在第二次世界大战中， NARRATOR: In the Second World War,
国家的命运就此决定 the fate of nations was decided
通过他们的武器库的力量。 by the strength of their arsenals.
每种武器都是为了满足特定需求而制造的， Every weapon was made to fill a specific need,
为单一目的而设计…… designed for a single purpose...
．．赢得对敌人的技术优势的竞赛。 ..to win the race for technological supremacy over the enemy.
第二次世界大战是一场争夺火力优势的史诗般的战斗。 World War II is this epic battle for fire superiority.
所以，每一方都需要赢得这场战斗，并投入更多的火力 So, each side needs to win that battle and put more firepower
在前线比他们的对手。 on the front line than their opponent.
从手枪的工艺 From the craft of hand guns
坦克的力量， to the strength of tanks,
飞机的精度和航程，再到巨型船只的绝对力量， the precision and range of aircraft, to the sheer power of mega ships,
在战火中锻造的武器 weapons forged in the fires of a world at war
和以前见过的不一样。 were unlike those ever seen before.
武器装备的最新和最具创造性的进步 The latest and most inventive advances in weaponry fuelled
战斗策略和确定的胜败。 battle strategies and determined victories and losses.
第二次世界大战的结果是完全不确定的 The outcome of World War II was completely dependent
关于战时物资的生产。 on production of wartime materials.
这些战争机器被设计得更远、更快、性能更好 These machines of war were designed to go further, faster and perform
更精确地说， with greater precision,
带更多的东西，得到更好的保护 to carry more, and to be better protected
通过更强大的武器。 by stronger armaments.
赌注从未如此之大，一个国家获胜的能力至关重要 The stakes were never greater, and a nation's ability to win hinged
在获得巨大而无与伦比的原材料和坚定不移的基础上 on access to vast and unparalleled raw materials and on the unwavering
这是人民的意愿。 will of its people.
这是《战争机器：第二次世界大战》 This is War Machine: World War II.
随着二战的爆发 With the outbreak of the Second World War,
各国必须迅速建立庞大的军队并提供军队 countries had to quickly build large armies and provide them
用陆战的武器。 with weapons for land warfare.
把你自己想象成前线的士兵。 Think about yourself as a soldier on the front line.
你想从手中的武器中得到什么。 What do you want from the weapons that you hold.
首先，他们需要随时可用。 For a start, they need to be available.
你可不想空手而归。 You don't want to be going into battle empty-handed.
目标是确保每个士兵都有枪， The goal was to ensure every soldier had a gun,
部署坦克支援； deploy tanks for support,
制造出强大的重型武器。 and produce powerful, heavy weapons.
我们可以谈谈战争中的英雄。 We can talk about the heroes of war.
我们可以谈谈那些参战的战士。 We can talk about the men of war who fought.
当然，它们是必不可少的。 And of course, they were essential.
但如果没有这些材料，盟军根本不会获胜。 But without those materials, the allies simply wouldn't have won.
(爆炸) (EXPLOSION)
这是一个冲突和生产的规模， This was a scale of conflict and of production,
这在历史上是前所未有的。 never before seen in history.
(枪声) (GUNSHOTS)
(快速枪声) (RAPID GUNFIRE)
对每个士兵来说最重要的工具是一支小武器。 The crucial tool for every soldier is a small arm.
但是武装每个单独的姿势 But arming each individual poses
这是前所未有的后勤挑战。 an unprecedented logistical challenge.
在第二次世界大战期间，有超过1.2亿的男女被动员起来， With over 120 million men and women mobilised during World War II,
对武器的需求导致了深刻的变化 the demand for weapons led to profound changes
在轻武器设计和制造方面。 in small-arms design and manufacturing.
第二次世界大战刚开始时， At the very beginning of World War II,
轻武器设计的重点 the emphasis in small-arms design
经常使用高质量的组件 was often on high-quality components
以及高质量的制造工艺。 and high-quality manufacturing processes.
世界上的战斗人员很快意识到事实并非如此 The world's combatants soon realised that that was not
我要去做这份工作。 going to do the job.
当他们建立大规模军队时， As they created mass armies,
你需要大量的武器 you needed mass weapons to give
给士兵们。 to the soldiers.
没有比这更有效的战争准备了 Nowhere was the preparation for war more efficiently executed
比美国多。 than in the United States.
在欧洲战争爆发时，美国正在生产 At the outbreak of the war in Europe, the US was producing
更多的钢铁、铝、石油和汽车 more steel, aluminium, oil and cars
比世界上任何其他国家都要多。 than any other country in the world.
仅在1939年， In 1939 alone,
他们生产了390万辆汽车。 they manufactured 3.9 million cars.
利用他们现有的基础设施进行大规模生产 Leveraging their established infrastructure for mass production
成为美国战时战略的关键资产。 became a pivotal asset in the American wartime strategy.
美国有巨大的经济产能 There was just massive economic capacity in the US
这在别处是不存在的。 that didn't exist elsewhere.
美国经济产出是德国经济产出总和的两倍 The US economy's output was double the combined output of Germany
第二次世界大战前夕的日本。 and Japan, on the eve of World War II.
1939年，尽管美国拥有强大的生产能力， In 1939, although the US had strong production capabilities,
在动员工厂备战方面，它落后于其他国家。 it lagged behind other nations in mobilising factories for war.
英国从1936年开始 Britain started in 1936,
1935年的德国， Germany in 1935,
日本甚至更早。 and Japan even earlier.
当欧洲和亚洲在战斗时， While Europe and Asia are fighting,
美国有能力开始 the United States is able to start
改变那些工厂，支持同盟国。 changing those factories over and supporting the allies.
不是公开的，因为他们仍然是中立的。 Not openly, because they're still neutral.
罗斯福总统指派通用汽车公司总裁比尔·克努森 President Roosevelt assigned General Motors President Bill Knudsen
重组美国生产以备战时之需。 to reorganise American production for wartime readiness.
到1940年10月，克努森策划了920份合同 By October 1940, Knudsen had orchestrated 920 contracts
价值90亿美元，重定向了近500家公司 worth $9 billion, redirecting nearly 500 companies
为军事计划做准备。 to gear up for military projects.
1940年12月，罗斯福宣布…… In December of 1940, Roosevelt proclaimed...
我们必须成为民主的伟大武器库。 We must be the great arsenal of democracy.
美国已经开始着手大型军事工业项目。 And the US was already embarking on big military industrial projects.
但罗斯福担心美国需要做得更多， But Roosevelt was concerned that the US needed to do more,
尤其是对真正受到威胁的英国 especially for Britain, which was truly being threatened
1940年被德国轰炸机袭击。 in 1940, by German bombers.
（空袭警笛鸣响） (AIR RAID SIREN WAILS)
这种转变获得了关键的动力，导致了臭名昭著的 This transformation gained crucial momentum leading up to the infamous
偷袭珍珠港 attack on Pearl Harbour,
因为罗斯福认识到准备的必要性 as Roosevelt recognised the imperative of preparing
这个国家在全球冲突中扮演着越来越重要的角色。 the nation for an increasing role in the global conflict.
