埃及最后一位女王克娄巴特拉 Cleopatra, the last Queen of Egypt,
是两位著名罗马将军的情人 lover of two famed Roman generals
因美丽而闻名，却被毒蛇杀死。 renowned, for her beauty and killed by an asp.
她是吗？ Or was she?
如果你深入研究历史资料， If you delve into the historical sources,
许多古人的死亡 the deaths of many an ancient
人物被荒诞的理论、神话和阴谋所笼罩。 figure are shrouded in wild theories, myth and intrigue.
这是一场令人难以置信的帝国线索游戏。 It's an incredible game of imperial Cluedo going on.
我是苏珊娜·利普斯科姆教授我的职业生涯 I'm Professor Suzannah Lipscomb and I've spent my career
调查过去的奥秘， investigating the mysteries of the past,
但现在我穿越到了几千年前 But now I'm travelling thousands of years back
及时调查一些最伟大的 in time to investigate how some of the greatest
古代世界的人物都走到了尽头。 figures of the ancient world met their end.
从图坦卡蒙到亚历山大大帝 From Tutankhamun to Alexander the Great,
成吉思汗对克利奥帕特拉… Genghis Khan to Cleopatra...
．．我会在考古中寻找线索， ..I'll be searching for clues in the archaeology,
在人工制品和古代文献中。 in artefacts and in ancient texts.
这是我们第一次看到 This is the first time we see
关于他被阉割的死亡故事。 a story of his death where he is castrated.
帮我区分事实和虚构 Helping me to unpick fact from fiction
是世界领先的法医病理学家理查德·谢泼德博士 is world leading forensic pathologist Dr Richard Shepherd.
使用最先进的数字解剖台， Using a cutting edge digital autopsy table,
他将阐明疾病的影响， he will shed light on the impact of disease,
对我们的著名人物的伤害和可能的谋杀。 injury and possible foul play on our famous figures.
它会导致休克，血压下降， It causes shock, the blood pressure falls,
心率上升。 the heart rate goes up.
这不是干净利落的死亡 This was not the clean death
这些都是历史书上经常描述的。 that are so often described in the history books.
我会去我的调查中心见专家 I'll be meeting experts at my investigation hub
并在现场真正动手。 and getting truly hands on out in the field.
太好了。 That's great.
快看！ Look at that!
他很喜欢咬人。 He's very keen to bite.
我将挖掘出这些古代巨人的最新内幕…… I'll unearth the latest revelations about these titans of antiquity...
这是涂抹毒药的完美表面。 This is a perfect surface to smear some poison.
．．让我更接近揭开他们的死因。 ..leading me closer to revealing just how they died.
克利奥帕特拉可能是古埃及最著名的女性统治者。 Cleopatra is probably ancient Egypt's most famous female ruler.
几个世纪以来在艺术、戏剧和电影中的刻画意味着 Centuries of portrayal in art, theatre and film mean
她在公众的想象中若隐若现。 that she looms large in the public imagination.
罗马将军的情人， From the doomed lover of Roman general,
莎士比亚的《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》中的马克·安东尼…… Mark Antony, in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra...
．．到1963年电影中伊丽莎白·泰勒的标志性美貌…… ..to the iconic beauty of Elizabeth Taylor on film in 1963...
．．这位埃及女王对我们大多数人来说都很熟悉， ..this Egyptian queen feels familiar to most of us,
但这些故事隐藏了真实的女人。 but these stories have hidden the real woman from view.
历史上的克利奥帕特拉是托勒密王朝的最后一位， The historical Cleopatra was the last of the Ptolemies,
马其顿希腊王室 the Macedonian Greek royal family
他统治古埃及将近300年。 who ruled ancient Egypt for nearly 300 years.
她的父亲，托勒密十二世 Her father, Ptolemy the 12th was
一个难以维持权力的法老， a pharaoh who found it hard to maintain power,
他从罗马人手中买下了王位 and he basically bought his throne from the Romans.
它把埃及直接带入了罗马的轨道。 It brought Egypt squarely into the orbit of Rome.
所以所有的问题 So really all, of the problems
克利奥帕特拉一生必须面对的问题 that Cleopatra had to face in her lifetime,
我们可以写下它们的起源 we can put down their origin
她父亲与罗马的关系 to her father's relationship with Rome.
从公元前51年到公元前30年的21年间， For 21 years from, 51 to 30 BCE,
她统治着埃及…… she ruled over Egypt...
．．最富有最有权势的人之一 ..one of the richest and most powerful
古代世界的国家。 states in the ancient world.
这是一个有价值的，具有重要战略意义的 It was a valuable and strategically important
罗马统治者想要的领土 territory that the leaders of Rome wanted for their own.
让女王的政治地位岌岌可危。 Leaving the Queen in a precarious political position.
克利奥帕特拉最后的日子里，她只有39岁， Cleopatra's last days when, she was just 39 years old,
充满了绝望和危险。 were full of despair and danger.
她的尸体在她宏伟的陵墓中被发现， Her corpse was found in her grand mausoleum,
但她的结局仍然是个谜。 but her end remained something of an enigma.
那么克利奥帕特拉是怎么死的呢？ So how did Cleopatra die?
可能是最持久的形象 Possibly the most enduring image
我们对克利奥帕特拉的印象是她戏剧性的死亡 we have of Cleopatra is her dramatic death...
．．扮演罗马将军马克·安东尼的悲剧情人 ..as the tragic lover of Roman general, Mark Antony.
它起源于账户 It originates with the account
希腊历史学家普鲁塔克的著作 of Greek historian Plutarch, writing 100 years
在克利奥帕特拉死后。 after Cleopatra's death.
在克利奥帕特拉统治的最后一年 In the final year of Cleopatra's reign,
她坚定地与马克·安东尼结盟 she has firmly allied herself with Mark Antony,
谁当时订婚了 who is at the time engaged
在与凯撒的继承人屋大维的内战中 in a civil war with Caesar's heir apparent, Octavian.
这为无数的战斗奠定了基础 Which sets the stage for numerous battles and
罗马人最终征服了埃及 the eventual conquest of Egypt by the Romans,
以及马克·安东尼和克利奥帕特拉的自杀。 and the supposed suicide of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
她选择用毒蛇毒死自己。 She chooses to poison herself using a venomous snake, an asp.
这一理论至今仍然存在 This theory has continued to remain present
在公众意识中贯穿 in the public consciousness through
一个特别的雕塑叫做“沉睡的阿里阿德涅”， a particular sculpture called, 'The Sleeping Ariadne,'
带着一条卷曲的蛇手镯。 with a curled snake bracelet around her.
这是一种非常戏剧化的死法，但如果被毒蛇咬一口， It's a wildly dramatic way to die, but could a bite from an asp,
一只埃及眼镜蛇，强大到足以杀人 an Egyptian cobra, be powerful enough to have killed
古埃及最后一位女王？ the last queen of ancient Egypt?
克利奥帕特拉的坟墓仍然是一个历史之谜。 Cleopatra's tomb remains a historical mystery.
它的位置从未被发现 Its location has never been discovered
女王的尸体也没有。 and neither has the body of the Queen.
为了探究她的死因， So to, explore theories about her death,
我们求助于医学专家理查德·谢泼德博士。 we're turning to medical expert Dr Richard Shepherd.
他是世界领先的法医病理学家 He's a world leading forensic pathologist
他做了超过23000次尸检。 who has carried out over 23,000 postmortems.
利用数字解剖表，他可以解剖虚拟人体， Using a digital anatomy table, he can dissect virtual human bodies,
剥开层层组织， peeling back layers of tissue,
肌肉和骨骼来检查一个人是如何死亡的。 muscle and bone to examine how someone has died.
那么蛇咬伤是如何影响克利奥帕特拉的呢？ So how might a snakebite have affected Cleopatra?
今天，平均而言， Today, on average,
每年有十万人死于蛇咬伤。 100,000 people a year die as a result of snakebites.
