和哲学
And I spent a year at New York University working之后我在纽约大学（New York University）工作了一年
on psychology research with babies,研究婴幼儿心理
looking at how they come to understand language and communication.观察他们是如何学会语言和交流的
So here at Yale I do research with young children and adults.现在我在耶鲁大学做关于小孩子和成人的研究
I'm looking at our intuitions about bodies and minds,观察直觉如何影响我们的身心
and in particular what our intuitions are about the self of the soul.特别是直觉和灵魂本身的关系
And I'm looking forward to getting started on this course.我很期待这门课
Thank you.谢谢
So a lot with this course will be lectures, lectures like this,这门课是以讲课的形式进行
one exit will be talking about 我们会在一个切入点中
different issues in different questions.引入不同的议题 在问题中讨论
If the sound of my voice drives you crazy,如果一听到我的声音你就要发狂了
this might not be a course for you.那么这门课也许不是你的菜
The sound of my voice makes you quiver and happiness,如果你听到我的声音会觉得愉快和兴奋
this is a great course for you.那么这门课就是为你准备的
Most of you will be somewhere in between,你们中大多数人应该都在这两种反应之间吧
but there will be lectures.不管怎么说大家都要认真听课
There'll be readings. The readings are all gonna be available online,所有本课的延伸阅读都可以上网下载
They are all free, they're freely accessible.不收取费用 大家可以很方便地下载
They're all chosen to be interesting and informative and up-to-date.我们准备的阅读材料内容丰富 都是有趣的 最新的
And just I think some best work in the field.是我认为这个领域中做得最棒的
So readings are exciting part of the course,所以延伸阅读是本课中很激动人心的一部分
some other readings aren't actually going to be readings.有些阅读材料是不需要精读的
What I mean by this is some into material will be assigned to look at 我的意思是材料里有些部分只要求浏览
will be video. And so at several points we are assigned,有些会在教学录影带中提到 所以
Ted talks for instance, for people to watch.
And this will be part of the understanding
we need to get to go forward in this course.
There's also an optional book 还有一本书供同学们选读
which is highly recommended. This is my own book Just Babies.我很推荐这本书 就是我自己写的 Just Babies
And what this book does is,这本书中
it covers the areas of this course in more detail.详细地介绍了和本课有关的一些内容
It goes over all the same topics are we talking about,和我们讨论的所有问题
we will be reading about and discussing,我们会在学习中阅读和讨论
but just to a greater extent, more examples and more 把更广阔的思维 更多的例子
citations in a deeper discussions.和更多的旁征博引带到深层次的讨论里
So although I was not I compulsory, I do highly ordered people 因此虽然我不强制要求 但是我十分建议大家去买一本
to get a copy. I am a writer of the book,我就是该书的作者
I do have a bit of a vested interest.我确实可以从中获取一些既得利益
And so I hope you forgive me when I also suggest所以希望你能谅解我建议大家
you buy copies for your friends and family.也给你的朋友和家人买一本
In addition, we will have office hours.另外我们还有专门的办公时间
Now we don't know how big this course will be,目前我们还不知道这门课的规模有多大
as I'm taping this two courses not yet begun.因为我现在录制的两节课还没有正式开课
It could be tens of thousands,也许会有好几万人参加这门课
will be tens of thousands we know already,已知的已经有好几万了
could be hundreds of thousands.也许还会增加到几十万
So we can't be in a situation 因此我就不能
where I everybody gets a chance to talk and meet at once,马上就和每个人都交流
but there are ways around this and what we decide to do for office hours 但是我们会有办法解决这个问题
is that we're gonna invited the end of a week lectures,我们决定利用办公时间在每周课程结束后做个邀请
invite people to send us by email 邀请大家给我们以邮件的形式
questions, comments, counter-argument, discussion points,发送问题 见解 悖论 讨论的要点
and then Christina Starmanns and I will go over and chose 然后我和助教会浏览和挑选
a representative sample focuses on 一个具有代表性的样本
some very best and very funny and some very most interesting.包括很棒的 很有趣的 很奇特的问题
and I will sit around and she'll ask these questions to me.我会坐着听助教对我提出的问题
She'll convey your questions, your comments and our response.她会反映你们的的问题和见解 再将我们的回应传达给大家
We'll have a discussion based on this.我们就这些问题展开讨论
And that will be the office hours part of the course.这部分会包括在课程学时里
I'm planning to invite visitors,我还打算邀请嘉宾
I'm planned to invite some other very top researchers in the field,请一些走在我们这个领域前沿的研究者
some people whose names you've heard of,一些你们也许耳闻过其大名的人
some people who have had a profound influence to come visit us here,一些有着深刻影响力的人来到我们的课程
and again will do the same thing.然后同样地
We will talk to these visitors.我们会和嘉宾们交流
We will invite you to ask questions to the visitors.你们也将被邀请向嘉宾提问
And we will ask these questions for you on your behalf.我们会在你的立场上替你提出这些问题
And in this way you get to participate in that limited fashion.通过这种方式大家可以参与到有限的教学讨论中
I'm in how the course progresses and hopefully 我正在计划课程的进展 希望能
get answers to some questions that might 准备好那些可能
arise throughout the course.在课程中出现的问题的解答
A more direct way to participate is discussions.一个更为直接的参与方式是一起讨论
There will be some opportunity, in fact some requirement,课程中会有一些机会 实际上是一些要求
that everybody engage in discussion. We'll have discussion board setup,让大家参与到讨论中 我们设置好了论坛区
so that people can engage in discussion and debate,大家可以进入其中讨论问题或者辩论
and for each time we do this for each discussion we set up,每一次既定的讨论
both Christina Starmanns, your teaching fellow,我和助教Christina Starmanns
and myself will get into this.都会参与其中