爆炸发生后， Following the bombing,
罗斯福总统告诉国会，强大的敌人 President Roosevelt told Congress that powerful enemies
必须被打败，被打败。 must be outfought and outproduced.
我已下令采取一切措施保卫我们的国家。 I have directed that all measures be taken for our defence.
罗斯福在扩大生产方面的远见 Roosevelt's foresight in scaling production
马上就要有回报了。 was about to pay off.
不管要花多长时间， No matter how long it may take us,
美国人民正义的力量， the American people in their righteous might,
一定会赢得绝对的胜利。 will win through to absolute victory.
（欢呼和掌声） (CHEERING AND APPLAUSE)
美国政府的一些投资集中在设备重组上 Some of the US government investment was focused on retooling
增加现有武器的日产量。 existing weapons manufacturing to increase daily production.
(快速枪声) (RAPID GUNFIRE)
作为美国最受欢迎的二战步枪之一， For one of America's most popular World War II rifles,
M1加兰德半自动步枪 the M1 Garand semiautomatic rifle,
改造工厂的过程取得了令人难以置信的成功。 the process of retooling factories proved incredibly successful.
(枪火灾) (GUN FIRES)
1938年，斯普林菲尔德军械库M1的日产量下降 In 1938, daily production of the M1 at Springfield Armoury sat
20支步枪。 at 20 rifles.
随着时间的推移，工厂升级为现代化的机器， The factory upgraded to modern machinery over time,
将步枪产量提高到每天4000支， increasing rifle production to 4,000 per day,
结果超过400万 resulting in over 4 million
战争结束时生产的M1加兰德步枪。 M1 Garand rifles made by the war's end.
但重组也是一个复杂的过程， But retooling was also a complex process,
步枪需要非常精确的机器生产。 with the rifle needing incredibly accurate machine production.
M1由80个部件组成， The M1 was made up of 80 components,
它们是通过1040个机加工工序制造出来的， which were manufactured across 1,040 machining operations,
有448个检查站。 with 448 check points.
在最后的检查中， In the final inspection,
使用了622套量规来确保每个零件都满足要求 622 sets of gauges were used to ensure each part met
正常工作所需的规格。 the necessary specifications to function properly.
(枪声) (GUNFIRE)
M1经过了几轮精心的改进 The M1 went through rounds of careful refinement
在产量增加之前， before production was ramped up,
使它成为一种非常可靠的武器。 making it an incredibly reliable weapon.
它的设计也便于装填和射击。 It was also designed to be easy to load and fire.
(枪火灾) (GUN FIRES)
在轻武器设计的历史上，美国是不同寻常的 The United States was unusual in the history of small-arms design
因为在20世纪30年代，它开始研究武装 because, in the 1930s, it began to investigate arming
它的整个军队都配备了自动装填的半自动步枪。 its entire army with a self-loading semiautomatic rifle.
这是超前于时代的。 This was way ahead of its time.
没有其他人真正在做这件事。 Nobody else was really doing this.
M1利用发射后的膨胀气体作为动力 The M1 used the expanding gases from a fired round to power
一种将下一轮轮换到位的机制。 a mechanism that would rotate the next round into place.
这意味着枪的八发弹夹 This meant that the gun's eight-round clip
可以很快被解雇。 could be fired quickly.
它也可以在弹夹中所有子弹之前重新装填 It was also possible to reload before all the rounds in a clip
被使用。 were used.
在战场上， In the field,
它以耐用和准确而闻名。 it gained a reputation for being hardwearing and accurate.
它在火力方面是革命性的 And it was transformational in terms of the firepower
美国步兵可以在前线投放的武器 that US infantry could put down on the front line.
乔治·巴顿将军甚至称之为最伟大的战争 General George Patton even called it the greatest
战斗工具的设计， battle implement ever designed,
它改变了步兵战争的面貌 and it changed the face of infantry warfare
代表美国。 for the United States.
然而，需要更快地生产小型武器 However, the need to produce small arms faster
并不是美国独有的。 and in greater quantities was not unique to the United States.
在战前，意大利有着悠久的工艺历史 Before the war years, Italy had a long history of craftsmanship
制造武器和盔甲。 in manufacturing arms and armour.
以质量和设计之美而闻名 A reputation for quality and beauty of design
建造了几百年。 built over hundreds of years.
但对效率的需求推动了变革。 But the need for efficiency drove change.
自动化和简化是关键…… Automation and simplification were key...
．．反映在进化中 ..reflected in the evolution
意大利贝雷塔38A冲锋枪 of the Italian Beretta 38A submachine gun.
现在，有些人认为这种冲锋枪是最好的 Now, some people regard this submachine gun as the best
第二次世界大战的冲锋枪。 submachine gun of World War II.
它以每分钟约600发的循环速度射击。 It fired at a cyclical rate of about 600 rounds a minute.
它非常可靠，非常准确， It was super reliable, it was very accurate,
发射起来也很舒服。 and it was very comfortable to fire.
在两次世界大战期间设计， Designed during the interwar years,
贝雷塔38A最初是制造的 the Beretta 38A was originally made
从单独加工的零件。 from individually machined parts.
机械加工过程就像一个木工在削木头， The machining process resembles a woodworker shaping wood,
机械师在哪里切割、研磨、钻孔和塑造金属 where the machinist cuts, grinds, bores and shapes metal
达到所需的尺寸和形状。 to the desired size and form.
这使得枪非常坚固耐用，但也意味着 This made the gun incredibly sturdy and hardwearing, but also meant
它价格昂贵，生产速度较慢。 it was expensive and slower to produce.
它的建造质量也使它携带起来很重。 Its build quality also made it heavy to carry.
贝雷塔的设计在整个战争期间不断更新 The design of the Beretta would be iterated throughout the war
为了使其生产速度更快，成本更低。 in a bid to make it faster and cheaper to produce.
他们试图在质量和成本之间找到一个折衷方案， They sought to find a compromise between quality and cost,
有个能坐着的武器要好得多 and it was far better to have a weapon that sat
在这两个参数的中间 in the middle of those two parameters
但它对每个人都开放， but it was available to everybody,
与其试图生产出高质量的产品， rather than try to produce something that was of superb quality,
但数量太少，意义不大。 but was available in too few numbers to be significant.
改变包括移除包裹它的桶形裹尸布， Changes included removing the barrel shroud that encased it,
用冲压金属板制造枪管 manufacturing the barrel from stamped sheet metal
它们被轧制并焊接在一起， that was rolled and welded together,
更换发射装置 and replacing the firing mechanism
只有一个固定螺栓，没有可拆卸的点火销。 with a single fixed bolt, with no removable firing pin.
经过这些修改，生产水平飙升 With these modifications, production levels soared
到每月生产40000台38A to as high as 40,000 38A's manufactured per month
1943年到1945年间， between 1943 and 1945,
同时保持其可靠性和精度的声誉。 all while maintaining its reputation for reliability and precision.
