现代历史上已形成以征服 Modern history has been shaped by conquest
征服世界的欧洲人。 the conquest of the world by Europeans.
领导方式的征服者。 The Conquistadors led the way.
几百人来到新世界 与本地人口锐减。 A few hundred men came to the New World and decimated the native population.
他们成功的秘密？ The secret of their success?
枪， Guns,
病菌 Germs
钢铁研究。 and Steel.
自那以后，人们对欧洲 原产地主宰全球， Ever since, people of European origin have dominated the globe,
用相同的组合的军事力量， with the same combination of military power,
致命的微生物 lethal microbes
和先进技术。 and advanced technology.
但究竟是如何发展这些 优势摆在首位？ But how did they develop these advantages in the first place?
为什么世界越来越变得如此不平等？ Why did the world ever become so unequal?
这些问题， 贾德戴蒙教授 These are questions that Professor Jared Diamond
花了30多 多年来试图回答。 has spent more than 30 years trying to answer.
其中一个最原始的 我们这个时代的思想家， One of the most original thinkers of our age,
钻石周游 世界寻找线索。 Diamond has traveled the world looking for clues.
他有一个艰巨的任务 He set himself a daunting task
层层剥离回了过去， to peel back the layers of the past,
探索的根源 电力在现代世界。 and explore the very roots of power in the modern world.
不管我的工作就剩下我的生活， Whatever I work on for the rest of my life,
我永远不能工作的提问 有趣的问题的枪， I can never work on questions as fascinating as the questions of guns,
细菌和钢铁，因为他们是 人类历史上最大问题。 germs and steel, because they抮e the biggest questions of human history.
什么分隔从有穷人富人？ What separates the haves from the have nots?
如何有枪，细菌和钢铁 How have guns, germs and steel
形成了历史的世界？ shaped the history of the world?
的的标题：第一集：走出伊甸园 </乙> </我> Titles: Episode 1: Out of Eden
贾德戴蒙的追求揭露 不平等的根源开始 Jared Diamond抯 quest to uncover the roots of inequality began
在巴布亚新几内亚的雨林。 in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea.
钻石是一教授 在洛杉矶加州大学洛杉矶分校。 Diamond is a professor at UCLA in Los Angeles.
他是一个生物学家通过培训， 在人体生理学专家。 He抯 a biologist by training, a specialist in human physiology.
但他真正的激情 一直是研究鸟类。 But his real passion has always been the study of birds.
我喜欢看鸟在这个地方。 I love watching birds in this place.
我开始观鸟，当我 7岁在美国。 I began watching birds when I was seven years old in the United States.
然后，它只是一个问题 识别它们。 Then it was just a matter of identifying them.
我来到这里时，我是26岁， I came here when I was 26 years old,
到新几内亚，它 是一见钟情。 to New Guinea, and it was love at first sight.
钻石一直定期 前往新几内亚自从 ... Diamond has been making regular trips to New Guinea ever since...
现在是一个著名专家 关于鸟类生活的岛屿。 and is now a leading expert on the bird life of the island.
但在这一过程中，他的专业领域工作 But in the course of his field work
他已经成为一样好奇 关于新几内亚人。 he抯 become just as curious about the people of New Guinea.
多年来，我已经认识了 像成千上万的新几内亚。 Over the years I抳e gotten to know and like thousands of New Guineans.
我明白了几次语言， I抳e learned several of the languages,
和很多东西，我知道 鸟我拿起他们。 and much of what I know about birds I picked up from them.
人民生活有新 几内亚至少4.0万年 ... There have been people living in New Guinea for at least 40,000 years...
更长的时间比在大陆 北美和南美。 much longer than on the continents of North and South America.
他们中最文化，多元 和适应人民在世界上。 They抮e among the most culturally,diverse and adaptable people in the world.
那么，为什么他们这么多 差于现代美国人？ So why are they so much poorer than modern Americans?
问题是把钻石 直截了当地由一个名叫雅丽， The question was put to Diamond Bluntly by a man called Yali,
他会见的人在海滩上 超过 30年前。 whom he met on a beach more than 30 years ago.
为什么你有这么多白人货物 而我们的新几内亚有这么少？ Why you white man have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?
雅礼的问题其实扔我。 Yali抯 question really threw me.
它似乎很简单而明显的， It seemed so simple and obvious,
而且我认为这必须有 一个简单而明显的答案， and I thought it must have a simple and obvious answer,
但是当他问我，我有 不知道是什么答案。 but when he asked me, I had no idea what that answer was.
为什么你有这么多白人货物 而我们的新几内亚有这么少？ Why you white men have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?
新几内亚人使用这个词的货物 来描述物质 New Guineans use the word cargo to describe the material goods
首次提请其 国家的西方人。 first brought to their country by Westerners.
货物被许多人认为 证明了白人的权力。 Cargo was regarded by many as evidence of the white man抯 power.
这是一种治疗 几乎是宗教的崇敬。 It was treated with an almost religious reverence.
对他们来说，西方殖民者通常 认为权力是决定比赛。 For their part, Western colonials typically believed that power was determined by race.
他们看到自己的基因 高于当地居民。 They saw themselves as genetically superior to the native population.
对他们来说，这是理所当然的 他们应该有这么多的货物 To them, it was only natural that they should have so much cargo
与新几内亚人这么少。 and New Guineans so little.
对我来说，任何解释 基于种族是荒谬的。 To me, any explanation based on race is absurd.
我真的知道太多 相信聪明的新几内亚 I know too many really smart New Guineans to believe
有什么基因 劣质他们。 there抯 anything genetically inferior about them.
这是他们的聪明才智和他们的速度 要知道我一直印象深刻。 It抯 their ingenuity and their quickness to learn that have always impressed me.
他们可以空手成一些 最困难的环境在地球上， They can go empty-handed into some of the most difficult environments on earth,
在敲了一个庇护所 几个小时和生存。 knock up a shelter in a few hours and survive.
我不知道从哪里开始。 I wouldn抰 know where to start.
在这种环境下我 没有它们是无助。 In this environment I抎 be helpless without them.
那么，为什么没有这些巧妙 人们发明金属工具， So why didn抰 these ingenious people invent metal tools,
或建造伟大的城市， or build great cities,
或发展任何其他 服饰的现代文明？ or develop any of the other trappings of modern civilization?
世界是我从是如此不同。 The world that I抦 from is so different.
