Every history has a beginning
故事都有头儿，
even the story of the Universe.
宇宙的故事也是。
Some 13.700 million years ago
大约137亿年以前，
a mysterious event Forced the Universe in movement,
一件神秘的事儿导致了宇宙的发展
in the Big Bang.
大爆炸！
The ultimte creational of every atom, every star
最终产生了各个星系，各个恒星
and every galaxy.
甚至各个原子。
But this is our story
我们想说说
how for thousands years we have ourselves formed a vision of the Universe.
数千年来我们如何形成的宇宙观。
made sense through science
通过科学的方法,
and discover our place within him.
探索我们的周围。
This is our story of everything
我们将讲述大爆炸事件
from chamanes to scientists
之后的每个事件，
beyond Big Bang.
从萨满教到科学家。
The Universe Beyond Big Bang
For thousands of years we have reunited our observations of the sky
数千年来我们收集, 记录的天文数据
in books that would more than fill a library.
写成书的话, 可以堆满一个图书馆。
推导出了宏伟的宇宙大致模型，
We build a vast bady of knowledge about our Universe.
How it all began
它如何形成,
and how it will End.
又会走向何处。
It is a work in progress.
工作还在继续，
The script still is being written
推演还在进行，
and the ink still is wet on the paper.
纸上墨迹未干。
Where do we began?
从哪儿开始呢？
let's begin
咱们从头
at begining.
开始。
Let's begin
从
with the Big Bang.
大爆炸开始。
Big Bang is a theory of cosmic evolution.
大爆炸是宇宙进化理论，
It tell us how the Universe evolved, how it changed
说明了宇宙的参与和如何变化
in a fraction of second later of which
在那一瞬间之后，
it would happen it has brought what it to the existence
原来有什么，又产生了什么
and still we do not know what was
我们还不知道
until today.
直到今天。
When you look out the Universe
当你观察宇宙的时候
and you observe the other galaxies distant, you see that all is
看看其他的星系，
moving away of us, because they are expanding towards outside
它们都在离我们远去，
at great speeds.
跑的还挺快。
We are moving away between us
想像一下，把它们全拉回来
we realize that in some moment
在某一时间，
13 thousands or 14 billions of years
大约130-140 亿年以前
the Universe could be tablet in an inconceivably dense point.
整个宇宙不可思议地指向一个点。
We know that we do not know all the history
我们知道的并不详细，
but it is that we do not know all the history of the physics.
物理学总是由知道的并不详细开始。
We have series every time better of approaches
随着实验方法越来越好
that they reveal truths more and more surprising, beautiful and interesting.
越来越多的有趣的事实验证了,
Big Bang or great explosion is ours theory for the beginning of the Universe.
大爆炸是宇宙起始理论。
But for a long time
长期以来，
people or did not think about the origin of the Universe
人们不是不考虑宇宙的起源
or it assumed that this one it had always existed
就是认为他是永恒的，
and that was eternal.
永远不会结束。
At the outset even the scientists they were reluctant
甚至科学家们也是
to accept the theory of Big Bang.
勉强地, 尴尬地面对大爆炸理论。
One assumed that it would be a rather mocking term
有人嘲笑这个术语。
but Big Bang or great explosion it is in fact one contradiction
大爆炸理论是个矛盾，
because he was not great
它既不大
and it was not an explosion.
也没有爆炸。
It was not great because we think that the Universe
说它不大，我们认为
it initiated of a singularity of some type.
宇宙的开始得有点儿奇异,
And it was not an explosion because it did not have air that transports the vibrations.
说它没有爆炸是因为当时没空气传播震动。
So in a certain sense Big Bang is mistaken term but the name gypsy dialect.
理论有点道理，这名儿可不怎么样。
And also the theory.
总算是个理论。
It would say that the theory is a solid part of science we include/understand as it.
这个理论现在已经是基础理论，
Whatever it does not accept it will be considered by the majority
有人硬不接受这个理论，
of the community like chiflado.
肯定被大家按疯子对待。
But acceptance and understanding they are two very different things.
但接受和理解是两会事儿，
The theory of Big Bang still it has not provided
理论还不能给出
all the answers that science looks for
所有的科学答案,
in order to explain how our Universe was born.
解释宇宙是如何形成的。
To which the cosmologists talk about when speaking of the theory of Big Bang
宇宙学家说起这个理论
it is really a description of that it happened after the explosion.
解释的都是爆炸以后的事。
The conventional theory of Big Bang it does not say anything to us
理论没有解释
about what it was what exploded
任何爆炸之前的事，
and what happened before of this explosion.
为什么发生了爆炸。
Right now, at this moment
现在，在这个时刻
we were in which it happened after Big Bang.
我们在大爆炸发生之后。
Everything what we see, we listened
我们所看到的, 听到的,
we savor, we smell and we touched, is the moment after Big Bang.
尝到的, 闻到的和触到的,都在大爆炸发生之后。
Big Bang is in fact our universe in expansion.
宇宙的扩展证实了大爆炸理论。
For us, who we are catched in our small rocky planet
我们大部分时间在研究我们的星球，
the vision of the Universe one begins with the Earth.
宇宙的故事从地球开始。
This is the Earth.
这就是地球。
With its base of silic髇 and oxygen, and its metallic center.
金属内核外包着岩石和氧气。
Its surface mainly it is composed by water.
表面大部分是水。
It teems of life and defeat once every 24 hours
充满生物, 每24小时自转一圈。
while orbit around one the Sun stars call
围绕叫太阳的恒星
once every 365 days.
每365天转一周。
This it is the Sun. Mainly made up of hydrogen and helium.
这是太阳, 主要由氢和氦组成。
Its skin temperature it is of almost 5500 degrees Celsius.
表面温度约一万华氏度,
In order to obtain its energy
太阳每秒转换7亿吨的氢
our sun turns 700 million tons of hydrogen
in 695 million tons of helium every second.
成6.95亿吨的氦，来产生能量。
The Sun is part of the Solar System
太阳系形成于45亿年前，
formed near 4500 million of years back
太阳是太阳系的一部分，
that it includes the Earth and others seven orbitantes planets
还包括地球和其它七个行星,
from Mercury to Neptune.
从水星到海王星。
And it is not a static system.
它不是静止的，
Our Solar System is turning on itself
太阳系在转动，
flying by the space to 215 km per second.
以每秒134英里的速度，
Turning in circles
在太空旋转。
like part of a vast collection of stars and systems of stars.
作为繁星中的一部分，
There are probably 200 billions of stars
和其它大约2000亿个星星
in this collection called Via Milky.
一起组成了银河系。
And one assumes that 6 billions of these stars
和大约60亿个
they have some planetary system like ours.
与我们相似的星球群，
Our Solar System orbit around the center of the Milky Way
太阳系绕着银河系的中心，
in one of its external arms.
在偏外一点儿的轨道上旋转。
The Milky Way is by itself one of more than 125 billions of galaxies
银河系和1250亿个其它星系
that they constitute the observable Universe.
组成了我们的宇宙。
This it is the Universe.
这就是宇宙。
He is really very, very great.
非常，非常的大。
And one is becoming greater.
还会更大，
One is expanding.
还在膨胀。
If the universe is in expansion, then before he was smaller.
假如宇宙在膨胀，那它以前肯定小点儿。
Much more small
更小点。
In fact, if we backed down in the time, we could see shrink it.
事实上，如果时光倒转我们就能看到它的收缩。
If we back down the sufficient thing
够远了，
the Universe would be smaller that a galaxy.
宇宙已经比星系小了，
We back down, and the Universe would be smaller than our Solar System.
再到，已经比太阳系小了。
We back down and everything still more what exists fits in a stage
远远地到回去，整个宇宙有房子般大，
in a coffee cup
杯子般大，
in an atom.
原子般大。
137 billions of years back
137 亿年前，
the Universal one was smaller than the smallest part of an atom.
宇宙比最小的原子还要小，
Incredibly small.
小到不能再小。
Then something happened.
接着，
At a moment, each thing one expanded suddenly.
闪电中东西全炸出来了。
Thus it is as everything began
就是这么开始了，
the first moment of the existence.
东西一下子全有了。
It is what today we called
这就是我们说的
Big Bang.
大爆炸。
揂nd we know it to this like true, not by invented theories
我们知道这是真的，可不只是理论推导的，
but because they show therefore it all the observations. ?
有所有的观察结果，
We can anticipate abundance of slight elements
我们看到的，
and it agrees and so we see today, in more than 10 significant figures.
和我们预测的相符，
So the idea of Universe expanding
宇宙的基础就是膨胀，
and emerging from a Universe it warms up
到回去，挤压，
and dense until certain point in the past
形成又重又热的宇宙，
it is the idea bases of Big Bang.
大爆炸就是这个样子。
The theory of Big Bang is not something that one elaborates of a day for the other.
这个理论可不是一天就清楚的，
It has been years.
一年又一年，
Centuries of accumulated wisdom.
集中了数个世纪的智慧。
The humanity has been thinking on this for a long time.
人类经过了长时间的思索。
Even before we occurred it counts, we thought about it.
甚至都没意识我们在思索。
Whenever we raised the view towards stars, we thought about it.
每次看星星时都在想。
How we know what today we know?
这些知识我们怎么得到的呢？
How we have included/understood everything?
我们怎么弄清楚的呢？
That is the difficult part of our history.
这是我们的核心内容，
The history of how ours concept of the Universe evolved.
宇宙观是如何行成的。
揟here are accumulated the discoveries of the members
我们集中了人类
搈ore brilliants of our species
最聪明的发现，不懈地努力，
揳llowing us, in spite of work and the difficulties
慢慢地在知识的
搕o climb slowly up stairs of the knowledge. ?
长梯上攀登。
Perhaps compensating the fact that each of us by himself only
可能我们无能，
he is too idiot in order to solve it everything.
解决不了所有的问题。
Then by where we began?
耶，咱们从哪儿开始？
Nowadays, astronomers and physicists in universities like
现在天文学家和物理学家
the Institute of Technology of Massachussets
麻省理工的，
and the University of Cambridge in England
英国剑桥的，
they debate widely approaches of the theory of Big Bang.
都在讨论大爆炸。
But the conversation it began long ago.
但讨论早就开始了。
Before nobody had ear to speak about Big Bang.
甚至在没人知道大爆炸之前。
Before nobody knew what is in fact the sky.
在没人知道什么是天之前。
Long before that science would exist
早在科学存在之前，
or that outside a hypothesis in the mind of somebody
甚至思想成型之前，
the people became questions on our origin.
人们就探寻我们的起源。
When the primitive man it watched towards the sky
古人看着天空，
it saw dominated it by the star king that it provided heat and life.
看着带来温暖和生命的太阳。
At night, it saw the Moon and the stars.
晚上看着月亮，星星。
This one was the Universe, hard, hostile and chaotic.
这就是宇宙，混乱，严厉，折腾人。
With a sun that went to it derives moving by the sky
太阳在天空升起，落下，
while the stations they happened of the heat to the cold.
季节由暖到冷。
The primitive man needed to include its world
古人要了解周围的世界
in order to survive in him.
才能生存下来。
People absolutely did not have no control of the nature.
人们控制不了大自然，
The balance between the hoped thing and unexpected it did that the people
为平衡自然的善，恶
they would turn the nature in deities
人们神话了大自然，
with the purpose of to establish some type of relation with them.
这样人类和大自然就有了关联。
Without aid of telescopes u modern observatories
没有望远镜这样的现代观测设备，
the primitive man it supported in the simple structures
古人依靠简单的建筑，
in order to help a to include skies.
来了解天空。
In places like Stonehenge, in England
英国的巨石阵，
or Chichen Itza', in Mexico
墨西哥的奇琴伊察。
they tried to connect itself with the sky
人们认为可以连接天
the supposed home of the Gods.