(爆炸) (EXPLOSION)
意大利军队主要使用贝雷塔 Italian armed forces used the Beretta primarily
在北非和俄罗斯。 in North Africa and Russia.
他们还向盟友提供大量物资。 They also supplied large volumes to their allies.
德国人得到了超过20万的贝雷塔， The Germans were supplied with well over 200,000 berettas,
甚至在意大利投降后还在继续生产 even continuing to manufacture it themselves, after Italy's surrender.
他们一直在大量生产， And they kept making them in significant volumes,
它经常被分发给德国精锐部队，比如武装党卫军 and it often went out to elite German forces, such as the Waffen-SS
或者伞兵，它变成了一种被欣赏的枪 or the paratroopers, and it became a gun that was appreciated
是特种部队干的。 by special forces.
找到降低枪支生产成本的方法至关重要 Finding ways to make guns cheaper to produce was essential
到战时生产。 to wartime production.
英国政府也在寻找速度更快的枪支 The British government was also looking for guns that were faster
而且成本更低。 and cheaper to make.
在大量损失后特别迫切的需要 A particularly urgent need after the loss of large amounts
在战争初期英国军火库中 of the British arsenal early in the war.
1940年5月，德国实施闪电战的震慑攻击战略 In May 1940, the German Blitzkrieg shock-and-awe attack strategy
目睹了西欧一个又一个国家的衰落 had seen one country after another across Western Europe fall
由他们控制。 to their control.
英国远征军及其盟友被击退 The British Expeditionary Force and their allies had been pushed back
前往法国的敦刻尔克海港。 to the French seaport of Dunkirk.
法国的迅速沦陷对所有领导人来说都是一个彻底的打击， MAN: The rapid fall of France came as a complete shock to all leaders,
甚至是德国的将军们。 even the German generals.
然而，请记住，每一支第一次遭遇纳粹的军队 However, keep in mind that every army that first encountered the Nazi
战争机器，他们在第一回合就被打得很惨。 war machine, they were all badly beaten in the first rounds.
将近20万英国军队和14万法国和比利时军队 Nearly 200,000 British troops and 140,000 French and Belgian troops
从敦刻尔克海滩撤离，回到亲人身边 were evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk, back to the relative
英国的安全。 safety of Britain.
敦刻尔克大撤退拯救了三分之一的士兵， The evacuation at Dunkirk saved a third of a million soldiers,
但英国的坦克和火炮全部被摧毁 but left all of Britain's tanks and artillery destroyed
在海滩上。 on the beaches.
他们留下了八万五千辆车，一万一千挺机枪， It had left 85,000 vehicles, 11,000 machine guns,
成千上万吨的弹药。 tens of thousands of tonnes of ammunition.
如果英国要面对德国的威胁 Now, if Britain was going to meet the threat of Germany,
它需要重新武装，而且要快。 it needed to rearm and rearm fast.
为了保卫法国，英国几乎失去了全部军火库 Britain had lost almost their entire arsenal in the bid to defend France
从纳粹手中。 from the Nazis.
他们不仅装备不足，无法发动进攻， Not only were they ill-equipped to mount an offensive,
他们几乎没有武器来保护自己。 they barely had the weapons to defend themselves.
为了让你们了解问题的严重性， And to give you a sense of the scale of the problem,
到1940年7月，仅英国国民卫队就有150万人。 by July 1940, the British Home Guard alone numbered 1.5 million men...
．．而且大多数人都没有武器。 ..and most of those did not have weapons.
随着纳粹入侵的威胁迫近，英国需要的是 With the threat of Nazi invasion looming, what Britain needed
是一种可以制造得又快又便宜的枪来重新武装吗 was a gun that could be built fast and cheap, to rearm
非常紧急。 with the utmost urgency.
答案是这样的 The answer came in the form
斯特恩枪。 of the Sten gun.
它只有三公斤重 It weighed only three kilograms
而且能从32发弹匣中每秒发射8发子弹。 and could fire eight rounds per second from a 32-round magazine.
(快速枪声) (RAPID GUNFIRE)
现在，斯坦枪被戏称为“水管工的噩梦”。 Now, the Sten gun has been called, jokingly, 'the plumber's nightmare'.
这能让你了解枪的样子。 And this gives you a sense of what the gun was like.
以现代的标准来看，这是非常粗糙的。 It was, by modern standards, incredibly crude.
它本质上是一根带有触发装置的钢管，一个枪管， It was essentially a steel tube with a trigger mechanism, a barrel,
还有一个螺栓。 and a bolt.
最简化的版本 The most simplified version
斯特恩炮的前身是MK III of the Sten gun was the MK III,
由48个部件组成 built from 48 parts
与原来的59个相比。 compared to the original 59.
斯特恩枪从一开始就是为大规模生产而设计的。 The Sten gun was designed, from the outset, for mass production.
来达到他们需要达到的数字 To achieve the numbers that they needed to achieve
它采用了压制和冲压工艺 it used pressing and stamping processes, where it got
用金属片压成形状。 sheets of metal and just pressed them into shape.
唯一昂贵的部件是桶 The only bits that were machined expensively were the barrel
还有螺栓。 and the bolt.
这种生产过程意味着枪需要 This production process meant the gun needed
制造更少的材料。 less materials to make.
在斯坦炮和敦刻尔克大撤退之前， Before the Sten gun and the evacuation at Dunkirk,
英国政府转向了美国 the British government had turned to the American
汤普森冲锋枪，订购了近三十万支 Thompson submachine gun, ordering close to 300,000 units
来自美国制造商。 from the US manufacturer.
当时的希望是，由于美国尚未参战，秩序 The hope was that, since the US wasn't already at war, the order
可以很快填满。 could be filled quickly.
现实却大不相同。 The reality was vastly different.
在海上损失和转移之间 Between losses at sea and the shift
加速重整军备 in the US towards faster rearmament,
英国只收到了他们订购的大约三分之一的枪支。 Britain only received around one third of the guns they ordered.
(快速枪声) (RAPID GUNFIRE)
斯特恩枪的投资要明智得多。 The Sten gun made a much more sensible investment.
它不仅制作速度快，而且便宜得多 Not only was it fast to make, but it was far cheaper
比汤普森还要好。 than the Thompson.
一把斯坦枪的生产成本约为2英镑或10美元。 A Sten gun could be produced for about £2 or USD $10.
一把汤普森冲锋枪的价格 A Thompson submachine gun cost
200美元买，是20倍 USD $200 to buy, making it 20 times
比斯坦贵。 more expensive than the Sten.
另一个优点是简单和零件数量少 Another advantage of the simplicity and the small number of parts
你能把它的生产外包给很多小企业吗 was you could put its manufacture out to lots of small businesses
并在最后一刻将各个部分组合在一起。 and bring together the parts at the last moment.