现代美国是世界上最富有的， 地球上最强大的国家。 The modern U.S. is the richest, most powerful state on earth.
这是堆满了更多的货物比 大多数新几内亚人无法想象。 It抯 crammed with more cargo than most New Guineans could ever imagine.
但是，为什么？这就是雅礼想知道的。 But why? That抯 what Yali wanted to know.
我们的世界是怎么来过如此不同？ How did our worlds ever come so different?
钻石意识到，雅礼的问题 Diamond realized that Yali抯 question
远远更大，更 它首次出现复杂得多。 was far bigger and more complex than it first appeared.
这是真正的不平等的根源， It was really about the roots of inequality,
一个老问题，人类历史本身。 a question as old as human history itself.
为什么，自古以来，有一些 社会的进步比别人快？ Why, since ancient times, have some societies progressed faster than others?
是什么让埃及人建造 伟大的金字塔，而大部分的世界 What allowed the Egyptians to build great pyramids while most of the world
仍然抓出来的？ was still scratching out a living?
希腊人是如何不断发展 这样一个先进的文明？ How did the Greeks ever develop such an advanced civilization?
或者是罗马人？或者是玛雅？ Or the Romans? Or the Maya?
所有伟大的文明有一些 共同点 - 先进的技术， All great civilizations have had some things in common ?advanced technology,
庞大的人口数量，以及 组织良好的劳动力。 large populations, and well-organized workforce.
如果我能理解那些 事物诞生， If I could understand how those things came into existence,
然后我就明白为什么有些 游行的人比其他人快 then I抎 understand why some people marched faster than others
在这一过程中的历史。 during the course of history.
钻石着手探索师 世界上富国与穷国进入。 Diamond set out to explore the division of the world into haves and have nots.
这是一个巨大的挑战，数 学者们不敢承担。 It was a massive challenge that few scholars would have dared take on.
他是一个科学家，不是历史学家。 He was a scientist, not a historian.
他怎么会解决 人类历史的大难题？ How could he possibly solve the great puzzles of human history?
为了了解其中的不平等来自， To understand where inequality came from,
钻石需要确定 前一段时间的不平等， Diamond needed to identify a time before inequality,
当人们在世界各地都 生活或多或少相同的方式。 when people across the world were living more or less the same way.
他不得不让时光倒流数千 多年来，回来才第一次文明。 He had to turn back the clock thousands of years, back before the first civilizations.
回到史前史。 Back into prehistory.
13000年以前，蹂躏 最后一个冰河时代已经结束。 13,000 years ago, the ravages of the last Ice Age were over.
世界变得温暖和多雨。 The world was becoming warmer and wetter.
人类是一个领域 欣欣向荣的是中东。 One area where humans were thriving was the Middle East.
13000年以前， 13,000 years ago,
中东远高于干旱少 今天，随着更多的森林，树木和植物。 the Middle East was far less arid than today, with more forests, trees and plants.
这里的人们一样生活 世界各地的人们在这个时候 People here lived like people everywhere at this time
作为猎人 /采集小，移动组。 as hunter/gatherers in small, mobile groups.
他们经常在 这一举措，使住房 They were frequently on the move, making shelters
只要他们能找到的动物 打猎或植物聚集。 wherever they could find animals to hunt or plants to gather.
他们会生活在这些庇护所 几个星期或几个月一次， They抎 live in these shelters for weeks or months at a time,
只要他们能 保持粮食自给。 as long as they could keep feeding themselves.
但随着季节变化， 动物迁移，他们会继续前进， But as seasons changed and animals migrated, they抎 move on,
到下一个山谷或山脊， 寻找新的食物来源。 to the next valley or ridge, looking for new sources of food.
其中的少数地方在地球上 它仍然可以找到人狩猎 One of the few places on earth where it抯 still possible to find people hunting
和收集是 巴布亚新几内亚雨林。 and gathering is the rainforest of Papua New Guinea.
而不是光看这 生活在考古书籍， Instead of just reading about this lifestyle in archaeological books,
我已经够幸运 目睹它的第一手资料， I抳e been lucky enough to witness it first hand,
亲自来看一看，我们如何 13000年以前都住过， to see for myself how we all lived 13,000 years ago,
我们如何找到食物。 and how we found food.
为了捕捉动物需要技巧，隐身， To catch an animal requires skill, stealth,
和广博的知识 大约数以百计的动物物种。 and encyclopedic knowledge about hundreds of animal species.
你必须是一个聪明漂亮的猎人。 You have to be pretty smart to be a hunter.
13000年以前，人们在 中东猎杀以同样的方式， 13,000 years ago, people in the Middle East hunted in the same way,
追查什么游戏，他们可以找到。 tracking down whatever game they could find.
但是根本的问题与狩猎 But the fundamental problem with hunting
是，它从来不是一个 高效的方法来找到足够的食物。 is that it抯 never been a productive way to find enough food.
它需要时间来跟?每个动物。 It takes time to track each animal.
与一弓和箭，有没有 确定性如何狩猎将结束。 And with a bow and arrow, there抯 no certainty of how the hunt will end.
由于狩猎是如此不可预测的， Because hunting is so unpredictable,
传统社会有 通常更多地依赖聚会。 traditional societies have usually relied more on gathering.
在这部分巴布亚新几内亚， 这次聚会是由妇女完成。 In this part of Papua New Guinea, the gathering is done by women.
一个重要来源 这里吃的野生苏铁。 An important source of food here is wild sago.
通过他们剥夺一个西米树 可以进入纸浆为中心， By stripping a sago tree they can get to the pulp at the centre,
它可以变成 面团，然后煮熟。 which can be turned into dough and then cooked.
虽然它的身体更艰苦的工作， Although it抯 physically harder work,
聚会通常是一个更富有成效 比寻找食物的方法狩猎。 gathering is generally a more productive way of finding food than hunting.
但它仍然没有提供足够的 卡路里支持一个人口众多。 But it still doesn抰 provide enough calories to support a large population.
这在我们周围的丛林中，您可能 认为这是一个聚宝盆，但事实并非如此。 This jungle around us, you might think it抯 a cornucopia, but it isn抰.
这些树木大多在丛林中不 产量，不给我们任何东西食用。 Most of these trees in the jungle don抰 yield, don抰 give us anything edible.
目前只是一些西米树， There were just a few sago trees,
而其余的这些树不 产量，我们可以吃任何东西。 and the rest of these trees don抰 yield anything that we could eat.