它们如何杀人很大程度上取决于类型 How they kill depends very much on the type
一种由蛇注入体内的化学物质。 of chemical that's injected into the body by the snake.
有些蛇咬伤会影响神经系统。 Some snake bites affect the nervous system.
它通常是从外围开始的， It quite often starts down in the peripheries,
脚和手，然后扩散 the feet and in the hands and then spreads up
肢体，包括躯干，最后是肌肉 the limbs, involving the torso and finally the muscles
呼吸导致呼吸困难和死亡 of respiration leading, to breathlessness and death.
其他毒液影响心血管系统。 Other venoms affect the cardiovascular system.
如果是心血管系统的问题，就会更严重 If it's the cardiovascular system it, tends to be
一下子就结束了 all over at once
它会引起休克，血压下降，心率上升， It causes shock, the blood pressure falls, the heart rate goes up,
呼吸再次受到影响。 and once again breathing is affected.
死前有严重的呼吸短促。 There is severe shortness of breath prior to death.
显然是注射毒液 Clearly an, injection of venom
足以杀死克利奥帕特拉。 from a snakebite could be enough to kill Cleopatra.
但最关键的是，这取决于蛇的种类。 But crucially it, depends on the type of snake.
卡桑德拉·莫达尔博士是毒蛇咬伤研究方面的专家 Dr Cassandra Modahl is an expert in snakebite research at
利物浦热带医学院 the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
凯西，这听起来是个很基本的问题 Cassie this, is going to sound like a really basic question
对你来说，毒液是什么？ for you but, what is venom?
所以毒液是不同毒素的混合物。 So venom is a mixture of different toxins.
毒液中有50到100种不同的毒素， So you can have 50 to 100 different toxins in a venom,
这因物种而异 and that varies per species
甚至是不同的地理区域。 and even different geographical areas.
例如，埃及的一条蛇， So, a snake in Egypt for, instance will,
有不同的毒液成分 have a different venom composition than
在另一个国家也有同样的物种。 the same species in the next country.
所以我们必须把它分解成所有这些组成部分。 So we have to essentially break it down into all those components.
在那之前，你应该得到 And presumably before that you've got to get
把蛇的毒液排出。 the venom out of the snake.
没错，没错。 Exactly, yep, yeah.
想象克利奥帕特拉允许蛇咬她是一回事…… Imagining Cleopatra allowing a snake to bite her is one thing...
．．但在这里，我可以亲眼看到那可能是什么样子。 ..but here I can see first-hand what that might be like.
好了，准备好了吗？是的。 All right you, ready with that? Yep.
凯西和她的同事艾德，即将表演 Cassie and her colleague Ed, are about to perform
眼镜蛇毒液的提取。 a cobra venom extraction.
每个人都快乐吗? Everyone happy?
所以现在，twist需要得到我的手指， So right now that, twist needs to get my fingers,
看到这些碎片了吗？它们是尖牙。 And there you see those bits there? They're the fangs.
它们是小峰。 They're little peaks.
他很喜欢咬人。 He's very keen to bite.
所以，给他一点挤压… So, give him a little squeeze...
．．但他已经给了我们很多毒液了。 ..but he's given us loads of venom there already.
现在他被夹在盘子上。 Right now he's just clamped onto the dish.
你看到他又咬人了吗？ You see him biting again there?
这对眼镜蛇来说很正常，它们喜欢锁定猎物。 And that's fairly normal for cobras, they like to lock onto their prey.
只是很高兴有机会咬点东西。 Just very happy to have a chance to bite something.
这是一条埃及眼镜蛇。 So this is an Egyptian cobra.
埃及眼镜蛇可以长到两米长。 The Egyptian cobra here can get to about two metres in total.
过去的蛇肯定比现在的要大得多。 Snakes in the past were definitely much bigger than they were nowadays.
所以克利奥帕特拉可能和 So Cleopatra may have been operating with
一条相当大的蛇？ a snake that was considerably bigger?
潜在的,是的。 Potentially, yeah.
眼镜蛇和它致命的毒牙 The cobra and his deadly fangs
都安全回到了远离危险的地方。 are safely back out of harm's reach.
但我很难接近蛇 But I could hardly come to a snake
然后放弃自己动手的机会。 lab and pass up the opportunity to handle one for myself.
温柔点，让蛇从你的手中穿过。 Just be gentle and you let the snake kind of move through your hands.
近距离观察这些蛇，这与 Seeing these snakes up close, how does this compare with
历史资料告诉我们的 what the historical sources tell us
克利奥帕特拉与毒蛇的致命遭遇。 of Cleopatra's fatal encounter with an asp.
我们听说克利奥帕特拉 We're told that Cleopatra
把一条蛇藏在无花果篮子里偷偷带进她的身体， has a snake smuggled into her in a basket of figs,
但我们也听说它杀死了三名成年女性…… but we're also told it kills three grown women...
．．克利奥帕特拉和她的两个女仆。 ..Cleopatra, and her two maidservants.
你怎么理解呢？ How would you make sense of that?
我想走私眼镜蛇会很困难 I think smuggling in a cobra would be quite hard
因为它们是大型蛇，它们也非常活跃， because they're large snakes, they're also very active,
就像你在提取毒液时看到的那样。 as you saw for the venom extraction.
所以他们不会坐得很好。 So they're not going to sit well.
它会很快致死吗？ Would it have killed quickly?
眼镜蛇会有神经毒素… A cobra will have neurotoxins...
．．但它仍然可能需要至少一两个小时。 ..but it still is probably going to take at least an hour or two.
你需要多少毒液才能杀死三个人？ And how much venom do you need to kill three people?
这取决于物种。 It depends on the species.
也有可能是一条蛇 Also it, is possible that a snake
可以释放很少的毒液，或者根本没有毒液， can deliver very little venom or no venom at all,
这被称为干咬。 which is called a dry bite.
所以她可能放了一条蛇 So could she have put a snake
然后让它在特定时间咬她？ to her arm and got it to bite her at a given time?
有可能，但你还是不知道 Potentially, but you still wouldn't know
它能释放多少毒液。 how much venom it would deliver.
如果它咬的是重复的个体，比如， And, also if it's biting repeated individuals like,
她的几个女仆，我想说这也会非常 several of her handmaidens, I would say that would also be very
很难连杀几个人。 difficult to kill several people in a row.
把蛇放在她胳膊上可能会结束 Putting a snake to her arm could have ended
她刚刚瘫痪了 up with her just being paralysed
在她的余生中度过，而不是真的死去？ for the rest of her life rather, than actually dying?
是的，或者组织破坏更常见。 Yeah, or tissue destruction I would say would be more common.
是啊，我的残疾改变了我的生活。 Yeah, so, just having life altering disability.
克利奥帕特拉可不想冒这个险。 And that is not something Cleopatra would have wanted to risk.
这听起来越来越不可能了 So this is sounding more and more like it's an unlikely way
她已经死了，她无法控制？ for her to have died, so much she couldn't control?
没错，没错，所以如果你想死， Exactly, yeah, yeah, so if you want certain death,
是啊，我可不会相信毒蛇。 yeah, I wouldn't rely on a venomous snake.
所以事实证明克利奥帕特拉 So it turns out that the idea that Cleopatra
用蛇自杀的说法不太合理。 died by suicide with a snake doesn't really stack up.
你不能确定有没有足够的毒液， You can't be sure of having enough venom,
你不能确定它不会导致瘫痪 you can't be sure that it's going to not cause paralysis
而不是死亡，而且死亡可能需要很长时间 rather than death, and it could take too long to die
为了符合我们从线人那里得到的信息。 to fit in with what we know from the sources.
这可能是个误会吗？ Is it perhaps a misunderstanding?
还是他们想说些关于克利奥帕特拉的更下流的话？ Or were they trying to say something more scurrilous about Cleopatra?