斯滕枪的弹药生产成本也更低， Ammunition was also cheaper to produce for the Sten gun,
需要的铅、铜和黄铜比汤普森的少 requiring less lead, copper and brass than the Thompson's
弹药。 ammunition.
斯滕枪在战场上也很容易维护， The Sten gun was also simple to maintain in the field,
因为它几乎不需要上油。 as it needed almost no oiling.
但也不全是好消息。 But it wasn't all good news.
斯特恩枪是出了名的不可靠。 The Sten gun was notoriously unreliable.
你可以扣动扳机，插销就会向前 You could pull the trigger, the bolt would go forward
而且它不会开火。 and it would not fire.
这个士兵最后会不停地敲打手柄 This soldier would end up racking the handle constantly
试着让它重新开始。 to try and get it going again.
更令人担忧的是，有时它会自行爆炸。 More alarmingly, sometimes, it could go off by itself.
如果它被狠狠地撞了一下， If it was given a really severe knock,
机制会改变。 the mechanism would shift.
它会装上子弹然后开火。 It would load a cartridge and fire.
(快速枪声) (RAPID GUNFIRE)
尽管存在这些问题，斯特恩枪还是大受欢迎。 Despite these issues, the Sten gun proved massively popular.
英国在战争期间生产了400多万辆。 Britain produced over 4 million units over the course of the war.
它也在地下运动中受到欢迎 It also came into favour in underground movements
在纳粹占领的欧洲，在一些国家有党派团体 in Nazi-occupied Europe, with partisan groups in countries
比如波兰、丹麦、法国和挪威 like Poland, Denmark, France and Norway
建立自己的副本。 building their own duplicates.
斯滕枪可能是出于迫切需要而诞生的， The Sten gun may have been born out of a desperate need,
但它快速、便宜、简单是普遍的原则 but the fact that it was fast, cheap and simple were universal principles
战时制造业。 of wartime manufacturing.
这种方法确保了数百万支枪 This approach ensured that millions of guns
给了需要的步兵。 reached the infantry soldiers who needed them.
(佳能火灾) (CANON FIRES)
当枪支被大量生产的时候， While guns were being manufactured in high volume,
战场上的士兵需要的不仅仅是手持武器 soldiers on the battlefield needed more than hand-held weapons to gain
优于敌人。 superiority over their enemy.
这种需要得到了重炮的回应。 A need that was answered by heavy artillery...
．．用来对付更大威胁的巨型枪， ..mega guns designed to take down larger threats,
无论是反坦克还是防空武器， whether it be anti-tank or anti-aircraft weapons,
或者作为攻城武器对付难以穿透的防御工事。 or as a siege weapon against impenetrable fortifications.
管理这些重型武器是一项专门的工作 It was a dedicated enterprise to manage these heavy weapons
并制造它们。 and to manufacture them.
战争期间， During the war,
实现了高产量和安全的供应线 high production numbers and a secure supply line were achieved
通过在多个公司之间分配制造。 by distributing manufacturing amongst multiple companies.
这是英国使用的生产模式 This was the production model Britain used for one
在他们的重炮武器中，25磅炮。 of their heavy artillery weapons, the 25-pounder.
(佳能火灾) (CANON FIRES)
25磅炮是一种多功能重型武器，可以发射 The 25-pounder was a versatile heavy weapon, capable of being fired
在较低轨道的远距离上， at long range, with a lower trajectory,
或者在更高的轨道上 or at a higher trajectory
有一个陡峭的下降。 with a steep descent.
它可以装上不同的装药以进行短程射击 It could be loaded with different charges to fire short
或者长距离。 or long distances.
这种多样性使它成为英国军火库中受欢迎的武器。 This diversity made it a popular weapon in the British arsenal.
25磅快速炮是野战炮 The 25-pounder Quick Firer was THE field gun
英国陆军司令 of the British Army
整个二战期间 throughout the Second World War.
它被用在东南亚… It was used in South-East Asia...
．．在北非的沙漠中 ..in the deserts of North Africa,
在西欧…… in Western Europe...
．．在英国。 ..in Britain.
军队所到之处都有枪。 The gun went everywhere the army went.
25磅炮的生产首先交给了维克斯， Production of the 25-pounder was first handed over to Vickers,
一家英国工程公司 a British engineering company.
从1939年9月到1940年底， Between September 1939 and the end of 1940,
维克斯不仅负责提供25磅的弹药 Vickers was responsible for supplying not only the 25-pounder,
但占了英国全部火炮的三分之二 but around two thirds of all British artillery.
然后，在1940年末到1941年， Then, in late 1940 and into 1941,
25磅炮的生产是多样化的， production of the 25-pounder was diversified,
另有五家私营公司承担了这项任务。 with another five private companies taking on the task.
这枚25磅的炮弹由枪管和后膛组成， The 25-pounder consisted of a barrel and breech,
弹药装在哪里 where the ammunition is loaded,
还有一节车厢和站台 and a carriage and platform
枪就挂在上面。 onto which the gun was attached.
马车的制造是一个不那么复杂的部分 Manufacturing of the of the carriage was a less complex part
并在英国进一步转包。 of the process, and was further subcontracted in the UK.
在敦刻尔克失去了军火库之后， After the loss of their arsenal at Dunkirk,
英国不得不进一步多样化生产以满足需求。 Britain had to further diversify production to keep up with demand.
二战期间制造了大约13000枚25磅炸弹， There were about 13,000 25-pounders made during the Second World War,
那可是很多枪啊， which is an awful lot of guns,
装备了很多团。 equipping an awful lot of regiments.
所以，这是一个生产壮举，但这是一个共享的生产壮举 So, it was a production feat, but it was a shared production feat
因为它们也是在加拿大和澳大利亚制造的。 because they were made in Canada and Australia, as well.
为了满足战时需求， To meet wartime demands,
各国发现，共享生产成果是关键。 nations found that sharing production efforts was key.
他们依靠现有的成熟的私营企业 They relied on established private industries with existing
基础设施和专业知识。 infrastructure and expertise.
在纳粹德国，工业家和国家之间的联系出现了 In Nazi Germany, the bond between industrialists and the state emerged
在宣战之前， before any war declaration,
源于第一次世界大战后的条件 stemming from post-World War I conditions
以及凡尔赛条约 and the Treaty of Versailles,
这些条款认为德国是战争的侵略者 terms which deemed Germany the war's aggressor
并将军队限制在不超过10万人， and limited its military to no more than 100,000 men,
这使得武器制造很少， and which allowed for very little weapons manufacturing,
不包括武装飞机和大炮。 including no armed aircraft or artillery.
根据条约，德国也失去了现有的攻城武器。 Under the treaty, Germany also lost their existing siege weaponry.
但该国武器制造商的工作仍在秘密进行， But work continued in secret among the country's weapons manufacturers,
比如Essen的克虏伯公司。 companies like Krupp of Essen.
德国西部埃森的克虏伯问题也许是 The Krupp concern of Essen in western Germany was perhaps
德国军队最重要的武器生产商 the most important producer of weapons for the German army,
火炮生产是他们的主要力量。 and artillery production was their main strength.