这个神仙的地方。
They were simple instruments of observation
这是简易的观测设备
and analysis tools
和分析工具，
that they helped that the universe dancer would have sense.
用来了解，解释自然。
We are in the Eastern part of Germany like a 100 km to the south of Berlin
我们在德国东部，柏林南部700公里，
in a village, Gosek call.
这个小村叫Gosek。
One of the oldest monuments, dedicated to the sun and stars
一个专为太阳和星星建的建筑，
it was found here.
被在这儿发现。
This it is the solar observatory of Gosek.
这是这儿的太阳观测设施。
It was constructed does 7 thousand years by agriculturists
建于7000年以前，
in order to determine the time of the year.
是早期农民用来测节气的。
Constructed 2000 years before Stonehenge and reconstructed here
比巨石阵早2000年的建筑，重建在这儿，
this it is the calendar more old known in Europe.
是欧洲最早的日历。
During the winter solstices and summer
从冬至到夏至，
the shortest days and more lengths of the year
从最短的到最长的一天，
the sun the al韓ea west with door of the fence.
落日通过门照在不同的地方。
The knowledge of these days
当时的知识，
she helped to that people understood to the sun, otorgador of life.
使人们了解了带来生命的太阳。
The sky nocturne is a clock.
天上是个表，
A gigantic clock that watches to us direct to the face that allowed the ant韌uos
通过这个看着你的表，
to calculate when to plant, when to harvest.
古人算计着何时种，何时收。
In other words, its survival it depended on the understanding
换句话说，对太阳和天空的了解
of the movement of the sun and skies.
决定着生计。
This idea of astronomy predicting the behavior of the natural world
天文学就是基于天体的运动，
based on the movement of skies
预测自然行为的。
it was mixed with the dogma of the astrology
和占星术的教条混在一起的，
the belief that the movement of skies predetermined our destiny
天体的运动被认为可以预测运气。
like that a meteor predicts a military victory
流星预示着军事胜利。
or a new star, the birth of a king.
有个新星，肯定有皇帝出生。
In that time astronomy predicted the movement of stars
当时天文学预测星星的移动，
and the astrology predicted how the stars influenced in us.
占星术则预测星星对我们的影响。
And it was very difficult in that then to separate a thing of the other.
古人分不清这两者。
If you included/understood the mechanism of the universe you would include/understand how it will be your destiny.
你能看懂天上的表，当然你能掌握自己的命运。
The astrologers divide the universe in regions at the beginning of the century I SAW a.C.
早在公元前6世纪，占星家把天分成几块，
They saw figures in stars
依照星星的形状，
and they named the regions based on those figures.
给出不同的名字。
Aries
白羊座，
Taurus
金牛座，
and G閙inis
还有双子座
among others.
和其他星座。
While the astrologers escudri馻ban sky to guess our destiny
占星家用不同的故事代表不同的命运。
also they observed and they learned how the universe moved.
他们也在观察和了解天体的运动。
Of the superstitious reasons the first steps arose
从迷信到简单的
of the scientific observation.
科学观察。
I see science like
科学就象是旅行，
a trip in which ours species has been by hardly
我们人类
near 2500 years trying to put itself
在2500年前就以最大的可能，
in syntony of the way more deep possible
了解宇宙
with the universe, its laws, its structure, what produces the things
宇宙的定理，结构，事物，
how they evolve and which are forces that govern the changes.
宇宙如何参与，强制和控制变化
But sometimes, the simple observation
有时简单的观察
it can leave conclusions essentially erroneous.
会产生基础性错误。
When beginning to observe the Universe
当你观察宇宙时，
the first idea that we have it is that we are the center of the same
第一观点是我们是地球的中心，
that the Universe turned a ours around.
一切都是围绕着我们旋转。
Stars crossing the sky at night, the sun during the day, because the idea
星星滑过夜空，太阳跨过白天，
it was that the Earth was static and the sky turned around us.
就象是大地是固定的，而天空绕着我们旋转
But that perception is completely erroneous.
这可不对，
The Earth is not immovable, it is not the center don't mention it.
地球不是固定的，也不是什么中心。
All the history of cosmology
宇宙学的历史，
it is the implacable Earth retirement of the center of the scene.
就是地球从中心撤退的步骤。
In spite of that, the search of knowledge continued.
无论如何历史是前进的。
Using the mathematics
光用数学方法，
old the Greeks gave us more detailed information
古希腊人给出了不少
on our celestial neighbors dominant, the Sun and the Moon.
我们邻居太阳和月亮的信息。
2000年之前，他们就知道地球有曲率。
Still then, 2000 years ago, they knew that the Earth was curved.
Observing the shades, they calculated the dimensions of the Earth
看着影子，他们算出了地球的大小，
with a certainty of 10_.
偏差只有10%。
In fact, they compute the range of the Earth to the Moon
他们算出了地球到月亮的距离，
and the distance approximated of the Earth to the Sun
大致估算了地球到太阳的距离。
so in other words, the old ones were not nothing idiot.
就是说，古人一点儿也不差。
Old the Greeks also they recognized 2 types of stars.
古希腊人区分了两类星辰。
The majority was immovable and small and meetings moved.
大部分星个儿小，移动时一起动。
Some were greater and his vague movement, or thus was seen.
有几个大的，移动的比较奇怪。
These were the planets
就是行星。
and to predict its movement it made one long goal by centuries.
预测行星的轨迹曾是数个世纪的目标。
Only with the naked eye in order to explore the sky
仅仅用肉眼在天空观察，
the Greeks could to observe only 5 planets
希腊只看到五个行星，
to that they named in honor to its Gods.
并以他们的神来明名。
Today more we are familiarized with the Roman denominations:
现代我们所熟悉的是罗马人的命名。
Mercury, Venus
水星Mercury, 金星Venus
Mars, Saturn and Jupiter.
火星Mars, 土星Saturn and 木星Jupiter.
Old astronomy assumed a concept of the universe
古天文学家对宇宙的认识,
proposed by the Greek philosopher of century IV a.C., Aristotle
由希腊哲学家亚里士多德公元前4世纪提出，
who imagined to the Earth in center of the Universe
他认为地球是宇宙的中心，
with a sun, moon and planets
太阳，月亮和行星们
turning elegant around her
都围绕着地球
in perfect crystalline spheres.
形成完美的球体。
The universe of Aristotle was finite, it was a great sphere
亚里士多德认为宇宙是有限的，象个大球，
it was rather like a onion.
象个葱头，有好多层的葱头。
The astronomer of the century first, Tolomeo
一世纪的天文学家Tolomeo
it contributed one improves respect to Aristotle
改进了亚里士多德的模型
when drawing up with certainty trajectory of planets
通过认真观察行星的轨迹，
those that, after all, they do not move at random
发现了行星的运动规律，
Using complex movements circular epicitios calls
可以用复杂的圆形来推导，
Tolomeo could predict its ways changing prewritings and speeds.
他可以描述运动模式和速度。
In other words, the system of Tolomeo, predicted of reliable way
也就是说能更好地
the future behavior of the planets.
预测行星的运动。
Another passage in the way of the man
这是人类了解、认识
in order to understand and to control the Universe.
宇宙旅程的又一步。
The tolom閕co system era extremely complex
Tolomeo 的模型非常复杂，
it had all these planets in knots
所有的行星都在饶圈，
but simply he was something erroneous.
能符合情况，但是错的。
The idea that you can predict something
能符合情况
it does not mean that you include/understand fundamental principles behind that.
并不能说明你的模型就是对的。
The system of Tolomeo did not reveal with certainty the Universe
他的模型没改变宇宙大的模型，
but it is not either that it tried to do it.
但他做了尝试。
It essentially demonstrated that the positions of planets
他可以给行星定位，
they could be calculated for any past or future event.
也可以算出以前和将来行星的位置。
It was a feat of the understanding of the mathematics.
这只是数学的伟大。
Interestingly
有趣的是
astronomy seemed to remain stopped by centuries after that.
这个方法竟用了几个世纪。
In fact, after the fall of Rome in the 476 of ours it was
事实上自公元476年罗马的兴起，
astronomy in fact it withdrew.
天文学就没了地盘。
Europe fragmented in powers smaller
欧洲列国支离破碎，
and great part of the wisdom Greek, it was lost.
失去了大批的希腊学者。
Thousand years later, a new theory it would confront the accepted beliefs
数千年后，一个新理论发起了挑战，
accepted on operation of skies
天体是怎样运转的？
and it would keep to the humanity a step more near the theory of Big Bang.
使人类向大爆炸理论又近了一步。
During century XV of ours it was
公元十五世纪，
a called idea heliocentrismo
日心说，
it proclaimed that it was the Sun, and not it Earth, the center of the Universe.
提出太阳，不是地球，才是宇宙的中心。
This horrified to the Christian church
天主教徒慌乱了，
who thought that contradicted the word of God.
这与上帝的国都相矛盾，
If God had created the Earth and the man to its image and similarity
如果上帝创造了地球，人是他的影子，
the Earth and its devotee inhabitants
那么地球和上帝的子民，
they had to be the center of everything.
必然是万物的中心。
Ironically, the defender of the theory of a universe whose center was the sun
讽刺的是日心说的先锋，
he was devotee di醕ono of Frombork, Poland
是波兰的宗教学者
call Nicolas Cop閞nico.
尼古拉，哥白尼.
It was the administrator of a cathedral.
他是教会的管理人员，
It worked to help to collect the rents, helped the patients
工作是收房租，照顾病人
but in the middle of all that astronomy worked.
闲暇他才是天文学家。
Cop閞nico felt intrigued by the complex celestial mechanics of Tolomeo.
哥白尼闹不懂Tolomeo的系统，
But it found an elegant solution
但他找了个好办法，
when the Earth of the center moved of the Solar System
把地球从宇宙的中心拿了出来，
it replaced and it with the Sun like heart of everything.
把太阳放在中心，
When Cop閞nico put to turn planets around the sun
当哥白尼让行星饶太阳转时，
it discovered that Mercury, whose transfering movement lasts 3 months
他发现水星转一圈用3 个月
immediately it was located more near the sun
最靠近太阳。
and Saturn, the slowest planet, whose hard transfering around 30 years
土星走得慢，转一圈用30年，
immediately it fell in the external end.
远远地在外边。
Cop閞nico wrote:揙f no other way we could find
哥白尼写到:没有其他办法
a so harmonious conecci髇 and so safe
可以象日心说这样，
between the size of the orbit and its period. ?
合理地解释行星的轨道和周期。
That seemed almost like magic.
真是太神奇了。
Cop閞nico also insisted that the Earth rotated
哥白尼还发现地球在自转，
that it turned completely on its axis every 24 hours
每24小时一周，
and that the skies did not move, but did we it.
不是天在动，是我们在动。
The stars that they furrowed the sky every night
星辰每晚的运动，
it was not more than an optical illusion created by the Earth rotation.
是地球旋转造成的假像。
Probably, fearing retaliation of the Church
可能怕教会报复，
Cop閞nico abstained from to publish its theory
哥白尼一直没有公布他的理论，
until it was in his I milk of death in 1543.
直到1543年，病床上他发布了他的理论。
But its book, 揙f the revolutions of the celestial spheres "
他的书‘天体运行论’
it laid the way stops Giohannes Kepler
给开普勒铺平了道路。
been born in 1571
生于1571年，约翰尼斯?开普勒
the defender of science observativa.
观察科学的先驱。
Kepler was the true hero, was he the one that proclaimed to him to the world that
开普勒真是个英雄，他站出来向世界
the Sun had to be the center.
鼓吹：太阳才是中心！
Kepler had to its disposition a treasure of astronomical data
开普勒有珍贵的天文数据，
collected during years of observation of skies.
收集于多年的观测。
When it examined its observations e it made the calculations, he realized
他整理了数据，根据计算得出，
of which the Sun not only was center of the Solar System
不只是太阳应该在中心，
but the perfect circles were only a product of the imagination.