眼镜蛇的主题很有趣，因为， The cobra motif is an interesting one to have developed because,
当然，眼镜蛇是皇室的象征。 of course the, cobra was a symbol of royalty.
所以每一位法老，包括埃及艳后， So every pharaoh, including Cleopatra,
她额头上应该有一条眼镜蛇。 would have had a uraeus, a cobra on her brow.
这条眼镜蛇被认为是太阳神的代表。 And this cobra was supposed to represent the sun god.
所以他代表了她统治的权力。 And so he represented her power to rule.
被埃及眼镜蛇咬死真是太合适了。 So what a fitting way to die by an Egyptian cobra.
罗马的资料完全 The Roman sources completely take
所有这些都在他们头上旋转。 all of this and spin it on their heads.
因为作为罗马的头号敌人… Because as enemy number one in Rome...
．．她被称为东方处女。 ..she's called the Oriental virago.
他们崇拜有动物头的神。 They worship gods with animal heads.
这是东方学对一切的诠释。 It's an orientalist spin on everything.
克利奥帕特拉死于毒蛇咬伤这种奇特的方式， The idea of Cleopatra dying by an exotic method like snakebite,
让罗马人认为她是一个邪恶的外星女王 fed into the Roman view of her as a villainous, alien queen.
虽然埃及的象征主义可能会画 And while Egyptian symbolism might have painted
眼镜蛇咬人是一种神秘而英勇的死法。 the cobra bite as a mythic and heroic way to die...
．．现实情况要可怕得多。 ..the reality would have been far more grisly.
克利奥帕特拉要过很长时间才能死去， It would have taken Cleopatra quite a long time to die,
不管那条蛇是什么，毒液被注射进了她的身体。 whatever the snake was whatever, venom was injected into her body.
注射部位会有疼痛，还有肿胀。 There would have been the pain from the injection side, the swelling.
毒素会扩散， There would have been the spread of the toxins,
无论是神经系统还是心血管… whether it was neurological or cardiovascular...
引起刺痛，引起呼吸困难 ..causing tingling, causing breathlessness,
导致病情恶化、腹泻和呕吐。 causing deterioration, diarrhoea and vomiting.
这不是干净利落的死亡 This was not the clean death
这在历史书中经常被描述。 that is so often described in the history books.
克利奥帕特拉悲惨死亡的理论 The theory that Cleopatra died tragically
在她自己的手上被蛇咬是很不现实的， at her own hands from a snake bite is far from realistic,
它的设计非常适合这两种情况 and it's perfectly designed to fit either
罗马人或埃及人对她性格的曲解 a Roman or an Egyptian spin on her character.
但这个戏剧性的故事似乎太简单了， But this dramatic story seems just too neat,
凯西给我看了物证 and Cassie has shown me the physical evidence
以这种方式被蛇咬死是不可信的。 that death by snakebite in this way was just not plausible.
所以克利奥帕特拉的真正死因肯定是别的。 So the true cause of Cleopatra's death must be something else.
2500多年前…… Over 2500 years ago...
．．克利奥帕特拉是埃及的法老， ..Cleopatra reigned as the pharaoh of Egypt,
与埃及和罗马的国际外交进行谈判 negotiating an international world of Egyptian and Roman diplomacy.
她利用了政治和爱情联盟的结合， She drew on a combination of political and romantic alliances,
首先是罗马领袖凯撒 first with Rome's leader Julius Caesar...
．．以及后来的罗马将军马克·安东尼 ..and later the Roman general Mark Antony.
但到了公元前30年，凯撒的继任者屋大维， But by 30 BCE, Caesar's successor, Octavian,
打败了克利奥帕特拉的军队，女王也死了。 had defeated Cleopatra's army and the queen was dead.
著名的克利奥帕特拉死亡理论 The famous theory that Cleopatra died
被蛇咬伤却不可信。 from a snake bite turns out not to be credible.
我觉得我需要弄清楚为什么线人会告诉我们 I feel like I need to understand why the sources tell us
她就这样死了，在那个时候…… that she died in that way and at that time...
．．还有什么可能呢？ ..and what else might be a possibility?
我们有一个消息来源… We do have one source...
．．这和她的年龄很接近。 ..which is close to her time.
这是一个叫斯特拉波的罗马人写的。 And this is the writings of a Roman called Strabo...
．．他有点像地理学家。 ..he was a kind of geographer.
他写的是 He was writing about
在克利奥帕特拉死后30到50年 30 to 50 years after Cleopatra's death.
他认为当她的尸体被检查时 And what he suggests was that when her body was examined by
进去发现她的罗马士兵 the Roman soldiers who went in and found her,
他们发现她的手臂上有针刺。 they discovered that there were pinpricks in her arm.
很多著作都在谈论 A lot of the writings that talk
关于她自杀的证据确实表明是某种形式的毒药。 about her killing herself do suggest that it was poison in some form.
针刺法也很有趣，因为， The pinprick method is also quite interesting because,
克利奥帕特拉并不是古典世界中唯一的人物 Cleopatra is not the only figure in the classical world
他被认为是用这种方法死亡的。 who is believed to have died by that method.
其他古代人物，如著名的军事将领汉尼拔， Other ancient figures such as the famed military general Hannibal,
据说是用毒药刺自己而死的。 are said to have died by pricking themselves with poison.
根据最近的文献资料 According to the closest literary source
我们必须追溯到克利奥帕特拉的死亡时间 we have to the time of Cleopatra's death,
她也是这样死去的。 she also died this way.
但什么情况会导致她这样做呢？ But what circumstances could have led her to this?
作家兼古典主义者奥诺·嘉吉·马丁就是这方面的专家 Author and classicist Honor Cargill Martin is an expert
关于克利奥帕特拉的书面证据 on the written evidence surrounding Cleopatra.
关于她的死，有什么消息来源？ So what are the sources tell us about her death?
所以克利奥帕特拉的死几乎是一个早期的密室之谜。 So, Cleopatra's death is almost an early locked room mystery.
克娄巴特拉被屋大维俘虏了， Cleopatra has been captured by Octavian,
她决定要自杀，因为， and she has decided that she has to kill herself because,
她知道屋大维要带她回罗马， she knows that Octavian is going to take her back to Rome,
他要炫耀她，羞辱她。 he is going to parade her and humiliate her.
她已经决定不能让这种情况发生。 She has decided she cannot let that happen.
于是她走进陵墓，洗澡，吃饭…… So she goes in to the mausoleum, she bathes, she dines...
．．她赶走了她的守卫。 ..she sends away her guard.
等罗马人回来，事情就了结了。 And when the Romans return, the deed is done.
但如何? But how?
嗯…因为我们知道现在不可能是蛇咬伤了。 Well... Because we know that it can't be a snake bite now.
他们找不到任何证据。 They can't find any evidence.
下毒也许是结束自己生命的最无形的方式。 Poison is perhaps the most invisible way to end your own life.
而且，有很多证据表明克利奥帕特拉 And also, there is a lot of evidence that Cleopatra
应该对毒理学有所了解。 would have known something about toxicology.
公元前44年，她杀死了自己的哥哥， In 44 BC, she had actually murdered her brother,
丈夫和共同统治者使用毒药。 husband and co-ruler using poison.
而阿拉伯文本实际上说她写作 And the Arabic texts actually say that she writes
她自己写的关于毒理学的论文。 a treatise herself on toxicology.
她写了一篇专著，真是令人着迷。 It's fascinating that she's written a treatise.
所以她真的知道这些？ So she really knows this stuff?
如果我们考虑的是毒药， So if we're thinking about poisons what,
当时周围有某种毒药吗？ sort of poisons are around at the time?
一些最有效的毒药 So some of the most effective poisons
在古代世界有铁杉之类的东西 in the ancient world are things like hemlock,
毒草，狼毒，这些天然的毒药。 hellebores, wolfsbane, these kind of natural poisons.
这些植物的每一部分都对人类有毒。 Every part of these plants is toxic to humans.