事实上，克虏伯家族一直在生产火炮 And indeed, the Krupp family had been producing artillery
几百年来 for some hundreds of years
第二次世界大战之前 prior to World War II.
战前，克虏伯公司继续设计和生产武器 Before the war, Krupp continued to design and produce weapons
在凡尔赛条约的条款之外 outside the terms of the Versailles Treaty.
其中一种武器会变成88毫米火炮… One of these weapons would become the 88mm artillery gun...
．．一个巨大的防空和反坦克炮 ..A massive anti-aircraft and anti-tank gun
足以摧毁一辆盟军坦克 that could take out an Allied tank
超过1000米远。 over 1000m away.
它至少需要7名机组人员来操作。 It needed at least seven crew to operate it.
88毫米炮有很多变化， The 88mm saw a number of variations,
有的安装在双轴四轮运输上。 some mounted on double-axle four-wheeled transport.
其他人则被安装在平板车或装甲车上。 Others mounted to flat railway cars or armoured vehicles.
在我看来，真正重要的是， Its real importance, to my mind,
是因为它的用途非常广泛。 was the fact that it was so versatile.
它的基本结构可以用来打击空中目标 Its basic carriage could be used against targets in the air
或者地面上的目标。 or targets on the ground.
(枪火) (GUNS FIRE)
因此，它是一门足够强大的高射炮，可以击中目标 So, it was a sufficiently powerful anti-aircraft gun to hit targets
在几千英尺的高空， several thousand feet in the air,
同时， and at the same time,
这是一枚威力强大、穿透力强的子弹 it was a sufficiently powerful and penetrating round
那把枪用来击穿坦克和装甲 that the gun used to get through tanks and armour
在陆战中。 in land warfare.
许多最初的开发工作是由克虏伯的专家进行的 Much of the initial development work was conducted by Krupp specialists
在瑞典境外活动 operating out of Sweden
以避免条约观察员的密切监视。 to avoid the close scrutiny of treaty observers.
1933年希特勒上台后， Then, when Hitler rose to power, in 1933,
88毫米炮已经准备好批量生产。 the 88mm gun was ready for mass production.
一年之内，克虏伯公司也开始生产其他武器 Within a year, Krupp had also begun production on other weapons
包括坦克和u型潜艇。 for the Nazis, including Panzer tanks and U-boats.
1935年，希特勒宣布这个国家正式 In 1935, Hitler announced that the country was officially
重新武装，无视《凡尔赛条约》 rearming, in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.
克虏伯和其他人一直在秘密进行的工作 The work that Krupp and others had been undertaking in secret
现在被公开了。 was now out in the open.
那一年，2700万德国马克，约合980万欧元， That year, 27 million Reichsmarks, or about 9.8 million euros,
被分配去建造高射炮， were allocated to building anti-aircraft guns,
再加上900万德国马克，约合320万欧元， and another 9 million Reichsmarks, or 3.2 million euros,
特别是88毫米炮。 specifically for the 88mm.
在1939年之前，有超过2000门88毫米炮在流通。 Before 1939, there were a little over 2,000 88mm guns in circulation.
到战争结束时，已经生产了2万多辆。 By the end of the war, more than 20,000 had been produced.
88甚至被改装用于德国坦克。 The 88 was even adapted for use on German tanks.
(油罐火灾) (TANK FIRES)
让我吃惊的是88mm居然被改装成坦克 It amazes me that the 88mm was adapted for tanks
因为，在外行人看来，这对工作来说太大了。 because, to the layman's eye, it is just too big for the job.
但在虎式I的炮塔里， But in the turret of a Tiger I,
你可能有两三个人 you might have two, three men
在一个非常有限的空间里。 in a very confined space.
所以，操纵这些你几乎举不起来的大贝壳 So, manipulating these large shells that you could barely lift
装进了一门大炮，它太大了，填满了大半个炮塔， into a gun, which was so big that it filled much of the turret,
是赫拉克勒斯的壮举。 was a feat of Hercules.
克虏伯完全有能力满足纳粹政权的要求。 Krupp was well placed to deliver on the demands of the Nazi regime.
在古斯塔夫·克虏伯的带领下， Led by Gustav Krupp,
在德国实业家中占据主导地位 a dominant player among German industrialists,
然后是他的儿子阿尔弗里德 and then by his son Alfried,
克虏伯帝国代表了广度 the Krupp empire represented the breadth
武器供应链的一部分。 of the weapons supply chain.
古斯塔夫·克虏伯本人在帮助纳粹党组织方面发挥了作用 Gustav Krupp himself played a role in helping the Nazi Party organise
1933年希特勒上台后，德国实业家 German industrialists following Hitler's rise to power in 1933,
甚至为该党筹集了数百万德国马克。 even helping to raise millions of Reichsmarks for the party.
克虏伯是第二大铁和煤生产商 Krupp was the second-largest producer of iron and coal
并建造了更多的u型潜艇和军舰 in Germany, and built more U-boats and warships
比其他任何私人公司都要多。 than any other private company.
除此之外，克虏伯还生产了大量的武器， Aside from this, Krupp was producing a massive array of armaments,
包括坦克，火炮，装甲板，飞机零件 including tanks, artillery, armour plates, aircraft parts
以及其他制造商使用的钢材。 and steel used by other manufacturers.
随着德国重新武装起来，克虏伯的劳动力增加了两倍多， As Germany rearmed, Krupp's workforce more than tripled,
到1939年，员工人数达到112,000人。 to 112,000 employees, by 1939.
随着战争的爆发 Then, with the outbreak of war,
对武器和工厂工人的需求增加得更多。 demands for weapons and factory workers grew even more.
与此同时，战争生产变得越来越多 At the same time, that war production became ever more
依靠奴隶劳动或强迫劳动， reliant on slave labour or forced labour,
阿尔弗雷德·克虏伯也牵涉其中 and Alfred Krupp was implicated
在那种用法中。 in that use.
据估计，有多达10万名强迫劳工在这里工作 Estimates run as high as 100,000 forced labourers working
克虏伯公司在战争年代的运作 across Krupp operations during the war years.
1943年，希特勒签署了一项前所未有的协议 In 1943, Hitler signed an unprecedented agreement
允许克虏伯在德国境外经营他的公司 allowing Krupp to operate his company outside Germany's
管理要求的公司法； corporate laws governing requirements,
比如缴纳遗产税。 such as paying inheritance taxes.
(钟铃声) (BELL CHIMES)
作为回报，克虏伯的数百家工厂大量生产武器 In return, Krupp's hundred factories churned out the armaments
希特勒需要发动战争 Hitler needed to wage war,
造就了克虏伯和他的制造业帝国 making Krupp and his manufacturing empire
希特勒政权的重要支柱 an essential pillar in Hitler's regime.
德国制造业也将成为最有影响力的国家之一 German manufacturing would also turn out one of the most influential
陆地战争的新武器 new armaments of the land War.