We will-we will participate in discussions,我们会参加讨论
we will add comments, make arguments, defend ourselves, and so on.会进行点评建议 和大家辩论 解释我们的立场 等等
Finally, for evaluative purposes we have quizzes and exams.最后 我们会以小测试和考试的形式对大家进行评估
There will be quizzes and either at the middle or the end,在课程中间或者末尾都会有小测试
and each specific lecture. And there will be exams at the end of 每次讲课也会有 考试是在每周课程结束
each week and at the end of the course itself.已及本课结课的时候进行
The exams will cover both the lectures 考试范围既包括我们的讲课内容
as well as all of the readings.也包括延伸阅读中的内容
And they will be the basis for your feedback,这些知识是你反馈和
for your evaluation of the course,课程学习评估的基础
and also the existence the quizzes and exams.也是测验和考试存在的原因
I think it help people focus on things. They help people.我认为测试可以帮助人们专注于一件事
get feedback as how well they're pursuing things,帮助他们反思自己把某事做得如何
they motivate people to get interested in it.也可以激发人们的兴趣
so I wanna try to keep our quizzes and exams both comprehensive 所以我想把小测试和考试做得既易懂
but also interesting.又有趣
Okay.好了
So that's the sort of mechanics of the course.这就是这门课的基本结构
What the course about is primarily about moral judgment 本课程主要是关于道德判断（moral judgment）
and moral action. What I mean by this is 和道德行为(moral action)的 我想说的是
your judgment as to the morality of something,你对某事的道德判断
whether it's right or wrong, but also your choices 或对或错 也是你
as to how to live your life,对如何度过一生的选择
living a moral life, living an immorally life.过道德的生活 还是不道德的生活
For more generally, this course is about good and evil.简单地说 本课程是关于善和恶的
And to illustrate in more detail what I'm talking about,为了更具体地说明我的想法
I'll give three short examples of the sorts of things 我会给出和本课所讲内容有关的三个例子
will be looking at in this course. So one example is kindness,其中一个例子是关于善行的
sometimes is called altruism or prosocial behavior,有时我们也叫它利他主义（altruism）的或利社会的行为（prosocial behavior）
as when with no obvious payoff, were nice to another individual.当某种行为没有显而易见的报酬时 我们对他人友好的时候
Now, I'm primarily developmental psychologists,目前我主要作为一个发展心理学家
and a lot of my examples are gonna be with children.所以我举出的很多例子都是和孩子有关的
So give me an example this with children.下面这个例子就是关于孩子的
and this is from the work of Felix Warneken and Michael Tomassello.
So they set up an experiment where you have a toddler,
the toddler sitting in a room, and there is somebody needs help.
And the question is without anybody prompting the toddler,
what is the toddler do?
And I'll show you one of the videos from their studies.
And I think it-it's a nice illustration of human kindness.
There's kindness, but there's also cruelty.
There's evil, there is viciousness.
There's no shortage examples of this
I could give to you on bad behavior. So I'll choose one sort of,
somewhat strange things will been amusing example.
It's about something which happened in London a couple of years ago.
So some guy loses his cat, he can't find his cat.
And so he goes around, "where's my cat"?
and then when taking out the garbage, he opens up the garbage can,
bin in England, the garbage bin,
and see his cat in there, so how did the cat get in there?
Well, he goes, he somehow gets access to the video cameras
that around the street,
in London, if you know, there's a lot of video cameras everywhere.
And he discovers this,
and I'll show you the video she'd posted it on-on...
which he'd put himselve on Facebook and then ended up on YouTube.
Sooner or later, they crackdown the woman who toss the cat away.
She's pursued and ultimately she's questioned.
uh.. And, uh... she's asked why did you do this?
Since she gives also two reasons she says,
one point says "it was a split-second madness",
"I thought it would be funny", and "it's just a cat".
And people were not pleased by these excuses,
they were to not pleased by her behavior.
And she was attacked by the press.
And then she needed police protection,
because people wanted to kill her for throwing the cat in the bin.
Now this is interesting, it's clear enough why the guy
would be upset, the cat owner would be upset,
it's clear enough why the cat would be upset,
but why with strangers with nothing to do with this,
why would they be enraged at what the woman did?
They weren't involved, they weren't harmed. And I think this sort of
incident tells us something interesting about morality
which that morally matters. When I see something evil being done,
even if I'm not involved in it, there is a punitive impulse.
There is an impulse that the perpetrator should be punished,
justice should be done.
And a question of where that comes from? How this system evolved?
How-how on the one hand do we have
a psychology built for empathy and compassion and kindness as
that child helping the man and in another way have a psychology build
for justice, for punishment as in the case of that hacks on this woman.
Where these all come from? And those are questions that will occupy us.
We will also be interested
and this is my third example in human differences.