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CBR900RR


[Overlapping news anchors]
Hello, good morning. This is "Breakfast..."

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CR900RR


Thanks for joining us,
everyone.

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I'm Zoraida Sambolin.
It is 5:00 a.m. here in the east...

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Good morning, everyone.
Welcome to "Early Start"...

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[overlapping voices
in various languages]

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[overlapping news anchors] The Centers for
Disease Control today issued a health warning

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following a worldwide outbreak of
a mysterious form of pneumonia.

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The highly contagious virus SARS
killed nearly 300 people...

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8,500 people around the world
have come down with SARS.

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[In Chinese]
I feel very worried.

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I feel anxious
for the health of the masses.

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[Overlapping news anchors]
The World Health Organization

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has declared
a swine flu pandemic.

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...spread
of the H1N1 swine flu.

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The outbreak has spread widely and cannot be contained.

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Woman: I don't think we can contain
the spread of this virus...

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Influenza pandemics
must be taken seriously.

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[Overlapping news anchors]
A big outbreak

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of a deadly Ebola virus
has killed more than...

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The Ebola outbreak
that started

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in the West African country
of Guinea has now spread.

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Our people know nothing.
There is no cure.

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Man: They don't have the
resources to actually contain...

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Male anchor: Governments around the
world are considering new measures...

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Woman: I'm calling from the New
York City Health Department...

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...your temperature reading
from last night.

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[Overlapping news anchors] The U.
S. Department of Agriculture

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confirmed another case
of bird flu.

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One and a half million
state turkeys

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have been killed
to prevent the spread of...

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Woman: It is really critical
that they control this...

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Man: We have to respond
to the challenge.

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Female anchor:
Three latest victims

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of the new respiratory virus
called MERS

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have come from
Middle Eastern countries.

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They believe it originated
in bats or camels.

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Man: It causes pneumonia
and rapid kidney failure.

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[Overlapping news anchors]
As the Zika virus continues

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to infect people
across the globe...

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The outbreak
started in Brazil,

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a suspected link
to severe birth defects.

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Zika typically is transmitted
through mosquitoes.

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Man: When the weather
starts to warm up,

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more of those mosquitoes
could start coming north...

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Barack Obama: Because I believe there
is such a thing as being too late.

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[Overlapping news chatter]

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[voices stop]

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- Jeffrey Wright: Our home.
- [Whispered voices]

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You can almost hear
the biological chatter.

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[Overlapping chatter]

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Wright: Just when technology and science
were supposed to make us safer,

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we suddenly seem
more vulnerable to outbreaks.

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[Siren wailing]

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[crowd clamoring]

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Dr. Peter Piot:
Whether we like it or not,

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our world
is globalizing evermore.

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And that's not only true
for markets and for production,

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but it's also true
for behaviors, for diseases.

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So we're more vulnerable
because of our mobility.

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Secondly, we are
far more people,

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and we are also living more and
more in very crowded cities.

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That's fantastic from the
perspective of a virus,

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because in no time,

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it can infect hundreds
of thousands of people.

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Dr. Larry Brilliant: Over the last
three decades, there have been

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about 30
newly emerging diseases

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that have the potential
to be pandemics.

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If we do nothing--

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it's not a matter of "if"
there will be a global pandemic.

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It's just a matter of when

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and which virus
and how bad.

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Wright: The world changes
around us at increasing speed.

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We cause
a lot of that change

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migrating to cities,

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stripping the Earth
of its resources,

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and altering
primeval jungle.

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Laurie Garrett: We are seeing
whole, entire ecologies

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that which you can see
with your eye

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and that which you can only
see with a microscope,

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one system after another,
completely reshaped.

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Is there a sense...

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In every case,

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this affords opportunities
for viruses and bacteria

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to seek out new homes,
cause new havoc,

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including disease
for human beings.

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Wright: When contagion happens,
life alters in an instant.

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We don't feel safe.
We lose trust.

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- [Baby crying]
- [siren wailing]

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Peter Sands:
Fear spreads very quickly

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when you have an infectious
disease outbreak.

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Communication
is so much more pervasive.

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People know what's happening
in another part of the world

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so much more quickly, so much
more vividly than ever before.

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So the contagion of fear
moves faster

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than the contagion of the
pathogen, the disease itself,

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and the fabric of society
starts to deteriorate.

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Brilliant: There's something that destroys the soul of a community...

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that happens when an epidemic
is out of control.

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It's not just the large number of casualties and the deaths,

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which are itself
unthinkable,

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but it's what it does to a--

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the social fabric
of a community or a nation.

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[Distant horn honks]

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[panting]

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Dr. Soka Moses:

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[panting]

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Ah?

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Hmm?

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[Man speaking
over P.A.]

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Man: Ebola is transmitted
through bodily fluids--

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saliva, blood,
urine, feces.

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This is an invisible foe.

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Wright: Ebola first
surfaced in West Africa

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in a remote
rural community.

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But in our increasingly
connected world,

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this Ebola outbreak
didn't stay in the countryside.

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The virus quickly found its way to the region's largest cities

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and health systems that were
completely unprepared.

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Moses:

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[groaning]

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[woman leading prayer
in native language]

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Moses:

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[chatter]

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Piot: I think we all
underestimated,

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absolutely everybody.

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I know that one case of Ebola
is an emergency.

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Every new case can give rise
to more cases.

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So it's really act now
or pay later.

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Christiane Amanpour: Right now, the World
Health Organization and other doctors

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are saying it is out of control
in this area of West Africa.

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It's the worst outbreak ever that they've
recorded in this part of the world.

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It's unprecedented
for several reasons.

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One, first time in West Africa
that we have such an outbreak.

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Secondly, this is the first time
that three countries are involved.

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And thirdly, it's the first
time that we have outbreaks

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in capitals,
in capital cities.

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This could explode
into a really mega-crisis.

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I think so, and it is
already a mega-crisis...

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I really thought, how can this
epidemic be controlled the usual way

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when there are so many
outbreaks in different places?

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[Siren wailing]

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Piot: The three countries
in West Africa

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that are affected
by the Ebola outbreak

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have some of the worst
health indicators in the world.

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There are
not enough doctors.

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There are not enough nurses.

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It is a system that is
understaffed, underfunded,

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and where the infrastructure
is very, very old.

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Let's go back to 1976
when you were a younger man,

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and you actually
codiscovered this virus.

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- It was in Zaire.
- Piot: Yes.

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Amanpour: Now the Democratic
Republic of the Congo...

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Piot: And they said that there
was a mysterious epidemic.

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This was very lethal,
high mortality.

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There were nuns
who had died.

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A small group
would go to the mission

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where the epidemic
had started, apparently.

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They asked for volunteers,
and I think I was

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about the first one
to raise my hand...

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although I had
absolutely zero experience

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in doing this.

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[Speaking French]

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Our mission was to--
one, to put in place

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some basic measures
to contain it

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and using quarantine.

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That's what we thought.

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And two, to find out
how is this transmitted?

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Because that's the key
to stop epidemics--

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to know exactly
what the risk is.

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How is it transmitted?

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It's really
a detective work.

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So we tested
whole villages,

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talked to the population,

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and then have a very
primitive questionnaire.

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How old, where have they
been, have they traveled?

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And what we found was that
there were very few survivors.

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Very few,
and that indeed

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the what we call
"case fatality rate"

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was over 90 %.

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[Man speaking French]

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Nearly all new viruses
come from animals.

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I mean, we are also
an animal.

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We are, you know,
human primates.

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So, during the outbreak,
we started collecting samples

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from all kinds of animals.

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I even took blood
from pigs

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because a number of pigs
had died

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at the beginning
of the epidemic,

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so we said,
"You never know."

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But we didn't find
any trace of Ebola.

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My boss at the time,
Stefaan Pattyn,

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had always told me,
"Watch out for the bats."

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And it became
a bit of a joke.

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But the old man
was right

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because
the only reservoir

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that we think
where Ebola is hiding

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are some kind
of fruit-eating bats.

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Dr. George Gao:

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[screeching]

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Garrett:
If we look around the world,

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we can see that
bat populations

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are being severely stressed
by climate change.

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Some of them
because they live

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in the upper tiers
of rainforests

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and feed on wild fruit.

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But the upper tiers
of the rainforests

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are getting the most impact
of this heat increase

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and increased
UV radiation.

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Add to that that humans are
encroaching into the rainforest,

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into bat habitats,
precious caves.

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They're very shy creatures.

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They do not seek you out,

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no matter what vampire movies
you ever saw.

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[Thunder rumbles]

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As humans encroach,

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we see more and more
bat populations starving

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and coming into
human habitation areas

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to feed on our
agricultural production.

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And in the process,
they're passing their virus on

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to other animals
and to humans.

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We are imposing changes in the
microbial world willy-nilly,

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thoughtlessly,

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and we do so at our peril.

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Wright: We have dramatically increased our contact with animals

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in a variety of ways:

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through deforestation,

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industrialization
of agriculture,

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and vastly increased
consumption of animals.

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HIV spread out of Africa from
a few monkeys and chimpanzees

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to infect millions of people
on every continent.

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SARS jumped from a bat

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to a civet cat
to a villager in China

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to more than 30 countries
in a matter of weeks.

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Animal and human health
are completely linked.

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In the 21st century,

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75 % of all new
infectious diseases

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have come from animals.

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Sometimes directly,

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in other cases,
through intermediaries

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like mosquitoes.

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If anyone had sat down
and done, you know,

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a fantasy hit parade
of emerging diseases

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that might
come to the Americas

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from Africa
or from Asia,

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Zika would never have
even been on the list.

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Zika virus originated
in Africa

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and had never been
off the African continent

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until it started
making its way

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across Asia
and South Pacific,

250
00:19:45,053 --> 00:19:49,362
ending up in French
Polynesia and Yap.

251
00:19:50,885 --> 00:19:52,452
Yap is a small place

252
00:19:52,452 --> 00:19:54,193
that most people
have never heard of,

253
00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:55,977
but when Zika hit it,

254
00:19:55,977 --> 00:19:59,763
70 % of the population
got infected.

255
00:19:59,763 --> 00:20:01,548
That was really
quite startling,

256
00:20:01,548 --> 00:20:02,897
if anybody had been
paying attention.

257
00:20:04,246 --> 00:20:06,422
Wright:
But they weren't.

258
00:20:06,422 --> 00:20:10,600
Zika jumped from the South
Pacific to Brazil in 2013,

259
00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:13,342
two years before it was
identified there.

260
00:20:13,342 --> 00:20:15,344
[Indistinct announcement
over P.A.]

261
00:20:15,344 --> 00:20:18,260
Wright: The timeline corresponds
to an increase in travel

262
00:20:18,260 --> 00:20:21,524
between the South Pacific
and Brazil,

263
00:20:21,524 --> 00:20:25,920
including visitors who attended a
pre-World Cup soccer tournament,

264
00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:28,183
the Confederation Cup.

265
00:20:28,183 --> 00:20:31,404
Male announcer:
Go-o-o-o-al!

266
00:20:31,404 --> 00:20:34,363
Someone was carrying
the Zika virus,

267
00:20:34,363 --> 00:20:37,888
and some mosquitoes
bit that individual,

268
00:20:37,888 --> 00:20:40,195
absorbed the virus,

269
00:20:40,195 --> 00:20:43,459
and that's the beginning
of this saga.