虽然枪和大炮是必不可少的，但一种强大的武器 While guns and artillery were essential, a powerful weapon
将主宰战场。 would dominate the battlefield.
坦克。 The tank.
最初是在第一次世界大战结束时发展起来的， Initially developed near World War I's end,
坦克是德国闪电战战术不可或缺的一部分。 the tank was integral to Germany's Blitzkrieg battle tactics.
展示了装甲部队的速度和机动性 The speed and manoeuvrability of armoured units showcased
他们迅速突破敌人防线的能力。 their capability to swiftly breach enemy defences.
欧洲战争的爆发和德国的高度有效利用 The outbreak of war in Europe and Germany's highly effective use
他们向美国明确表示，他们需要一个独立的 of tanks, made it clear to the US that they needed a separate
装甲部队和大量生产坦克的计划。 armoured force and a program for producing tanks in high volume.
美国政府转而求助于现有的汽车和火车制造商 The US government turned to existing car and train manufacturers
来建造这些储罐。 to build these tanks.
工厂要么要重新装备，要么要建一个全新的设施。 Factories had to either be retooled or build an entirely new facility.
汽车制造商克莱斯勒选择从零开始。 Car manufacturer Chrysler chose to build from the ground up.
这就是著名的底特律坦克兵工厂。 This would be known as the Detroit Tank Arsenal.
底特律的坦克兵工厂是最重要的 The Detroit tank Arsenal was the most important
在美国许多制造坦克的工厂中 of the many plants that made tanks in the United States
二战期间。 during World War II.
它建于战争初期，1940-41年， It was built during the early part of the war, in 1940-41,
在密歇根州沃伦市底特律郊外的农田里。 in farmland outside of Detroit, in Warren, Michigan.
该建筑群由建筑师阿尔伯特·卡恩设计， The complex was designed by architect Albert Kahn,
他们是亨利·福特许多创新工厂背后的智囊 the brains behind many of Henry Ford's innovative factories.
建筑历时7个月完成，所有设施都可以使用 Construction took seven months to complete, with all available
资源汇集到这项工作中。 resources funnelled into the work.
就连克莱斯勒的总裁k·t·凯勒（K.T. Keller）也破土动工 Even the president of Chrysler, K.T. Keller, broke ground
用他自己的拖拉机建了新大楼。 for the new complex with his own tractor.
完工后，它有五个街区深 When finished, it measured five city blocks deep
两个街区那么宽。 and two city blocks wide.
这是一个陆军军械项目，但它是由克莱斯勒公司运营的， It was an Army ordnance project, but it was operated by Chrysler,
这是一家私人公司，也是最具生产力的公司 a private company, and it was the most productive
在战争期间美国的几家坦克工厂中 of all the several tank plants in the US during the war.
它制造了大约四分之一的中型坦克 It made about a quarter of the medium tanks that were made
在美国战争期间。 during the war in the US.
底特律工厂的计划正在进行中，相关计划也在进行中 As plans for the Detroit facility were underway, so too were plans
想要一辆能与德国坦克相媲美的新坦克一辆速度快的坦克 for a new tank that could match the Germans' - one that was fast,
便宜，容易制造。 cheap, and easy to manufacture.
结果就是M3李中型坦克， The result was the M3 Lee Medium Tank,
投入生产 which went into production
在底特律兵工厂，而工厂本身 at the Detroit Arsenal while the factory itself
仍在建设中。 was still under construction.
第一辆M3是手工制造的， The first M3 was built by hand,
在一个丢失了关键机器的工厂里，最终会 on a factory floor missing key machines that would ultimately
形成更自动化的生产线。 form the more automated production line.
克莱斯勒的总工程师爱德华·亨特承担了一项任务， A task undertaken by Edward Hunt, Chrysler's chief engineer,
还有他的船员。 and his crew.
在这个艰苦的建造过程中，亨特能够识别 During this laborious build, Hunt was able to able to identify
并解决陆军军械委员会设计上的一些问题。 and fix some of the problems with the Army Ordnance Board's design.
现在，李家有一些积极的方面。 Now, the Lee had some positives.
它有强大的火力。 It had strong firepower.
它有很好的盔甲。 It had good armour.
但它也有很高的轮廓。 But it also had a very high silhouette.
所以，这意味着它站得很高。 So, that means it stood tall.
这使得它很容易成为攻击目标。 And that makes it a very easy target.
而且，枪的位置也很尴尬。 Also, the location of the guns was quite awkward.
因此，在1940年，美国陆军开始寻找一种替代坦克 So, in 1940, the US Army began to look for a replacement tank
李家的人，这导致了发展 for the Lee, and that led to the development
M4谢尔曼步枪 of the M4 Sherman.
M4再次由美国的主要厂商交付 The M4 was once again delivered by key players in the US
〇汽车制造业 car-manufacturing industry -
福特，克莱斯勒和通用汽车。 Ford, Chrysler and General Motors.
M4谢尔曼被设计成快速制造， The M4 Sherman was designed to be built quickly,
采用标准化零件，加快加工速度。 with standardised parts to speed up the process.
在生产的高峰期，一辆M4谢尔曼坦克完成了 At the peak of production, an M4 Sherman tank was completed
每30分钟一次。 every 30 minutes.
1942年至1945年间， Between 1942 and 1945,
生产了5万多把M4。 more than 50,000 M4's were built.
其中3万多辆是由福特完成的， More than 30,000 of those were completed by Ford,
通用和克莱斯勒， GM and Chrysler,
包括克莱斯勒的底特律兵工厂。 including at Chrysler's Detroit Arsenal.
(爆炸) (EXPLOSION)
美国可能已经成功生产了M4 The US may have succeeded in producing the M4
数量庞大，但仍然存在设计缺陷。 in massive numbers, but it still suffered from design flaws.
当美国人设计M4谢尔曼步枪时， Now, when the Americans were designing the M4 Sherman,
他们决定把重点放在机动性上。 they decided to focus on mobility.
所以M4谢尔曼的枪够用了， So, the M4 Sherman's gun was adequate,
但这并不例外。 but it was not exceptional.
它的盔甲有点薄， Its armour was a little on the thin side,
但它可以移动得很快， but it could move quite fast,
这使它成为一个很好的通用坦克 and that made it a good general-purpose tank
对于大量的任务。 for a multitude of tasks.
谢尔曼炮塔上的75mm炮和后来的76mm炮 The 75mm, and later 76mm gun on the turret of the Sherman
是一件有能力的武器，但却不够 was a capable weapon, but fell short
与纳粹的旗舰相抗衡，但被证明过于强大 against the Nazi's flagship counterpart and proved too great
谢尔曼在正面进攻中 for the Sherman in a frontal assault,
即使在近距离。 even at close range.
谢尔曼在面对这个德国强国时也是一个活靶子 The Sherman was also a sitting duck against this German powerhouse
从更远的地方。 from greater distances.