在克利奥帕特拉的时代，毒药很可能已经准备好了 In Cleopatra's time the, poison was likely prepared
通过磨碎茎、种子和叶子 by grinding up stems, seeds and leaves
制成粉末或果汁，然后就可以食用了 into a powder or juice, which then could be consumed
用酒或水。 with wine or water.
使用数字3D车身 Using a digital 3D body
暴露皮肤下的肌肉层… to expose layers of muscle beneath the skin...
．．法医病理学家谢泼德博士可以透露更多信息 ..forensic pathologist Dr Shepherd can reveal more
这些植物毒物是如何影响她的。 about how these botanical poisons may have affected her.
如果克利奥帕特拉选择毒药，铁杉是可能的人选。 If Cleopatra chose poison, hemlock is a likely candidate.
这是一种剧毒的胡萝卜科植物。 It's a highly poisonous plant in the carrot family.
希腊人用它来执行死刑。 The Greeks famously used it for executions.
铁杉的作用是引起肌肉麻痹。 Hemlock acts by causing muscle paralysis.
胳膊和腿，他们不能移动。 Arms and legs, they can't be moved.
但关键是控制呼吸的肌肉。 But what's crucial is the muscles that control respiration.
第一块是横膈膜， The first one is the muscle called the diaphragm,
它位于胸部下方腹部上方 that sits below the chest on the top of the abdomen
它忽高忽低，吸进空气 and it rises and lowers and it draws air
通过肺部进入胸腔。 through the lungs into the chest.
另一组肌肉叫做肋间肌 The other set of muscles are called the intercostal muscles
因为它们位于肋骨之间。 because they sit between the ribs.
这些是简单收缩的小片肌肉 These are little sheets of muscles that simply contract
把肋骨向上拉出来。 and pull the ribs up and out.
所以当铁杉起作用，肌肉停止工作时， So when hemlock has its effect and those muscles cease to work,
呼吸越来越少…… respiration gets less and less...
．．然后这个人就会慢慢窒息。 ..and the person very slowly asphyxiates.
这是一种可怕的，有压力的，痛苦的死法。 It's an awful, stressful, distressing way to die.
只要150毫克铁杉… Just 150mg of hemlock...
．．大约是6到8片叶子的含量 ..about the amount found in six to eight leaves
足以致命。 can be enough to kill.
书面证据表明发现了小针孔 The written evidence implies that pinpricks discovered
可能是克利奥帕特拉身上的 on Cleopatra's body may have been caused
她给自己注射了致命的剂量。 by her administering to herself the fatal dose.
但她是怎么做到的呢？ But what do they tell us about how she did it?
许多理论都集中在她的发夹上。 A lot of the theories centre on her hairpin.
我们实际上有一个例子 We actually have an example of
就是她在这里用的那种发夹。 the kind of hairpin that she would have been using here.
这是罗马发夹？ This is a Roman hairpin?
这是一个原始的罗马发夹。 This is an original Roman hairpin.
这是一个非常经典的类型，它是那种东西 It's a very classic type, and it was the sort of thing
像克利奥帕特拉这样的女人会用的。 that women like Cleopatra would have used.
但这么小的东西怎么能下毒呢？ But how do you convey poison in something that small?
出现的第一个理论， The first theory that emerges,
大概在克利奥帕特拉死后100年 perhaps about 100 years after Cleopatra's death,
是普鲁塔克传给我们的 comes down to us from Plutarch.
他声称克利奥帕特拉掏空了这部分 And he claims that Cleopatra had, sort of, hollowed out this section
在发夹的顶端，把毒药放进去了。 at the top of the hairpin, and had put the poison in that.
第二个理论来自迪奥， And the second theory comes from Dio,
在那之后的几百年里， who was writing a couple of hundred years after that,
他说克利奥帕特拉设法做到了 and he says that Cleopatra had somehow managed
来制造这种完全无害的毒药 to make up this poison that was completely harmless
除非它接触了血液。 unless it came into contact with the blood.
她在发夹的末端涂上了这种毒药， She had coated the end part of the hairpin with this poison,
用发夹扎她的皮肤， used the hairpin to prick her skin,
找到她的血液，从那里注射毒药。 get to her blood, and inject the poison that way.
你说的是非常少量的毒药。 You're talking about a very small amount of poison.
不只是她，还有她的两个女仆 And it's not just her, it's also her two serving maids
他们也在死去。是的。 who are dying, as well. Yep.
所以，我认为这是发夹理论的一个问题。 So, I think that is that is a problem with the hairpin theory.
我认为发夹理论的另一个问题是 And I think the other problem I would have with the hairpin theory
从其他方面来说，是不是很简洁 is that it is so neat, in terms of everything else
罗马人对克利奥帕特拉的描述 that the Romans say about Cleopatra.
毒药被看作是一种女性的死亡方式， Poison is seen so much as a kind of feminine form of death,
发夹是女性气质的经典象征， and the hairpin is a really classic emblem of femininity and,
尤其是像克利奥帕特拉这样的人 particularly for someone like Cleopatra
她经常因为女性的虚荣心而受到罗马人的谴责， who is so often castigated for her feminine vanity by the Romans,
让她被毒死在发夹里真是…它是完美的。 to, have her die by poison in a hairpin is just... It's perfect.
太完美了。太完美了， It's SO perfect. It's too perfect,
我觉得这太完美了。 It's far too perfect, I think.
埃及人在女性统治者的统治下相当自在。 The Egyptians were quite at ease with a female ruler.
当然，这在罗马是不可能发生的。 Of course, that could never have happened in Rome.
罗马是终极的宗法社会。 Rome was the ultimate patriarchal society.
以及任何试图参与政治的罗马女性 And any Roman woman who even attempted to engage in politics
发现自己处于非常绝望的境地。 found herself in some pretty desperate situations.
克利奥帕特拉是邪恶的核心她的存在 Cleopatra is villainised to the core of her being
一个巨大的宣传机器，实际上是屋大维建立的， by a huge propaganda machine, which is really set up by Octavian,
她被称为Fatale Monstrum，你知道，毁灭性的蛇蝎美人。 and she is called Fatale Monstrum, you know, the ruinous femme fatale.
我们很难摆脱罗马人塑造的她的形象。 It's hard to get away from the image that the Romans created of her.
也许中毒的发夹法太过了 Perhaps the poisoned hairpin method of death is a step too far,
在罗马人对克利奥帕特拉的描绘中发挥了更大的性别歧视作用 playing into even greater sexist Roman depictions of Cleopatra,
一位女性统治者的存在受到了直接威胁 a female ruler whose existence directly threatened
罗马的宗法权威。 Rome's patriarchal authority.
然而，还有另一种更现代的方法 Yet, there is another more modern approach
看她服毒自杀。 to viewing her suicide by poison.
你认为这是她公司的代表吗？ Do you see this as a representation of her agency?
很明显，她已经完全被逼到了一个角落。 Well she, really has been obviously completely backed into a corner.
这是她最后的出路。 This is her final way out.
但是，我认为这确实反映了她的骄傲。 But, I think what it does reflect is her pride.
克利奥帕特拉最后试图确保自己死得好 Cleopatra is, at the last, trying to ensure that she dies well,
并在她的祖城亚历山大去世。 and dies in her ancestral city of Alexandria.
你认为罗马文献隐瞒了事实吗 Do you think the Roman sources are hiding the fact
屋大维其实很害怕 that Octavian's actually rather scared
这个聪明，聪明，危险的女王？ by this intelligent, brilliant, dangerous queen?
克利奥帕特拉的个人能力使她非常具有威胁性。 Cleopatra's personal abilities make her very threatening.
埃及是最伟大的权力基地之一 Egypt is one of the greatest bases of power
在地中海世界这是一个非常富有的国家。 in the Mediterranean world. It is an incredibly wealthy country.
她也有庞大的军队。 She also has huge armies.
如果她继续活下去，这是真正的威胁。 This is a real threat, if she continues to live.