270
00:20:43,459 --> 00:20:46,201
[Thunder rumbles]

271
00:20:46,201 --> 00:20:50,031
And then undoubtedly,
the El Nino weather event

272
00:20:50,031 --> 00:20:52,251
provided the necessary
ingredients--

273
00:20:52,251 --> 00:20:54,427
rainfall and drought--

274
00:20:54,427 --> 00:20:57,386
that fundamentally changed
the conditions on the ground

275
00:20:57,386 --> 00:20:59,997
and allowed for the spread
of this virus.

276
00:21:16,187 --> 00:21:18,755
[Veronica Maria dos Santos
speaking Portuguese]

277
00:22:48,628 --> 00:22:50,238
[crying]

278
00:23:42,638 --> 00:23:47,556
Wright: In 2015, the Zika virus
suddenly spread across Brazil,

279
00:23:47,556 --> 00:23:51,865
primarily through the bite
of one type of mosquito.

280
00:23:51,865 --> 00:23:56,260
The medical establishment only
began to comprehend Zika's danger

281
00:23:56,260 --> 00:24:00,482
as the number of babies born with
the birth defect microcephaly

282
00:24:00,482 --> 00:24:02,310
started to dramatically
increase.

283
00:24:05,879 --> 00:24:08,447
[Dr. Vanessa Van der Linden
speaking Portuguese]

284
00:25:46,109 --> 00:25:50,723
Garrett: Since the alarm went sounding
around the world from Brazil,

285
00:25:50,723 --> 00:25:53,639
we have seen
almost every day

286
00:25:53,639 --> 00:25:57,425
another revelation
about this virus.

287
00:25:57,425 --> 00:26:02,256
What we now know is that
this is a very dangerous virus.

288
00:26:02,256 --> 00:26:05,085
We grossly
underestimated it.

289
00:26:05,085 --> 00:26:08,523
It is malaria in that it is
transmitted by mosquitoes

290
00:26:08,523 --> 00:26:10,960
and can cause
enormous outbreaks.

291
00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:14,050
It is HIV in that
it is sexually transmitted.

292
00:26:14,050 --> 00:26:17,010
And it's worse
than all of the above

293
00:26:17,010 --> 00:26:18,620
as we've come
to understand

294
00:26:18,620 --> 00:26:23,146
what this virus
actually lives on.

295
00:26:23,146 --> 00:26:26,149
Where does the virus go
in a pregnant woman?

296
00:26:26,149 --> 00:26:30,545
It goes into this tiny
forming creature, the fetus,

297
00:26:30,545 --> 00:26:33,504
and it feeds on it
and re-infects

298
00:26:33,504 --> 00:26:37,073
back into the mother's
bloodstream over and over again.

299
00:26:37,073 --> 00:26:40,990
And what is it feeding on
in that fetus?

300
00:26:40,990 --> 00:26:43,471
Baby brain cells.

301
00:26:43,471 --> 00:26:46,996
And so, every single part
of the brain

302
00:26:46,996 --> 00:26:50,652
of that developing child
is damaged.

303
00:26:50,652 --> 00:26:52,741
Wright: The Zika virus
affects its victims

304
00:26:52,741 --> 00:26:56,876
in a completely different way
from the Ebola virus.

305
00:26:56,876 --> 00:27:00,793
What they share in common
is how fast they can move,

306
00:27:00,793 --> 00:27:05,798
randomly attacking some
while sparing others.

307
00:27:05,798 --> 00:27:07,887
Some epidemics grab
our attention,

308
00:27:07,887 --> 00:27:11,020
while others, in spite of the
larger number of victims,

309
00:27:11,020 --> 00:27:14,284
remain more hidden.

310
00:27:14,284 --> 00:27:17,200
- [Signal bell clanging]
- [train horn blowing]

311
00:27:24,381 --> 00:27:27,254
[music playing
on radio]

312
00:27:27,254 --> 00:27:29,517
Female DJ: ...oldies all the
time on your hometown station,

313
00:27:29,517 --> 00:27:32,041
and of course adding in
some holiday music.

314
00:27:32,041 --> 00:27:33,869
Oh, it's so close.

315
00:27:33,869 --> 00:27:35,958
On a local note,
I'm gonna pass along to you

316
00:27:35,958 --> 00:27:38,308
that those in need of a flu
shot may still get them.

317
00:27:38,308 --> 00:27:40,833
Walk-ins are welcome at the
Steele County Public Health,

318
00:27:40,833 --> 00:27:44,010
weekdays between
8:00 and 4:00.

319
00:27:44,010 --> 00:27:48,492
Owatonna, Minnesota--
it's a beautiful town.

320
00:27:48,492 --> 00:27:51,539
To me, it's like "Mayberry R.
F.D.," Opie Taylor's town.

321
00:27:53,454 --> 00:27:55,717
Gwen Zwanziger: The name
Owatonna comes from

322
00:27:55,717 --> 00:27:58,415
an Indian princess
that was sick,

323
00:27:58,415 --> 00:28:01,810
and the chief brought her here
because of the healing waters.

324
00:28:01,810 --> 00:28:04,944
[Quacking]

325
00:28:04,944 --> 00:28:08,904
Terry: When we moved here,
it just felt like home.

326
00:28:08,904 --> 00:28:10,427
I think we got lucky.

327
00:28:10,427 --> 00:28:12,865
The good Lord just gave us
two good kids.

328
00:28:12,865 --> 00:28:14,475
- Woman: Three, two...
- Gwen: Do something.

329
00:28:14,475 --> 00:28:16,738
Terry: Sarah was
always the princess

330
00:28:16,738 --> 00:28:18,522
and Shannon
was the opposite.

331
00:28:18,522 --> 00:28:20,655
She was a tomboy.

332
00:28:20,655 --> 00:28:23,179
She loved skateboarding

333
00:28:23,179 --> 00:28:26,226
and she loved
video games.

334
00:28:26,226 --> 00:28:30,143
- Gwen: Shannon, she was a complete surprise.
- [Baby crying]

335
00:28:30,143 --> 00:28:34,060
Sarah was almost 16,
and I was 40.

336
00:28:34,060 --> 00:28:36,410
She was a joy.

337
00:28:36,410 --> 00:28:40,066
Right from the get-go,
she was a joy for everybody.

338
00:28:40,066 --> 00:28:41,545
Whoa!

339
00:28:41,545 --> 00:28:44,157
Terry: We were
a tight, tight family.

340
00:28:44,157 --> 00:28:46,028
Gwen: Her first time
out by herself.

341
00:28:46,028 --> 00:28:48,291
Oh, my gosh.

342
00:28:48,291 --> 00:28:50,467
Terry: I remember when
she got her permit,

343
00:28:50,467 --> 00:28:52,513
she was just so tickled.

344
00:28:52,513 --> 00:28:54,515
Gwen:
There she goes, by herself.

345
00:28:54,515 --> 00:28:56,038
Terry:
So, I was so proud of her.

346
00:28:56,038 --> 00:28:58,824
Gwen: Oh, my gosh! Oh, my gosh!

347
00:28:58,824 --> 00:29:00,434
Somebody's driving.

348
00:29:03,654 --> 00:29:07,049
- Gwen: Catching snowflakes.
- [Dog barks]

349
00:29:07,049 --> 00:29:09,225
Gwen:
Hi, girl. Oop.

350
00:29:09,225 --> 00:29:10,923
- [Dog whines]
- [laughs] Oh, hi.

351
00:29:14,317 --> 00:29:17,016
Gwen: Shannon was in her
senior year of high school.

352
00:29:19,627 --> 00:29:21,498
Terry: She came home
Wednesday night,

353
00:29:21,498 --> 00:29:24,327
said, "I think I got
the flu at school."

354
00:29:25,633 --> 00:29:27,113
That was Wednesday,

355
00:29:27,113 --> 00:29:31,378
and Thursday,
she just seemed to be,

356
00:29:31,378 --> 00:29:34,598
you know, baseline
for being sick,

357
00:29:34,598 --> 00:29:37,123
but she wasn't
getting better.

358
00:29:37,123 --> 00:29:40,953
And that's when Terry and I agreed
that we've got to take her.

359
00:29:40,953 --> 00:29:44,565
Terry: When I took her that
Sunday to go to the hospital,

360
00:29:44,565 --> 00:29:45,784
we waited two hours.

361
00:29:45,784 --> 00:29:46,959
It was that packed.

362
00:29:46,959 --> 00:29:48,482
That's when I knew

363
00:29:48,482 --> 00:29:51,093
there was a big epidemic
of flu going on.

364
00:29:51,093 --> 00:29:54,531
And she's sitting next to me,
and she's got her head on me,

365
00:29:54,531 --> 00:29:57,926
and I took a selfie,
sent it to her mom,

366
00:29:57,926 --> 00:30:00,320
saying,
"We're still waiting."

367
00:30:00,320 --> 00:30:03,714
The doctor said it was just the flu,
that it had to run its course.

368
00:30:03,714 --> 00:30:08,458
They gave her some cough
medicine just for comfort,

369
00:30:08,458 --> 00:30:14,116
and Terry went and got it while
I got her back up in her bed.

370
00:30:14,116 --> 00:30:17,859
[Clicking, chiming]

371
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:34,658
[wind whistling]

372
00:30:34,658 --> 00:30:37,400
Gwen: It's about
5:00 in the morning.

373
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:38,880
I was sitting
in the living room

374
00:30:38,880 --> 00:30:40,882
and I heard her
moving around upstairs.

375
00:30:40,882 --> 00:30:44,886
I thought, "Wow," you know,
"she's getting out of bed."

376
00:30:44,886 --> 00:30:47,497
[Sniffles] I got up, and I
went to the coffee maker,

377
00:30:47,497 --> 00:30:50,979
and I saw in my peripheral
that she got up

378
00:30:50,979 --> 00:30:52,502
and she went
into the bathroom.

379
00:30:53,939 --> 00:30:55,636
She tapped
on the shower curtain,

380
00:30:55,636 --> 00:30:57,246
and I said, "You want
to take a shower?"

381
00:30:57,246 --> 00:30:58,944
And she nodded yes,
and I said, "Okay."

382
00:31:01,076 --> 00:31:03,731
I was filling the water up.
I only got it about so full.

383
00:31:03,731 --> 00:31:07,300
She laid back,
but her knees kept buckling.

384
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:09,476
You know, she kept pushing
on the end of the tub

385
00:31:09,476 --> 00:31:13,132
to keep herself
from sliding under, and...

386
00:31:13,132 --> 00:31:14,960
and then I saw her eyes.

387
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:16,265
And...

388
00:31:19,442 --> 00:31:20,966
[sighs]

389
00:31:23,316 --> 00:31:25,753
I pounded on the wall
and woke Terry up.

390
00:31:25,753 --> 00:31:29,452
Said, "She's not breathing,"
and I come running down, and...

391
00:31:29,452 --> 00:31:31,890
[clears throat]

392
00:31:31,890 --> 00:31:34,544
I still remember her
on the floor,

393
00:31:34,544 --> 00:31:36,677
her mom giving her CPR.

394
00:31:38,331 --> 00:31:41,421
I never had to do that
before.

395
00:31:41,421 --> 00:31:44,076
And it's nothing like
they teach you in class.

396
00:31:50,517 --> 00:31:52,562
All I could do
was dial 911.