德国的中型坦克，虎I，被证明是一个严重的威胁 The German Medium Tank, the Tiger I, proved a serious threat
加入盟军坦克部队 to the Allied tank force.
虎式的整体设计，制造质量，正面装甲 The Tiger's overall design, build quality, frontal armour
射程远超美国M4谢尔曼。 and range were leagues ahead of the US M4 Shermans'.
三到四架谢尔曼飞机被击毁并不罕见 It was not uncommon for three or four Shermans to be destroyed
每摧毁一辆虎式或豹式坦克。 for every one Tiger or Panther they destroyed.
(油罐火灾) (TANK FIRES)
“黑豹”和“老虎”只有少量生产 The Panthers and the Tigers were only produced in numbers
每个人几千人。 of a few thousand each.
而虎式的能力是无法匹敌的 While the capability of the Tiger was not matched
通过高产量， by high production volumes,
它的生产方式不同于当时任何其他装配线。 the way it was produced was unlike any other assembly line at the time.
建造虎式坦克的合同被授予亨舍尔公司， The contract to build the Tiger tank was awarded to Henschel,
这家火车制造商在第二次世界大战期间 a train manufacturer that, by World War II,
也在造坦克， was also building tanks,
柴油发动机、卡车、飞机和火炮。 diesel engines, trucks, aeroplanes and artillery pieces.
亨舍尔几乎制造了所有型号的德国坦克 Henschel manufactured almost all models of German tanks
在整个战争期间。 throughout the war.
这包括1号、2号和3号坦克， This included the Panzer I, II and III,
还有豹式，虎式I和虎式II。 as well as the Panther, Tiger I and Tiger II.
他们在卡塞尔及其周边有三个工程工厂， They had three engineering works in and around Kassel,
其中一个是专门用于坦克组装的 one of which was dedicated to tank assembly
以及零部件制造。 and component manufacturing.
虎1型坦克比它的前辈更重， The Tiger I was a heavier tank than its predecessors,
为了力量和火力而建造而不是为了机动性，尽管它没有 built for strength and firepower over mobility, though it didn't
在这方面也牺牲了很多。 sacrifice much on that front either.
虎式I的制造过程被称为“战术系统”， The Tiger I was manufactured using a process called 'The Tact System',
它包括九个不同的步骤， which involved nine distinct steps,
每个都有自己精确的时间和节奏。 each with its own precise timing and rhythm.
在这个过程中，水箱保持静止，工人们在它周围移动 In this process, the tank remained static, and workers moved around it
负责生产的每一步。 to undertake each production step.
在最初的四个步骤中， In the first four steps,
他们准备了车体和炮塔环 they prepared the hull and turret ring
一次最多有18辆坦克在进行中。 with up to 18 tanks in progress at a time.
然后，坦克移动了 Then, the tanks moved
到最后的组装，在10左右 to final assembly, where around 10
是同时建造的。 were built concurrently.
步骤5和步骤6涉及加法 Steps five and six involved adding
内部和外部组件。 internal and external components.
在第七步中，油箱进行了试驾。 And in step seven, the tanks were test driven.
如果成功，执行第八步 If successful, step eight
看到最后的组件添加， saw the final components added,
第九步是给坦克上漆。 and step nine was for painting the tanks.
在这个系统中，一个水箱可以在14天内完成。 In this system, a tank could be completed in 14 days.
1942年8月开始生产虎式I。 Production of the Tiger I began in August 1942.
建造油罐的工人也是一种日益减少的资源。 Workers to build the tanks were also a dwindling resource.
（播放德语歌曲） (GERMAN SONG PLAYS)
1943年1月，希特勒宣布了阿道夫·希特勒坦克计划…… In January 1943, Hitler announced the Adolf Hitler Panzer program...
．．两者都是宣传运动，以激发大后方的活力 ..both a propaganda campaign to energise the home front
以及增加坦克产量的动力。 and a drive to increase tank production.
被征召入伍的坦克工厂工人 Tank factory workers who had been drafted to join the armed forces
被送回了工厂。 were sent back to the factory.
在亨舍尔的工厂，这意味着虎式I的工作 At Henschel's factory, this meant that work on the Tiger I
可以一周七天不分昼夜地完成， could be completed seven days a week, day and night,
在艰苦的12小时轮班中， in gruelling 12-hour shifts,
这里有多达8000名工人 with much of the up to 8,000 workers
在亨舍尔的工厂做奴隶 at Henschel's factory being slave labour.
即使在这种不屈不挠的步伐下，虎I型也只生产过一次 Even with this unrelenting pace, the Tiger I was only ever produced
数量很少。 in small numbers.
虎式I是最初设计的 The Tiger I was originally designed
作为对苏联T-34坦克的回应 in response to the Soviets' T-34 tank,
这是德国人入侵时第一次遇到的 which the Germans had first encountered when they invaded
1941年6月，苏联。 the Soviet Union, in June 1941.
但它们的产量永远无法接近 But their production numbers could never get close
与苏联的T-34相比 to what the Soviets achieved with the T-34.
男：他们的大规模生产贯穿始终， MAN: They had mass production embedded throughout,
所以他们能够大量生产 so they were able to produce large quantities
标准化设备， of standardised equipment,
也就是说他们没有那种大杂烩 which meant they didn't have the kind of hodgepodge
德国人所拥有的物资 of material the Germans had.
他们的供应问题要大得多 Their supply problems were much bigger
因为，每当有东西坏了， because, whenever something broke,
他们需要专门的替换部件， they needed specialised replacement parts,
而苏联已经大量生产了标准化设备 while the Soviets had mass-produced standardised equipment,
相对少量的模型， a relatively small number of models,
这样他们就可以更快地修理他们的机器部件。 and so they could fix their machine part much quicker.
T-34的设计是为了动力，但也为了生产效率。 The T-34 was designed for power, but also for production efficiency.
当T-34在1940年服役时，它是最先进的坦克之一 When the T-34 entered service in 1940, it was one of the most
现代战场上的创新坦克设计。 innovative tank designs on the modern battlefield.
它有一门高效的76毫米炮。 It had a highly effective 76mm gun.
它有60度的倾斜装甲，这是极好的偏转 It had 60-degree sloped armour, which was superb for deflecting
敌人从它的表面射出炮弹。 enemy shells off its surface.
它有很宽的轨道，这 It had very wide tracks, which
地面压力很低， gave it a very low ground pressure,
这意味着它可以移动 and that meant it could travel
在非常软的土地上 over very soft earth
或者沼泽地。 or marshy ground.
所以，这是一个非常灵活的， So, this was a very mobile,
非常有效的坦克。 very effective tank.
1941年6月德国入侵时， When Germany invaded in June 1941,
苏联生产了大约1000辆t -34。 the Soviets had produced around 1,000 T-34s.
入侵之后，苏联增加了T-34的产量 Following the invasion, the Soviets ramped up production of the T-34
重要的是，改进其设计以使其更快 significantly, refining its design to make it faster
而且建造成本更低。 and cheaper to build.