克利奥帕特拉显然是一个极其聪明的女人。 Cleopatra was clearly a ferociously intelligent woman.
我们知道她会说九到十种语言 We know that she spoke nine or ten languages -
包括埃及，这是第一次有托勒密王朝的统治者 including Egyptian, which was the first time any Ptolemaic ruler
都懒得去学埃及语 had ever bothered to learn the Egyptian language.
在当今的政治和文化世界中， And, in the political and cultural world of the day,
它是埃及、希腊和罗马政治的融合。 which was an amalgamation of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman politics.
我们看到她走过来 We see her coming over
作为一个谨慎得多的政治家和外交官， as a far more careful politician and diplomat,
同时运用软实力和硬政治。 using both soft power and hard politics.
所以，一个不同的女人开始出现了。 So, a different woman is beginning to emerge.
在寻找克利奥帕特拉的死因时， When looking for the cause of Cleopatra's death,
似乎毒药理论背后的书面证据， it seems the written evidence behind the poison theory,
都来自非埃及来源，这一点还远未明确。 all from Non-Egyptian sources, is far from clear-cut.
罗马的资料是片面的，性别歧视的，最终是不准确的 The Roman sources are partial, sexist and ultimately inaccurate
当谈到克利奥帕特拉。 when it comes to Cleopatra.
她是一个聪明得多的政治家 She was a far more intelligent politician
比他们想让我们相信的，一个拥有权力的女人 than they would have us believe - a woman operating with power
在令人窒息的男性主导的古代世界。 in the suffocatingly male-dominated world of antiquity.
我们不应该评判别人 We should never judge someone
基于敌人对他们的评价。 on the basis of what their enemies have to say about them.
也许她决定带着尊严离开， Maybe she did decide to take the way out with dignity,
但这两种方法似乎都不完全可行。 but neither of the methods seem entirely feasible.
我们知道不是被蛇咬死的，但还有别的选择吗？ We know it wasn't by snake bite, but then the alternative?
那个小发夹？足够毒死三个女人吗？ That tiny hairpin? Enough poison to kill three women?
还有更险恶的解释吗？ Is there a more sinister explanation?
克利奥帕特拉女王的一生短暂而充实。 Queen Cleopatra lived a short but full life.
在她统治埃及的21年里， In her 21-year reign of Egypt,
她迷住了罗马领袖凯撒大帝 she captivated Roman leader Julius Caesar,
在公元前44年被暗杀 famously assassinated in 44 BCE,
给他生了一个私生子和继承人。 and bore him an illegitimate son and heir.
后来，她与罗马将军马克·安东尼结盟。 Later, she allied herself with Roman general Mark Antony.
他们生了三个孩子，向罗马宣战， They had three children and went to war against Rome,
但到了公元前30年，一切都结束了。 but, by 30 BCE, it was all over.
39岁时，埃及最后一位女王被发现躺在地上， At 39 years old, the last queen of Egypt was found lying dead,
我们被告知，在她的陵墓里。 we're told, in her mausoleum.
自杀一直是公认的说法——被蛇或毒药毒死 Suicide has been the accepted narrative - by snake or poison -
但这两种理论都存在严重的实际问题。 but both theories present serious practical problems.
如果发生了更可疑的事， And if something more suspicious was going on,
那我们肯定需要一个嫌疑人？ then surely we need a suspect?
谁想让克利奥帕特拉死呢？ Who might have wanted Cleopatra dead?
在埃及女王生命的最后一年， By the final year of the Egyptian queen's life,
凯撒大帝的侄子和继承人屋大维 Julius Caesar's nephew and heir, Octavian,
卷入了一场对抗她的战争，而且他快赢了。 was embroiled in a war against her, and he was winning.
据称他的计划是俘虏她，然后统治埃及， His alleged plan was to take her prisoner and assume rule of Egypt,
但也许他另有打算。 but perhaps he had something else in mind.
还有一种说法认为这根本不是自杀， There is another suggestion that it wasn't suicide at all,
但克利奥帕特拉是被谋杀的 but that Cleopatra was murdered.
当埃及成为罗马的一个行省时 When Egypt became a Roman province,
屋大维作为奥古斯都皇帝 Octavian, as the Emperor Augustus,
把那个省占为己有。 used that province as his own.
元老们，罗马人，被禁止去那里。为什么? Senators, Romans, were forbidden from going there. Why?
我觉得他有些事要隐瞒。 Well, I think that he had things to hide.
也许这里还有另一个故事，你的皇帝 Maybe there was another story going on here, where your emperor
比他说的更有牵连。 is more implicated than he would otherwise let on.
这可能是一个很好的掩饰。 It might be a wonderful cover-up.
书面资料，大多是罗马的，用来描绘他们的统治者 Written sources, mostly Roman and designed to paint their rulers
最好不要提及任何明显的谋杀迹象 in the best light, make no mention of any obvious signs of murder
在克利奥帕特拉的死亡现场 at the scene of Cleopatra's death.
这是一个挑战 This poses a challenge
当涉及到检验这个理论的病理学时。 when it comes to examining the pathology of this theory.
理查德·谢泼德医生已经进行了数千次尸检 Doctor Richard Sheppard has conducted thousands of autopsies
确定死因 to establish a cause of death.
他的经历对这个案子有帮助吗？ Can his experience shed any light in this case?
我参与过不少案件 I've been involved in quite a number of cases
在那些政客和其他人突然神秘死亡的地方， where politicians and other people have died suddenly and mysteriously,
以及对这些死亡的调查 and the investigation of those deaths
需要非常仔细的考虑。 requires very, careful consideration.
死亡的情况-什么。这个人发生了什么事？ The circumstances of death - what. has happened to this person?
他们什么时候被发现死亡的？ When were they found dead?
然后是死亡的场景。 Then, there's the scene of death.
有血迹的证据吗？ Is there any evidence of blood staining?
家具有损坏的迹象吗？ Is there any evidence of damage to the furniture?
有证据表明尸体被移动过吗？ Is there any evidence of bodies being moved?
而身体本身，我们观察所有的表面， And the body itself - we look at all of the surfaces,
我们要找的是淤青，伤口和痕迹。 And we're looking for bruises, and injuries, and marks.
以古埃及最后一位女王为例， In the case of the last queen of Ancient Egypt,
我们没什么可做的 we have little to work with
除了据说克利奥帕特拉手臂上的伤痕。 apart from the reported marks on Cleopatra's arm.
很明显，我们没有身体， Obviously, we, don't have the body,
我们确实需要了解当时的情况 and we do need to understand the circumstances
才能得出关于克利奥帕特拉之死的结论 to be able to form any conclusions about the death of Cleopatra.
如果不考虑谋杀，那就太愚蠢了。 It would be foolish not to at least consider foul play.
没有任何物理线索 Without any more physical clues
克利奥帕特拉死亡的书面证据 in the written evidence of Cleopatra's death
没有人可以检查， and no body to examine,
我们必须依靠间接证据。 we have to rely on circumstantial evidence.
有可能确定谋杀动机吗？ Is it possible to establish a motive for murder?
为什么未来的罗马皇帝屋大维 Why would Octavian - future, Roman emperor -
想要克利奥帕特拉死？ have wanted Cleopatra dead?
古典学家Shushma Malik博士深入研究了他的一生。 Classicist Dr Shushma Malik has studied his life in depth.
它们在古典考古博物馆， They were in the Museum of Classical Archaeology,
它是剑桥大学的一部分。 which, is part of the University of Cambridge.
这是他们的演员陈列室之一。 And this is one of their cast galleries.
那里有很多半身像——半身像的复制品 And it's one that has a lot of busts - replica busts -
罗马皇帝的画像，比如奥古斯都。 of Roman emperors, like this one, which is Augustus.
在这一时期，我们知道他叫屋大维。 So, we know him in this period by the name Octavian.
是的，没错。 Yeah, that's right.
看着他的眼睛简直太棒了。 It's great to look him in the eyes, almost.