然后西米本身得到了限制。 And then sago itself has got limitations.
也许只有一棵树的产量 大约 70磅西米。 One tree yields only maybe about 70 pounds of sago.
这需要他们三，四 天进程树， It takes them three or four days to process that tree,
所以这是一个很大的工作，是否真的 没有大量的粮食， so it抯 a lot of work really for not a great deal of food,
加上西米淀粉低蛋白质， plus the sago starch is low on protein,
也是西米不能 存放了很长的时间。 and also the sago can抰 be stored for a long time.
这就是为什么猎人 /采集 人口更稀少。 And that抯 why hunter/gatherer populations are so sparse.
如果你想养活了很多人， 你一定要找到一个不同的食物供应， If you want to feed a lot of people, you抳e got to find a different food supply,
你一定要找到一个真正 生产环境， you抳e got to find a really productive environment,
并且它不会是一个萨戈沼泽。 and it抯 not going to be a sago swamp.
在中东，有 非常不同的植物聚集。 In the Middle East, there were very different plants to gather.
野生与种植树木 二谷类草，大麦和小麦。 Growing wild between the trees were two cereal grasses, barley and wheat.
更为丰富的营养比西谷米。 Far more plentiful and nutritious than sago.
这些简单的草会 有一个深刻的影响， These simple grasses would have a profound impact,
在课程设置人性 走向现代文明。 setting humanity on the course towards modern civilization.
但它会采取一个灾难性的变化 在此之前的气候会发生。 But it would take a catastrophic change in the climate before this would happen.
1.25万年以前，世界的 气候变得极不稳定。 12,500 years ago, the world抯 climate became highly volatile.
长期的解冻带来 对年底的最后一个冰河时代 The long-term thaw that had brought about the end of the last ice age
突然逆转。 suddenly went into reverse.
全球气温下降， 冰河时代条件和返回。 Global temperatures dropped, and ice age conditions returned.
世界变得寒冷和干燥。 The world became colder and drier.
中东遭遇 环境崩溃。 The Middle East suffered an environmental collapse.
动物群死了。 Animal herds died off.
所以做了许多树木和植物。 So did many trees and plants.
持续的旱情 超过 1000年。 The drought lasted for more than 1,000 years.
人被迫前往更远， 看看更难任何食物来源。 People were forced to travel farther and look much harder for any source of food.
但是，尽管条件下，他们 会以某种方式生存，甚至繁荣。 But despite the conditions,they would somehow survive, even prosper.
在这里，在中东，一个新的 生活方式会出现， Here in the Middle East, a new way of life would come into being,
一，改变该国的大地。 one that would change the face of the earth.
伊恩库艾特是加拿大考古学家 Ian Kuijt is a Canadian archaeologist
谁专门从事石材 年龄在中东的历史。 who specializes in the Stone Age history of the Middle East.
他的工作集中在 网站在约旦河谷， His work has focused on a site in the Jordan Valley,
死海附近的一个地方被称为 Dhra'。 near the Dead Sea, a place known as Dhra?
库艾特是一个共同主任的挖掘， Kuijt is a co-director of the dig,
并与国际 队的考古学家。 and works with an international team of archaeologists.
他们已经发现了 仍然是古民居 They抳e uncovered the remains of ancient dwellings
这显然更复杂 比任何狩猎 /采集者收容所。 that were clearly more sophisticated than any hunter/gatherer shelters.
他们认为这是一个小村庄， They believe this was a small village,
其中最早的永久 村庄在世界任何地方。 one of the earliest permanent villages anywhere in the world.
人们开始扎根。 People were starting to put down roots.
我们将不得不为 这个村的，我不知道， What we would have had is this village of, I don抰 know,
40，50人，生活在同一个地方。 40, 50 people, living in the same place.
我们将有一系列的椭圆形小屋 We would have had a series of oval huts
将已 部分切成地面， that would have been partially cut into the ground,
这些将是非常 的，第一次人类定居 and these would have been very much the, the first time people settled down
和住在小区 在一个非常广泛的方式。 and lived in communities in a really extensive way.
当他们放射性碳日的网站， When they radiocarbon dated the site,
他们发现，村里的 11,500年前首次出现 they discovered that the village first emerged 11,500 years ago
同时作为结束 在干旱的中东地区。 at the same time as the end of the drought in the Middle East.
但是，这怎么可能养活一 如果时间分别为全村这么难？ But how was it possible to feed an entire village if times were so hard?
经过 4年的挖掘在Dhra'的 考古学家相信，他们有一个答案。 After four years of digging at Dhra? the archaeologists believe they have an answer.
它是在这种独特的结构。 It lies in this unique structure.
你可以在这里看到的是大纲 一来所有的泥土墙倒过来这里， What you can see here is the outline of a mud wall coming all the way round here,
然后里面我们有一个系列 直立的石头已被削 and then inside we have a series of upright stones that have been chipped
以这样一种方式，你 可以看到他们一个档次上， in such a way where you can see a notch on them,
而且会是一个系列 在梁的顶部， and there would have been a series of beams over the top of that,
在同一个楼层它， 基本上你将不得不干， with a floor across it, and basically you would have had a dry,
湿度控制的环境， 在那里他们可以采取的粮食， humidity-controlled environment, where they could take grain,
他们可以采取任何植物， 他们可以干出来， they could take any plants, they could dry them out,
把他们在这里，保护他们免受 昆虫，保护他们免受湿气， put them in here, protect them from insects, protect them from moisture,
保护他们通过渗滤水。 protect them from water percolating through.
什么是最终被从我们的角度来看 What that ends up being from our perspective
可能是世界上 第一粮仓某种形式 is probably the world抯 first granary in some form
一个地方，他们能够贮存食物 a place where they were able to store food
在一个特定的位置 在全年的基础。 at a particular location on a year-round basis.
该小组在Dhra'相信 粮仓是一个椭圆形的土墙 The team at Dhra?believes the granary was an oval-shaped mud wall
该中心建设的村庄; building at the centre of the village;
地方粮食可 储存集体。 a place where grain could be stored collectively.
而正在被储存谷物 主要是小麦和大麦。 And the grains that were being stored were primarily wheat and barley.
而其它植物已不再可用， While other plants were no longer available,
这些谷物的草 hardy中足够的生存， these cereal grasses were hardy enough to survive,
耐用，足以存放多年。 and durable enough to be stored for years.