原来认为行星轨道是圆形，也有问题。
This was not so good philosophically, but it fitted with the data.
哲学上不通，但符合数据。
Kepler improved the system of Cop閞nico
开普勒改善了哥白尼的模型，
when formulating the hypothesis that planets turned
将行星饶日运行的轨道
not in perfect circles
由圆形
but in ellipses around the sun.
改为椭圆型。
The data of Kepler also aimed to a strange phenomenon
他的模型得到一个怪现象，
against that it fought but that it did not manage to understand.
苦苦思索也未能解决。
As the planets approached to the Sun, they turned at greater speed.
当行星靠近太阳时，速度快，
While they moved away more, they slow down.
当他们远离太阳时，就慢下来。
Together, the centered Universe in the Sun
整体来说，太阳在中心，
and the variable speed of the planets
和以不同的速度运行的行星
they explained what we see here in the Earth.
能最好地解释我们在地球上看到的。
Suddenly and for the first time, the image centered in the sun
这还是第一次，日心说
it throws better predictions to us than the image centered in the Earth.
比地心说更好地做出预测。
Thus not only we are before something impelled by the data, but he is something that
拿出你的数据，
it fulfills and so one assumes that it must to make science:
科学家作出处理，
right predictions.
作出预测，真好。
While a cosmic riddle seemed to be solved, another one remained present.
一个宇宙的谜解开了，又产生了一个。
Kepler saw that the sun influenced speed of planets
开普勒发现太阳可以给行星提速，
as they traveled to traverse of the space. But how?
这是怎么会事呢？
Before somebody it would unravel east mystery
在这个问题解决之前，
the dogma and science hit
科学和教条在争辩，
in a conflict that it maintains until this day.
吵吵闹闹整日不停。
At the beginning of century XII, Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei
进入17世纪，意大利天文学家伽利略
it would take the theories from Cop閞nico and Kepler
继承了哥白尼和开普勒的理论
of which the sun was center of the Solar System
太阳才是太阳系的中心。
it would prove and them without to leave place to the doubts.
提供了没有争议的证据。
It did and it with a new technology
他使用了新技术，
that it would change the course of history.
改变了历史的进程。
In a certain sense, the telescope he is most blasphemous
远镜,在某种意义上来说
sedititious, revolutionary and magnificent
是华丽的，有煽动性的，
instrument of science.
革命性的科学仪器。
All field of science received with this instrument the wonderful one
科学得到了伟大的礼物，
gift of which the distant objects they would be seen nearer.
可以把远处的物体拉近的工具。
Once the idea arose
有这个发明的出现，
from which you could take 2 lenses, to align them of a certain way
有可以找两镜片，保持一定距离
to place them in a tube and to do telescope with that
放入一个管子做成望远镜。
this idea would extend like fire of straw by everybody, did and it.
它就象暗夜的火炬。
However, the marrow no it was who invented the telescope
问题不是谁发明了望远镜，
but if you knew what to do with him.
而是怎么去用它。
You were going to use it to snoop in the other people's windows?
拿他去看别人的窗户，
or to watch the sky and to explore the Universe?
还是用它观察宇宙？
Galileo improved the design in 1609
伽利略在1609年改进了设计
preparing its own lenses, and creating one that could increase
自己研磨镜片，做了一个
the size without precedents, up to 30 times.
空前的放大30倍的望远镜。
And with that telescope it decided to observe the sky instead of to observe
他用这个望远镜
the originating boats of republic of Venice
去看金星的位置
and what saw it changed it reaches of astronomy.
这一看完全改变了天文学的观点。
Galileo had the view of clearer and detailed sky
伽利略看到了最清晰的有细节的
that person some had had.
从来没有人看到过的天象。
Through its telescope, Galileo it saw thousands of stars
通过望远镜伽利略看到成千上万
a crater Full Moon
的繁星，充满坑的月亮，
satellites surrounding to Jupiter
木星有几个卫星，
Saturn with giant ears
土星有一对大耳朵，
and greatest of everything it is that Galileo simply
最伟大的发现当属
it saw that Venus crossed phases like our moon.
他发现金星有月相！
This was a clear evidence of which Venus orbited the sun.
充分证明金星在绕日旋转。
And it was a test of the system to pave trim in the Sun.
证实了日心说。
This demonstrated for the first time that Galileo was right
第一次证实了哥白尼是正确的。
the Earth was not the center of the Solar System, the Sun was it.
地球不是中心，太阳才是！
So Galileo with its telescope it moved away to the Earth
伽利略用望远镜把地球推出
of the center of the Universe and it said that: We are not the center don't mention it?
了宇宙的中心。“地球不是什么中心，
揃ut 閞amos planet among others
只是行星中的一员，
and that could much have a universe greater than the well-known. ?
宇宙比我们知道的大多了！”
What Galileo had assumed for aesthetic reasons
有哥白尼开了个漂亮的头儿，
and Kepler had deduced by mathematical formulas
有开普勒做了数学和测量上的推演，
It had demonstrated it to Galileo.
伽利略证实了。
It had seen it to Galileo.
伽利略看到了。
Galileo was developing.
伽利略发展了日心说！
The old ones had seen everything what it is possible to observe with the naked eye.
古人只能用肉眼观察，
In order to go beyond that it was necessary a new instrument.
确实需要新设备才能突破。
The telescope was the one that marked the point of it breaks
望远镜是个转折点，
between old and the modern ones.
分离了古今。
Centuries of ecclesiastical dogmas
数百年来教会认为
that they assured that the Earth was the center of the Universe
地球是宇宙的中心
now they were mistaken.
现在清楚地知道是错的。
With the Catholic Church still staggering
天主教正在动荡于
by sisma of the reform protestant
新教（基督教）的分离。
the discovery of Galileo seemed to undermine the writings.
伽利略的发现看起来有悖教义，
That was dangerous for a Church that one felt in state of siege
教会有遭围攻的危险。
and dangerous for the scientist who it was proposing it.
这个科学家玄了。
Nevertheless, Galileo, a devotee catholic
无论如何，天主教徒伽利略
1610年发布了他的研究于“The story Messenger”。
it published its observations in the book The Messenger of Stars in 1610.
Of surprising way
奇怪，
the Church welcomed well mannered the findings of Galileo, at the outset.
开始教会表示欢迎他的观点，
If Galileo had been a little more careful
伽利略开始对自己的观点小心翼翼，
with its approach it would be had left with hers.
无所适从。
A famous appointment of Baroni cardinal, a predecessor, was that:
红衣主教Baroni的著名语录是：
It says us to the Bible like going to the sky, not how the sky works "
“圣经是教我们如何进天堂的，不是教我们天是如何运转的。”
But in the end, the fall of Galileo it was not due to its incapacity
最终伽利略的失势不是
in order to do that the Church it would accept its way to think
他没有能力表达他的想法，
but rather its attempts of to interpret the writings
也不是他解释的不清楚，
by itself, independent of the Church.
而是于教会的对立。
I must mention famous San Agust韓
伽利略崇拜的St Augustin
that it said:If you find one interpretation of Scriptures
曾说过：“如果你的发现
that it contradicts knowledge already established
与圣经相矛盾，
then you must reconsider that interpretation ".
那你就需要再研究一下圣经。”
But the Church, worried and so it perceived as threats
教会虽同意考虑
to its own one to be able
自我解读圣经，
it could not accept the interpretation Biblical of Galileo.
但不同意给伽利略解读圣经。
1633年，在伽利略出版了一部新书
In 1633, after Galileo it would publish a new book
defending the system trim in the Sun
[日心学的先锋]之后，
the Pope called a to face judgment by heresy.
教皇以异教为由对他审判，
It was forced to resign to its copernicanas ideas
强迫他放弃日心论。
what apparently it did kneeling down in front of the court.
很明显他屈服了。
In spite of its confession, Galileo continued in silence become attached to its beliefs
尽管他屈服了,他仍悄悄持守他的信仰，
while it spent its last years under house arrest
在软禁下度过晚年，
in a town in the outskirts of Florence.
于锡耶纳，佛罗伦萨城外。
Galileo is the first modern scientist, in the sense that
伽利略是第一个现代科学家，
it realised actively observations with the telescope
他引入了望远镜做观察。
and it proposed consistent theories through its telescope
他引入了望远镜证实理论。
and one dared to challenge the Orthodoxy of the time.
他大胆，大胆挑战教条。
Shortly before its death in 1642
随后在1642年他死之前，
Galileo inadvertently encountered a key for the riddle of Kepler
伽利略不小心发现了开普勒之谜的线索，
about the strange influence of Sun in the planetary movements.
有关太阳给行星提速的问题。
One went nails to that future generations
这个线索会帮助下一代
they would aim at the theory of Big Bang.
推导出大保障理论。
The last published work by Galileo
伽利略最后的著作：
it tried on the properties of the bodies in fall.
有关下落物体的性质的对话。
What noticed is that they were accelerated to same rate
他注意到下落物体的加速
without concerning which its mass outside.
于质量无关。
But he would be necessary other genius so that
但是需要另一个天才
it would fit these two pieces of the puzzle
把这两者连接起来，
in a theory of the gravity.
万有引力理论。
Isaac Newton, born in 1643
牛顿, 生于1643年，
it explained the mechanism by means of which the planets moved.
他解释了行星运动的机理。
And not only how the planets moved, but how everything moved. Of planets
不只是行星运动的机理，是万物运动的机理，从行星
to apples.
到苹果。
Newton had an impressive intellect. It was impressive what did.
牛顿有超然的智力，作出了惊人的事迹。
Its moment in the history of science was an important turn
他使科学史上绽放出了
according to which the power of the mathematics
数学的魅力，
it really acquired importance.
进入了物理宇宙时代。
He was the one that laid the way to the use of the mathematics
他给我们指明了用数学
for the understanding of the Universe, demonstrating that for some reason
解释宇宙，告诉我们
the mathematics are the language of the cosmos.
宇宙可以用数学来推导。
Kepler observed through these data, that the Sun
开普勒通过他的数据认为
it acted like a giant magnet.
太阳象一个大磁铁。
The planets could also to be like magnets?
那么行星是否也是磁铁呢？
Galileo formulated theories about acceleration of the bodies in fall
伽利略理论里的下落物体的速度
and account of which occurred without concerning the mass
与质量无关，
the objects in fall always they maintained the same rate.
总是速度相同。
But years later, Newton had something that to add to Kepler and Galileo.
数年后，牛顿在二人的基础有了发展。
The shrewdness of Newton, was to join
牛顿的伟大之处是
to Galileo and Kepler and to realize which
把开普勒和伽利略的理论合并，
what does that the projectiles they move and they fall on the Earth
认为导致物体下落的，
it is just like it makes that planets they turn around the Sun in the sky.
和导致行星围绕太阳旋转的机理一样。
In a sense, the planets they fall towards the Sun
就是说行星是落向太阳，
in the same way like the bodies of Galileo they fall towards the Earth.
就象伽利略的物体落向地球一样。
The center of all this is the gravity
秘密是引力，
that strange action to certain distance that it maintains everything united.
神秘地把遥远的物体吸引在一起。
Newton not only observed the gravity, but it wrote up that it like an equation
牛顿不只发现了引力，还给出了可证明的公式，
showing that gravity was the energy
显示引力是能量，
the fastening that it prevented that objects like the Earth and the planets
可以吸引象行星和地球似的物体，
they would fly of head in the interstellar space.
从只有一头高到遥远的太空。
The gravity, the attractive force that it affects all the matter of the Universe
引力作用于宇宙间的一切物体，
it issues the order to him the same.
使其遵循宇宙的规律。
And the gravity is described by the science of the Physics.
引力是物理学的现象。
Newton created the physics.
牛顿创立了物理学。
She was the person who by first time saw the fundamental laws
他是第一个基于观察，发现基本定理的人，
underneath all these observations.