他穿得很华丽。 And he's dressed quite sort of spectacularly.
这是奥古斯都作为皇帝的样子。 So, this is Augustus as an emperor.
他摆了个姿势，像是在对部队讲话。 He's in a pose, sort of addressing the troops.
屋大维成为罗马的三位统治者之一 Octavian became one of three rulers of Rome
在凯撒大帝被暗杀之后 after the assassination of Julius Caesar.
他与军事将领马克·安东尼分享权力 He shared power with military generals, Mark Antony
还有马库斯·雷必达。 and Marcus Lepidus.
他们都着眼于扩大罗马的统治范围 All had an eye on expanding Roman rule to include
富裕的埃及 the wealthy state of Egypt.
但克利奥帕特拉与凯撒的个人历史使事情变得复杂。 But Cleopatra's personal history with Caesar complicated matters.
Shushma，你能给我描绘一下政治关系吗 Shushma, can you paint a picture for me of the political relations
埃及和罗马之间的关系？ between Egypt, with Cleopatra as pharaoh, and Rome?
所以此时的埃及并不是罗马帝国的一部分， So, Egypt at this point is not a part of the Roman Empire,
但这是罗马人与之有很多互动的地方 but it is a place that the Romans have had a lot of interactions with
通过克利奥帕特拉所属的王朝 through the dynasty that Cleopatra is a part of.
这是一个非常困难的时期，就王朝而言。 And it was quite a difficult period, in dynastic terms.
她和她哥哥在谁该去的问题上意见不太一致 She and her brother don't quite see eye to eye as to who should be
而尤利乌斯·凯撒也参与其中 in charge, and Julius Caesar is someone who gets involved
在那场冲突中，然后试图促成一种外交协议 in that conflict, and then tries to broker a sort of diplomatic deal
他们之间。 between them.
于是，恺撒和克利奥帕特拉成为恋人，生了一个孩子 So, Caesar and Cleopatra become lovers, have a child -
谁叫托勒密，凯撒，凯撒里昂 who is named Ptolemy Caesar Caesarion -
谁将成为她的王位继承人。 who will become heir to her throne.
是的,当然。 Yes, absolutely.
克利奥帕特拉和凯撒之子的出生意味着屋大维， The birth of Cleopatra and Caesar's son meant that Octavian,
作为恺撒大帝的侄子和继承人现在有了一个潜在的对手 as Julius Caesar's nephew and heir, now had a potential rival.
除此之外，罗马联合领导人之一马克·安东尼 On top of this, Mark Antony - one of the joint leaders of Rome
在恺撒死后与屋大维一起开始了一段恋情 alongside Octavian after Caesar's death - started a relationship
和王后又生了三个孩子。 with the queen that resulted in three more children.
埃及对罗马具有重要的战略意义。 Egypt is strategically important to Rome.
安东尼试图发动战争，基本上，把埃及作为基地 Antony is trying to make war and, basically, use Egypt as a base
在东部进行军事活动。 in the east for military activity.
他看到了让她入伙的价值。 He sees the value in getting her onside.
他们一拍即合，我想我们可以说，在外交意义上都是如此 They hit it off, I think we might say, both in a diplomatic sense
而且，很明显，从某种意义上说，这是一段更持久的关系。 but also, clearly, in a sense of a relationship that's longer lasting.
这种情况在罗马也有发生。 That sort of plays out back in Rome.
安东尼，你知道，他实际上是在克利奥帕特拉的控制之下。 Antony, he's, you know, under the thumb of Cleopatra, essentially.
马克·安东尼和屋大维的关系非常紧张。 Mark Antony had a very strained relationship with Octavian.
他们把罗马帝国分裂成不同的政体 They split up the Roman Empire to kind of rule different
安东尼占领了东罗马帝国 sections of it, and Antony got the eastern empire.
然而，马克·安东尼越界了，当马克·安东尼 However, Mark Antony overstepped the mark when Mark Antony
公开宣布他要和大家分享 made this public proclamation that he was going to share out
东罗马帝国归克利奥帕特拉和她所有的孩子。 the eastern empire of Rome to Cleopatra and all of her children.
他把本不属于他的罗马行省割让出去。 He was giving away Roman provinces which were not his to give.
历史证据确实暗示了政治因素 The historical evidence does suggest political factors
这可能会激励屋大维作为罗马的候任皇帝 that could have motivated Octavian, as the Roman emperor in waiting,
去除掉克利奥帕特拉。 to remove Cleopatra.
但他真的想下令杀死她吗？ But did he have it in him to order her death?
我们对屋大维和他的政治策略了解多少？ What do we know about Octavian and his political strategy?
我是说，他会杀人吗？ I mean, is he murderous?
因此，我认为屋大维在罗马的政治策略， So, Octavian's political strategy in Rome, I think,
绝对可以用凶残来形容。 could definitely be described as murderous.
在凯撒大帝被暗杀之后，我们从哪里得到这些 After the assassination of Julius Caesar, where we get these
非常强大的政治人物试图做出决定 very powerful political figures sort of trying to decide
接下来发生了什么，屋大维，安东尼和雷必达。 what happens next - Octavian and Antony and Lepidus.
他们写下了罗马重要人物的名字 They write up these names of leading figures in Rome
他们认为有问题，然后他们就被杀了。 that they think are problematic, and they are then killed.
所以，他在政治暗杀方面很有经验 So, he has form when it comes to the political assassination
他的敌人？ of his enemies?
是的，他喜欢。是的,当然。 Yes, he does. Yeah, absolutely.
到目前为止，关于克利奥帕特拉死亡的间接证据 So far, the circumstantial evidence surrounding Cleopatra's death
对屋大维来说不是什么好事。 isn't looking good for Octavian.
但指控他谋杀她肯定太投机了。 But surely it's too speculative to accuse him of her murder.
虽然屋大维可能希望克利奥帕特拉死 Although Octavian might have wanted Cleopatra dead -
为了方便，为了简单 for ease, for simplicity -
这本来是多么容易实现， how easy this would have been to achieve,
还是在实践中进行编排，很难说。 or to orchestrate in practice, is difficult to say.
我不确定我对这个理论有多深信不疑， I'm not sure how convinced I am by that theory,
因为我觉得在克利奥帕特拉被杀之前 because I think having Cleopatra killed before she could be
作为罗马征服埃及的象征 used as a symbol of Roman subjugation of Egypt would seem
至少与屋大维所宣称的相反。 counter to what Octavian, at least professes to have wanted.
他想带她去罗马作为他胜利的象征。 He wanted to take her to Rome as a symbol of his triumph.
她的死立刻引起了一个问题。 Her dying immediately causes a problem with that.
当然，还有一些关于屋大维的时间记录 And, certainly, a couple of accounts of the time record that Octavian
他很生气，因为这一切都被夺走了。 was quite angry that this had been taken away from him.
你觉得屋大维在耍什么花招吗 Do you feel that there's a way in which Octavian is manoeuvring
为了消灭这个争夺权力的对手？ in order to eradicate this rival for power?
我们的线人显然不这么认为。 Our sources clearly don't think so.
我们有相当多的消息来源明确地回避了 We have quite a few sources that explicitly sort of shy away
从这个解释来看。 from that interpretation.
当然，你可能会说， Certainly, one of the things you could say is,
他把她置于不可能的境地 he puts her in a situation where it's not possible for her
保持任何形式的代理。 to keep any sort of agency.
所以，用这些术语来说，是由一个有着悠久历史的人制定的 So, in those terms, enacted by a man who has a long history
铲除政敌，我们能把她的死视为谋杀吗？ of removing political enemies, could we see her death as murder?
我觉得谋杀这个词太过分了 I think murder is a strong word -
但我们可以肯定这是一种强迫行为。 but we could certainly see it as a forced act.
他并非不习惯用谋杀作为政治工具， He was not unaccustomed to using murder as a political tool,
但这对他在政治上也有好处 but there would also be advantages for him politically
让她活下去。 to keeping her alive.