但如果这是一个时间的稀缺性，如何 是有足够的粮食以填具一粮仓？ But if this was a time of scarcity, how was there enough grain to fi ll a granary?
答案提出一个激进 在人类行为的转变。 The answer suggests a radical shift in human behavior.
在某些时候，在 在干旱的中东， At some point during the drought in the Middle East,
越来越多的人开始自己的粮食。 people started growing their own food.
无法维持一个移动的生活方式， Unable to maintain a mobile way of life,
他们将贴近 任何来源的水，他们可以找到， they would have stayed close to any source of water they could find,
种植新领域 小麦和大麦的身边。 and planted new fields of wheat and barley around them.
而不是只以下的食物 来源到不同的地点， Rather than just following food sources around different locations,
第一次开始做什么的人 for the first time what people start to do
是他们将这些 资源还给他们。 is that they bring these resources back to them.
收获不一样的食物，但 他们正准备将他们作为种子， Not just as harvested food, but they抮e bringing them as seeds,
他们和他们成长 他们村旁边， and they抮e growing them next to their village,
这是第一次， and that抯 the first time,
实际上这是我们第一次 看到这在世界任何地方。 really this is the first time we see this anywhere in the world.
石器时代的人 中东正成为农民， The Stone Age people of the Middle East were becoming farmers,
第一个在世界上的农民。 the first farmers in the world.
如果没有意识到这一点， Without realizing it,
这些新型农民正在改变 很自然他们周围的作物。 these new farmers were changing the very nature of the crops around them.
随着每一轮的种植和收获， With every round of planting and harvesting,
他们会赞成耳朵的小麦和 大麦的种子是最大的， they抎 favor ears of wheat and barley whose seeds were the biggest,
最鲜美的或最容易收获。 tastiest or easiest to harvest.
特质，是无用的植物 人类的野生栽培下茁壮成长。 Traits that were useless to the plant in the wild thrived under human cultivation.
他们打断了循环。 They interrupted the cycle.
他们打断 正常环境循环 They interrupted the normal environmental cycle
并开始选择 这些单株 and started to select these individual plants
基本奖励那些被 将是最有利可图的他们， and basically rewarding those that were going to be most profitable to them,
所以即使是偶然的， and so even though it was accidental,
一旦整个过程开始， 人们开始控制的性质。 once that whole process started, people were starting to control nature.
农作物的方式改变了人类 干扰被称为驯化。 The way crops are changed by human interference is known as domestication.
今天，它发生在研究实验室， Today it happens in research labs,
与科学家选择 基因作物育种 with scientists selecting genes and breeding crops
要更加有用的人。 to be ever more useful to humans.
这是一个非常精确的，蓄意的过程。 It抯 a very precise, deliberate process.
但并非如此不同从什么 第一农民不自觉地做， But not so different from what the first farmers were doing unconsciously,
数千年前在中东地区。 thousands of years ago in the Middle East.
过渡到农耕显然是一 决定性的转折点，在人类的历史。 The transition to farming was clearly a decisive turning point in human history.
人们谁仍然猎人 /采集 People who remained hunter/gatherers
未能出示任何地方 作为食物，附近的许多农民， couldn抰 produce anywhere near as much food as farmers,
并不能产生 许多食品可以保存。 and also couldn抰 produce much food that could be stored.
他们总是会 在一个长期处于不利地位。 They were always going to be at a chronic disadvantage.
现在我需要知道还有哪个地方 古代世界的人已成为农民。 Now I needed to know where else in the ancient world people had become farmers.
如果我可以建立链接 If I could establish links
农业之间的传播 和传播文明， between the spread of farming and the spread of civilization,
我会和我的方式 雅礼回答的问题。 I抎 be well on my way to answering Yali抯 question.
目前只有少数地区的古 世界农业发展的独立。 There are only a few parts of the ancient world that developed farming independently.
不久之后，中东来到中国， Not long after the Middle East came China,
另外，人们增长 谷物产量高草： where people grew another high yield cereal grass:
大米。 rice.
口袋农业也 出现在美洲， Pockets of farming also emerged in the Americas,
基于玉米，南瓜和豆类。 based on corn, squash and beans.
后来，在非洲，人们 养殖高粱，小米和红薯。 Later, in Africa, people farmed sorghum, millet and yams.
在大多数地方出现了农业， And in most places where farming emerged,
一个比较大的，先进的 其次文明。 a relatively large, advanced civilization followed.
但是有一个例外的规则。 But there was an exception to the rule.
农业的一个领域没有 带来同样的好处： An area where farming didn抰 bring the same benefits:
新几内亚高地。 the highlands of New Guinea.
50年后的西方人 殖民地新几内亚， For 50 years after Westerners colonized New Guinea,
他们认为高原峡谷 在内地被无人居住。 they thought the highland valleys in the interior were uninhabited.
事实上，他们是最密集 岛上人口的一部分， In fact, they were the most densely populated part of the island,
有一个最古老的系统 农业在世界上。 with one of the oldest systems of farming in the world.
考古学家现在认为，人 这里种植了近1万年 Archaeologists now believe that people have been farming here for almost 10,000 years
几乎只要 人民对中东地区。 almost as long as the people of the Middle East.
这令人感到惊讶认为 这些人，雅礼的人， It抯 amazing to think that these people, Yali抯 people,
有些最早 农民在世界上。 were some of the earliest farmers in the world.
但如果他们是农民， But if they were farmers,
为什么他们不走下来 相同的路径走向文明 why weren抰 they propelled down the same path towards civilization
作为人民的中东 东方或中国或中美洲？ as the people of the Middle East or China or Central America?
为什么他们最终没有 制作自己的货物？ Why didn抰 they end up producing their own cargo?
新几内亚农民自己 人才是肯定不会少 New Guinea farmers themselves were surely no less talented
比农民在世界其他地方。 than farmers anywhere else in the world.
那么究竟是什么区别？ So what was the difference?
高原农业是基础 这样的芋头对农作物的根， Highland agriculture was based on crops like these taro roots,
这是非常不同的谷类作物。 which are very different from cereal crops.
芋头是做更多的工作。 Taro is much more work.
你要一个一个工厂它， You抳e got to plant it one by one,
不像你扔小麦 你的手，传播种子， unlike wheat where you throw your hand and spread the seed,
这些新几内亚作物不能 多年来方式存储小麦可以 and these New Guinea crops can抰 be stored for years the way wheat can,
他们很快腐烂，他们 要在很短的时间吃。 they rot quickly, they have to be eaten in a short time.