The laws of Newton they explained everything almost.
牛顿的定律几乎解释了万物。
Newton postulated the laws of the movement, the universal laws of the gravity.
牛顿运动定律，万有引力定律。
He initiated a new one was scientist
他开辟了新的科学领域。
using its observations and the mathematics
用观测和数学，
in order to describe the laws of the nature.
来解释自然的规律。
It could in fact demonstrate that rate a the one that an apple fell to the Earth
他可以显示苹果掉到地上，
directly a was related how the Moon fell
和月亮围绕地球旋转
around the Earth.
是相关的。
Because it understood that same laws
因为他知道同一个定律
that they took the movement of the planets around the Sun
使行星围绕着太阳，
they took the movement of the Moon around the Earth.
使月亮围绕着地球。
The great book of Newton, The principles?
牛顿的著作，“原理”
it revealed that the tides, the speed of orbitantes planets
显示了潮汐，轨道行星的速度，
and even the Earth form
甚至地球的形状，
they could be explained by means of attraction of the gravity
都可以用引力来解释。
because everything what it has mass
因为任何有质量的物体，
it exerts an attraction in all others that also mass has.
对其他有质量的物体都有引力。
The Moon attracts the oceans
月亮吸引着海洋，
the Earth attracts the Moon
地球吸引着月亮，
the Sun attracts the Earth, and enters nearer they are
太阳吸引着地球，
these objects to each other, major is the gravitational attraction.
相近物体的总和，产生较强的引力。
The principles of Newton are an incredible work of I devise
牛顿定律是空前的成就，
that it almost compensates amazing fact.
几乎构成一个困惑的事实。
Although Newton formulated the laws that they govern the gravity
虽然牛顿给出了万有引力定律，
it never explained or not even it understood why this one worked.
他没有解释，甚至不知道为什么会这样。
And the gravity, when you think in her he is outlandish.
引力，你想想，太奇怪了。
Including how the Earth it knows where is the Sun
想一下，地球怎么知道太阳在哪？
in order to be able to turn around him, what it would happen if the sun
要去饶它转，太阳要突然没了怎么办？
one would move suddenly? What would make the Earth?
地球该怎么办？
This remote action is something that it simply rejected
这中间还有其他的东西，他放弃了，
it said that one would not worry by this question
说我不担心这个问题，
because the law worked.
因为定律是正确的。
Although the physicists still fight in order to define the gravity
物理学家们仍然在探索引力的原因。
Newton was sufficiently far in its definition.
牛顿也做了大量的努力。
Two hundred years later
两百年只后，
the genius of Albert Einstein it would compete with the one of Newton
爱因斯坦达到了牛顿的高度。
creating not only new physics laws
不只建立了物理定律，
but re-inventing the Universe.
还刷新了宇宙观。
Albert Einstein born in Germany in 1879.
爱因斯坦1879年生于德国，
It can more be the scientist famous that has existed
可能是有过的最著名的科学家，
reason why it did here in Bern, Switzerland, in 1905.
原由他1905年在瑞士的伯尔尼的成就。
Not to be able to make sure a position like educator after being student
怕毕业后得不到教师的职位，
Einstein accepted a work in this office of patents.
爱因斯坦在专利局找了份工作
And then one get ready to think.
他的思考开始了。
In fact, it devised a revolution in the time and the space.
事实上，他思考着空间和时间的革命。
Perhaps without Einstein, still we would be fighting to try to understand
没有爱因斯坦，我们可能还要苦苦探索
how the Universe works in fact.
宇宙的运行机理。
I believe that if asked who was more great scientist of century XX
我相信你要问谁是20世纪最伟大的科学家，
the majority of us we would say that it was 揈instein?
大部分人会回答：爱因斯坦。
And I believe that partly it is because there is a natural fascination
我认为部分原因是
with the space-time, in consequence with its mysteries.
他神奇地揭开了时间和空间的自然魅力。
But also fodder that it is because
还有部分原因是，
it fitted in the perception public arqueot韕ica of a scientist.
他和其他的科学家社区的人和谐相处。
The intention of Einstein was not to take to us until the origin of the Universe.
爱因斯坦没有想要带我们去宇宙的起源。
Not even it liked to think about that.
想都没有想过。
The idea of the beginning suggested a dynamic and finite universe.
开始的概念是动态的，有限的宇宙，
And Einstein preferred one static and infinite.
爱因斯坦更喜欢静态的，无限的宇宙。
Philosophically, he thought that the universal one was eternal
从哲学角度讲，他相信宇宙是永恒的，
and that history of a universe that it had a beginning and a end
有始有终。
she was little aesthetic, he was not something beautiful.
有点儿美感，但不漂亮。
The idea that the Universe was infinitely and eternal very ambiguous era.
宇宙是无限的，永恒的是旧理论
It was adopted by scientists like Einstein
被象爱因斯坦一样的科学家所接受。
because it was easier to think than Universe always had existed
很容易让人接受的是宇宙总是存在着的，
instead of to be created.
要说是形成的，
Created how? Why?
形成的？怎么形成的？用什么形成的？
Unfortunately for Einstein
对爱因斯坦来说很不幸，
its understanding of forces like the gravity
以他对力，象引力的理解
they suggested the Universe he was not eternal.
最终推出宇宙不是永恒的。
The ideas of Einstein they were so outlandish
爱因斯坦的想法很奇异，
that it was easy to think about them stops to apply them to a crazy world of circus.
难以想像可以用于我们的世界。
But by stranger who seems
还有人认为
our world is world of Einstein.
我们的世界是爱因斯坦的世界。
Reunan, they approach! They do not push! They make sure that well they see!
过来，过来，不要推，不要挤围好了看清楚。
The spectacle is about to begin and it will not want to lose itself don't mention it!
演出要开始了，你肯定不想误。
They hurry, we go dense haste! Ladies and horsemen, enter the world of Einstein.
快来了，女士们先生们，步入爱因斯坦的世界。
Where the things are always what they seem
时期要发生总会发生，
but they are not what You hope.
但不一定总随人所愿，
First, the wonderful one Einstein in person.
首先我们来看看爱因斯坦这个人，
It was born surprising the region from brain that influences the speech
出生就少了关说话的那块儿大脑，
it did not speak until the three years.
他到三岁才会说话。
Its parietal, responsible lobe of the mathematical thought
可是管数学和空间关系的
and of the space relations, it demonstrated to be greater
部分，顶叶，太大了，
doing that its brain _ was 15 more width.
使他的脑子比别人宽15%。
They notice the enlarged brain!
注意这个大个的大脑---
He was the teacher than we called 揺xperiment of the thought?
爱因斯坦是我们所说的想像大师，
To think about an experiment that you cannot carry out
想像那些说不出来的东西，
but basing your conclusions in this thought
基于你的洞察力思考这一问题
sometimes was a revolution we thought of it about the Universe.
有时给我们的宇宙观带来革命。
1905年，爱因斯坦公布了特殊相对论，
In 1905, Einstein published his space theory of relativity
that it explored the bond between space and the time.
探索了时间和空间的交叉问题。
According to him, they are not separated elements, there is space and later no time
爱因斯坦的理论没把时间和空间分开，
but they are a single thing space-time and is in which we lived.
把它们结合了起来，我们活空间时间中。
He thought about this new one space-time like in a weave
他认为空间时间象块儿布，
that it interconnected space and the time.
空间和时间织在了一切。
1915年，爱因斯坦发展了他的理论一般相对论，
In 1915 Einstein it developed his general relativity theory
that it modified space relativity
修正了特殊相对论
in order to include the gravity and his effects in this weave space-time.
增加了重力和重力对空间时间的影响。
Welcomes to the springboard dancer of the gravity!
欢迎来到重力弹跳蹦床。
We have taken our weave space-time
这是我们的空间时间织物，
we have stretched it even to make it very tense
压下，
and we have placed him a great weight.
在上面放上重物，
We see how this curve weave space-time!
看，知道它怎么影响空间时间了吧。
When we rolled the ball in the weave
当我们滚一个球在上面的话，
this seems to feel magically attracted
就神奇靠向了
to the weight maciso of the center.
重物的质量中心。
The general theory of relativity was a new theory of the gravity
一般相对论是重力的新理论。
that it said to us that the gravity worked
他们说了引力的原因，
because space and time were curved in the presence of the matter
是因为在物体这儿空间时间弯曲了，
and they could respond dynamically
可以动态相应。
the space in himself could expand and to be contracted in the presence of the matter.
太空自己在膨胀，由物体制约，
A crazy person, but real idea.
疯狂但真实。
Mass is a term that is used stops to describe to the energy and the matter
质量这个术语，被描述成容纳
that the objects contain.
物体和能量的容器。
While greater it is the mass of an object
质量大的物体，
major is the distorci髇 of the weave space-time
对空间时间织物的影响就大，
and more hard effects of the gravity.
就有大的引力。
The gravity is not in reality a force
引力不是真正的力，
it is a weave
是织物，
it is a space-time form.
是空间时间的形状。
And we move to traverse of the curves of those forms.
我们正在这形状上的弯道上移动。
And the act to do that, takes what of another form it would be
要这样作，把你心目中的直线，
an air line and the curve, in which now we described like orbits
弯曲成轨道，
trajectories or ways through the cosmos.
弹道，或是轨迹穿越宇宙。
Einstein said that the light not even
爱因斯坦说甚至光线
it could escape of the effects of the gravity.
也逃离不了引力的作用。
As crazy as it could sound
疯狂的说法
the test arrived properly in 1919
在1919年证实，
in the form of a great one astronomical experiment
那时天文界有一重大事件：
based on a solar eclipse.
日食。
General relativity said that if you observed a star
一般相对论认为：假如观察
in a light way that it would happen in front of the sun
星体的光线刚好通过太阳时
you would see it modify a little due to the gravity of the sun.
会发现因太阳的引力，光线产生偏移。
Arthur Eddington想测试一下这个理论。
So Arthur Eddington it demonstrated the theory
during the solar eclipse in 1919 and it photographed stars when
在1919年日蚀时，拍摄星图，
the sun was being blocked by the Moon
当太阳被月亮挡着的时候
and it was possible to see stars, behind this one.
能看到它后边的星群！
The ability to see objects that they were behind the sun
能看到太阳后边的物体，
it demonstrated that the objects can to convar the space-time.
证实了物体是遵循空间时间的。
Einstein became a super ones it stars overnight.
一夜之间爱因斯坦成了超级明星。
1921年他获得诺贝尔物理奖。
It received the N骲el prize of physics 1921.
But general relativity abri? a box of Pandora for Einstein.
但相对论给爱因斯坦打开了潘多拉盒。
One of the consequences of the theory of Einstein
爱因斯坦理论的推理之一
it is that the universe had to be expanding or being contracted.
是宇宙不是膨胀的就是收缩的。
But to remain static and eternal it was not a valid solution.
宇宙是永恒的是无法解释的，
And that was a great problem.
这可是个问题。
A problem, because if you introduce mass in the static universe of Einstein
问题是，当引入相对论到静态宇宙时，
all that mass is going to be attracted by means of the gravity.
所有的质量会被引力吸引在一起。
What was what prevented that this happened?
是什么避免了它的发生？
When you place matter in a universe ball, the matter is attracted
当有物体在象布一样的宇宙时，我们知道物体相互吸引，
and the result is unstable.
这事儿可不稳定。
In order to avoid that the gravity colapsara the universe
为了不使引力毁了宇宙，
Einstein postulated a force that it equaled to the gravity and one was against to him.
爱因斯坦假想有个力与引力大小相当，方向相反。
This constant force resisted perfectly the gravity
它刚好抵消了引力，
and it secured a static universe.
维持了静态的宇宙观。
Einstein looked for this cosmological constant
爱因斯坦在寻找这个宇宙长量，
convinced that it was it hides in its equations
相信就藏在他的等式中，
but it was mistaken.