虽然人们很容易相信她的政治对手屋大维， While it's tempting to believe that her political rival, Octavian,
可能杀了克利奥帕特拉，只是无法证实。 might have had Cleopatra killed, it just cannot be substantiated.
他肯定有想要克利奥帕特拉死的潜在动机 He certainly had a potential motive to want Cleopatra dead -
但如果她还活着，那将是他胜利的终极战利品。 but alive she would have been the ultimate trophy of his victory.
似乎政治背景就是一切 It seems that the political context is everything
关于克利奥帕特拉的死因 when it comes to the cause of Cleopatra's death.
但还有另一种更个人化的理论 But there is one other, much more personal, theory
这是值得考虑的。 that is worth considering.
自从她死后，克利奥帕特拉被严重低估了。 Since her death, Cleopatra, has been seriously underrated.
她是一位老练的政治家。 She was a consummate politician.
但到了公元前30年8月，她的地位被将死。 But by August, 30 BCE, her position was checkmate.
我认为我们正在忽视的东西，我们无法真正看透的东西 What I think we're losing sight of, what we can't really see through
来源的模糊证人，是克利奥帕特拉自己作为一个女人。 the murky witness of the sources, is Cleopatra herself as a woman.
是什么激励了她？是什么打动了她？ What animated her? What moved her?
真正危险的是什么？ What was really at stake?
我认为只有理解了这一点， I think it's only by understanding that,
她的死会成为焦点 that her death will come into focus.
在克利奥帕特拉统治埃及的21年里，她结成了同盟 In her 21-year rule of Egypt, Cleopatra forged alliances
通过与罗马的两位将军的关系 through relationships with two generals of Rome -
凯撒大帝和安东尼。 Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
大多数关于她生活的书面资料都不是埃及的，而是罗马的， Most written sources on her life are not Egyptian, but Roman,
专注于这些所谓的浪漫。 and focus on these so-called romances.
但他们忽视了她作为母亲的角色。 But they overlook her role as a mother.
凯撒里昂，她与凯撒的第一个儿子， Caesarion, her first-born son with Caesar,
被定位为埃及和罗马的继承人 was positioned as heir to both Egypt and Rome.
据记载，克利奥帕特拉死后， Accounts state that after Cleopatra died,
罗马领导人屋大维杀了凯撒里奥。 Roman leader Octavian had Caesarion killed.
他们还暗示女王担心她儿子的生命安全。 They also suggest the queen feared for her son's life.
那么，她的死因是否与凯撒里昂的命运有关？ So, could the cause of her death be linked to Caesarion's fate?
我想如果人们问克利奥帕特拉， I think if people had asked Cleopatra,
“你生命中最重要的是什么？” "What's the most important thing in your life?"
她不一定会说自己是女王。 She wouldn't have necessarily said to be queen.
她会说：“为了我的儿子成为国王。” She would have said, "For my son to be king."
克利奥帕特拉的孩子们被屋大维拘留。 Cleopatra's children are taken into custody by Octavian.
我觉得她只是在想 And I think then she just thinks
“好吧，这对我来说已经没有任何意义了。” "Well, there's nothing in this for me any more."
克利奥帕特拉死于悲伤是一个有趣的选择 It's an intriguing option that Cleopatra died of grief
看到她的家庭，她的历史，她的血统， and a broken heart of seeing her family, her history, her lineage,
就在她眼前结束。 end before her very eyes.
是的，她被认为是一个活着的神和一个皇帝 Yes, she is considered a living god and an emperor -
但她是一个刚刚目睹了家庭分裂的人类。 but she's a human who's just seen her family torn apart.
这听起来像是童话故事， It sounds like something from a fairy tale,
克利奥帕特拉可能死于心碎。 that Cleopatra might have died of a broken heart.
但这种想法有现实依据吗？ But does this idea have any basis in reality?
病理证据能告诉我们压力和悲伤是否相关吗 Can the pathological evidence tell us whether stress and grief
事实上，会是致命的吗？ could, in fact, be fatal?
每个人的悲伤经历都是独一无二的， The experience of grief is unique to each individual,
这些症状无论是情绪上的还是精神上的 and the symptoms, whether emotional or mental,
也总是与物理效应联系在一起。 are always associated with physical effects too.
这些生理上的影响是由肾上腺素的释放引起的。 Those physical effects are caused by the release of adrenaline.
当我们想到肾上腺素的作用时， When we're thinking about the effects of adrenaline,
我们看心脏。 we look at the heart.
肾上腺素和其他应激激素激增， A surge of excess adrenaline and other stress hormones,
就像皮质醇一样，会引发急性心力衰竭 like cortisol, can trigger an acute heart failure condition
被称为takotsubo或心碎综合症。 known as takotsubo, or broken heart syndrome.
在极少数情况下，它可能会危及生命。 In rare cases, it can be life threatening.
因为过量的肾上腺素会损害心脏肌肉， Because excess adrenaline damages the muscle of the heart,
会使心脏改变形状， can cause the heart to change shape,
当然也会导致心脏跳动不规律，效率低下， and certainly can cause the heart to beat irregularly and inefficiently,
并可能导致人突然崩溃和死亡。 and may cause the person to collapse and die suddenly.
那么，克利奥帕特拉是死于心脏病发作吗？ So, did Cleopatra die from a heart attack?
如果女王被精神上的痛苦所压倒 If the queen had been overwhelmed by emotional distress,
导致心脏衰竭，很可能导致她死亡。 causing heart failure, it's possible she could have died as a result.
这是一个诱人的想法 It's a beguiling idea
但要了解是什么让她走到这一步， But to understand what could have pushed her to this point,
我需要超越罗马人对克利奥帕特拉的描述。 I need to see beyond the Roman accounts of Cleopatra.
我想知道对她来说有什么危险， I want to know what was at stake for her,
作为她王朝的最后一位法老。 as pharaoh and the last of her dynasty.
考古学能揭示这一点吗？ Could the archaeology reveal this?
埃及古物学家克里斯·瑙顿博士是物证方面的专家 Egyptologist Dr Chris Naunton is an expert on the physical evidence
从克利奥帕特拉统治时期开始 from Cleopatra's reign.
关于她的生死我们有什么物证？ What kind of material evidence do we have of her life and her death?
埃及的证据表明克利奥帕特拉是如何出现的， How Cleopatra appears in the Egyptian evidence,
在寺庙的肖像画中，或者在纸莎草纸上，这是一个非常不同的故事 in temple iconography, or in papyri, it's a very different story
从我们大多数人熟悉的那个。 from the one that most of us are familiar with.
我们有她的照片绝对是典型的 So, we have images of her shown absolutely in the typical
法老式埃及风格。 pharaonic Egyptian style.
她把自己装扮成伊希斯 She depicts herself in the guise of Isis -
这对埃及法老来说非常合适 that's very suitable for an Egyptian pharaoh -
但她似乎真的夸大了这一点， but she seems to have really played that up,
也许，这再次强调了她作为母亲的角色。 perhaps, again, emphasising her role as a mother.
伊希斯是那种出类拔萃的母亲女神。 Isis is the sort of mother goddess par excellence.
这可能是为了提拔她的儿子凯撒里昂 And that probably is all a part of promoting her son, Caesarion,
她选择的儿子和继承人，在图像中显示。 her chosen son and heir, who is shown in the iconography.
她想以伊希斯的身份呈现自己 She wanted to present herself as her being Isis
凯撒里翁就是荷鲁斯。 and Caesarion being Horus.
根据埃及神话，伊希斯的丈夫奥西里斯， So, according to the Egyptian myth, Isis's husband, Osiris,
被暗杀了，被杀了。 had been assassinated, been killed.
所以，克利奥帕特拉是新的伊希斯，她的儿子是新的荷鲁斯， So, Cleopatra was the new Isis, her son as the new Horus,
当然，被谋杀的神就是尤利乌斯·凯撒。 and, of course, the murdered god was Julius Caesar.