397
00:31:52,562 --> 00:31:56,262
[Touch tones beeping,
line rings]

398
00:31:56,262 --> 00:31:58,438
Operator:
911, what's going on there?

399
00:31:58,438 --> 00:32:00,614
Terry: My daughter,
she's 17 years old.

400
00:32:00,614 --> 00:32:03,182
- Gwen: She's not breathing!
- Terry: She's not breathing!

401
00:32:03,182 --> 00:32:05,662
- Dispatcher: She's not breathing?
- Terry: She's not breathing.

402
00:32:05,662 --> 00:32:07,795
Dispatcher: Okay, I'm sending
the paramedic to help you now.

403
00:32:07,795 --> 00:32:09,971
Just stay on the line
with me, okay?

404
00:32:09,971 --> 00:32:12,060
- Gwen: Come on, breathe for Mama!
- Terry: Breathe, Shannon.

405
00:32:12,060 --> 00:32:14,541
- [Sirens wailing]
- Oh, Lord.

406
00:32:14,541 --> 00:32:16,238
- [Dog barking]
- Come on in.

407
00:32:16,238 --> 00:32:18,284
She's right in there.
Go ahead.

408
00:32:18,284 --> 00:32:20,242
Gwen: I don't remember any
kind of time passing.

409
00:32:20,242 --> 00:32:22,636
I just remember
a pair of blue pants

410
00:32:22,636 --> 00:32:24,551
that kneeled down
on the other side of her,

411
00:32:24,551 --> 00:32:27,380
and he told me they'd take
over, and I stepped away.

412
00:32:27,380 --> 00:32:28,903
Even when the--
when they said,

413
00:32:28,903 --> 00:32:31,601
"We're flying her
to Rochester,"

414
00:32:31,601 --> 00:32:34,648
you know, I waved
at the helicopter,

415
00:32:34,648 --> 00:32:36,998
you know, thinking
everything's fine.

416
00:32:41,437 --> 00:32:43,396
I had no clue.

417
00:32:43,396 --> 00:32:45,093
[Beeping]

418
00:32:45,093 --> 00:32:48,009
[machines
beeping rapidly]

419
00:32:53,493 --> 00:32:55,799
[flatlining tone]

420
00:33:00,065 --> 00:33:01,980
You know,
when they told us...

421
00:33:04,156 --> 00:33:07,420
that she didn't make it,
and I said, "I want to see her,"

422
00:33:07,420 --> 00:33:09,944
and they said,
"You'd never recognize her

423
00:33:09,944 --> 00:33:12,251
from what we've had
to do to her."

424
00:33:12,251 --> 00:33:15,167
Because the flu actually
killed all of her organs

425
00:33:15,167 --> 00:33:17,343
long before
she actually died.

426
00:33:20,259 --> 00:33:22,348
I still think she ought
to be coming home.

427
00:33:32,314 --> 00:33:35,404
[Chirping]

428
00:33:35,404 --> 00:33:37,493
Dr. Barbara Rath: The biggest
pain in the world as a parent

429
00:33:37,493 --> 00:33:39,408
is losing their child.

430
00:33:40,757 --> 00:33:42,411
This is the most
unnatural thing

431
00:33:42,411 --> 00:33:44,631
to happen
to a human being.

432
00:33:44,631 --> 00:33:49,462
And you stand next to it
and you think, my goodness,

433
00:33:49,462 --> 00:33:51,855
I am there to prevent this
from happening,

434
00:33:51,855 --> 00:33:55,381
and sometimes I cannot,

435
00:33:55,381 --> 00:33:57,992
and...

436
00:33:57,992 --> 00:34:00,560
sometimes I don't know
why I cannot.

437
00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:04,564
[Man speaking German
on radio]

438
00:34:04,564 --> 00:34:08,524
Rath: The question of how and
why one particular person

439
00:34:08,524 --> 00:34:13,312
may die from influenza
is the million-dollar question

440
00:34:13,312 --> 00:34:17,229
that we absolutely
need to tackle.

441
00:34:17,229 --> 00:34:20,841
Wright: It is surprising how much
we still need to learn about flu,

442
00:34:20,841 --> 00:34:25,672
a disease which causes worldwide
epidemics every year.

443
00:34:25,672 --> 00:34:27,804
Mother: She had a little
raspiness in her chest.

444
00:34:27,804 --> 00:34:30,155
Mother #2: The flu test
came back positive.

445
00:34:30,155 --> 00:34:33,158
Mother #3: I actually remember
saying, "Okay, it's just the flu,"

446
00:34:33,158 --> 00:34:34,811
like it was no big deal.

447
00:34:34,811 --> 00:34:36,813
Wright: It spreads
across the globe,

448
00:34:36,813 --> 00:34:39,381
hospitalizing
three to five million.

449
00:34:39,381 --> 00:34:42,819
Mother #4: And within 24
hours, she was intubated.

450
00:34:42,819 --> 00:34:44,604
[Man speaking French]

451
00:34:47,824 --> 00:34:51,306
Wright: Killing at least
200,000 every year.

452
00:34:51,306 --> 00:34:54,701
Mother #5: We went in as
they were coding her.

453
00:34:54,701 --> 00:34:57,269
- [Machines beeping]
- Mother #6: My baby girl, Scarlet Anne...

454
00:34:57,269 --> 00:34:59,575
- [flatline tone]
- ...pronounced dead.

455
00:34:59,575 --> 00:35:02,056
Rath: The majority of
adult influenza patients

456
00:35:02,056 --> 00:35:05,407
have something
that we call a risk factor.

457
00:35:05,407 --> 00:35:07,453
They have
very weak immune system,

458
00:35:07,453 --> 00:35:10,412
or they have diabetes
or obesity.

459
00:35:10,412 --> 00:35:12,588
Pregnant women
have a risk,

460
00:35:12,588 --> 00:35:14,808
for both themselves
as well as the child.

461
00:35:14,808 --> 00:35:17,027
Okay, we know
these factors.

462
00:35:17,027 --> 00:35:22,163
But this is a virus that can
mess up your body to a degree

463
00:35:22,163 --> 00:35:26,341
that even the most healthy,
young and happy, playful person

464
00:35:26,341 --> 00:35:29,257
is taken away from this planet
within a couple days.

465
00:35:32,217 --> 00:35:35,002
Wright: Every year, we struggle
to fight seasonal flu.

466
00:35:37,526 --> 00:35:39,876
But what experts
are really afraid of

467
00:35:39,876 --> 00:35:42,314
is a new strain of flu,

468
00:35:42,314 --> 00:35:47,145
one that the human population hasn't been exposed to before,

469
00:35:47,145 --> 00:35:51,061
one that almost no one will
have any immunity against.

470
00:35:53,586 --> 00:35:56,806
Mark Smolinski: When we think
about the threat of a disease

471
00:35:56,806 --> 00:35:59,026
spreading around the world
as a pandemic threat,

472
00:35:59,026 --> 00:36:02,725
obviously airborne infections
are at the very top.

473
00:36:02,725 --> 00:36:06,686
Things like SARS and flu
are something

474
00:36:06,686 --> 00:36:09,863
that we know
is difficult to control

475
00:36:09,863 --> 00:36:13,954
because of the way
it spreads through aerosols.

476
00:36:13,954 --> 00:36:17,523
Most people become
infectious with the flu

477
00:36:17,523 --> 00:36:20,439
before they even
have symptoms.

478
00:36:20,439 --> 00:36:24,530
Anybody can travel
clearly across the world

479
00:36:24,530 --> 00:36:27,315
with an infectious disease
incubating in them

480
00:36:27,315 --> 00:36:30,100
without them even knowing
that they're sick yet.

481
00:36:31,841 --> 00:36:34,931
Wright: In 2009, a
new flu emerged--

482
00:36:34,931 --> 00:36:40,328
H1N1, also known
as swine flu.

483
00:36:40,328 --> 00:36:44,289
We now know it first appeared in the U.
S. In the pig industry,

484
00:36:44,289 --> 00:36:47,509
initially infecting people
at state and county fairs.

485
00:36:50,251 --> 00:36:51,948
In a little over a year,

486
00:36:51,948 --> 00:36:55,561
swine flu infected
around 1.3 billion people.

487
00:36:57,650 --> 00:37:00,522
It was the most common
shared experience on Earth.

488
00:37:00,522 --> 00:37:02,394
[Crowd chanting]

489
00:37:04,613 --> 00:37:07,094
Wright: Flu poses a
strong pandemic threat

490
00:37:07,094 --> 00:37:11,054
because it has the ability to be both
very contagious and very deadly.

491
00:37:25,939 --> 00:37:28,376
Yeah. Yep.

492
00:37:28,376 --> 00:37:31,597
Smolinski: What we're most worried
about right now is this bird flu

493
00:37:31,597 --> 00:37:35,122
that we know
is highly pathogenic.

494
00:37:35,122 --> 00:37:37,646
Paul Horwood:

495
00:37:42,434 --> 00:37:44,523
Wright: Currently, this
deadly new bird flu

496
00:37:44,523 --> 00:37:48,048
doesn't spread easily
between people,

497
00:37:48,048 --> 00:37:52,444
but it is spreading rapidly
among wild birds and poultry.

498
00:37:52,444 --> 00:37:53,880
[Horns honking]

499
00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:55,795
Experts are afraid
this could be

500
00:37:55,795 --> 00:37:57,275
a pandemic threat.

501
00:37:59,799 --> 00:38:02,280
[Ducks quacking]

502
00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:05,761
Dr. Arnaud Taranola: It's a live poultry
market, so the birds are alive.

503
00:38:05,761 --> 00:38:08,286
And when they're sold,
they are sold alive

504
00:38:08,286 --> 00:38:12,768
because people value the fact
that it's very fresh meat.

505
00:38:12,768 --> 00:38:16,076
[Crowd chattering]

506
00:38:16,076 --> 00:38:18,905
Taranola: So you buy your
chicken or your duck live.

507
00:38:20,602 --> 00:38:22,517
And then it is killed...

508
00:38:24,998 --> 00:38:28,436
and cleaned and emptied,
of course, eviscerated.

509
00:38:30,612 --> 00:38:34,964
The viscera go into
some of these buckets here,

510
00:38:34,964 --> 00:38:38,359
and then the birds
are put in hot water

511
00:38:38,359 --> 00:38:40,100
and then put
in these drums

512
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:41,754
where these
little plastic tubings

513
00:38:41,754 --> 00:38:43,799
help get rid
of the feathers.

514
00:38:46,498 --> 00:38:49,239
And then when the birds
have been defeathered,

515
00:38:49,239 --> 00:38:52,504
eviscerated, and cleaned,
then they're cut up

516
00:38:52,504 --> 00:38:54,332
and they're given back
to the person who bought it.

517
00:38:57,117 --> 00:38:59,728
The issue here is that
the water is the same

518
00:38:59,728 --> 00:39:03,341
to clean all the ducks
and chickens.

519
00:39:03,341 --> 00:39:07,083
The other issue is that these
people are wading in--

520
00:39:07,083 --> 00:39:10,304
in viscera, feathers,

521
00:39:10,304 --> 00:39:13,525
and the water that served
to clean them.

522
00:39:13,525 --> 00:39:16,963
So, there's really
a lot, a lot of virus here.