他们也很低， 蛋白质相比，小麦， They抮e also low in protein compared to wheat,
所以这些农民在新几内亚 高原地区遭受来自蛋白质缺乏症。 so these farmers of the New Guinea highlands suffered from protein deficiency.
有没有太多的蛋白质会变得 来自新几内亚的其他作物，或者。 There抯 not much protein to be gotten from New Guinea抯 other crops, either.
这里的人们农场本地品种的香蕉， People here farm local varieties of bananas,
但是，尽管香蕉含有丰富的糖和 淀粉，如芋头他们低蛋白质。 but although bananas are rich in sugar and starch, like taro they抮e low in protein.
事实上，人们在 高原有这么少的蛋白质 In fact, people in the highlands have so little protein
有时候，他们吃的巨人 蜘蛛，以补充他们的饮食。 that sometimes they eat giant spiders to supplement their diet.
我想要达到的时刻实现。 I抎 reached a moment of realization.
农显然是关键 这个故事的人的不平等。 Farming was clearly crucial to the story of human inequality.
但是，同样重要 为Ⅰ型农业。 But, just as important was the type of farming.
世界各地的人们谁曾 进入最有生产力的作物 People around the world who had access to the most productive crops
成为最有生产力的农民。 became the most productive farmers.
最终还是来到了地理运气。 Ultimately it came down to geographic luck.
这是一个大胆的想法 It抯 an audacious idea
这对世界的不平等现象 出生从我们吃的庄稼。 that the inequalities of the world were born from the crops we eat.
根据贾德戴蒙，美国人 有一对新几内亚的优势 According to Jared Diamond, Americans have had an advantage over New Guineans
因为他们已经长大作物世纪 这是更有营养和生产。 because for centuries they抳e grown crops that are more nutritious and productive.
作物如小麦，它提供了约 1科幻fth所有吃的卡路里。 Crops like wheat, which provides about a fi fth of all the calories they eat.
现代美国的财富永远无法 已经持续了芋头和香蕉。 The wealth of modern America could never have been sustained by taro and bananas.
但是钻石的想法似乎是太简单了。 But Diamond抯 idea seems almost too simple.
难道植物真的有能力独自 塑造人类历史的过程？ Could plants alone really have the power to shape the course of human history?
还是有别的东西在起作用？ Or was there something else at play?
另一个原因，分工 世界上富国与穷国进入？ Another reason for the division of the world into haves and have nots?
到9000年以前，第一批 在中东地区的定居点 By 9,000 years ago, the first settlements in the Middle East
被让位给更大的村庄。 were giving way to much larger villages.
人们只能生活在这个 通过提高生产规模的农民。 People were only able to live on this scale by becoming more productive farmers.
他们的周围是科幻elds 小麦和大麦的驯化， They were surrounded by fi elds of domesticated wheat and barley,
但现在他们也有 另一个稳定来源的食物。 but by now they also had another steady source of food.
我们所看到的大约 9000名 几年前是一个了不起的转变 What we see happening about 9,000 years ago is a remarkable transformation
在人类的方式 与动物互动。 in the way that humans are interacting with animals.
我们开始看到一个进程 动物驯化， We begin to see a process of animal domestication,
我们所指的人类 他们在那里控制移动， by which we mean humans were controlling where they were moving,
他们控制了他们的饲养， 和他们控制其繁殖。 they were controlling their feeding, and they were controlling their breeding.
而不必去打猎，你 有一个可靠的供应量对肉蹄， Instead of having to go out to hunt, you have a dependable meat supply on the hoof,
全年，在你的网站， year-round, around your site,
而不是受 季节性变化的野味。 rather than being subject to seasonal variations in wild game.
除了肉类，动物 可用于牛奶， As well as meat, animals could be used for their milk,
提供一个持续的蛋白质来源。 providing an ongoing source of protein.
他们的头发和皮肤可用于 作出额外的保暖衣物。 Their hair and skins could be used to make clothes for extra warmth.
随着时间的推移，国内动物 成为一个不可分割的组成部分 Over time, domestic animals became an integral part
在新的农业生活方式。 of the new agricultural way of life.
我们知道，小区， 刚开始有家畜 We know that the communities which first started to have domestic animals
已经谷类作物， 所以他们耕种， already had cereal crops, so they were cultivators,
而这些组合 特别是动物和植物 and the combination of these particular animals and plants
成为一个非常有吸引力的方案， becomes an extremely attractive package,
因为它们是相辅相成的。 in that they抮e complementary.
收获期后，动物 可能是原来的茬， After the harvest period, animals could be turned out on the stubble,
他们其实可以吃 仍然是谷类作物的收成。 and they can actually eat the remains of the cereal crop harvest.
在他们反过来， In their turn,
动物粪便 animal dung
可用于提供样的 谷类作物的肥料以及， can be used to provide sort of a fertilizer for the cereal crops as well,
作物，所以整体来说，整个包， the crops, so the whole, the whole package,
你知道，被认为是互惠互利， you know, is seen to be mutually beneficial,
无论是动物和 当然对植物和人类。 both for the animals and the plants and of course for the humans.
山羊和绵羊是第一个动物 被驯化的古代世界， Goats and sheep were the first animals to be domesticated in the ancient world,
其次，并最终 其他大牲畜今天。 and were eventually followed by the other big farm animals of today.
他们都使用了 起初他们的肉， All of them were used at first for their meat,
但他们都以其他方式证明是有用的， but they all prove useful in other ways,
特别是与发明的犁。 especially with the invention of the plough.
工业革命前， Before the industrial revolution,
野兽的负担是最 强大的机器在地球上。 beasts of burden were the most powerful machines on the planet.
马或牛，利用，以犁， A horse or an ox, harnessed to a plough,
可以改造 生产力的土地， could transform the productivity of the land,
允许农民种植更多 食品和饲料更多的人。 allowing farmers to grow more food and feed more people.
在新几内亚和许多 世界其他地区， In New Guinea and many other parts of the world,
犁人，因为他们从来没有使用过 从未有过的动物拉他们。 people never used ploughs because they never had the animals to pull them.
国内唯一的大型动物在新几内亚 是猪，它甚至还没有出生， The only big domestic animal in New Guinea was the pig, and it wasn抰 even native,
它从亚洲来 几千年前， it came in from Asia a few thousand years ago,
而欧洲和亚洲的 不仅猪，而且牛， while Europe and Asia had not only pigs but also cows,
绵羊，山羊，马， 水牛，骆驼等。 sheep, goats, horses, buffalo, camels and so on.