成本和生产时间减少了一半， Costs and production time were cut in half,
尽管造坦克的人越来越不熟练， even though the people building the tank were increasingly unskilled,
由于工厂工人被派到前线。 as factory workers were sent to the front.
(枪声) (GUNFIRE)
当希特勒把工人从前线转移到工厂时， While Hitler shifted workers from the front to factory,
苏联采取了相反的做法。 the Soviets adopted the opposite approach.
他们生产了数量惊人的T-34坦克 They produced an astounding number of T-34 tanks
对可靠性的影响最小。 with minimal impact on reliability.
1942年，他们生产了超过12000辆t -34， In 1942, they manufactured over 12,000 T-34s,
在整个战争期间，他们建造了64,000多个。 and throughout the war, they built more than 64,000.
要记住的一点是，他们也失去了他们 A point to bear in mind is that they also lost them
数量庞大。 in huge numbers.
44,900人被摧毁。 44,900 were destroyed.
但因为他们的产量很高， But because their production was so high,
不管德国人击倒了多少 however many the Germans knocked out,
它们会不断出现在地平线上。 they would keep appearing on the horizon.
T-34的高产量得益于它的使用 The T-34's high production numbers were helped by the use
七个不同的工厂。 of seven different factories.
到1942年，那里的每个人都是两班倒。 And by 1942, everybody in those was on double shifts.
我们说的是每天16、18、20个小时， We're talking 16, 18, 20-hour days,
每一天。 every single day.
但他们也投资于自动化， But they also invested in automation,
特别是在装甲的设计和开发方面。 particularly in the design and development of armour.
他们开创了制造坦克部件的技术 They pioneered techniques of creating parts of the tank
在全国不同的分厂， in different subassemblies around the country,
然后把这些零件集中到一个大工厂， and then converging those parts on one big factory,
组装好坦克，开动它们。 assembling the tanks and rolling them off into action.
其中一个位于斯大林格勒的工厂落入了德国人的控制。 One of these factories at Stalingrad fell under German control.
另一个最初位于哈尔科夫，但被重新安置， Another was originally located at Kharkov, but was relocated,
1941年9月，前往乌拉尔山脉…… in September 1941, to the Ural Mountains...
．．这是一项浩大工程的一部分 ..part of a massive undertaking
以确保苏联的生产能力 to secure Soviet production capability.
所以，当德国人进军时，苏联人实际上是在做决定 So, when the Germans march in, the Soviets essentially decide
试图将他们的大部分产业打包并转移 to try to pack up much of their industry and move it
在这个国家的东边 to the east of the country -
不仅仅是工厂和机器， not just the factories and the machines,
还有人民。 but also the people.
（火车喇叭声） (TRAIN HORN BLARES)
坦科格勒，或“坦克城”，最早建立 Tankograd, or 'Tank City', was first established
1929年在车里雅宾斯克拖拉机厂 at the Chelyabinsk Tractor Factory, in 1929.
他们的目标是每年生产四万台拖拉机， The goal was to produce 40,000 tractors a year,
在当时是无与伦比的人物。 an unparalleled figure at the time.
1941年11月，拖拉机停产， Production of tractors ceased in November 1941,
车里雅宾斯克拖拉机厂被重新用于战争生产。 and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Factory was repurposed for war production.
1.5万多名工厂工人及其家属被重新安置 Over 15,000 factory workers and their families were relocated
到乌拉尔山脉，作为国家推进的一部分 to the Ural Mountains, as part of the country's push
转移生产资源 to move production resources
在德国人够不到的地方 out of reach of the Germans.
不能搬到这个新地方的东西都是从头开始建造的。 What couldn't be moved to this new location was built from scratch.
所以，斯大林政权之所以做得这么好 So, the reason why the Stalinist regime did so well
这种疯狂的应急管理 with this kind of crazy emergency management
有很多人， is there were a lot of people,
在各个层面上，谁以前做过这样的事。 on all levels, who had done it before.
实际的暴力管理使用强制劳动， The actual administration of violence used coercive labour,
于是利用被驱逐出境的人让他们去工作。 so used people who had been deported there to put them to work.
到1943年初，坦科格勒有近5万名工人。 By the beginning of 1943, Tankograd was home to nearly 50,000 workers.
其中包括哈尔科夫坦克工厂生产的3000辆 This included 3,000 from the tank factory at Kharkov
还有2000多件来自斯大林格勒工厂 and over 2,000 from the Stalingrad factory...
．．主要生产坦克和弹药，并交付 ..primarily producing tanks and ammunition, which they delivered
大量的。 in massive quantities.
纳粹德国的煤炭储量是德国的三倍多 Nazi Germany had access to more than three times as much coal
和钢铁比苏联多，但苏联有能力生产 and steel than the Soviet Union, but the Soviets were able to produce
弹药量的两倍。 twice the amount of ammunition.
到战争结束时，坦科格勒的生产线已经投入生产 By the end of the war, Tankograd's production lines had pumped out
近5万台坦克发动机，1.8万辆战车， nearly 50,000 tank engines, 18,000 combat vehicles,
超过1700万个贝壳， and more than 17 million shells,
还有成千上万的其他国防订单。 among thousands of other defence orders.
简而言之，是红军赢得了欧洲战争。 In short, it's the Red Army who wins the war in Europe.
从一开始，苏联的经济规模就大得多 From the beginning, the Soviets had a much larger economy
而不是德国人。 than the Germans.
他们拥有极其多产的战争工业， They had an extremely productive war industry,
从一开始他们的产量就超过了德国人。 and they outproduced the Germans from the get-go.
苏联武器生产的庞大规模助了一臂之力 The sheer scale of Soviet weapons production helped
扭转战局，证明命运如何 turn the tide of the war, demonstrating how the fate
现代国家在战争中依赖于他们的能力 of modern nations at war rely on their capacity
用于批量生产。 for mass production.
工业满足了这一需求，并使之成为可能 A need that was met by industry and only made possible
通过成千上万人的劳动。 through the labour of thousands of people.
第二次世界大战中， In World War II,
陆地上的战争使人与机器正面交锋 the war waged on land brought men and machines head-to-head
在战场上。 on the battlefield.
这是一场规模和火力之战 This was a battle of scale and firepower, fought
数以百万计的步兵在地面上作战，但要对抗枪支， by millions of infantry on the ground, but against guns,
坦克和大炮更强大，更快，更危险 tanks and artillery stronger, faster and more dangerous
比以前见过的都要多。 than any seen before.
这个规模只能通过调动现有资源来实现 A scale that could only be met by mobilising the existing
大规模生产基础设施 infrastructure of mass production
而且，对许多国家来说，需要工业专业知识 and, for many nations, calling on the industrial expertise
私营公司…… of private companies...
．．武器制造商和政府之间的关系 ..a relationship between weapons manufacturers and the state
这种情况一直持续到今天。 that endures to this day.
说明文字由红蜂传媒(c) SBS澳大利亚2025 Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS Australia 2025