523
00:39:19,226 --> 00:39:21,881
Wright: In 2011,
when the Pasteur Institute

524
00:39:21,881 --> 00:39:24,971
started monitoring
the wash water,

525
00:39:24,971 --> 00:39:30,280
18 % of the water samples
were positive for H5N1.

526
00:39:30,280 --> 00:39:34,633
Four years later,
66 % of samples were positive.

527
00:39:36,896 --> 00:39:40,334
Smolinski: We know that bird
flu is very, very deadly,

528
00:39:40,334 --> 00:39:44,425
and we know swine flu
spreads very quickly.

529
00:39:44,425 --> 00:39:48,298
What we worry about
is if those two reassort,

530
00:39:48,298 --> 00:39:50,692
and then we could have a new
strain that literally could spread

531
00:39:50,692 --> 00:39:53,086
as quickly
as the swine flu did

532
00:39:53,086 --> 00:39:55,567
but have the mortality rate
of bird flu.

533
00:39:55,567 --> 00:39:57,177
That's the big fear,

534
00:39:57,177 --> 00:39:59,527
that we have now
literally created

535
00:39:59,527 --> 00:40:01,660
the petri dish
that we all worried about

536
00:40:01,660 --> 00:40:04,663
and both of those viruses are
sitting in there at the same time.

537
00:40:11,713 --> 00:40:16,239
Sands: Pandemics are one of
the biggest risks we face.

538
00:40:17,763 --> 00:40:19,678
This is an issue
of human lives.

539
00:40:19,678 --> 00:40:21,549
It should be thought of
in the same way

540
00:40:21,549 --> 00:40:23,899
that we think
of terrorism,

541
00:40:23,899 --> 00:40:26,206
protection against
natural disasters,

542
00:40:26,206 --> 00:40:28,687
against national defense.

543
00:40:28,687 --> 00:40:31,167
This is a human
security issue,

544
00:40:31,167 --> 00:40:36,434
and it is also
an economic security issue.

545
00:40:36,434 --> 00:40:40,089
[Overlapping news anchors] The outbreak
of SARS could trigger a global downturn.

546
00:40:40,089 --> 00:40:42,483
Fear of the SARS virus
has caused

547
00:40:42,483 --> 00:40:44,267
serious financial damage
to businesses,

548
00:40:44,267 --> 00:40:46,879
cities,
even entire countries.

549
00:40:46,879 --> 00:40:49,359
Sands: During the height of SARS,
nobody was going to restaurants,

550
00:40:49,359 --> 00:40:51,057
people didn't want
to go shopping.

551
00:40:51,057 --> 00:40:53,886
At one point, at the peak
of the SARS crisis,

552
00:40:53,886 --> 00:40:56,410
air travel into Hong Kong
was down by 80 %

553
00:40:56,410 --> 00:40:59,065
and retail sales
were down by 50 %.

554
00:40:59,065 --> 00:41:02,111
Businesses began to run
out of money.

555
00:41:02,111 --> 00:41:04,374
Estimates of the impact
of SARS

556
00:41:04,374 --> 00:41:09,249
have been an economic impact
of around 40 billion or so.

557
00:41:09,249 --> 00:41:10,946
If a global pandemic
took place,

558
00:41:10,946 --> 00:41:13,645
you're looking
at an economic impact

559
00:41:13,645 --> 00:41:16,604
measured in the trillions
of dollars,

560
00:41:16,604 --> 00:41:20,521
not tens or hundreds
of billions.

561
00:41:20,521 --> 00:41:25,787
It has such a big impact
on business and life.

562
00:41:30,357 --> 00:41:34,274
Garrett: You hope the world has
the capacity to see an outbreak,

563
00:41:34,274 --> 00:41:38,626
mobilize forces,
and contain it, right?

564
00:41:38,626 --> 00:41:42,021
Unfortunately,
we rarely do that.

565
00:41:42,021 --> 00:41:45,111
Especially
if the outbreak occurs

566
00:41:45,111 --> 00:41:46,416
in a poor country.

567
00:41:48,984 --> 00:41:51,683
Well, here we are
in Liberia.

568
00:41:51,683 --> 00:41:53,380
That's Sierra Leone.

569
00:41:53,380 --> 00:41:55,295
And this is
the border crossing.

570
00:41:55,295 --> 00:41:57,993
Do you see security?
Do you see any military?

571
00:41:57,993 --> 00:41:59,995
Do you see anything
that would stop someone

572
00:41:59,995 --> 00:42:02,041
from coming across
this border?

573
00:42:02,041 --> 00:42:04,522
And then,
it not only spreads

574
00:42:04,522 --> 00:42:07,046
beyond the borders
of the original country

575
00:42:07,046 --> 00:42:10,353
as occurred with Ebola
and West Africa,

576
00:42:10,353 --> 00:42:13,661
but it crosses seas,

577
00:42:13,661 --> 00:42:15,837
it crosses continents,

578
00:42:15,837 --> 00:42:17,970
and that constitutes
a pandemic.

579
00:42:17,970 --> 00:42:22,278
Endemic is your
worst-case scenario.

580
00:42:22,278 --> 00:42:26,152
So you failed to control
the outbreak,

581
00:42:26,152 --> 00:42:28,197
you failed to control
the epidemic,

582
00:42:28,197 --> 00:42:30,809
and you failed to control
the pandemic,

583
00:42:30,809 --> 00:42:35,988
and now that microbe
is a permanent feature

584
00:42:35,988 --> 00:42:39,557
in the biological landscape
that humans are living in.

585
00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:45,127
The worst example
of that is HIV.

586
00:42:45,127 --> 00:42:48,827
We started off
with tiny outbreaks

587
00:42:48,827 --> 00:42:51,046
in a handful of places,

588
00:42:51,046 --> 00:42:55,181
and the world responded
completely incorrectly.

589
00:42:55,181 --> 00:42:58,314
It became pandemic
and now endemic.

590
00:42:58,314 --> 00:43:02,623
So we have 37 million people
living infected with HIV,

591
00:43:02,623 --> 00:43:05,060
and there is no country
on the planet

592
00:43:05,060 --> 00:43:06,540
without this virus.

593
00:43:08,368 --> 00:43:10,892
Wright: Before the
devastation of AIDS,

594
00:43:10,892 --> 00:43:13,591
there was smallpox.

595
00:43:13,591 --> 00:43:16,028
Smallpox killed
500 million people

596
00:43:16,028 --> 00:43:19,248
in the 20th century alone,

597
00:43:19,248 --> 00:43:22,164
more than all the wars
in that century combined.

598
00:43:24,253 --> 00:43:28,040
Whenever an infectious disease truly catches hold,

599
00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:30,782
it forces health workers
to make impossible choices

600
00:43:30,782 --> 00:43:33,219
about the public's freedom
and rights.

601
00:43:36,614 --> 00:43:39,834
Brilliant: I was the youngest
person in the smallpox team.

602
00:43:39,834 --> 00:43:41,749
And I was certainly
the only person

603
00:43:41,749 --> 00:43:44,230
in the history
of the United Nations

604
00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:46,928
recruited from
the Neem Karoli Baba Ashram.

605
00:43:49,539 --> 00:43:52,325
[Horns honking]

606
00:43:56,111 --> 00:43:58,897
Brilliant: We had eradicated
smallpox in Madhya Pradesh.

607
00:43:58,897 --> 00:44:01,813
It's this big state
in the middle of India.

608
00:44:01,813 --> 00:44:03,902
And we were about to do
our victory dance,

609
00:44:03,902 --> 00:44:07,383
and then suddenly
across the border,

610
00:44:07,383 --> 00:44:09,559
we started getting
new outbreaks.

611
00:44:09,559 --> 00:44:11,213
And they all came
from one place,

612
00:44:11,213 --> 00:44:13,955
a place called Tatanagar.

613
00:44:13,955 --> 00:44:16,958
- First place we went to was the railway station.
- [Train whistle blows]

614
00:44:16,958 --> 00:44:19,787
And it was a scene
from the worst nightmare

615
00:44:19,787 --> 00:44:21,180
you ever had
in your life.

616
00:44:23,486 --> 00:44:26,881
There were dozens of people
stretched out near the tracks,

617
00:44:26,881 --> 00:44:29,928
in the waiting room,
on the cement,

618
00:44:29,928 --> 00:44:32,017
dead from smallpox.

619
00:44:32,017 --> 00:44:34,759
It smelled from the death.

620
00:44:34,759 --> 00:44:36,674
[Train whistle blows]

621
00:44:36,674 --> 00:44:38,763
The Tatanagar
was the home

622
00:44:38,763 --> 00:44:42,288
of the Tata
Iron and Steel Company.

623
00:44:42,288 --> 00:44:44,290
So I just went
to the company's house.

624
00:44:44,290 --> 00:44:46,335
It was almost midnight
when I got there.

625
00:44:46,335 --> 00:44:50,252
I said, "I need Jeeps,
I need managers,

626
00:44:50,252 --> 00:44:52,428
I need doctors,
I need vaccine."

627
00:44:54,909 --> 00:44:57,346
The next day,
I had 100 Jeeps.

628
00:44:57,346 --> 00:44:59,218
We set up
training programs.

629
00:44:59,218 --> 00:45:01,524
We used maps
to develop a strategy,

630
00:45:01,524 --> 00:45:04,049
and we took
the 100 Jeeps,

631
00:45:04,049 --> 00:45:06,355
and we built
our little army.

632
00:45:07,879 --> 00:45:09,402
We were doing great.

633
00:45:09,402 --> 00:45:12,144
We found 2,000 cases
of smallpox.

634
00:45:12,144 --> 00:45:15,756
We were stopping the disease
in Tatanagar,

635
00:45:15,756 --> 00:45:19,499
but still, as we're
vaccinating everybody,

636
00:45:19,499 --> 00:45:21,240
the trains were carrying
people away.

637
00:45:21,240 --> 00:45:22,676
It was still exporting
smallpox.

638
00:45:22,676 --> 00:45:24,417
[Whistle blowing]

639
00:45:24,417 --> 00:45:27,072
We closed the railway station. We closed the buses.

640
00:45:27,072 --> 00:45:30,423
We quarantined the city
of 600,000 people.

641
00:45:30,423 --> 00:45:33,861
Nobody could leave the city
unless they were vaccinated.

642
00:45:33,861 --> 00:45:37,299
[People singing
in Hindi]

643
00:45:37,299 --> 00:45:41,782
We eliminated smallpox in that
entire area around Tatanagar

644
00:45:41,782 --> 00:45:44,524
in less than six months.

645
00:45:44,524 --> 00:45:47,570
But it kept coming back.

646
00:45:51,531 --> 00:45:55,883
We traced it to a tribal group called the Ho tribe.

647
00:45:55,883 --> 00:45:59,408
So, I went and visited the
members of that tribe,

648
00:45:59,408 --> 00:46:02,585
and I said, "Well, you've
gotta take smallpox vaccine.

649
00:46:02,585 --> 00:46:04,674
You gotta stop
this transmission."

650
00:46:04,674 --> 00:46:07,373
And he said,
"I won't take it.

651
00:46:07,373 --> 00:46:10,855
I do whatever
God's will is, and...

652
00:46:10,855 --> 00:46:14,206
if I'm to get smallpox,
I'll get it."