现在给你做猪的肉，但猪 不给你的其他产品 Now pigs do give you meat, but pigs don抰 give you the other products
你从那些 欧洲和亚洲的动物。 that you get from those European and Asian animals.
猪不给你牛奶，羊毛，或 皮革或皮革以及最重要的是， Pigs don抰 give you milk, or wool, or leather or hides, and most important of all,
猪不能用于肌肉力量， pigs can抰 be used for muscle power,
猪不拉犁或拉车。 pigs don抰 pull ploughs or pull carts.
唯一的肌肉力量在新 几内亚是人体肌肉的力量。 The only muscle power in New Guinea was human muscle power.
即使在今天，有没有 牛马在新几内亚， Even today, there are no beasts of burden in New Guinea,
几乎所有的农场 工作仍然是手工完成。 and almost all of the farm work is still done by hand.
但是，如果农场动物是如此有用， But if farm animals were so useful,
为什么没有新几内亚 驯化任何自己？ why didn抰 New Guineans domesticate any of their own?
我决定将所有动物 世界上曾经被驯化， I decided to add up all the animals in the world that have ever been domesticated,
我很惊讶，我发现了什么。 and I was amazed by what I found.
有近200万 已知种野生动物， There are nearly two million known species of wild animals,
但绝大多数从未养殖。 but the vast majority has never been farmed.
大多数昆虫，鼠类是 没有实际使用人， Most insects and rodents are of no practical use to humans,
和不值得的努力耕作。 and not worth the effort of farming.
一些鸟类，爬行类和科幻上海 已被驯化， Some birds, fi sh and reptiles have been domesticated,
但大多数只是不切实际的农场。 but most are simply impractical to farm.
因此，最食肉动物，而不是 因为他们e危险 So are most carnivores, not because they抮e dangerous
而是因为你已经成长 其他动物只是为了养活他们。 but because you抎 have to grow other animals just to feed them.
最好的动物养殖场 大型食草动物。 The best animals to farm are large, plant-eating mammals.
多年以来， And over the years,
人类有可能试图驯服 所有这些，通常没有成功。 humans have probably tried to domesticate all of them, usually without success.
尽管一再努力，非洲人 从来没有驯化的大象。 Despite repeated efforts, Africans have never domesticated the elephant.
在南亚，一些大象 被用作动物的工作。 In South Asia, some elephants are used as work animals.
但他们不e养殖为宗旨。 But they抮e not farmed for the purpose.
相反，每个象是陷入 野生然后驯服和训练。 Instead, each elephant is caught in the wild and then tamed and trained.
这并不代表使农场的经济意义 动物，需要大约 15年才能成熟 It doesn抰 make economic sense to farm an animal that takes some 15 years to mature
达到这个时代里， 它可以开始繁殖。 and reach an age where it can start reproducing.
这使合适的动物 考生驯化 Animals which made suitable candidates for domestication
可在分娩开始 他们的第一或第二年。 can start giving birth in their first or second years.
他们将有一个或 也许两个孩子一年， They will have one or maybe two offspring a year,
所以他们e实际上是高生产率。 so they抮e productivity is actually high.
行为上，他们需要社会性的动物， Behaviorally they need to be social animals,
这意味着男性和女性 和年轻人都生活在一起作为一个群体， meaning that the males and the females and the young all live together as a group,
他们也有一 内部的社会阶层， and they also have an internal social hierarchy,
这意味着，如果人类 可以控制的领导者， which means that if humans can control the leader,
那么他们也将得到控制 在整个畜群，整个羊群。 then they will also gain control over the whole herd or whole flock.
还有另外一个关键 要求对饲养的动物。 There is another crucial requirement for a domestic animal.
它需要与人相处。 It needs to get along with humans.
有些动物有唐 气质住在一个农场。 Some animals don抰 have the temperament to live on a farm.
斑马可能是一个理想的家养动物， A zebra could be an ideal domestic animal,
潜在的马一样有用。 potentially as useful as a horse.
但在不断变化之中 非洲大型食肉动物， But evolving in the midst of Africa抯 great predators,
斑马已经成为 轻浮，神经生物。 zebras have become flighty, nervous creatures.
他们有一个恶性连胜的 人类一直无法驯服。 They have a vicious streak that humans have been unable to tame.
这可能是为什么斑马从未 利用，以一犁或骑上阵。 That may be why zebras have never been harnessed to a plough or ridden into battle.
我数了148个不同品种的 野生草食陆地哺乳动物 I counted up 148 different species of wild, plant-eating terrestrial mammals
重达 100多 英镑，但148人， that weighed over 100 pounds, but of those 148,
数字已成功过 养殖任何长度的时间仅 14。 the number that has ever been successfully farmed for any length of time is just 14.
山羊，绵羊，猪，牛，马，驴， Goats, sheep, pigs, cows, horses, donkeys,
Badrian骆驼，阿拉伯 骆驼，水牛， Badrian camels, Arabian camels, water buffalo,
骆马，驯鹿，牦牛， nithans和巴利牛。 llamas, reindeer, yaks, nithans, and bally cattle.
只有14头大牲畜 在10000年的驯化。 Just 14 large domestic animals in 10,000 years of domestication.
而人的祖先在哪里 这些动物是从哪里来的？ And where did the ancestors of these animals come from?
都不是由新几内亚，或澳大利亚。 None was from New Guinea, or Australia.
或撒哈拉以南非洲，或 整个北美大陆。 Or Sub-Saharan Africa, or the whole continent of North America.
南美洲有祖先只 一国内大型动物：在美洲驼。 South America had the ancestor of just one large domestic animal: the llama.
其他13人都来自 亚洲，北非和欧洲。 The other 13 were all from Asia, North Africa and Europe.
而其中，四大牲畜 动物，牛，猪，绵羊和山羊， And of these, the big four livestock animals; cows, pigs, sheep and goats,
是原产于中东。 were native to the Middle East.
在同样的领域，是家 一些在世界上最好的作物 The very same area that was home to some of the best crops in the world
还在家中一些最好的动物。 was also home to some of the best animals.
难怪这方面成为 被称为肥沃的新月。 Little wonder that this area became known as the Fertile Crescent.