但他错了。
If it had had the anger of his convictions, perhaps, would have
爱因斯坦对他的信念不满意，
recognized that the static universe in that it believed existed
他相信的静态宇宙和
he was not compatible with the theory that would formulate.
他的相对论不兼容。
In fact, relativity aimed at idea that the universe was not static.
实际上，相对论指出宇宙不是静态的，
But one was expanding.
是膨胀的。
They feel friendly! And they enjoy magical projector of space-time.
坐下，请欣赏神奇的空间时间项目。
They watch the tetradimensional universe
看看四维的宇宙
to move in the time and the space!
在空间时间里的运动。
Einstein quizo not to make that prediction of which its own theory would shock.
爱因斯坦不愿他的理论被嘲笑。
I suppose that this it was a little while in the race of Einstein in which his
我想这次他可是搞砸了。
it left it to value and it did not do dangerous prediction
他没能解决，两个方向的人
that in fact it had opposite his.
都在盯这他。
The theory of Einstein inevitably it takes to the idea of
爱因斯坦的理论不可避免地
a little while of creation.
指向宇宙的起始时刻。
Now they are prepared for the part that Einstein could not observe!
做个深呼吸，看看爱因斯坦没看过的！
All back down while we rolled projector backwards.
大家别挤，我们倒一下。
In spite of which Einstein would believe
象是为难爱因斯坦的信仰，
its theory aimed at dynamic universe that once
他的理论指出的动态的宇宙，
he was much more small.
这次小多了。
The Universe was reduced to size of an atom.
宇宙缩小到原子的大小。
Einstein could not give the jump, but they would do it to others.
爱因斯坦无法接受，但别人可以。
A dynamic universe and in expansion it fitted perfectly
动态的，膨胀的宇宙很好地
in a called theory 揃ig Bang?
被大爆炸理论所解释。
In the dawn of century XX
进入20世纪，
Albert Einstein could have to us taken inadvertently
爱因斯坦不经意地
to consider the possibility scientist of which
使我们讨论
our universe had begun.
宇宙起始的科学可能性。
But the idea of a beginning for everything
但宇宙的起源
it has serious religious resonances.
有很强的宗教反响。
A culture will ask a itself 揻rom where we come?
文化将反思：我从哪儿来？
It is a question very important for the humans.
这是人类的重要问题。
Because if we do not know from where we came, we do not know who we are.
因为不知来源，就不知责任。
By thousands of years the origin of our world
数千年来，世界的起源
it was subject for the students of the religion, not them scientists.
是宗教学者的事，不是科学家的。
One exists differentiates between science and religion.
科学与宗教是不同的，
Both observe the world of different ways and consider questions.
有不同的质疑，不同的观点。
Science is asked how the things happen.
科学家关心事物如何发生，过程怎样？
The religion is asked, that I create is deeper:
宗教关心的是不同的有趣的问题。
Why happen the things? Is happening really something?
事物为什么发生？会有什么后果？对世界有什么意义？
The religion and science never they have been included/understood much.
科学和宗教很不一样，
Perhaps only they agree in the fact that both are in the search of the truth.
但都在积极地追求真理。
So it is ironic
讽刺的是
that one of the first defenders of an objective scientific theory
宇宙起源的先驱
for the origin of the Universe it has be a catholic priest.
是普通的天主教牧师。
And that
扭曲得厉害，
its solution based on science would seem so religious.
科学的方案带有宗教色彩。
That the Universe no it had always existed.
宇宙不是总存在的。
But there had been a beginning.
但又得停在起始点。
Lemaitre教父争论说宇宙是形成的。
The father George Lemaitre argued that the Universe had been born.
Lemaitre is one of my ideals.
Lemaitre是我的偶像。
For some years at the end of the years 20 and principles of the 30
在20年代末30年代初，
it was the one who better understood
他精通于
the concept of Universe in expansion
宇宙膨胀概念，
and it presented/displayed many of the ideas that still we are exploring.
介绍了好多探索中的东西。
20年代Lemaitre研究了爱因斯坦的理论，
Lemaitre studied the theories of Einstein during years 20
and it offered a radical idea
形成了激进的思想。
one that even the great one Einstein would reject
其中之一遭到爱因斯坦的反对，
he said that the Universe he was not static
他说，宇宙不是静止的
but in fact it was in expansion.
宇宙是膨胀的。
Lemaitre studied the equations of Einstein without prejudices
Lemaitre不带偏见地研究了爱因斯坦的方程式
and when occurring account that the equations they suggested a Universe in expansion
他发现方程式建议宇宙是膨胀的
and that consequently was smaller in the past
过去宇宙要小点儿。
it decided to take in serious that solution.
他决定认真研究研究。
If the Universe is expanding, Lemaitre reasoned
假如宇宙是膨胀的，Lemaitre想，
then he was smaller yesterday than it is today.
那么昨天就比今天小。
Consequently, at the outset it had to have been unimaginably small.
那么最终就会小到不可想像。
Lemaitre thought that the Universe had begun and so it nicknamed
Lemaitre认为宇宙起始于他称之为
the parent atom.
起始原子的东西。
A hot cosmic egg infinitely dense
一个无限致密的，热的宇宙蛋，
that at some time of the past it had exploded
在过去的什么时间爆炸了，
putting to the Universe in movement
起始了宇宙的运动，
and taking to the formation of everything what we know.
带来了一切我们所知道的东西。
When it spoke to him to Einstein about this solution
当他和爱因斯坦提到时，
one said that Einstein had said to him:
据报道爱因斯坦说：
揧our mathematical one is correct, but your physics is abominable ".
“数学上是对的，物理上真讨厌”
But this abomination
但就是这个讨厌的东西，
soon it would receive corroboraci髇 obligatory in 1925.
在1925年得到简洁的证实。
In mountains on the Angels, astronomer Edwin Hubble saw something
在洛杉矶旁的山上，天文学家哈勃
in its telescope that destroyed the cosmological constant of Einstein
通过望远镜观测到的现象，摧毁了爱因斯坦的宇宙静态论，
and it altered our image of the Universe.
带给我们新的宇宙观。
1920年我们的宇宙易于理解，
In the decade of the 20 we had this comfortable image of the Universe.
The Universal one was the galaxy of the Milky Way.
宇宙就是银河系。
We saw this enormous milk strip that it crossed the sky nocturne
看看这个跨过夜空的牛奶似的大斜条
call Via Milky, that consisted of near star 100 billions.
叫银河系，有大约1000亿颗星。
That was like 100 thousands million years light.
方圆10万光年。
That was the Universe in years 20, really very comfortable, no?
那就是1920年的宇宙，易于理解。
Hubble observed the Universe more deeply
哈勃把宇宙抽象深化成
than Galileo it could to have imagined
伽利略使用那个时代的
using the telescope more falsified of its time.
望远镜无法想像的宇宙。
It revealed that the Sun was only one stars between million within the Milky Way.
他显示银河系里有数亿个太阳。
But, it was the Milky Way everything what there was?
就只有银河系吗？
And if thus it were, what so great exactly it was?
如果这样，到底有多大？
From the sprouting of the powerful ones telescopes
自从有了望远镜，
the astronomers have been watching the sky
天文学家用来观查，
but they did not have measures of far that was the things
他们无法测量天体有多远，
with the exception of stars nearer.
除了特别近的星体。
Hubble solved that problem creating what a standard candle is called
为解决这个问题哈勃提出了标准烛，
a star of well-known brightness.
一个确定亮度的星体。
And if you know to the brilliant that is, you can measure what so far is
知道它有多亮，就知道它有多远。
because while more tenuous it seems something, more far is.
因为远的东西就暗一些。
It is like a train, in the distance the light is opaque
就象远处的火车的灯要暗些，
and it is become more brilliant a measurement that is approached towards you.
虽着靠近灯越来越亮。
Hubble found one of these stars standard
哈勃找到一标准烛，
in a star spiral called the Nebula of Andr髆eda.
于一个叫仙女星云的螺旋的星系。
People only thought that Andr髆eda it was a star dust spiral
人们看到的仙女星云象是灰尘，
within the Milky Way.
存在于银河系中。
Then Hubble compute the range.
接着哈勃计算了距离，
Account occurred of which the galaxy was to a million years light of distance.
他相信这个星系有一百万光年远。
This it was a little while of 揈ureka! ? it had this revelation.
激动的时刻，他脱颖而出。
Account of which occurred Andr髆eda it was only an insular Universe
他坚信仙女星云是一个宇宙岛，
like the Milky Way.
就象银河系一样。
So, at a moment the Universe
就这一下，宇宙
it happened to be a comfortable galaxy of Milky Way of 100 thousand years light
从原来的10万光年方圆的银河系，
to become this fantastic one universe
变成了惊讶的宇宙，
perhaps of thousands of million of years light
可能有方圆十亿光年，
and this happened, only in one night.
这发生于一夜之间。
This would only have assured immortality of Hubble.
仅此足使哈勃不朽！
Of plumaso it made happen to the universe of being
他一个人使宇宙
a colorful pueblito of a single galaxy
从一个古雅的星系镇，
to metropolis with potentially billions of galaxies.
到可能有10亿星系的星系都市。
But Hubble was still further on.
但哈勃有更深的研究。
It also measured the behavior of those galaxies and in 1929
在1929，通过测量星系的行为，
it concluded that the majority of galaxies move away of us.
哈勃推断，大部分星系在离我们远去。
Not only many of them, but truly
不只大部分，准确说它们不止远离银河系，
they were moving away of the Milky Way and of others.
它们相互之间也在远离。
In other words, the Universe one expands.
换句话说宇宙是膨胀的，
Enlarging to every second.
每秒都在膨胀。
If we back down in the time, Universe must have been smaller.
加入时间能倒转，宇宙定要小些。
Being based on the speed of expansion that measured
基于哈勃测量到的膨胀速度，
Hubble could calculate the age of the Universe.
他能算出宇宙的年龄。
Hubble reached a conclusion of considering using those data
哈勃用他的数据
and it said that the Universe had about billions of years of age.
算出宇宙有20亿年了。
But the Earth was much more old.
这不对，我们知道地球要老一些。
Hubble was in the correct way.
哈勃的方法是对的。
Its formula to determine the age of the Universal one she was the correct one
导致宇宙年龄错误的是
but their measures were not right.
他的测量不精确。
And this discrepancy gave a him some scientists the space
这个误差给
in order to discentir of theory of Lemaitre.
质疑Lemaitre理论的科学家以话柄。
But other reasons less scientists
其他非科学原因也是
also they could have contributed a that the super atom of Lemaitre
Lemaitre的超级原子的不利原因，
he was excecrado of the physics community
他是物理界的陌生人，
in first half of century XX.
那是20世纪中叶。
I believe that there was a little resistance to have to somebody
我想一个人参加科学聚会和
in the scientific field and in the religious field, but
宗教聚会肯定不同，但是
that made difficult to some scientists to adopt it in the same way
一些科学家们会不会因尴尬，不接受
since perhaps they would have accepted a somebody that was not in its position?
不在那个位置上的人的意见？
Probably.
有可能！
Lemaitre的提议可能会使科学家惊奇，
The proposal of Lemaitre could have it isolated of its scientific companions
but it attracted Pope Pio XII
但12世教皇Pius
who interpreted the theory like a test de facto
要中断这个理论，原因是
of the history of the G閚esis.
理论与圣经里的起源故事想悖。
Lemaitre wrote to him to the Pope and it asked to him that it stopped saying that
Lemaitre给教皇写信说，别这样说，
that hers was a prediction
这是科学理论，
that it was possible to be measured, that many predictions could be tried
由此得到的预测可以测量，检验，
but that their beliefs were independent of those predictions.
您的信仰于此无关。
Lemaitre的理论可以测量，但如何检验？
The theory of Lemaitre could be moderate but to try on?