653
00:46:14,206 --> 00:46:18,166
After a while, more cases kept
coming out from the Ho community,

654
00:46:18,166 --> 00:46:20,560
and we all agreed
that we were going to have to

655
00:46:20,560 --> 00:46:24,477
forcibly vaccinate
these Ho tribesmen.

656
00:46:24,477 --> 00:46:25,913
[Music playing]

657
00:46:28,307 --> 00:46:31,832
In the middle of the night,
we went out into the villages,

658
00:46:31,832 --> 00:46:34,748
into the jungle,
and we surrounded them

659
00:46:34,748 --> 00:46:36,663
and pulled them
out of their houses,

660
00:46:36,663 --> 00:46:38,447
and we vaccinated them.

661
00:46:38,447 --> 00:46:40,406
[Birds chirping]

662
00:46:40,406 --> 00:46:44,236
[roosters crowing]

663
00:46:44,236 --> 00:46:47,805
And then after we had
broken into their house,

664
00:46:47,805 --> 00:46:51,896
pulled them out of bed,
forcibly vaccinated them,

665
00:46:51,896 --> 00:46:56,683
this dignified tribal elder
looked at me,

666
00:46:56,683 --> 00:46:59,251
and reached over
to the vine.

667
00:46:59,251 --> 00:47:04,169
And there was one fruit,
a cucumber, a kind of gourd.

668
00:47:04,169 --> 00:47:07,085
And he pulled it off,
and he cut it,

669
00:47:07,085 --> 00:47:11,089
and he put it on a leaf,
and he offered it to us to eat.

670
00:47:11,089 --> 00:47:12,917
He said, "I don't like
what you did.

671
00:47:14,483 --> 00:47:16,921
I think you're wrong.

672
00:47:16,921 --> 00:47:19,575
But that's over now.

673
00:47:19,575 --> 00:47:22,665
Now I see that you are
a guest in my house.

674
00:47:22,665 --> 00:47:24,885
The only thing I have to offer
is this cucumber."

675
00:47:24,885 --> 00:47:26,278
[Chuckles]

676
00:47:27,801 --> 00:47:30,238
And so,
you ask yourself...

677
00:47:31,761 --> 00:47:32,850
"Were we right?"

678
00:47:35,983 --> 00:47:38,464
We did
a lot of things that,

679
00:47:38,464 --> 00:47:41,467
in their
individual isolation,

680
00:47:41,467 --> 00:47:45,993
if I put the harshest light
of truth on it right now,

681
00:47:45,993 --> 00:47:49,910
I would be begging to find
an alternative way to do it.

682
00:47:49,910 --> 00:47:52,043
And I ask myself,

683
00:47:52,043 --> 00:47:54,219
"Did I exaggerate
the importance of what I did?

684
00:47:54,219 --> 00:47:57,570
Did I place myself above
some kind of moral compass?

685
00:47:57,570 --> 00:48:00,007
Did I--

686
00:48:00,007 --> 00:48:03,097
did I quit too early
trying to find a way

687
00:48:03,097 --> 00:48:05,752
to accomplish
the same thing?"

688
00:48:05,752 --> 00:48:07,058
But...

689
00:48:08,973 --> 00:48:11,889
But that's sort of between,
right now, me and God

690
00:48:11,889 --> 00:48:13,760
and me and my conscience.

691
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:15,631
Smallpox has been
eradicated.

692
00:48:16,981 --> 00:48:18,852
And I'm thrilled
about that.

693
00:48:18,852 --> 00:48:21,072
[Airplane buzzing]

694
00:48:24,640 --> 00:48:27,339
[indistinct chatter]

695
00:48:30,081 --> 00:48:32,344
[crying]

696
00:48:38,393 --> 00:48:40,047
Chicken pox.

697
00:48:40,047 --> 00:48:42,571
[Seagulls screeching]

698
00:48:44,008 --> 00:48:46,532
[subway chimes]

699
00:48:46,532 --> 00:48:51,145
Dr. Heidi Larson: The idea of night
raids or forcible vaccination today

700
00:48:51,145 --> 00:48:54,453
is just unthinkable.

701
00:48:54,453 --> 00:48:56,977
There's a few big things
that are very different--

702
00:48:56,977 --> 00:49:01,242
internal politics,
global politics, extremism,

703
00:49:01,242 --> 00:49:04,071
the whole issue
of human rights.

704
00:49:04,071 --> 00:49:07,770
You have to be transparent
because the wrong information

705
00:49:07,770 --> 00:49:10,034
can actually contribute
to the spread of a disease.

706
00:49:12,123 --> 00:49:16,083
I'm particularly interested
in looking at rumors.

707
00:49:16,083 --> 00:49:19,913
The way that rumors
replicate and spread

708
00:49:19,913 --> 00:49:22,524
are very similar
to how viruses spread.

709
00:49:22,524 --> 00:49:24,265
They need a host.

710
00:49:24,265 --> 00:49:28,052
They need to be supported
to stay alive and thrive.

711
00:49:28,052 --> 00:49:31,577
- Man: Oh, there we go.
- There we are. Okay, hi.

712
00:49:31,577 --> 00:49:34,058
Larson: Rumors have been
around since man existed,

713
00:49:34,058 --> 00:49:37,887
but I think right now,
what's changed with technology,

714
00:49:37,887 --> 00:49:40,890
and particularly
social media and the Internet,

715
00:49:40,890 --> 00:49:43,284
is the global spread
and the speed.

716
00:49:43,284 --> 00:49:44,894
I mean,
look at Twitter.

717
00:49:44,894 --> 00:49:48,115
You needed 140 characters
or something,

718
00:49:48,115 --> 00:49:51,292
and that's all you need
to spread some of the rumors

719
00:49:51,292 --> 00:49:53,947
and perceptions
that we're certainly tracking.

720
00:50:00,780 --> 00:50:04,044
And one of the things we found
is that rumors thrive

721
00:50:04,044 --> 00:50:08,048
in times of uncertainty,
they thrive in times

722
00:50:08,048 --> 00:50:10,616
where people need an answer,
are eager for an answer.

723
00:50:12,879 --> 00:50:15,534
Sands: The old model
of how you respond

724
00:50:15,534 --> 00:50:17,666
to an infectious disease
outbreak

725
00:50:17,666 --> 00:50:21,844
is you issue some sort of, you
know, firm warning to the public

726
00:50:21,844 --> 00:50:24,151
and tell them what they
should and shouldn't do.

727
00:50:24,151 --> 00:50:25,848
That doesn't work anymore

728
00:50:25,848 --> 00:50:29,069
because people
are responding

729
00:50:29,069 --> 00:50:31,245
to rumors on Twitter
or Facebook,

730
00:50:31,245 --> 00:50:33,726
and they want to engage
and they want to challenge

731
00:50:33,726 --> 00:50:37,121
and they want to have their own
opinions about what's going on.

732
00:50:40,167 --> 00:50:42,256
I'll be back.

733
00:50:42,256 --> 00:50:45,781
Okay, I have a pen.
I have my books.

734
00:50:45,781 --> 00:50:48,262
The agenda.
Okay, go for it.

735
00:50:48,262 --> 00:50:51,135
When an epidemic occurs,
there is a clinical management,

736
00:50:51,135 --> 00:50:55,226
but there's also
the reactions of society,

737
00:50:55,226 --> 00:50:58,707
and managing that
can be as important

738
00:50:58,707 --> 00:51:02,189
as actually dealing
with the epidemic itself.

739
00:51:02,189 --> 00:51:05,410
Okay, good afternoon,
everybody.

740
00:51:05,410 --> 00:51:08,804
This is the third meeting
of our task force on Ebola.

741
00:51:08,804 --> 00:51:12,156
And, John, would you
like to give an update?

742
00:51:12,156 --> 00:51:14,027
Because where we are
with the epidemic,

743
00:51:14,027 --> 00:51:15,855
I'm very worried,
to be honest.

744
00:51:19,554 --> 00:51:21,165
[Overlapping news anchors]
President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

745
00:51:21,165 --> 00:51:23,167
likened the outbreak
to a war.

746
00:51:23,167 --> 00:51:25,299
Cases and deaths
continue to surge.

747
00:51:25,299 --> 00:51:27,649
Riots are breaking out.

748
00:51:27,649 --> 00:51:30,957
Wright: As Ebola continued to
spread across West Africa,

749
00:51:30,957 --> 00:51:33,438
the governments implemented
massive quarantines.

750
00:51:33,438 --> 00:51:36,702
- [Crowd shouting]
- Wright: Distrust exploded.

751
00:51:36,702 --> 00:51:38,573
[Overlapping news anchors]
Security forces blocked roads

752
00:51:38,573 --> 00:51:40,445
with scrap wood
and barbed wire.

753
00:51:40,445 --> 00:51:42,838
An angry mob forced open
an isolation ward.

754
00:51:42,838 --> 00:51:44,666
Hundreds clashed
with the police,

755
00:51:44,666 --> 00:51:48,235
- who fired live rounds and tear gas.
- [Gunshots]

756
00:51:48,235 --> 00:51:51,543
Liberia has tried,
we've used our own resources,

757
00:51:51,543 --> 00:51:54,111
but obviously
we have limitations,

758
00:51:54,111 --> 00:51:57,244
and we hope that the
international community see this

759
00:51:57,244 --> 00:52:00,769
as an international
catastrophe.

760
00:52:00,769 --> 00:52:03,511
[Overlapping news anchors] Two
Americans who had been infected...

761
00:52:03,511 --> 00:52:05,513
...will be sent home
for care in Atlanta.

762
00:52:05,513 --> 00:52:07,733
[Speaking Spanish]

763
00:52:10,997 --> 00:52:13,304
- William Pooley...
- ...became infected whilst working as a nurse

764
00:52:13,304 --> 00:52:15,219
in eastern Sierra Leone...

765
00:52:15,219 --> 00:52:18,178
A news photographer for NBC
just diagnosed with Ebola.

766
00:52:18,178 --> 00:52:20,354
Much like the other
Americans before him,

767
00:52:20,354 --> 00:52:24,663
he will be flown back to the
United States for treatment.

768
00:52:24,663 --> 00:52:26,665
- Woman: That's him?
- Woman #2: Mm-hmm.

769
00:52:26,665 --> 00:52:29,624
- Woman #3: That's him.
- Woman: Oh, my God.

770
00:52:29,624 --> 00:52:33,106
- He's from West Africa, right?
- Woman #2: No, he's from the States, from here.

771
00:52:33,106 --> 00:52:36,805
- Woman: Oh, he's from the States?
- Woman #2: He's an American.

772
00:52:36,805 --> 00:52:39,808
- Woman: Oh, my God.
- Woman #3: I got here-- oh, my God...

773
00:52:39,808 --> 00:52:42,768
Wright: In a repeating pattern,
the world only really started

774
00:52:42,768 --> 00:52:45,074
to pay attention
to the Ebola epidemic

775
00:52:45,074 --> 00:52:47,729
when foreign workers
began to fall sick.

776
00:52:50,167 --> 00:52:52,560
Male anchor: The international
responses continue to ramp up.

777
00:52:52,560 --> 00:52:55,389
Obama: We're going to create an
air bridge to get health workers

778
00:52:55,389 --> 00:52:58,349
and medical supplies
into West Africa faster.

779
00:52:58,349 --> 00:53:02,222
David Cameron: Over a billion euros
across Europe will be galvanized.