人民的肥沃新月 在地理上得天独厚， The people of the Fertile Crescent were geographically blessed,
可以访问一些最好的作物 和农场动物在古代世界。 with access to some of the best crops and farm animals in the ancient world.
它给了他们一个巨大的领先优势。 It gave them a huge head start.
什么已开始与播种 小麦和山羊的潘宁 What had begun with the sowing of wheat and the penning of goats
对处于领先 第一次人类文明。 was leading towards the first human civilization.
在考古遗址中的瓜尔豆 约旦南部，是9000年的历史。 The archaeological site of Guar in Southern Jordan is 9,000 years old.
但是，它的所有特征的一个小镇。 But it has all the hallmarks of a town.
几百人住在这里，一排排 该房屋是一个奇怪的技术。 A few hundred people lived here, in rows of houses that were a wonder of technology.
每次我到这里来，我惊讶 由这些人在做什么。 Every time I come here, I抦 amazed by what those people were doing.
一些房子有 种空调， Some of the houses have a kind of air conditioning,
1，这里是为这个窗口， a, this window here is for,
控制来自空气 街道内的房子， to control the air coming from the street inside the house,
与房屋， and the houses,
墙壁和地板的 从房屋内至少 the walls and the floors of the houses from the inside at least,
被覆盖着石膏。 were covered with plaster.
所以人们都转移到一个概念的家园。 So people were moving to a concept of homes.
它，它不是一个地方只是 睡觉，这是一个正确的家， It抯, it抯 not a place just to sleep, it is a proper home,
人们开始装修 从房子，从里面， and people started to decorate the houses from the, from the inside,
人们已经开始 投资在自己的家园， and people were starting to invest in their homes,
因为如果我们谈论的石膏， because if we are talking about plaster,
这是费时，它努力费时， 它非常昂贵有贴满房子。 it is time-consuming, it抯 effort-consuming, it抯 very expensive to have plastered house.
随着不断长大的村庄，有 更多的人来的土地上。 As villages grew bigger, there were more people to work on the land.
更多的人可以产生 更多的食物，更有效， More people could produce more food, more efficiently,
足以支持专家 在小区内。 enough to support specialists within the community.
摆脱了负担，农业， Freed from the burden of farming,
有些人能够发展 新技能，新技术。 some people were able to develop new skills, and new technologies.
石灰石是石膏制作 一个重大的技术突破。 Making plaster from limestone was a major technological breakthrough.
结石必须加热天 一时间，在温度 1000度。 The stones had to be heated for days at a time, at a temperature of 1,000 degrees.
它可能看起来微不足道的今天，但 了解如何使用火 It may seem insignificant today, but understanding how to work with fire
第一步是锻造钢， 这种技术将改变世界。 was the first step towards forging steel, a technology that would transform the world.
与此相反，地方，比如新几内亚 从未开发的先进技术。 By contrast, places like New Guinea never developed advanced technology.
即使在今天，一些人在高地 Even today, some people in the highlands
正在工作的方式有 几个世纪以来几乎没有改变。 are working in ways that have barely changed for centuries.
当我第一次来 新几内亚在20世纪 60年代， When I first came to New Guinea in the 1960s,
人们仍在使用 石制工具这样的斧头 people were still using stone tools like this axe
部分地区的岛屿， 抵达欧洲前， in parts of the island, and before European arrival,
人们使用石器工具 各地在新几内亚。 people were using stone tools everywhere in New Guinea.
那么，为什么 didn新几内亚 五金工具发展自己？ So why didn抰 New Guinea develop metal tools by itself?
最终我意识到， 有金属加工专家 And eventually I realized that to have metalworking specialists
谁能够想出如何 冶炼铜，铁， who can figure out how to smelt copper and iron,
要求其余的人 在社会上谁是农民， requires that the rest of the people in the society who were farmers,
能够产生足够的 粮食盈余来养活他们。 be able to generate enough food surpluses to feed them.
但是，新几内亚农业 没有足够的生产能力 But New Guinea agriculture was not productive enough
产生盈余的食物， to generate those food surpluses,
其结果是没有专家， 没有金属工人，并没有金属工具。 and the result was no specialists, no metalworkers, and no metal tools.
在新的生活方式 几内亚是完全可行的。 The way of life in New Guinea was perfectly viable.
它存活完好 对于数千年。 It had survived intact for thousands of years.
但根据钻石，人们 didn推进技术 But according to Diamond, people didn抰 advance technologically
因为他们花了太多时间 和能源喂养自己。 because they spent too much time and energy feeding themselves.
然后西方人抵达，并用 他们的技术才可以殖民的国家。 And then Westerners arrived, and used their technology to colonize the country.
然而，所有的优势， Yet for all its advantages,
肥沃的新月不 厂房的现代世界， the Fertile Crescent is not the powerhouse of the modern world,
也不是面包篮它曾经是。 nor is it the bread basket it once was.
它是怎样失去先机？ How did it lose its head start?
在1000年他们的出现， Within 1,000 years of their emergence,
大部分的新农村的 肥沃新月被遗弃。 most of the new villages of the Fertile Crescent were abandoned.
讽刺的是，该地区 有一个根本的弱点。 Ironically, the region had a fundamental weakness.
尽管有一些最 作物对营养的星球， Despite having some of the most nutritious crops on the planet,
它的气候太干燥， its climate was too dry,
其生态太脆弱，要 支持连续集约经营。 and its ecology too fragile, to support continuous intensive farming.
人们破坏环境。 People were destroying the environment.
该水域已出现过度捕捞， 树木被砍伐掉了， The waters had been over-exploited, the trees had been cut,
这是什么时候，什么时候，当 你，当你面对，最终， and this is what when, when, when you, when you face the, the end,
我的意思是你面对墙。 I mean you are facing the wall.
你会结束这样的景观， You will end with landscape like that,
意味，很少树木， mean with, with few trees,
没有草，用更少的水。 with no grass, and with less water.
所以，我们期待在今天 So what we are looking at today
其结果是 过度开发环境。 is the outcome of over-exploiting the environment.
无法耕种自己的土地，整个 小区被迫继续前进。 Unable to farm their land, entire communities were forced to move on.
他们的优点累计从几千年 驯化可能已丢失。 The advantages they抎 accrued from centuries of domestication might have been lost.
但同样，地理是站在他们一边。 But again, geography was on their side.
肥沃的新月上 中间一个巨大的陆块，欧亚。 The Fertile Crescent is on the middle of a huge land mass, Eurasia.