It seems improbable that thousands of million of years after the fact
事情发生在数亿年前，
of which the 搒moky pistol?of Big Bang would appear
不像是证据就要出现，
and unless this test decisive one would be
除非证据被找到，
other theories of the Universe they could be propose
或宇宙间有其他理论提出，
and the cosmic egg of Lemaitre it would remain without leaving the shell.
否则Lemaitre的宇宙蛋，还得孵着。
20世纪中叶, 看起来宇宙蛋理论，
For half-full of S. XX, it seemed that the theory of the parent atom, with
Universe expanding violently towards outside
还有宇宙向外剧烈膨胀，
from a particle infinitely small
从无限小的一点开始
it would never have ample acceptance.
不会得到广泛的认同。
But the incorrect estimation of Hubble for the age of the Universe
哈勃不正确的宇宙年龄估算，
it allowed a theory of the competition
使相互矛盾的理论
to emerge from the Trinity College, in Cambridge.
进入了剑桥的圣三一学院。
There there was a probable alternative for the theory of Big Bang called
和大爆炸理论对应的理论
揟he Theory of the Stationary state?
是稳态理论。
This allowed the Universe to exist by all the eternity.
稳态理论使宇宙从永无止境到永无止境，
The theory of the stationary state it defended the concept
稳态理论拥护
of static universe
静态的宇宙，
that she was rejected by parent atom concept.
宇宙蛋概念被驳回。
Proposal by astronomer Fred Hoyle
天文学家Hoyle提出建议，
one was based on a theory of the origin of the elements
基于元素的起源的一部分，
like Carbon, Nitrogen and more of 100 elements of the periodic table.
象氮，碳和其他100多周期表上的元素。
To extreme temperatures, the Hydrogen one megres to form Helium
在极端条件下，氢聚变生成氦，
and the Helium megres in elements different and completely heavier.
氦的聚变生成其他的重元素。
Fred Hoyle thought that the nucleos韓tesis, the creation of new elements
Fred Hoyle 认为核聚变生成了新的元素，
it took place in the nuclei of very hot stars.
发生在非常热的星核中。
That was absolutely a profit amazing then.
那时那是一个绝对的惊人成就，
Hoyle的成就是教给我们，
The profit of Hoyle was to teach to us
that after Helium, everything in the periodic table
周期表氦后面的每一个元素，
it is star dust.
都是星尘。
It is in the stars where they formed those matters.
都是在星体上形成的。
But the theory could not be applied for the formation of Hydrogen
这个理论不能算氢，
and most of Helium of the Universe
和宇宙中的大量氦，
because the first stars must to have formed of existing Hydrogen.
因为第一颗星必须要由已存在的氢形成。
This existing Hydrogen constitutes more of the 74 _ of the detectable Universe.
已存在的氢生成了74%的可探测的宇宙。
Hoyle destim?this problem
Hoyle没有正视这个问题，
adopting a belief widely maintained
采用一种常用的神圣的信仰：
the Hydrogen and the Helium they had always existed.
氢和氦一直就是存在的。
In fact, in agreement with Hoyle, all the Universe had always existed.
事实上，按Hoyle的说法,宇宙是一直存在的。
There was principle, nor no final, only a stationary state.
没有开始，没有结束是静态的宇宙。
A universe in stationary state is universe that always has been there
简单地说，静态的宇宙是宇宙是一直存在的。
it has had that same aspect, always it has had the same densidad average
一直就是那个样儿，相同的平均密度，
and the same temperature.
相同的温度。
There was only a small problem
有个小问题还不能解释，
and it was that people knew that Universe was expanding
人们知道宇宙已经膨胀了，
when the distribution of matter expands, is diluted.
当物质膨胀时，密度就要变小。
Now, if the Universal very old era, it would have to be infinitely diluted.
当宇宙长时间存在后，密度要小好多。
Hoyle fixed this fault assuming that in some place
Hoyle修正他的理论说
the matter always had been being created in the universe.
宇宙在一直创造着物质。
But the total creation of the matter
但宇宙的物质创造论，
it was a pill difficult to swallow for the physicists.
物理学家们难以接受。
And Hoyle had a Nemesis species in the Russian physicist George Gamow
Hoyle有个反对者，俄国物理学家George Gamow
admirer of the atom original of Demetrie.
他信仰 Lemetrie宇宙蛋。
Gamow always was present in these discussions.
Gamow通常出席那些讨论。
And it always removed to collation questions disloyal so that Hoyle considered.
他总是提出与Hoyle不同的观点。
Questions that the stationary state it could support with difficulty.
质疑静态的宇宙难以解释。
Gamow resorted to atoms like Hoyle
象Hoyle一样，Gamow也使用原子问题
in order to support its contendora theory.
支持他的争辩理论。
Gamow suggested Hydrogen, the Helium and other elements
Gamow建议说，氢和氦以及其他元素，
they were created in first ignitions minutes of the Universe
产生于宇宙最初的炙热的时刻，
in a great explosion
既大爆炸，
when the temperatures they were thousands of hotter degrees
在温度高于数千度的
than they are in the nucleus of any star.
任何星体的核心。
But Gamow was better with its creativity than it was with the mathematics.
Gamow有好的想法，但数学不好。
And it had to resort to this student of predegree his
他把计算的事交给了
extraordinarily talented, Ralph Alpher
非常聪明的毕业生，Ralph Alpher
and it was in fact Alpher that could to follow ahead with this idea
就是这个Alpher把这个想法
and to reach a conclusion.
变成了结论。
That if in fact the Universe had synthesized the first elements
假如宇宙有同步早期元素的话，
approximately it must have 10 times more Hydrogen than Helium.
应该是氢是氦的大约10倍。
And this fitted with the observations. Fantastic moment.
与观测相符合。美妙时刻！
Alpher, and its colleague Robert Herman
Alpher和同事Robert Herman
they refined the prediction of Lemaitre
精化了Lemaitre的有关
of the heat surplus detectable of the creation.
可检测到的生成随机热量的预测。
A strong element that supported the theory of Big Bang.
强有力地支持着大爆炸。
George Gamow considered a simple question:
George Gamow和他的学生有个简单的问题，
If Big Bang had been so hot
假如大爆炸很热，
then, after the shock, after brilliance
那么随后，大爆炸的余波
the echo of Big Bang could not to have cooled as much.
不可能象现在这样冷。
So res韉uo would have to be mesurable nowadays.
所以我们肯定可以测量到残余的东西。
Unfortunately, nobody had the telecopios adapted in 1949
很不幸，1949年没有合适的望远镜
in order to measure the radiation or the heat residual of the moment of the creation.
去测量宇宙生成时刻留下的热量或辐射。
And then there were others problems with the theory of Big Bang.
那时大爆炸理论还有个问题，
It did not offer any explanation
没有解释
with respect to the origin of elements beyond Hydrogen and the Helium.
氢，氦之后元素的起源。
At the same time, the stationary state
同一时间，静态宇宙论
it had monopolized great cover of means.
广泛被媒体采用。
The theory of the stationary state one had become popular
静态宇宙论被大众接受
because Fred Hoyle was teacher of the popularizaci髇
是因为Hoyle是平民化大师，
and it sold rather well its crazy idea.
站出来推广他的古怪理论。
Ironically, the Big Bang term it was coined by Hoyle in 1949
讽刺的是，大爆炸是Hoyle1949年，
during one of its popular ones radio transmissions.
在一个大众化的广播电台提出的。
Later it used the term like a irrisi髇.
他随后使用这个有嘲笑意义的术语。
I believe that there was misfortune in its relation.
我想他不喜欢他们之间的关系，
They did not watch the eyes when they said the things that thought.
他们谈事儿的时候目光都不接触。
So I believe that Hoyle initiated the worse one of the battles
我想他打了败仗。
And I believe that it fought more by its points of view
他治力于
of that they deserved these it, but that is a personal opinion.
他的观点被接受，但那是个人看法。
Fred was very shining and innovating, the ideas appeared to him with facility.
Fred是个非常聪敏，创新的人，我曾告他：
Some were very good and others were bad, and not always it knew which was which.
有人好有人坏，你只是不知道那个是那个。
For the Sixties
到了1960年，
little the accurate one considered of Hubble of the age of the Universe
哈勃估算出错的宇宙年龄问题
it had been corrected to reflect righter data.
已被精确测量的数据改正。
That solved one of the challenges of the theory of Big Bang.
解决了大爆炸理论的一个问题。
Nevertheless it seemed that the battle enters the Stationary state and Big Bang
看起来宇宙静态论和大爆炸之战
it would finish in a tie.
打了个平手。
By then, suddenly, scientists found the decisive test.
接着，突然，科学家找到了证据，
An almost so old one like the same Universe.
几乎和宇宙同期。
This discovery would condemn one of the theories to the waste basket of history.
这个发现将一个理论打入了历史的垃圾堆。
500年来，科学在探索我们的归属。
By 500 years, science has been in search of a where we belong.
The astronomers fought to solve the riddle of how everything began.
现在天文学家们尝试解开起始之谜。
Little they knew who the Universe was whispering the answer.
他们知道宇宙在轻轻地讲述，
Only that we could not listen to it.
我们只是没有听到而以。
That whisper took it forms of the heat surplus
宇宙讲述着热量的痕迹，
generated when the Universe it formed in an explosion.
那出生时产生的热量的痕迹，
Lemaitre预测的辐射，
The radiation predicted by George Lemaitre was there
but it had not had the instruments to prove it.
但我们没有工具收听。
1965年，科学家有了这个工具。
But in 1965, the scientists they had those instruments.
The remainder, the echo, the calm later of the storm of Big Bang
大爆炸的余波，回音，残留
he would be mesurable nowadays.
现在应该被测到。
But 2 decades would be needed
但用了20年，
before our instruments they would be sufficiently powerful
使设备足够强壮
in order to solve the theory of George Gamow and his students
到可以捕获Gamow和他的学生
about this residual radiation.
理论里提到的背景辐射。
The history of this radiation it is like the angular stone.
这个辐射的故事象个卡，
First we had George Gamow and its students.
首先有Gamow和他的学生。
They had formulated the theory, they had the numbers
他们有理论，有数据。
but they had not realised experimental verification.
但他们没有实验仪器。
Soon we had group of Princeton.
接着有普林斯顿团队。
They knew the work George Gamow, but they had very primitive instruments
他们知道Gamow理论,但只有原始设备
not sufficiently sensible.
不够灵敏。
The group of Princeton included to the physicist Robert Dicke
普林斯顿团队里有物理学家Robert Dicke
and some colleagues who supported the theory of Lemaitre
和支持Lemaitre理论的同事，
that they wanted to look for some solid tests.
希望找到确凿的证据。
My teacher, Bob Dicke, had the idea to look for this radiation
我的老师Bob Dicke, 有方法
residual of a great explosion.
寻找大爆炸留下的辐射。
It had two young brilliants working with him
有两个聪明的年青人为他工作，
Dave Wilkinson and Peter Roll.
Dave Wilkinson和Peter Roll.
It convinced to construct them a radiometer of Dicke to look for this radiation.
他说服他们做一个辐射表去找辐射。
It was a blow completely without information.
他也就是瞎碰。
But these two young people colleagues constructed one
这两年青人做了一个，
they aimed at the air
指向天空，
and they began the observation.
开始了寻找。
Then the news of its experiment it arrived at Bob Wilson and Arno Penzias.
从Bob Wilson和Arno Penzias处传来消息。
Penzias and Wilson were two scientists that they did not work
Penzias和Wilson是科学家，
in the theory of Big Bang
不是研究大爆炸的，
but in a communications satellite for the Bell labs
是给贝尔实验室搞卫星通讯的，
in Holmdel, New Jersey.
在新泽西的含德镇。
They were using the enormous one radio telescope of Bell
他们使用贝尔的巨大的无线电望远镜，
only that could not obtain a clear reading.
只是得不到清晰的电波，
Instead of that they only listened a static sound.
得到的是静噪。
The nature of this is that it is a noise at random.
随机噪音是正常的。
And the sound was very similar to which you would perceive
噪音非常象是
if you tuned the television or the radio in a nonexistent station.
把收音机或电视放在空频道上。
We could not see what we hoped.
我们不想要这个。
Then the antenna was receiving more radiation of the awaited one.
天线接收的电波太多了。
Our clear answer was that it must have something irregular
有人说我这儿有什么错了。
since we were perceiving all this extraordinary noise.
听到特殊的噪音，
What was this strange noise?
这强噪音怎么会事儿？
And from where it came?
哪来的?
It was a nomadic interference of the neighborhoods of the city of New York?
旁边纽约市来的干扰？
Signals of the airport?
飞机的信号？
Excrement of birds that had fallen within the bugle of the telescope?
鸽子拉在天线里啦?
We did not have doubts with respect to the physics.
我们不怀疑物理学，.
What wants that outside, it had to come from some side.
不管从哪里，肯定有来源。
But in fact we did not have nor idea of where it could come, we did not know anything.
但我真没主意这是啥。
In fact, these mysterious ones radiations came from all parts.
说实话，噪音来自各个方向，
Of all directions and of each corner of the space.
天上的每个角度每个角落。
For Penzias and Wilson it was a madness.
Penzias和Wilson快疯了。
But Penzias and Wilson without knowing it they had found
但他们不知道他们找到了
Dicke和他的同事要找的东西，
what Dicke and its colleagues they had been looking for.
Gamow, Alpher和Lemaitre 预言的东西。
What Gamow, Alpher and Lemaitre had predicted.
They had found the decisive test
他们找到了证据，
that it demonstrated that Universe was not eternal.
证明宇宙不是永恒的。
The source was the creation of the Universe, famous Big Bang.
宇宙的创造动力是大爆炸。
Penzias and Wilson and the equipment of Princeton
Penzias和Wilson与普林斯顿团队
they published its findings in separated tests
分别发布了他们的成果
in the Newspaper of Astrophysics in 1965.
于1965，天文学新论文。
Its investigation squashed the theory of the stationary state of Hoyle.
他们的研究一夜之间粉碎了Hoyle的宇宙静态论。
Finally, Big Bang fitted in the puzzle of the Universe.
最终大爆炸理论适于宇宙的谜团。
Our modern theory of Big Bang is a remarkable profit
现代的大爆炸理论是显著的成就，
that it allows us to make a model
是我们可以建立模型
than it was the Universe when everything
看看宇宙是什么样的。
it was only a fraction of secondly of antiquity.
回到一切刚发生了的一瞬间，
And it was dragged to immense densidades and temperatures.
高度压缩的质量和温度，
And of that first very dense state
形成了早期的密致状态，
we can include/understand in main lines
我们可以理解，勾出轮廓，
how the Universe it expanded and I cool off
宇宙是如何爆炸的，冷却的，
the first atoms
什么状态下第一个原子形成的，
how in one more a more delayed stage the first structures formed
什么状态下第一个结构形成的，
and the first stars, galaxies, planets and finally people.
生成早期的星球，星系，进而行星和人类。
1966年在布拉格的医院里，
In a hospital in Belgium in 1966
Lemaitre高兴得看到新闻。
the dying George Lemaitre one rejoiced with the news.
It was not only.
不止这些。
Gamow和他的团队也在喜悦中。
It widens Gamow and its equipment also they felt just.
We had been arguing a point of different view about the Universe
我们曾为对宇宙的不同观点而气愤，
and there am that point of view there different it seemed to be the correct one.
支持不同观点里貌似正确的一个。
So that was like a vindication.
总会被证实的。
On the other hand in the discovery
为了他们的发现，
Penzias and Wilson won the Nobel prize of physics in 1978.
Penzias和Wilson赢了1978年的诺贝尔奖。
Although the theory of the state stationary of Hoyle
Hoyle的宇宙静态论，
it had fallen in misfortune
不再是人们的话题。
its theory of the nucleos韓tesis it was not rejected.
他的核聚变理论未被抛弃。
Although the majority of the scientists they are in agreement with which the Hydrogen
大部分科学家同意氢
and most of the Helium was created at the beginning of Big Bang
和大部分的氦由大爆炸产生，
as Gamow believed to it
象Gamow所说的。
the other heavy elements like Nitrogen and Carbon
所有的其他元素象氮和碳是随后产生于
in the centers of stars and in explosions of superNovas.
超星爆炸中的核心里，
Since Hoyle had suggested.
象Hoyle所建议的一样。
In essence, as much Gamow as Hoyle were in the correct thing.
本质上讲，Gamow和Hoyle都正确。
In spite of the vindication partisan of its nucleos韓tesis
尽管核聚变部分验证，
Hoyle, that passed away in the 2001
死于2001年的Hoyle,
it never accepted Big Bang.
始终不接受大爆炸理论。
It could not understand why people were so enthusiastic
他不明白为什么人们都很热衷于
with respect to a Universe that it had a finite beginning in which it supposed
宇宙中有一个有限的开端，
that he was the past recent, a few thousands of million years.
发生在数亿年前。
Simply it accepted never it.
他只是不接受这个。
But the rest of the physical community, almost of unanimous way
但除他之外的物理界全体一致地
it accepted this theory.
接受这个理论。
The fact that there are shortage that was a beginning
宇宙有起点这个事实，
it allows us to formulate a series to us of questions about how everything began.
让我们有一系列关于起点的问题，
And he is something interesting and something exciting.
有意思，真帮。
Because now we can be asked When began everything?
你可以问什么时候开始的？
What so different era entoces in comparison to now?
现在和那会儿有什么不同？
What changes have influenced between before and now
那些变化影响了现在和那会儿，
in order to create the Universe that we know nowadays?
产生了我们所知的宇宙？
But to accept the theory of Big Bang and to accept that she is perfect
但接受大爆炸理论和想像它的影响
they are two different things.
是两码事。
There are problems with the details of the theory.
理论的细节上还有问题，
Expansive problems.
爆炸的问题。
During the last ones days of century XX
在20世纪的末期，
the scientists examined problems that existed with Big Bang
科学家检验着大爆炸问题，
although the theory generally it had been accepted.
虽然理论被普遍解释。
One of the majors problems
大问题之一是
it was that the temperature in the space outer era strangely uniforms.
外太空的温度奇怪地一致。
The physicists did not hope that Universe would have the same temperature
物理学家不接受同一温度充满宇宙
approximately in all the places that they observed.
几乎他们看到的每一个地方。
The universe simply he is too great
宇宙这么大，
so that an end has the same temperature that the other.
不可能这边的温度和那边一样。
Yes that is it.
是的，换真一样。
It is just like it would happen if you had a full cold water bathtub
就象你有放满凉水的澡盆，
and you would place hot water in an end.
要在一边加入热水。
It would happen awhile before everything the bathtub would have temperate water
等澡盆水温一致需要时间，
because to molecules them it takes time to propagate
因为热的分子需要时间
and to standardize all the distribution.
是全澡盆均匀分别。
The universe does not seem to be sufficiently old
宇宙可没老到
so that its temperature it has still balanced.
可以让温度均等。
Big Bang could not explain for which so distant points
大爆炸理论解释不了为什么遥远的两点
they have the same temperature.
有相同的温度。
80年代初Alan Guth有一个主意，
At the beginning of the '80 to Alan Guth arose the idea to him
from which the Universe perhaps came of a very small volume.
可能宇宙的热容量很小，
So small that at the outset, within this volume
很小的热容量
there was sufficient time stops that these different points
就有足够的时间使不同的点
they would communicate and standardize this temperature.
交换而达到同一温度。
Right after this Guth moment theorized that
在次只后，Guth理论上认为
the universe expanded even more express
宇宙的膨胀速度快过
that the light.
光！
More express than the limit of cosmic speed.
快过宇宙的速度极限。
The maximum speed in agreement with Einstein.
据爱因斯坦说那是速度的极限。
To which the Inflation talks about 摂 it is to a theory
理论指的是什么样的膨胀？
about which it impelled the expansion of Big Bang.
是什么引发了大爆炸，
Guth called to his theory 揑nflation?
被Guth称为膨胀理论。
At the first moments of the creation, for example
在创立的早期时刻，
the scientists think that the 4 forces of the nature
科学家相信有4种自然力存在，
including the gravity and electromagnetism
包括引力和电磁力
they were combined in a super force.
它们组合成一个超级力。
During Big Bang
在大爆炸中，
this superforce was divided in the 4 well-known forces.
超级力分为四个已知力。
But before the division
但在分离之前，
when the Universal era incredibly small
当宇宙非常小的时候，
the laws of the physics of Einstein
爱因斯坦的物理定律，
including that it says that nothing it moves at greater speed of the light
包括什么都快不过光，
they were still not applied.
还不适用。
Perhaps, then it happened something that
可能那会发生了什么事，
it did that the Universe expanded, even at greater speed than the light.
导致宇宙膨胀得比光还快。
At such speed that locked up the uniformity
导致了宇宙的一致性，
that it had when the Universe still he was very small.
就在宇宙还很小的时候。
We do not know exactly when the Inflation happened.
我们不知道它精确地发生在什么时候
Most probable it is than it has happened
很可能发生在，
when the gravity separated of the other 3 forces
引力刚刚和其他的3 个力分开，
but in a while in which the other 3 forces
在那一刻，其他的3 个力
probably they followed state unified.
还在联合着。
This hiper-expansion, if it happened
这个复合膨胀如果发生的话，
it locked up a certain one uniformity in the temperature.
会导致温度的一定性。
2001年6月3 日，NASA发射了颗卫星，
The 3 of June of 2001 the NASA sent a satellite
that it could potentially determine, of one or the other way
可以测定
Guth的膨胀理论是不是事实。
the truth about the theory of the Inflation of Guth.
The mission of the anisotropic sounding of micro waves Wilkinson or WMAP
WMAP任务，
it glided to photograph the heat fossilized surplus of Big Bang
是拍大爆炸余热化石的照片，
Penzias和Wilson找到的。
that Penzias and Wilson they had found.
In other words
换句话说，
NASA 想要一个宇宙小时候的照片。
the NASA wanted to take one it photographs of the primary Universe
so that they could compare it entoces with the Universe as it shines today.
他们可以和现在的宇宙做一参比。
2003年2月，科学家得到了回音，
In February of 2003, the scientists they gave the first look
of the photo of the WMAP of Primary universe
一个宇宙小时候的照片，
when as soon as it had 380 thousand years of age.
当它38万岁的时候。
The clarity of the data it astonished to the scientists.
清晰的数据令科学家惊讶。
The reaction that people had when seeing this was:
当人们看到时的反映是，
揑t goes?
天啊！
It really was what people had state speculating at first.
和人们早期想像的一样，
The Inflation probably it had happened.
看来膨胀理论是对的。
For the eye little trained the image in the WMAP
对未经培训的眼WMAP的图片，
it seems a very small one tile egg.
象一个罗宾的蛋。
But for the scientists it was like a stellar stone rossetta.
对科学家来说，它就是字典。
These landlords represent the seeds than later one would become
那些模型代表要生长的种子，
in vast extensions of stars and galaxies of today.
已成为今天的星球和星系。
Aside from supporting strongly the theory of Inflation of Guth
Guth的膨胀理论的强力的旁证，
the data also gave us concrete keys as soon as
数据还给出线索于
to the age, composition, forms and evolution of the Universe.
年龄，位置，形状和宇宙的进化。
Until it does few years, cosmology she was different from the other sciences
几年以前，其他科学对天文学有看法，
simply because
很简单，
there were more theories than they turned around those data.
理论比数据还要多。
And it would not be until these satellites they measured what it had happened
直到测到过去的数据，
after Big Bang with so high precision
高精度地测到大爆炸很短之后的数据，
that it was possible to be descriminar cosmological model of another one
你可以描述一个又一个的模型，
and they were possible to be produced numerical results approach
推演出众多的结果。
of the size of the Universe, the age of the Universe
象宇宙的尺寸，宇宙的年龄，
the rate of expansion of the Universe, the content of the Universe.
宇宙膨胀的速度，宇宙的组成。the content of the Universe.
That could not become before these data would be available.
没有这些数据是做不道的。
Before there was a mythology mixture and acute thought.
以前只能是夹杂神秘的聪明的想法。
Thanks to modern tools like the satellite WMAP, the physicists now
感谢象WMAP卫星这样的现代工具，
they have a model of events that happened
物理学家有了
right after Big Bang.
大爆炸之后的事件的模型
Less than one thousands millionth of second after Big Bang
大爆炸之后百万分之一秒，
a bubble formed much more small that a fraction of atom.
形成了比原子还要小的气泡。
This era the Universe.
这就是宇宙。
Unimaginably small
它不可想像的小，
and unimaginably hot.
不可想像的热。
Within this bubble, the 4 forces known the nature
在气泡中，四种已知的自然力
the gravity, electromagnetism
the 引力, 电磁力
besides the nuclear force and hard weak
加上强的和弱的核力，
they were combined in one super force.
组成了一个超力。
The gravity suddenly one separated of the super force
引力突然从超力中分离，
as the Universe one went away expanding.
宇宙爆炸了。
As the Universe went away expanding, one went away cooling
宇宙爆炸了，冷却了，
what, of some way, it shot an energy spurt
不知原因，散发出了能量，
impelling the hyperinflation of Universe suggested by Alan Guth.
感觉到了宇宙的复合膨胀，Alan Guth建议。
This inflation locked up the uniformity of the Universe
这个复合膨胀保持了宇宙的一致性，
described by satellite WMAP.
由WMAP图片证实。
The Universe still had less than a second of life
现在宇宙还没有一秒大，
when the super force separated of in the 4 forces of the nature.
接着超力分离为自然力。
Hardly 3 minutes after Big Bang the temperature of the Universe
大约三分钟后，宇宙的温度
it had lowered just little more of 555 million degrees Celsius.
降到一百万华氏度，
Sufficiently cold so that they would form the atomic nuclei.
冷到原子核可以形成，
The element formed Hydrogen.
形成了氢原子。
Some Hydrogen atoms they megred to form the Helium
部分氢聚合形成氦，
as it were proposed by Gamow and Alpher.
Gamow和Alpher的假设.
380 thousand years later
38万年后，
the light began to shine through the dark.
光线穿越了黑暗，
The radiation outbreak shortage by Penzias and Wilson
由Penzias和Wilson找的的辐射，
it happened then.
发生在那时。
10亿年后，
Billions of years after Big Bang
the stars took form
群星形成，
producing heavier elements like Nitrogen, Oxygen and Carbon
产生了氮，氧和碳等重元素，
as Hoyle predicted.
Hoyle 的预言。
Approximately 9 thousands million years later
大约90亿年后，
the matter and the gravity they were combined
质量和引力组合，
in order to form a star perfectly typical.
完美的星类形成。
The pressure created heat in its nucleus.
压力导致核心发热，
This heat shot the thermonuclear fusion.
热量引发核聚变，
A star was born.
恒星诞生了。
The stellar flow eliminated the residual gases.
星际风暴吹散了残余的气体，
It was a disc to circunestelar of dust
所遗留的尘埃形成员环
that finally it increased and became in a group of planets and moons.
最终形成行星和月亮。
Then, the temperature of one of these bulks of stellar dust
有一大块星尘
after being struck by several e髇es by the exhausted solar residual
被太阳系碎片反复撞击，
she sufficiently became lukewarm in order to allow that
其温度高到足以使
hydrogen dioxide and the water they would be constituted in the atmosphere.
氢氧化，水够成了大气。
The liquid water met in the surface of the planet.
液态水积在星球的表面。
Under the water mysterious reactions chemicals possibly formed the life.
水下神秘的化学反应最终产生生命。
13,700 million years after Big Bang
大爆炸137亿年后，
our Universe already has expanded 156 billions of years light.
我们的宇宙以膨胀到方圆1560亿光年。
The sky is covered with stars.
繁星遮盖天空。
Our Solar System has eight planets, more or less.
太阳系有8个行星。
The third planet almost is covered with forms of life with base in carbon.
第三个行星上覆盖着碳级生命。
Some are realizing of the infinitely small thing that is
他们中的一些相信无限小的光子，
in the great scheme of the things.
也能做成大事。
If you do not understand east process, is well.
你要是没听懂，没事，
It is the culmination of million of brains fighting by thousands of years
他收集了百万人数前年的智慧，
in order to find out how the Universe began
来想通
and where it fits the man within him.
我们在其中的宇宙的起始。
It is sufficiently for crushing to any human brain.
足以使任何人头大。
If I seriously take the idea that my brain evolved to be able
认真想想大脑的进化，
to send stones, to take bananas and things thus, are quite remarkable
从扔石头，拿香蕉到现在，真了不起
that the humans we have been able to find out as much about the physics
人类可以发现物理学，
and of things that they did not have value stops the survival of our ancestors.
发现很多对我们祖先没有生存价值的事情，
I believe that he is surprising much that
我觉得很惊人
we have obtained the humans to progress in this aspect.
我们人类能够在这方面有如此的进展，
And not to return to us completely crazy people in the process.
而不是去完善香蕉的过程。
This is our history of everything.
这就是所有事情的故事，
Our world, our system to pave, our Universe.
我们的世界，我们的太阳系，我们的宇宙。
And how everything began.
事情是怎样开始的，
It is what we thought that we know.
这就是我们所知道的，
It is a work in progress, the script still is being written.
工作还在继续，推演还在进行。
But we are going to see how it finishes.
我们来看看如何结束。
The city of New York.
纽约市。
A beautiful one but little remarkable day of autumn
美丽而平凡的秋天，
like thousands before him and thousands to come
和以前一样，以后也会是这样，
until no longer it has more days of autumn.
直到秋天不再来临。
They for a moment imagine to travel in the future thousands of million years.
想像一下，数十亿年之后
We pass the aim of the civilization human and
人类文明已经过去，
of the lives of all the creatures cheers.
地球生物也没了。
They imagine that we traveled 5 thousands million years in the future.
想像一下，五十亿年之后
To the Sun the fuel is run out to him nuclear that produces its fire.
太阳的燃料已经用光，
As it is cooled off, one expands and it is reddened
它在冷却，膨胀，在变红。
approaching more and more the Earth.
离地球越来越近。
One swallows to Mercury and Venus.
它吞食了水星和金星。
The water and the Earth evaporate and the Earth melts again.
地球水蒸发了，地球由融化了。
When the fuel finishes, nucleus of the Sun finally is contracted
当燃料耗尽，太阳最终
while one becomes of a giant colored a white dwarf.
由白巨星转变成白矮星。
The expansive external layers of the Sun calls 搉閎ula planetary?
太阳的外层的膨胀叫行星星云。
they sail without course by the space like ghostly shining gas mantles.
气体鬼怪般地坠入太空。
The planets that they survive the process
幸存的行星，
most external, like Saturn and Neptune
象土星，天王星这些边缘星，
completely they will be changed by him.
也被改变。
N閎ula planetary flies to its gaseous atmospheres
行星星云吹跑了它们的大气层，
leaving back small nuclei rocky and metallic.
只留下小小的岩石，金属核。
The distant planets
远处的行星
that no longer they are maintained by less massive gravity of the Sun
没有了太阳的引力吸引，
they sail to the drift in the enormity of the space.
坠入浩瀚的太空。
We travel thousands of million of years after that
在其后的数十亿年，
when the remaining heat of the Sun it has been extinguished.
太阳留下的热量以辐射干净。
And its small and dark surface
它又小又暗的表面
it is to the same frost temperature that the rest of the space.
冰冷得和宇宙其他地方一样。
The Sun is now a black dwarf.
太阳现在成了黑矮星。
Thousands of million years later
其后的数十亿年
impelled by a mysterious one and recently found dark energy
由神秘的，刚刚发现的黑能量影响下，
the Universe expands, even at greater speed
宇宙膨胀更快了，
and towards all directions.
跑得到处都是。
On a large scale and on molecular scale, the expansion crushes the gravity.
物质大规模的以分子级，摆脱了引力，
And everything separates
所有的东西都分离了。
not only the galaxies, Solar System and stars
不止星系，太阳系和星
but even the atoms.
甚至原子。
Finally, the matter in himself it is started off in two.
最后物体自己一分为二。
This it is the great final moment, the last one great sigh of our Universe
这个大剥离，我们宇宙的残余
the legacy of the dark energy, that thing that we have still not explained.
传奇的暗能量，我们还没搞很明白。
Now, the dark energy is more like a key word of our ignorance.
现在暗能量就是我们无知的代码。
Of what it is this substance, some create that it is some type of matter, others
这物质是什么,有人认为是一种东西,
that it is a constant that must be in the Einstein's equations
有人认为它含在爱因斯坦方程式里，
other that are only a reflection of fact that
还有人认为只能说明
again we have included/understood the gravity.
我们又把引力搞错了。
Right now the theory of the Big Rip or of the aim of the Universe it takes the baton.
现在宇宙末日大剥离理论在风行，
Who can say if it will continue being our theory
谁又能说这不是理论，
or there will be a new discovery?
或又有新发现的挑战。
The matter of which still we do not know nothing, will continue for always.
我们没搞清楚的东西会传下去。
It is a blow more to our centralidad in the great scheme of the things.
放到我们的计划之中。
But that does not mean that we do not know anything.
不是说我们一无所知，
Cop閞nico, Newton, Einstein
哥白尼，牛顿，爱因斯坦
even Alpher, Wilson and Guth
甚至Alpher, Wilson和Guth
they have given pieces us of endless puzzle.
他们给我们留下了无尽的谜团。
And they have helped saying us to us how we fitted in this image.
他们教我们如何去解谜。
We recognize that the own molecules that they compose our body
承认组成你身体的每个分子，
the atoms that constitute those molecules, can be drawn up
构成分子的原子， 可追述到
until the crucibles that were once the star center of dense mass
大质量星体的核心内生成
that their entrails exploded chemically rich in the galaxy
传播富含化学物的东西到星系，
enriching the pristine ones gas clouds
丰富了原始的大气，
with the chemistry of the life.
这是生命的化学。
All we are connected, between us same the connection is biological
我们所有人都是关联的，相互间，生物地；
with the Earth the connection she is chemical
与地球，化学地；
and with the rest of the Universe the connection is atomics.
和宇宙的其他部分，原子地。
That is brilliant.
真棒。
It makes me sonreir.
让我高兴。
And I feel great at the end of the day.
在此我真的觉的高大起来，
It is not that we are better that the Universe
不是说我们比宇宙好，
it is that we are part of him.
我们是其中的一部分。
We are in the Universe and the Universe is in us.
我们在宇宙之中，宇宙也在我们之中。
We are not the center of the Universe
我们不是宇宙的中心，
but we are in him and we come from him
但我们身在其中，
and we tried to find out it everything.
想着搞明白这一切。
There are many things that we know
我们了解了很多，
and many things that still we do not know.
还有好多我们不知道，
We took hold ourselves with force, while our small planet
我们稳稳留在地球上
one hurries through space.
快速超越太空，
Around the sun, around the galaxy, around the Universe.
绕着太阳，绕着星系，绕着宇宙。
And they do not forget to watch upwards.
别忘了观察，
There is much to observe
好多东西要去看，
and that to know much.
好多东西要去学。
By where we began?
咱们从哪儿开始?