780
00:53:02,222 --> 00:53:04,877
[François Hollande
speaking French]

781
00:53:04,877 --> 00:53:06,618
[overlapping news anchors] China
is sending healthcare professionals.

782
00:53:06,618 --> 00:53:08,489
[Speaking Chinese]

783
00:53:12,101 --> 00:53:15,453
There are 84 flights a week
leaving these affected countries.

784
00:53:15,453 --> 00:53:18,369
For the first time, the Ebola
virus is in the United States.

785
00:53:18,369 --> 00:53:22,547
Thomas Duncan contracted Ebola in
Liberia before flying to Dallas, Texas.

786
00:53:22,547 --> 00:53:25,114
He lied on his exit form
so he could leave Liberia.

787
00:53:25,114 --> 00:53:27,116
[Overlapping voices] Why not
just shut down the flights

788
00:53:27,116 --> 00:53:29,075
- and secure the borders?
- A travel ban may make sense.

789
00:53:29,075 --> 00:53:31,382
We should not be allowing
these folks in, period.

790
00:53:39,085 --> 00:53:44,438
Brilliant: As of today, one
case came from Liberia.

791
00:53:44,438 --> 00:53:46,179
One.

792
00:53:46,179 --> 00:53:49,095
Now, there'll be more,
but right now, one.

793
00:53:49,095 --> 00:53:53,055
And in response to that they
say, "Let's close the borders.

794
00:53:53,055 --> 00:53:55,797
Nobody from Africa
will be allowed in."

795
00:53:55,797 --> 00:54:00,454
They don't even know where West
or East or South Africa is.

796
00:54:00,454 --> 00:54:03,109
"Nobody from Africa
should be allowed in.

797
00:54:03,109 --> 00:54:06,155
And close our airports."

798
00:54:06,155 --> 00:54:10,769
I mean, that's a combination
of ignorance and arrogance

799
00:54:10,769 --> 00:54:13,902
that could create
ruination

800
00:54:13,902 --> 00:54:17,558
for our economic system,
our financial system.

801
00:54:17,558 --> 00:54:21,258
Man: Please be advised that a health
care worker who lives in your area

802
00:54:21,258 --> 00:54:24,783
- has tested positive for the Ebola virus.
- [Siren wailing]

803
00:54:24,783 --> 00:54:27,351
[overlapping news anchors]
Today, testing confirmed

804
00:54:27,351 --> 00:54:31,877
that a patient here in New York
City had tested positive for Ebola.

805
00:54:31,877 --> 00:54:34,532
Craig Spencer treated
Ebola patients in Guinea.

806
00:54:34,532 --> 00:54:37,665
12 hours before
he detected his fever,

807
00:54:37,665 --> 00:54:39,972
he was in an Uber car,
he was on the L train,

808
00:54:39,972 --> 00:54:41,800
he was on the A train,
he was on the 1 train,

809
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:43,889
he went to two bowling alleys, and he ate at a restaurant

810
00:54:43,889 --> 00:54:47,501
as no quarantine
was required.

811
00:54:47,501 --> 00:54:49,503
Late this afternoon,
the governors of New York

812
00:54:49,503 --> 00:54:52,027
and New Jersey
decided to change that.

813
00:54:52,027 --> 00:54:55,335
After returning from treating
Ebola patients in Sierra Leone,

814
00:54:55,335 --> 00:54:58,295
Kaci Hickox
was forcibly quarantined,

815
00:54:58,295 --> 00:55:01,776
even though she tested
negative for Ebola twice.

816
00:55:01,776 --> 00:55:03,474
We have the legal
authority to do it.

817
00:55:03,474 --> 00:55:04,475
Um, we're doing it.

818
00:55:07,391 --> 00:55:10,307
Garrett: It was pretty clear
that the United States epidemic

819
00:55:10,307 --> 00:55:14,920
was overwhelmingly
an epidemic of fear.

820
00:55:14,920 --> 00:55:19,620
We got a practice run
on how Americans will respond,

821
00:55:19,620 --> 00:55:22,275
and, boy, we got an F.

822
00:55:36,811 --> 00:55:38,422
Woman: In addition,
we have renewed

823
00:55:38,422 --> 00:55:40,641
our determination
to remain vigilant...

824
00:55:40,641 --> 00:55:43,514
Piot: We're spending a lot of
time with the community...

825
00:55:43,514 --> 00:55:45,559
Woman: And we will rid
our beloved country

826
00:55:45,559 --> 00:55:48,127
of this dreadful,
unwanted guest-- Ebola.

827
00:55:48,127 --> 00:55:50,956
Piot: ...community leaders
with our colleagues

828
00:55:50,956 --> 00:55:55,656
to assess how to better
handle this Ebola epidemic.

829
00:55:55,656 --> 00:55:59,704
My big question, and I guess it is
the concern of everybody here, is--

830
00:55:59,704 --> 00:56:02,359
is this a wake-up call
for you,

831
00:56:02,359 --> 00:56:04,143
also the international
community,

832
00:56:04,143 --> 00:56:07,451
to start looking
at other potential viruses

833
00:56:07,451 --> 00:56:10,715
that may come to harm us, as
vulnerable as we are, in the future

834
00:56:10,715 --> 00:56:13,370
so that we start putting
things in place now for us to--

835
00:56:13,370 --> 00:56:16,547
to prevent us getting
in those types of situations?

836
00:56:16,547 --> 00:56:20,681
Well, to be honest,
in these 38 years,

837
00:56:20,681 --> 00:56:23,031
we have
collectively failed.

838
00:56:23,031 --> 00:56:26,034
And every time when there's a big
epidemic, we say, "Oh, never again.

839
00:56:26,034 --> 00:56:29,211
And we're going to--
you know, to set,

840
00:56:29,211 --> 00:56:31,649
put in place mechanisms
to do this and that,"

841
00:56:31,649 --> 00:56:33,041
and it doesn't happen.

842
00:56:33,041 --> 00:56:35,479
And so we have
to now really fight

843
00:56:35,479 --> 00:56:37,611
that this will happen
this time

844
00:56:37,611 --> 00:56:41,485
and that there are
better systems in place.

845
00:56:41,485 --> 00:56:42,355
[Beeps]

846
00:56:44,575 --> 00:56:48,013
Wright: In the fall of 2014,
significant aid and manpower

847
00:56:48,013 --> 00:56:50,232
finally started arriving
in the region.

848
00:56:52,670 --> 00:56:55,020
In Liberia,
there were contingents

849
00:56:55,020 --> 00:56:56,891
from Médecins
Sans Frontières,

850
00:56:56,891 --> 00:57:01,461
China, Cuba, Germany, Sweden,
and the United States.

851
00:57:01,461 --> 00:57:04,290
[Members arguing]

852
00:57:08,033 --> 00:57:10,383
[banging on table]

853
00:57:12,298 --> 00:57:13,908
Wright:
It was chaotic,

854
00:57:13,908 --> 00:57:17,477
and coordination
was often difficult.

855
00:57:17,477 --> 00:57:20,175
But makeshift ETUs
were finally replaced

856
00:57:20,175 --> 00:57:22,351
with purpose-built
field hospitals.

857
00:57:26,312 --> 00:57:28,140
Moses:

858
00:57:38,019 --> 00:57:39,891
[chatter]

859
00:59:05,672 --> 00:59:07,021
[thunder rumbles]

860
00:59:11,722 --> 00:59:14,202
Moses:

861
01:00:38,765 --> 01:00:40,462
He just dropped and died.

862
01:00:44,423 --> 01:00:46,773
He just dropped
and died.

863
01:00:46,773 --> 01:00:47,644
Yeah.

864
01:01:05,923 --> 01:01:07,446
[Sniffles]

865
01:01:20,111 --> 01:01:22,374
[horn honking]

866
01:01:56,277 --> 01:01:58,627
[beeps]

867
01:01:58,627 --> 01:02:00,717
[machinery powers on]

868
01:02:25,872 --> 01:02:28,745
Decontee Davis:

869
01:02:32,966 --> 01:02:35,099
- [car horns honking]
- [chatter]

870
01:02:37,754 --> 01:02:40,017
- Davis: A cat...
- Kids: A cat...

871
01:02:40,017 --> 01:02:41,932
- Davis: ...a rat...
- Kids: ...a rat...

872
01:02:41,932 --> 01:02:44,543
- Davis: ...on a mat.
- Kids: ...on a mat.

873
01:02:44,543 --> 01:02:47,459
- A fat cat...
- A fat cat...

874
01:02:47,459 --> 01:02:50,723
- ...sat on the mat...
- ...sat on the mat...

875
01:04:00,924 --> 01:04:02,186
[chatter]

876
01:04:06,799 --> 01:04:08,801
Moses:

877
01:04:32,477 --> 01:04:34,218
How are you?

878
01:05:13,126 --> 01:05:15,215
[Machine whirring]

879
01:05:50,555 --> 01:05:53,688
Wright: The 21st century can
be characterized by a race

880
01:05:53,688 --> 01:05:55,864
between the dangers
of modernization

881
01:05:55,864 --> 01:05:57,649
and the advances.

882
01:06:00,086 --> 01:06:02,175
Our only chance
of winning the race

883
01:06:02,175 --> 01:06:05,787
is to use 21st century tools
to fight epidemics,

884
01:06:05,787 --> 01:06:09,617
ideally even to prevent them
with vaccines.

885
01:06:33,032 --> 01:06:35,208
Yes, he is.
Come right on in.

886
01:07:06,022 --> 01:07:09,155
Garcia-Sastre:

887
01:07:09,155 --> 01:07:12,202
- They sent the slides.
- Oh, yeah, okay.

888
01:07:12,202 --> 01:07:15,422
Wright: Currently, we create a
new flu vaccine every year,

889
01:07:15,422 --> 01:07:20,166
adjusting it to match
the circulating strains of flu.

890
01:07:20,166 --> 01:07:22,386
It takes months
to make that vaccine.

891
01:07:22,386 --> 01:07:24,127
Yeah, it looks quite nice.

892
01:07:24,127 --> 01:07:26,651
Wright: What scientists
are trying to develop

893
01:07:26,651 --> 01:07:29,436
is a universal
flu vaccine,

894
01:07:29,436 --> 01:07:32,178
one that could work against
all strains of flu,

895
01:07:32,178 --> 01:07:34,180
seasonal and pandemic.

896
01:07:35,355 --> 01:07:38,619
Garcia-Sastre:

897
01:07:56,333 --> 01:07:58,117
Gao:

898
01:08:03,383 --> 01:08:05,211
Wright: Better
diagnostics are critical

899
01:08:05,211 --> 01:08:09,476
to preventing outbreaks
from becoming epidemics.

900
01:08:09,476 --> 01:08:13,219
We frequently
misdiagnose influenza.

901
01:08:13,219 --> 01:08:14,873
And initially
in the field,

902
01:08:14,873 --> 01:08:18,920
we misidentified
both Ebola and Zika.

903
01:08:18,920 --> 01:08:22,750
Confusing them
with other diseases,

904
01:08:22,750 --> 01:08:26,276
we lost valuable time
to contain them.

905
01:08:26,276 --> 01:08:27,799
[Lock beeps]

906
01:08:27,799 --> 01:08:29,061
Computerized voice:
Thank you.

907
01:08:29,061 --> 01:08:30,976
You have been
identified.