有很多地方 耕作传播， There were plenty of places for farming to spread,
更为关键的，许多人到这些地方 东部和西部肥沃的新月， and crucially, many of those places were to the east and west of the Fertile Crescent,
在大致相同的纬度线。 at roughly the same line of latitude.
为什么是如此重要？ Why抯 that so important?
因为任何两点的 全球共享同一纬度 Because any two points of the globe that share the same latitude
自动共享相同长度的一天， automatically share the same length of day,
他们经常分享 类似的气候和植被。 and they often share a similar climate and vegetation.
农作物或动物的驯养 在肥沃的新月 Crops or animals domesticated in the Fertile Crescent
能够在其他地方繁荣 沿东西轴的欧亚大陆。 were able to prosper at other places along the east-west axis of Eurasia.
小麦和大麦，绵羊和山羊，牛和 所有从猪传播的肥沃新月， Wheat and barley, sheep and goats, cows and pigs all spread from the Fertile Crescent,
对印度东部和西部 对北非和欧洲。 east towards India and west towards North Africa and Europe.
所到之处 改变人类社会。 Wherever they went they transformed human societies.
一旦作物和动物的 肥沃新月达到埃及， Once the crops and animals of the Fertile Crescent reached Egypt,
他们造成爆炸的文明。 they caused an explosion of civilization.
突然，有足够的食物 养活法老和将军， Suddenly there was enough food to feed the pharaohs and generals,
工程师和文士，与军队 人们需要兴建金字塔。 the engineers and scribes, and the armies of people required to build the pyramids.
同样是真正的欧洲文明。 The same is true of European civilization.
从远古时代到文艺复兴时期， From ancient times until the Renaissance,
农作物和动物 肥沃的新月 the crops and animals of the Fertile Crescent
美联储的艺术家，发明家 欧洲和士兵。 fed the artists, inventors and soldiers of Europe.
在16世纪， In the 16th century,
同样的作物和动物 由欧洲人到新大陆。 the same crops and animals were taken by Europeans to the New World.
当时有没有一个牛 或穗小麦在所有美洲。 At the time there was not a single cow or ear of wheat in all the Americas.
现在有1.00亿 仅在美国牛。 Now there are 100 million cattle in the US alone.
和美国人消耗20 万吨小麦一年。 And Americans consume 20 million tons of wheat a year.
现代工业化 美国将不堪设想 Modern industrialised America would be unthinkable
whitout农业的蔓延 从肥沃的新月。 whitout the spread of farming from the Fertile Crescent.
还有一些谁认为贾里德 钻石论点是太容易的整洁。 There are some who think Jared Diamond抯 argument is too neat and easy.
可以分配财富和权力 真的减少到牛和小麦？ Can the distribution of wealth and power really be reduced to cattle and wheat?
怎么样的文化，政治和宗教吗？ What about culture, politics and religion?
当然，他们e被同样重要？ Surely they抳e been just as important?
钻石被批评 过于确定性， Diamond抯 been criticized for being too deterministic,
忽略了这部分人 在塑造自己的命运。 for ignoring the part people have played in shaping their own destiny.
我多年在新几内亚说服 我说，全世界的人民 My years in New Guinea have convinced me that people around the world
基本上是相似的。 are fundamentally similar.
无论你走到哪里，你可以科幻届人民 谁是聪明的，机智和活力。 Wherever you go, you can fi nd people who are smart, resourceful and dynamic.
没有一个社会对那些具有垄断特征。 No society has a monopoly on those traits.
当然也有巨大的 文化的差异， Of course there are huge cultural differences,
但他们e主要是结果的不平等， but they抮e mainly the result of inequality,
他们e不是它的根源。 they抮e not its root cause.
最后更重要的是什么 是的手，那人被处理， Ultimately what抯 far more important is the hand that people have been dealt,
他们的原料e 曾在其处置。 the raw materials they抳e had at their disposal.
新几内亚从收购生猪 欧亚大陆，但不牛，羊或山羊， New Guineans acquired pigs from Eurasia, but not cows or sheep or goats,
或马，或小麦或大麦。 or horses, or wheat or barley.
他们 didn发展同 作为欧洲人或美国人的方式， They didn抰 develop in the same way as Europeans or Americans,
因为他们有didn 同样的原料。 because they didn抰 have the same raw materials.
我不是说，那些师， 世界是一成不变的，可以改变; I抦 not saying that those divisions of the world are set in stone and can抰 be changed;
它正好相反。 it抯 quite the opposite.
城镇巴布亚新几内亚是 变得更大，更发达， The towns of Papua New Guinea are becoming bigger and more developed,
现代新几内亚人口尝试 为跟上世界其他地区。 populated by modern New Guineans trying to keep up with the rest of the world.
不幸的是他们， 差距还很大克服。 Unfortunately for them, there抯 still a big gap to overcome.
为什么你有这么多白人货物 而我们的新几内亚有这么少？ Why you white man have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?
雅礼抓住我措手不及30年前。 Yali caught me by surprise 30 years ago.
我不知道该说些什么，然后向他 但现在我想我知道答案。 I had no idea what to say to him then but now I think I know the answer.
雅礼它冰冻三尺为缺乏独创性 Yali it wasn抰 for lack of ingenuity
你的人们不结束 与现代技术。 that your people didn抰 end up with modern technology.
他们的聪明才智，掌握这些 新几内亚困难环境。 They had the ingenuity to master these difficult New Guinea environments.
相反，整个答案 你的问题是地理。 Instead the whole answer to your question was geography.
如果你的人享有同样的 地理优势，我的人民， If your people had enjoyed the same geographic advantages as my people,
你的员工会被 那些发明的直升机。 your people would have been the ones to invent helicopters.
贾德戴蒙着手探索 Jared Diamond set out to explore
该师的世界 富国和穷国进入。 the division of the world into haves and have nots.
他说服该蓝图 司内在于土地本身。 He抯 convinced the blueprint for that division lies within the land itself.
但他的方式看世界 But can his way of seeing the world
真正有助于阐明 人类历史的转折点？ really shed light on the turning points of human history?
它可以解释如何几百 欧洲人征服新大陆， Can it explain how a few hundred Europeans conquered the New World,
并开始一个时代的统治？ and began an age of domination?
年龄的枪炮，病菌和钢铁。 The age of guns, germs and steel.
Subtitle made by Polux@titrari.ro Subtitle made by Polux@titrari.ro
Transcript from : www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel