1 00:12:57,822 --> 00:13:00,263 我们有很多来自印度 巴西 We have a lot from India, Brazil, 2 00:13:00,610 --> 00:13:03,775 以及来自埃塞俄比亚锡达莫地区 and from the Sidamo region of Ethiopia, 3 00:13:04,365 --> 00:13:05,316 这里正是阿拉比卡 which is one of the places 4 00:13:05,381 --> 00:13:07,791 咖啡的起源地之一 where Arabica coffee originated. 5 00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:24,325 Vinco也是种混合饮品 Vinco is also a blender, 6 00:13:24,376 --> 00:13:26,212 集合了很多不同种类的咖啡 combining different varieties of coffee 7 00:13:26,271 --> 00:13:28,809 来取悦其客户的味觉 to please the tastes of his customers. 8 00:13:28,876 --> 00:13:31,704 阿拉比卡procure具有 温和而芳香的味道 The Arabicas procure a mild, aromatic flavour, 9 00:13:31,766 --> 00:13:34,144 而罗布斯塔为其增加了力量感 while Robusta adds strength to the blend. 10 00:13:34,205 --> 00:13:37,097 在意大利 调配是咖啡生意的重要组成部分 In Italy, blending is an essential part of the business, 11 00:13:37,159 --> 00:13:39,684 Vinco甚至因此开发出了卖点 which Vinco has made a selling point. 12 00:14:04,759 --> 00:14:08,319 经过漫长旅行后的咖啡豆 终于进入烘烤阶段 After its long journey the coffee is finally roasted. 13 00:14:08,369 --> 00:14:09,865 烘焙机器装备有 The roasting machines are equipped 14 00:14:09,925 --> 00:14:12,166 最新的尖端技术 with the latest cutting-edge technology. 15 00:14:12,228 --> 00:14:13,908 计算机化的生产线 Computerised production lines allow 16 00:14:13,967 --> 00:14:15,310 能根据咖啡豆的种类 for different roasting times, 17 00:14:15,375 --> 00:14:17,094 控制不同烘焙时间 depending on the type of bean. 18 00:14:17,159 --> 00:14:18,499 正是烘烤这一步骤 It’s the roasting that brings out 19 00:14:18,558 --> 00:14:20,163 将咖啡的香味 the delicious coffee aromas 20 00:14:20,222 --> 00:14:23,346 从无臭无味的绿色豆子中提炼出来 from the tasteless and odourless green bean. 21 00:14:41,727 --> 00:14:44,088 在咖啡的包装方面 也出现过一些 There have also been extraordinary innovations 22 00:14:44,151 --> 00:14:45,898 了不起的创意 in the packaging of coffee. 23 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:47,263 传统咖啡包装是为 Traditional packets are prepared 24 00:14:47,322 --> 00:14:49,117 老式的家庭消费所准备 for old-fashioned home consumption, 25 00:14:49,181 --> 00:14:52,506 最新的趋势 一次性胶囊 也同样如此 as well as the latest trend: disposable capsules. 26 00:14:52,982 --> 00:14:55,900 这些单剂包装 成了真正的市场突破 These single doses have been a real market breakthrough. 27 00:14:55,954 --> 00:14:58,915 而且咖啡制造商还在广告方面斥下巨资 And coffee producers invest enormous amounts in advertising. 28 00:15:18,784 --> 00:15:21,189 吸引全世界顾客的任务 The task of attracting customers worldwide 29 00:15:21,251 --> 00:15:24,768 落在了好莱坞明星 与时尚摄影师身上 has fallen to Hollwood stars and fashion photographers. 30 00:15:24,948 --> 00:15:27,280 有一个咖啡品牌都有自己的市场遗产 Each brand has its own market legacy, 31 00:15:27,337 --> 00:15:28,974 都投入了很多 来向公众 and invests a lot of money to sell 32 00:15:29,033 --> 00:15:32,008 兜售自己的"咖啡体验" its own “coffee experience” to the public. 33 00:15:44,986 --> 00:15:46,287 意大利最大的咖啡公司 The headquarters of Italy’s 34 00:15:46,351 --> 00:15:48,839 总部设在都灵 largest coffee company is in Turin. 35 00:15:48,887 --> 00:15:50,728 自从一百年前成立后 Since it was founded 100 years ago, 36 00:15:50,789 --> 00:15:52,756 这家公司通过广告 it has stamped its distinctive mark 37 00:15:52,815 --> 00:15:54,849 烙印下了其独特的标志 on the world of advertising. 38 00:16:07,815 --> 00:16:09,800 其中一次广告策划 就教育了其消费者 One of its campaigns educates consumers 39 00:16:09,864 --> 00:16:11,744 关于咖啡的起源 about the roots of coffee. 40 00:16:16,521 --> 00:16:18,142 通过我们的"咖啡起源"项目 With our project “Coffee Roots”, 41 00:16:18,202 --> 00:16:19,377 我们希望能让大家踏上 we wanted to make a journey 42 00:16:19,443 --> 00:16:21,439 一段穿越时空的旅程 贯穿所有 in space and time through all the countries 43 00:16:21,490 --> 00:16:22,972 曾在咖啡的发展历史中 which have played their part 44 00:16:23,028 --> 00:16:25,481 占有一席之地的国家 in the history and evolution of coffee. 45 00:16:26,067 --> 00:16:27,857 It’s a journey which began in Ethiopia, 46 00:16:27,924 --> 00:16:30,122 in Africa, and then passed through 47 00:16:30,193 --> 00:16:32,465 the history and development of the Arab world, 48 00:16:32,541 --> 00:16:35,395 from Yemen to Turkey, via Syria, Lebanon, 49 00:16:35,467 --> 00:16:38,065 Jordan, Tunisia and Egypt. 50 00:16:41,756 --> 00:16:44,192 Vittorio Castellani calls himself, 51 00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:46,611 quite appropriately, a “gastro-nomad”. 52 00:16:46,672 --> 00:16:48,696 He set off in search of the origins of coffee, 53 00:16:48,768 --> 00:16:52,061 discovering on his way some little-known facts. 54 00:16:56,065 --> 00:16:58,132 In the beginning, coffee wasn’t a drink 55 00:16:58,197 --> 00:17:00,438 but a foodstuff, which shepherds would eat, 56 00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:02,001 especially while moving livestock 57 00:17:02,057 --> 00:17:04,612 from one grazing ground to another. 58 00:17:06,137 --> 00:17:07,609 They used a pestle and mortar to crush 59 00:17:07,676 --> 00:17:10,880 non-roasted green coffee beans with mutton fat. 60 00:17:15,312 --> 00:17:16,818 Coffee only became a drink later on, 61 00:17:16,882 --> 00:17:20,495 when it was traded and brought from Ethiopia to Yemen. 62 00:17:20,660 --> 00:17:24,380 The Arabs added spices to this stimulating new brew. 63 00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:33,308 It was the Turks who dissociated coffee 64 00:17:33,364 --> 00:17:34,884 from its added spices, 65 00:17:34,958 --> 00:17:37,809 appreciating the intrinsic taste of the drink itself. 66 00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:41,560 The Turks played a fundamental role 67 00:17:41,619 --> 00:17:44,553 in turning coffee into the drink that we all know today. 68 00:18:03,818 --> 00:18:05,719 Richard Hunersdorff, book antiquarian, 69 00:18:05,784 --> 00:18:07,167 is particularly well-known 70 00:18:07,234 --> 00:18:09,032 for his collection of works on coffee, 71 00:18:09,088 --> 00:18:11,784 some of them over five hundred years old. 72 00:18:15,876 --> 00:18:17,511 No mention exists of coffee 73 00:18:17,567 --> 00:18:18,785 from the Middle East before 74 00:18:18,836 --> 00:18:21,243 the first great explorations of merchants 75 00:18:21,283 --> 00:18:23,410 and scientists to the area. 76 00:18:24,782 --> 00:18:26,596 The very first book, 77 00:18:26,657 --> 00:18:29,116 the first scientific account of coffee 78 00:18:29,181 --> 00:18:32,600 was written by an Italian called Alpini. 79 00:18:32,664 --> 00:18:36,901 And that was printed in Venice in 1591. 80 00:18:37,931 --> 00:18:40,947 He describes the fruit, the bean, 81 00:18:41,008 --> 00:18:43,995 the roasting, and the effects of the coffee drink, 82 00:18:44,059 --> 00:18:47,541 it's actually amazing. Very very graphically. 83 00:18:47,635 --> 00:18:50,332 And he supplies what is the first picture 84 00:18:50,396 --> 00:18:53,563 of a coffee tree in a western book. 85 00:18:58,420 --> 00:19:00,333 Hunersdorff has compiled the world’s 86 00:19:00,401 --> 00:19:02,564 first bibliography on coffee. 87 00:19:02,617 --> 00:19:04,816 One of the 20,000 titles listed tells 88 00:19:04,876 --> 00:19:08,880 an involved tale of early industrial espionage. 89 00:19:10,316 --> 00:19:13,007 The Yemenis were very difficult people 90 00:19:13,068 --> 00:19:15,672 and they were used to doing business with the Turks 91 00:19:15,736 --> 00:19:19,599 and they didn’t like being approached by other foreigners 92 00:19:19,652 --> 00:19:22,996 because they were suspicious of them. 93 00:19:24,316 --> 00:19:28,595 They didn't want Europeans taking their commodity. 