908
01:08:33,761 --> 01:08:35,459
This is the area
where we have a lot

909
01:08:35,459 --> 01:08:39,419
of the diagnostic machinery
that we're working on.

910
01:08:39,419 --> 01:08:43,728
So, the general idea is your
sample's gonna get placed in here,

911
01:08:43,728 --> 01:08:45,686
and it will run
across the chip.

912
01:08:45,686 --> 01:08:47,210
You close it up,

913
01:08:47,210 --> 01:08:51,039
and then the cartridge
can sit right here.

914
01:08:51,039 --> 01:08:55,392
Right now, the run time is somewhere
in the order of half an hour.

915
01:08:55,392 --> 01:08:59,396
So what you can see on the screen
here-- this is the intact virus.

916
01:08:59,396 --> 01:09:03,095
Maybe it's Ebola, maybe it's
influenza, maybe it's Zika.

917
01:09:03,095 --> 01:09:05,880
You could imagine it being
useful in your doctor's office.

918
01:09:05,880 --> 01:09:08,970
You can imagine it
being useful in an airport.

919
01:09:08,970 --> 01:09:13,323
Or you can imagine somebody wanting
to bring it to a triage site

920
01:09:13,323 --> 01:09:17,153
if there is some disaster
or some outbreak.

921
01:09:22,462 --> 01:09:26,031
[Dilma Rousseff
speaking Portuguese]

922
01:09:30,035 --> 01:09:33,125
[overlapping news anchors] Today the President
of Brazil gave public health officials

923
01:09:33,125 --> 01:09:34,822
the right to enter
any home or business

924
01:09:34,822 --> 01:09:36,911
to try to eradicate
mosquito breeding grounds.

925
01:09:36,911 --> 01:09:39,349
Cases of the Zika virus
have been reported

926
01:09:39,349 --> 01:09:42,830
in dozens of countries across
Southern and Central America.

927
01:09:42,830 --> 01:09:45,920
Already, Puerto Rico is in
the crosshairs of the virus.

928
01:09:45,920 --> 01:09:47,879
[Woman speaking Spanish]

929
01:09:52,362 --> 01:09:54,190
[speaking Spanish]

930
01:09:57,410 --> 01:09:59,456
Wright: Scientists are
still trying to understand

931
01:09:59,456 --> 01:10:01,588
the full range
of neurological effects

932
01:10:01,588 --> 01:10:06,289
the Zika virus causes
in both babies and adults.

933
01:10:06,289 --> 01:10:09,161
Male anchor: Florida officials
have finally found the Zika virus

934
01:10:09,161 --> 01:10:11,337
in mosquitoes
in the Miami area.

935
01:10:11,337 --> 01:10:12,860
David Jolly:
People are scared.

936
01:10:12,860 --> 01:10:15,123
Cases of Zika rose
from 4,000

937
01:10:15,123 --> 01:10:17,648
to, by some estimates,
over 16,000.

938
01:10:17,648 --> 01:10:21,521
Can you imagine, colleagues, the
fear and anxiety in this chamber

939
01:10:21,521 --> 01:10:24,655
if these hundred mosquitoes were
outside this jar, not inside this jar?

940
01:10:24,655 --> 01:10:27,266
A lot of folks talk about
protecting Americans from threats.

941
01:10:27,266 --> 01:10:29,877
Well, Zika is a serious threat
to Americans.

942
01:10:29,877 --> 01:10:34,578
Wright: Zika is spreading
rapidly around the world.

943
01:10:34,578 --> 01:10:36,797
At least 49 countries
or territories

944
01:10:36,797 --> 01:10:40,236
in the Western Hemisphere
have local Zika transmission.

945
01:10:47,591 --> 01:10:50,028
Garrett: We're already seeing
mosquitoes transmitting Zika

946
01:10:50,028 --> 01:10:52,813
in the United States.

947
01:10:52,813 --> 01:10:56,034
It's really just a question
of how many states,

948
01:10:56,034 --> 01:10:59,298
how widespread,
and how many people

949
01:10:59,298 --> 01:11:01,996
will acquire infection
as a result.

950
01:11:05,391 --> 01:11:08,351
We are not prepared
for Zika.

951
01:11:08,351 --> 01:11:11,963
Every outbreak, we go to the
Capitol Hill folks and beg.

952
01:11:11,963 --> 01:11:15,053
And every outbreak,
it becomes very political.

953
01:11:15,053 --> 01:11:17,098
[Dog barking]

954
01:11:19,057 --> 01:11:21,015
In the United States,

955
01:11:21,015 --> 01:11:25,324
there are a patchwork of laws
that guide health.

956
01:11:25,324 --> 01:11:28,284
There's no consistency
in the level of funding

957
01:11:28,284 --> 01:11:31,069
or urgency or training
or expertise.

958
01:11:31,069 --> 01:11:34,333
Am I allowed as a public health
official to go on your front lawn,

959
01:11:34,333 --> 01:11:38,642
your private property,
and spray insecticide?

960
01:11:38,642 --> 01:11:41,297
In some cities, yes.
In some cities, no.

961
01:11:43,299 --> 01:11:46,650
Am I allowed to force you,
compel you,

962
01:11:46,650 --> 01:11:49,914
to drain a swampy-like
condition in your backyard

963
01:11:49,914 --> 01:11:53,352
because it's breeding
mosquitoes?

964
01:11:53,352 --> 01:11:55,485
Again, there's
no consistent law.

965
01:11:58,270 --> 01:12:01,229
Public health
is a two-way trust.

966
01:12:01,229 --> 01:12:04,711
I have to trust that government's
going to do the job,

967
01:12:04,711 --> 01:12:07,758
but government
can't do the job

968
01:12:07,758 --> 01:12:11,239
of public health
unless the public is engaged.

969
01:12:13,154 --> 01:12:16,419
If government says,
"Mosquitoes are here

970
01:12:16,419 --> 01:12:18,682
and they're carrying
a really dangerous disease,

971
01:12:18,682 --> 01:12:20,161
we need to come
on your property.

972
01:12:20,161 --> 01:12:22,947
We need to have
access to ways

973
01:12:22,947 --> 01:12:24,992
to eradicate
those mosquitoes."

974
01:12:24,992 --> 01:12:27,821
And you say, "I believe
in the Second Amendment."

975
01:12:27,821 --> 01:12:30,998
[Imitates shotgun cocking]
"Nobody's coming on my property,"

976
01:12:30,998 --> 01:12:33,349
then there's no trust
and there's no public health.

977
01:12:35,438 --> 01:12:37,788
And similarly,
if there's an epidemic

978
01:12:37,788 --> 01:12:39,964
that involves a vaccine,

979
01:12:39,964 --> 01:12:42,749
government doesn't line
your children up.

980
01:12:42,749 --> 01:12:44,925
You line your children up.

981
01:12:44,925 --> 01:12:47,101
And if you're not
willing to do so,

982
01:12:47,101 --> 01:12:48,973
then you're not part
of the trust

983
01:12:48,973 --> 01:12:51,976
that is the basis
of public health.

984
01:12:51,976 --> 01:12:55,371
[Crowd chanting]
Don't shoot, hands up!

985
01:12:55,371 --> 01:12:58,809
- [Crowd shouting]
- Garrett: If there's one hallmark

986
01:12:58,809 --> 01:13:01,246
of my lifetime
on this planet,

987
01:13:01,246 --> 01:13:03,770
it is the erosion of trust
in government.

988
01:13:03,770 --> 01:13:06,947
[Crowd chanting]

989
01:13:06,947 --> 01:13:09,689
And public health

990
01:13:09,689 --> 01:13:12,910
is paying a price
at every level

991
01:13:12,910 --> 01:13:14,607
for that erosion
of trust.

992
01:13:22,659 --> 01:13:26,314
Gwen: Each year, Terry
gets the vaccine.

993
01:13:26,314 --> 01:13:28,665
I don't get it.

994
01:13:28,665 --> 01:13:30,884
And we gave Shannon
the choice,

995
01:13:30,884 --> 01:13:33,626
and she chose not to.

996
01:13:33,626 --> 01:13:36,324
I'm trying to understand
the flu vaccine

997
01:13:36,324 --> 01:13:40,067
because I want to know if we had
have gotten Shannon vaccinated,

998
01:13:40,067 --> 01:13:43,680
if it might have saved
her life.

999
01:13:43,680 --> 01:13:46,509
There's so much information
on the Internet.

1000
01:13:46,509 --> 01:13:49,163
I can go
to 30 different websites

1001
01:13:49,163 --> 01:13:51,427
and get
30 different answers.

1002
01:13:51,427 --> 01:13:54,386
You don't know
who to trust.

1003
01:13:54,386 --> 01:13:56,432
Wright: There is something
about the flu vaccine

1004
01:13:56,432 --> 01:13:58,346
that conjures confusion.

1005
01:14:00,479 --> 01:14:03,830
While not currently
a perfect tool

1006
01:14:03,830 --> 01:14:07,443
and varying in effectiveness
from year to year,

1007
01:14:07,443 --> 01:14:10,315
over the last decade,
the flu vaccine reduces

1008
01:14:10,315 --> 01:14:14,101
the risk of getting the flu
by at least 50 %.

1009
01:14:14,101 --> 01:14:17,191
It also reduces
hospitalizations and deaths.

1010
01:14:19,977 --> 01:14:24,460
Gwen: A little over a year ago,
a mom that lost a little girl

1011
01:14:24,460 --> 01:14:28,855
put together a Facebook page,
and she titled it "Flu Moms."

1012
01:14:28,855 --> 01:14:31,423
And when she hears
of another mom

1013
01:14:31,423 --> 01:14:35,862
or somebody finds us,
they join.

1014
01:14:35,862 --> 01:14:37,603
Here's a mom.

1015
01:14:37,603 --> 01:14:41,868
She had a booth at a fair,

1016
01:14:41,868 --> 01:14:46,307
and all of our children
were pictured.

1017
01:14:46,307 --> 01:14:48,701
[Crying]
There's Shannon.

1018
01:14:48,701 --> 01:14:50,529
And...

1019
01:14:50,529 --> 01:14:53,053
when children came
to the booth

1020
01:14:53,053 --> 01:14:54,925
to get their faces
painted...

1021
01:14:57,275 --> 01:14:59,886
then the parents
standing there waiting

1022
01:14:59,886 --> 01:15:01,627
would get
the information.

1023
01:15:01,627 --> 01:15:04,717
They'd be told about
these children who have died

1024
01:15:04,717 --> 01:15:06,502
and the importance
of vaccination,

1025
01:15:06,502 --> 01:15:07,851
that kind of thing.

1026
01:15:11,681 --> 01:15:14,161
We have a new mom.

1027
01:15:14,161 --> 01:15:16,990
Julia.

1028
01:15:16,990 --> 01:15:20,254
"Not wonderful to be part
of a flu mom group,

1029
01:15:20,254 --> 01:15:24,476
but it's great that we all
are here for one another."

1030
01:15:26,652 --> 01:15:28,524
Shoot.

1031
01:15:28,524 --> 01:15:30,787
We'll learn her story
pretty soon.

1032
01:15:36,096 --> 01:15:39,709
Rath: There's a huge amount of parents
that are just utterly confused.

1033
01:15:41,275 --> 01:15:43,713
And that's a big
communication challenge

1034
01:15:43,713 --> 01:15:45,062
when it comes
to the vaccine.