在埃及中部丹德拉神庙的后面， At the rear of Dendera Temple, in Middle Egypt,
我们看到了30英尺高的克利奥帕特拉的画像 we see 30-foot high images of Cleopatra
她的儿子在她的前面，占据了主要的位置。 with her son in front of her, taking the primary position.
有一个令人难以置信的场景，可惜现在已经丢失了， And there's an incredible scene - that is sadly now lost,
但我们有19世纪的图画 but we have 19th century drawings of it -
在米达木的一座神庙里 from a temple in Medamud,
它展示了克利奥帕特拉生下凯撒里昂。 and it shows Cleopatra giving birth to Caesarion.
她周围都是女神，她蹲着， She's surrounded by goddesses, she's squatting,
女神们举起双臂，把孩子推出来。 the goddesses hold up her arms, and she pushes out the child.
凯撒里昂的出生是她一生中最重要的时刻。 The birth of Caesarion was the ultimate moment in her life.
这是她的决定性时刻。 It was her defining moment.
克利奥帕特拉统治时期的考古证据清楚地说明了这一点 The archaeological evidence from Cleopatra's reign makes it clear
她认为自己是凯撒里昂的女神母亲。 that she viewed herself as a goddess mother to Caesarion.
这对她作为法老的地位是不可或缺的。 This was integral to her position as pharaoh.
失去他意味着她所有的努力都付之东流。 To lose him meant the destruction of all she had worked for.
知道了这一点，会不会对她产生不同的影响 Knowing this, could it put a different spin on her
她生命最后几天的心理状态？ psychological state in the final days of her life?
我们知道她逃离了屋大维， We know that she had, essentially, fled Octavian,
最终击败了克利奥帕特拉和马克·安东尼的军队 who eventually defeats the armies of Cleopatra and Mark Antony,
他亲自来到亚历山大掌权。 arrives himself in Alexandria to take control.
从所有的账目来看，似乎是真的 And taking all of the accounts, it seems as though there came
在这一点上，她认为自己彻底失败了。 a point where she decided her defeat was sort of complete.
有些人说她死于悲伤， Some of the rhetoric around this talks about her dying of grief,
一颗破碎的心。 of a broken heart.
你怎么看？ What do you make of that?
这是一个非常有说服力的故事，它是一个非常引人注目的叙述。 It's a very persuasive story, it's a very compelling narrative.
我只能依靠证据了。 I have to fall back on the evidence.
还有那些最后几天的故事，这些故事渲染了戏剧 And the stories of those last days that play up the drama
而那些最后时刻的情感并没有得到支持。 and the emotion of those final moments are not backed up.
她不是不可能悲痛万分。 It is not impossible she was grief stricken.
我是说，她的心理一定很不好受。 I mean, she must have been in a very difficult place, psychologically.
我想，当我们认为克利奥帕特拉的悲伤 We, I think, get misled when we think that Cleopatra's grief
她生命的最后一刻都是为了安东尼 at the end of her life was all for Antony.
克利奥帕特拉把一切都投入到她的恋情中 Cleopatra put everything into her relationship
和她的儿子凯撒里昂。 with her son, Caesarion.
作为一个母亲，她所有的野心， As a mother, all of her ambitions,
她对独立埃及的愿景 her visions for an independent Egypt,
为了她人民的安全， for the security of her people,
为了她家族的长寿， for the longevity of her family,
这一切都随他的死而去。 all that went with his death.
没有未来。 There was no future.
这与她统治埃及无关。 It wasn't about her ruling Egypt.
这是关于她的儿子统治埃及的故事，而这个故事从她身边被夺走了。 It was about her son ruling Egypt, and that was taken away from her.
这个理论当然很诱人。 This theory is certainly a tempting one.
我们知道她作为凯撒里昂神圣母亲的角色是必不可少的 We know that her role as Caesarion's divine mother was essential
她把自己描绘成法老。 to how she portrayed herself as pharaoh.
病理学表明，极度的压力会致人死亡。 The pathology has shown that extreme stress can kill.
但罗马人对她死亡的描述充斥着刻板印象 But the Roman accounts of her death are awash with stereotypes
和不一致。 and inconsistencies.
在我看来，罗马诗人和历史学家的观点自相矛盾 It seems to me that the Roman poets and historians contradict
对方。一方面，他们暗示 each other. On the one hand, they're suggesting
她没有真正的感情。 that she is incapable of genuine emotion.
另一方面，这也强调了她作为女性的本性 On the other, it's stressing her nature as a woman
她会感受到所有这些。 that she would feel all these things.
你是否认为，在某些方面，我们仍然被这种分歧所困扰？ Do you think that, in some ways, we're still caught on that divide?
是的，我想这可能是真的。 Yeah, I think maybe that's true.
再说一遍，在没有确凿证据的情况下…… And, again, in the absence of any really good hard evidence...
我们带着这些先入为主的观念， We bring with us all these sort of preconceptions,
潜意识里，这些都在我们的脑海中消失了 and subconsciously those are working away in our minds
在我们编故事的时候。 as we try and spin a story.
我有责任指出，这是我们掌握的证据， It's my duty to point out that this is the evidence we have,
这并不能让我们完全清楚 and that doesn't really allow us to be absolutely clear
叙事性的叙述是正确的。 that what's in the narrative accounts is right.
但另一方面，你知道，这里面有些东西， On the other hand, though, you know, there's something in there,
这里面可能有一点道理。 there's probably a nugget of truth in there.
我们所知道的克利奥帕特拉的生与死 What we know of Cleopatra's life and her death
被传闻所吞噬。 is engulfed by hearsay.
如果真有真理的内核，那也埋藏在人们讲述的故事里 If there are kernels of truth, they are buried in stories told by people
他们都想通过这样或那样的方式来描绘她。 who all had something to gain by depicting her one way or another.
当我结束对最后一个女王之死的探索时 As I wrap up my exploration into the death of the last queen
在研究了所有可用的证据之后， of ancient Egypt, having examined all the available evidence,
关于其原因我们能得出什么结论？ what can we conclude about its cause?
克利奥帕特拉的死仍然是个谜。 Cleopatra's death remains shrouded in mystery.
事实是无法证实的， The truth is unverifiable,
因为两个目击证人，她的侍女， because the two eyewitnesses, her serving maids,
没能活到讲完故事的时候。 did not outlive her long enough to tell the tale.
非常方便。 Very convenient.
罗马的资料来源是确定的，这也没有帮助 And it doesn't help that the Roman sources are determined
把她当成放荡的异域女人的典型。 to serve her up as an example of debauched, exotic womanhood.
当谈到克利奥帕特拉时，感觉就像自杀之间的界限 When it comes to Cleopatra, it feels like the line between suicide
谋杀是很薄的。 and murder is wafer thin.
我们知道什么？我们知道她死于自己之手。 What do we know? We know that she died at her own hands...
．．除此之外我们知道的也不多。但这是我最好的猜测。 ..and we don't know much else. But here's my best guess.
这是她作为一个母亲的悲伤，当然也是她作为一个领导者的悲伤， It's her grief as a mother and, of course, her grief as a leader,
她的王朝没有未来， that there's no future for her dynasty,
让她按照自己的意愿选择死亡 that, I think, makes her choose death on her own terms,
从屋大维手中夺回控制权 wrestling control back from Octavian.
似乎最后一位也是最著名的女王 It seems likely that the last and most famous queen
古埃及人选择了死亡 of ancient Egypt chose to die.
确切的方法仍然是个谜。 The exact method is still something of a mystery.
但这个选择不是作为一个悲剧的女人，而是作为一个统治者， But a choice made not as a tragic woman, but as a ruler,
按照她自己的方式，有尊严地结束她的生命。 ending her life as she had lived, with dignity and by her own rules.
字幕由红蜂传媒制作 Subtitles by Red Bee Media