94 00:19:29,475 --> 00:19:32,005 They wanted to sell coffee beans; 95 00:19:32,056 --> 00:19:34,652 they didn't want Europeans to take their coffee plants. 96 00:19:35,158 --> 00:19:36,859 But they didn't succeed. 97 00:19:36,910 --> 00:19:39,650 So the French were the ones who were successful 98 00:19:39,708 --> 00:19:45,007 in stealing coffee plants in the Yemen 99 00:19:45,053 --> 00:19:47,201 and concealing them and bringing them back 100 00:19:47,276 --> 00:19:50,230 on their ships and taking them somewhere else where 101 00:19:50,286 --> 00:19:52,118 the climate was right for it. 102 00:20:02,728 --> 00:20:04,176 Coffee plants weren’t the only thing 103 00:20:04,244 --> 00:20:06,514 the Europeans stole from the Middle East. 104 00:20:06,585 --> 00:20:10,042 They also appropriated the whole coffee-drinking culture. 105 00:20:10,396 --> 00:20:13,083 It was in Constantinople, today’s Istanbul, 106 00:20:13,150 --> 00:20:16,671 that the coffeehouse culture is thought to have originated. 107 00:20:22,685 --> 00:20:26,358 Serif Basaran calls himself a “coffee educator”. 108 00:20:26,570 --> 00:20:28,795 As an expert in the coffee history of Turkey, 109 00:20:28,865 --> 00:20:30,326 he knows better than anyone 110 00:20:30,381 --> 00:20:32,458 what this drink means to the Turks. 111 00:20:32,504 --> 00:20:34,925 He’s always on the lookout for unusual brewing devices 112 00:20:34,973 --> 00:20:38,374 and all manner of traditional methods of making coffee. 113 00:20:51,944 --> 00:20:54,764 This madrassa was founded 300 years ago. 114 00:20:57,643 --> 00:21:00,179 At the time, young men came here to be instructed 115 00:21:00,246 --> 00:21:03,993 in mathematics and politics by men of religion. 116 00:21:07,831 --> 00:21:09,678 The custom was that while they were here 117 00:21:09,748 --> 00:21:13,289 they’d smoke water pipes and drink lots of Turkish coffee. 118 00:21:15,921 --> 00:21:19,406 But this was soon prohibited under the Ottoman regime. 119 00:21:21,436 --> 00:21:25,031 The people who came to such places discussed politics a lot, 120 00:21:25,085 --> 00:21:28,440 and they were often very critical of those in power. 121 00:21:30,197 --> 00:21:32,901 This was why Sultan Murad IV ended up 122 00:21:32,962 --> 00:21:35,833 forbidding his people to drink coffee. 123 00:21:40,781 --> 00:21:44,149 But the ban never actually made the Turks stop drinking coffee. 124 00:21:44,205 --> 00:21:47,703 And their coffee culture gradually spread to the West. 125 00:21:59,177 --> 00:22:03,079 The first coffeehouses in Northern Europe opened in London. 126 00:22:06,370 --> 00:22:09,245 Markman Ellis is professor of 18th-century studies 127 00:22:09,307 --> 00:22:12,043 at Queen Mary’s College, University of London. 128 00:22:12,121 --> 00:22:14,153 He reminds us that our great love of coffee today 129 00:22:14,231 --> 00:22:18,331 is a direct result of developments in the 17th century. 130 00:22:24,132 --> 00:22:25,264 The high street in Britain is full of 131 00:22:25,328 --> 00:22:29,301 coffee houses of different brands and kinds. 132 00:22:29,357 --> 00:22:33,921 There were none in the early 17th century. 133 00:22:33,973 --> 00:22:37,540 Shakespeare never drank coffee, never heard of coffee. 134 00:22:37,592 --> 00:22:40,404 And now they are ubiquitous. 135 00:22:42,492 --> 00:22:46,240 Coffee houses were famous for being open to everybody. 136 00:22:46,288 --> 00:22:47,096 That was the point. 137 00:22:47,152 --> 00:22:49,135 Was that you didn’t need to worry about 138 00:22:49,189 --> 00:22:52,523 being a great man or a grand man 139 00:22:52,571 --> 00:22:54,674 Anyone was allowed to go into the coffee house. 140 00:22:54,733 --> 00:22:57,614 And that principle of openness in equality 141 00:22:57,667 --> 00:22:59,275 was really important to the kinds 142 00:22:59,313 --> 00:23:01,266 of discussion that they had there. 143 00:23:03,634 --> 00:23:05,037 People obviously took to the drink 144 00:23:05,087 --> 00:23:08,275 but they also took to the idea 145 00:23:08,318 --> 00:23:12,580 of drinking coffee together and talking. 146 00:23:16,845 --> 00:23:18,531 Still, the coffee being served then 147 00:23:18,631 --> 00:23:22,119 was quite different from what we’re familiar with today. 148 00:23:25,312 --> 00:23:26,915 I think coffee in the 18th century 149 00:23:26,977 --> 00:23:30,190 was a pretty nasty brew. 150 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:31,956 Most coffee houses were more 151 00:23:32,027 --> 00:23:35,883 interested in ease and cheapness. 152 00:23:35,940 --> 00:23:37,424 So what they tended to do, 153 00:23:37,475 --> 00:23:39,963 was to have a big cauldron of coffee, 154 00:23:40,024 --> 00:23:42,066 and they’d throw some coffee in the morning 155 00:23:42,122 --> 00:23:45,217 and add some water and keep it boiling all day. 156 00:23:45,268 --> 00:23:46,651 And if the level got a bit low, 157 00:23:46,712 --> 00:23:48,454 chuck a bit more coffee in 158 00:23:48,513 --> 00:23:52,018 so you can imagine the kind of burnt, 159 00:23:52,076 --> 00:23:59,632 over extracted, really nasty flavours that would result. 160 00:24:04,615 --> 00:24:07,113 Coffeehouses soon spread around Europe, 161 00:24:07,174 --> 00:24:10,064 but adopted different styles depending on the country. 162 00:24:10,122 --> 00:24:13,063 In France, Germany, Austria and Italy, 163 00:24:13,108 --> 00:24:14,489 the establishments serving coffee 164 00:24:14,540 --> 00:24:16,525 became more and more elegant. 165 00:24:16,581 --> 00:24:19,543 Le Procope in Paris or Caffe Florian in Venice 166 00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:21,487 were luxurious and expensive. 167 00:24:21,532 --> 00:24:23,512 More stimulating than beer or wine, 168 00:24:23,541 --> 00:24:26,179 coffee would inspire very heated debates. 169 00:24:44,569 --> 00:24:46,559 I think the bourgeoisie during the Enlightenment 170 00:24:46,614 --> 00:24:48,141 turned to drinking coffee because 171 00:24:48,214 --> 00:24:50,798 it stood in opposition to alcohol. 172 00:24:51,881 --> 00:24:53,975 Don’t forget that alcoholic drinks were the norm. 173 00:24:54,739 --> 00:24:56,087 People drank hardly anything else 174 00:24:56,143 --> 00:24:58,396 in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. 175 00:25:00,407 --> 00:25:02,890 So during the Enlightenment people drank coffee 176 00:25:02,938 --> 00:25:05,081 because they felt more aware, 177 00:25:05,137 --> 00:25:07,714 more intellectually active. 178 00:25:11,141 --> 00:25:12,173 Coffee, it seemed, 179 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:15,228 had a more positive effect on the mind and body. 180 00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:29,375 Coffee trading constantly increased in Europe. 181 00:25:29,419 --> 00:25:31,367 Trieste’s free port became the hub 182 00:25:31,426 --> 00:25:34,301 of this commerce in green coffee beans. 183 00:25:38,367 --> 00:25:40,767 Trieste has a long history linked to coffee. 184 00:25:40,811 --> 00:25:42,190 It began in the 18th century 185 00:25:42,249 --> 00:25:44,095 when the traffic towards central Europe 186 00:25:44,173 --> 00:25:46,666 was relocated to this new imperial town, 187 00:25:46,717 --> 00:25:48,470 built by the Austrians. 188 00:25:51,855 --> 00:25:53,914 It was also in the 18th century 189 00:25:53,970 --> 00:25:57,058 that the first coffee stalls appeared in Trieste.