1035
01:15:47,064 --> 01:15:49,588
So, the question is
does she have anything now?

1036
01:15:49,588 --> 01:15:51,285
Yes, you know...

1037
01:15:51,285 --> 01:15:52,765
Rath: Vaccine hesitancy
is something

1038
01:15:52,765 --> 01:15:55,028
that we observe
to be on the rise,

1039
01:15:55,028 --> 01:15:56,595
which is quite alarming.

1040
01:15:56,595 --> 01:15:58,510
[Squeals, laughs]

1041
01:15:58,510 --> 01:16:01,992
Influenza is actually possibly
preventable with a vaccine.

1042
01:16:01,992 --> 01:16:04,864
That's great.
But nobody uses it.

1043
01:16:04,864 --> 01:16:05,691
That's not great.

1044
01:16:09,303 --> 01:16:12,393
One of the most common
misconceptions about the flu vaccine

1045
01:16:12,393 --> 01:16:14,831
is that people say, "You know
what, I'm in my best years.

1046
01:16:14,831 --> 01:16:16,659
I'm healthy.
I've never been sick."

1047
01:16:16,659 --> 01:16:18,922
But there's another aspect
to vaccines, obviously,

1048
01:16:18,922 --> 01:16:22,012
and that's not just me,
it's also the people around me

1049
01:16:22,012 --> 01:16:25,581
because of the potential of me
giving something to somebody

1050
01:16:25,581 --> 01:16:27,321
that may be
serious to them,

1051
01:16:27,321 --> 01:16:31,282
even if it may not be
serious to me at this moment.

1052
01:16:31,282 --> 01:16:34,241
And I may very well sit
in the subway next to somebody

1053
01:16:34,241 --> 01:16:38,289
who has a very weak
immune system.

1054
01:16:38,289 --> 01:16:41,118
And they may not even know it, and I may not know it,

1055
01:16:41,118 --> 01:16:44,208
but I may very well
give somebody the flu.

1056
01:16:44,208 --> 01:16:47,603
So, there's the question
of the common good

1057
01:16:47,603 --> 01:16:49,909
versus
the individual good.

1058
01:16:49,909 --> 01:16:52,999
If we want any effectiveness
of a vaccine,

1059
01:16:52,999 --> 01:16:55,132
we need to get
vaccinated.

1060
01:16:55,132 --> 01:16:57,438
[Indistinct announcement
on P.A.]

1061
01:17:01,878 --> 01:17:04,315
[crowd shouting]

1062
01:17:09,276 --> 01:17:12,062
Brilliant: The great
influenza of 1917, '18,

1063
01:17:12,062 --> 01:17:15,152
that virus
is said to have

1064
01:17:15,152 --> 01:17:17,633
gone around the world
four times

1065
01:17:17,633 --> 01:17:19,722
without an airplane.

1066
01:17:19,722 --> 01:17:21,201
That's 100 years ago now.

1067
01:17:24,117 --> 01:17:26,554
At the end
of the great influenza,

1068
01:17:26,554 --> 01:17:30,123
50 million or 100 million
had died.

1069
01:17:30,123 --> 01:17:32,691
That's against a global
population at the time

1070
01:17:32,691 --> 01:17:37,348
less than two-sevenths
of what it is today.

1071
01:17:37,348 --> 01:17:40,090
Multiply 50 or 100 million
by three,

1072
01:17:40,090 --> 01:17:43,006
you're talking about
a number of deaths

1073
01:17:43,006 --> 01:17:44,964
that's totally catastrophic,

1074
01:17:44,964 --> 01:17:47,924
a hit to our economy
that's unimaginable.

1075
01:17:50,448 --> 01:17:53,146
In 2006, I brought
the top epidemiologists

1076
01:17:53,146 --> 01:17:54,974
from all over the world
together.

1077
01:17:54,974 --> 01:17:56,541
The vaccine needs...

1078
01:17:56,541 --> 01:18:00,501
Brilliant:
And the vast majority felt

1079
01:18:00,501 --> 01:18:03,679
that in the next
20 years, 30 years,

1080
01:18:03,679 --> 01:18:05,506
there will be a pandemic,

1081
01:18:05,506 --> 01:18:06,986
and it will have
the potential

1082
01:18:06,986 --> 01:18:08,988
to bring humanity
to its knees.

1083
01:18:10,163 --> 01:18:12,905
[Clucking]

1084
01:18:12,905 --> 01:18:14,733
Wright:
New strains of influenza

1085
01:18:14,733 --> 01:18:18,389
are already infecting birds
in over 75 countries.

1086
01:18:21,087 --> 01:18:23,437
And the way we are interacting with the animal world

1087
01:18:23,437 --> 01:18:25,048
is putting us at risk.

1088
01:18:25,048 --> 01:18:26,876
[Screeching]

1089
01:18:26,876 --> 01:18:29,530
We encroach on wetlands,
so wild birds

1090
01:18:29,530 --> 01:18:32,708
mix more frequently
with domestic poultry;

1091
01:18:32,708 --> 01:18:35,798
our food trade
is completely globalized;

1092
01:18:35,798 --> 01:18:40,411
and factory farms are growing
in scope and size.

1093
01:18:40,411 --> 01:18:44,067
With all influenzas,
there is some critical moment

1094
01:18:44,067 --> 01:18:48,071
when a virus circulating
in one species,

1095
01:18:48,071 --> 01:18:51,204
of, say, birds,

1096
01:18:51,204 --> 01:18:53,990
manages to mutate
in a form

1097
01:18:53,990 --> 01:18:57,254
that allows it
to get into, say, pigs,

1098
01:18:57,254 --> 01:19:00,170
and then from there
to spread easily

1099
01:19:00,170 --> 01:19:01,649
between people.

1100
01:19:01,649 --> 01:19:03,521
We've seen this
over and over.

1101
01:19:03,521 --> 01:19:05,131
It's going on all the time,
right at this moment.

1102
01:19:07,481 --> 01:19:10,397
Here's what
a truly horrible,

1103
01:19:10,397 --> 01:19:13,618
worst-case scenario pandemic
would look like.

1104
01:19:16,186 --> 01:19:18,101
First, there would
be a jump

1105
01:19:18,101 --> 01:19:22,279
from some animal species
to humans.

1106
01:19:22,279 --> 01:19:24,237
The first humans would be

1107
01:19:24,237 --> 01:19:26,631
the people close
to those animals.

1108
01:19:28,546 --> 01:19:31,941
And then their families
and the kids in the schools.

1109
01:19:31,941 --> 01:19:34,595
And it would not be

1110
01:19:34,595 --> 01:19:37,207
regionally confined
for long at all.

1111
01:19:37,207 --> 01:19:39,600
Days, that's it.

1112
01:19:39,600 --> 01:19:41,472
And let's assume
that it kills

1113
01:19:41,472 --> 01:19:44,431
5 % of the people
it infects.

1114
01:19:44,431 --> 01:19:49,001
Well, 5 % would be hundreds
of millions of human beings.

1115
01:19:49,001 --> 01:19:51,830
Woman: Pandemic flu will
soon reach this country.

1116
01:19:51,830 --> 01:19:54,093
Man: If you become sick
while traveling, contact...

1117
01:19:54,093 --> 01:19:58,619
Garrett: So, once the epidemic
has really begun to spread,

1118
01:19:58,619 --> 01:20:02,710
you can't even begin to
imagine the scale of this.

1119
01:20:02,710 --> 01:20:04,582
Man: You want to be as far away
from the city as possible.

1120
01:20:04,582 --> 01:20:06,279
Man #2: It's going to come
to your community...

1121
01:20:06,279 --> 01:20:07,890
Garrett: You have huge
numbers of people

1122
01:20:07,890 --> 01:20:09,413
that are not
coming to work,

1123
01:20:09,413 --> 01:20:11,676
and that includes jobs
we consider essential

1124
01:20:11,676 --> 01:20:13,460
for public safety,

1125
01:20:13,460 --> 01:20:17,029
like the guys that turn
water systems on and off...

1126
01:20:17,029 --> 01:20:18,944
- [siren wailing]
- ...the police...

1127
01:20:18,944 --> 01:20:21,555
- [helicopter whirring]
- ...the fire department.

1128
01:20:21,555 --> 01:20:25,777
Then people start blasting
their conspiracy theories out

1129
01:20:25,777 --> 01:20:28,998
about where this disease
came from,

1130
01:20:28,998 --> 01:20:31,957
who caused it,
why is it here.

1131
01:20:31,957 --> 01:20:33,829
[Cell phone chimes]

1132
01:20:33,829 --> 01:20:36,919
You would see
a whole wave of shortages

1133
01:20:36,919 --> 01:20:39,617
of goods and services
all over the world.

1134
01:20:39,617 --> 01:20:42,707
The stockouts
of every single kind of drug,

1135
01:20:42,707 --> 01:20:45,101
the overcrowding
of the hospitals,

1136
01:20:45,101 --> 01:20:47,755
the overcrowding
of the mortuaries,

1137
01:20:47,755 --> 01:20:53,413
the sheer numbers
of both sick and dying.

1138
01:20:53,413 --> 01:20:56,852
What a really severe influenza
pandemic would look like...

1139
01:20:56,852 --> 01:20:59,376
- [siren wailing]
- [explosions]

1140
01:20:59,376 --> 01:21:02,031
...is something close
to social collapse.

1141
01:21:07,558 --> 01:21:11,779
Sands: We're not effectively prepared as a world for a pandemic.

1142
01:21:11,779 --> 01:21:15,566
We don't have effective enough
coordination and response.

1143
01:21:15,566 --> 01:21:17,307
But the biggest thing

1144
01:21:17,307 --> 01:21:23,269
is that the on-the-ground
preparation and preparedness

1145
01:21:23,269 --> 01:21:24,314
is full of holes.

1146
01:21:27,534 --> 01:21:31,843
There's a pattern here
of responding to an outbreak

1147
01:21:31,843 --> 01:21:35,586
rather than investing in
preparedness.

1148
01:21:35,586 --> 01:21:37,980
Preparedness
is so much cheaper,

1149
01:21:37,980 --> 01:21:40,025
so much more
cost-effective

1150
01:21:40,025 --> 01:21:42,767
than responding
after the event has happened.

1151
01:21:45,552 --> 01:21:47,467
Wright: Major nations
around the world

1152
01:21:47,467 --> 01:21:51,080
currently spend 10 to 25
times less on bio-security

1153
01:21:51,080 --> 01:21:53,473
than they do
on homeland security,

1154
01:21:53,473 --> 01:21:55,649
in spite of the likelihood
of an epidemic

1155
01:21:55,649 --> 01:21:57,956
causing even
greater loss of life.

1156
01:22:00,872 --> 01:22:04,223
We are overdue
for an influenza pandemic.

1157
01:22:04,223 --> 01:22:07,357
On average, they happen
every 20 to 40 years.

1158
01:22:09,968 --> 01:22:13,972
A lesser influenza pandemic,
one equivalent to 1968,

1159
01:22:13,972 --> 01:22:16,975
would likely now kill
up to two million people.

1160
01:22:19,673 --> 01:22:22,459
An influenza pandemic
like 1918

1161
01:22:22,459 --> 01:22:25,375
could kill
200 million people--

1162
01:22:25,375 --> 01:22:28,378
more than the entire
population of Germany,

1163
01:22:28,378 --> 01:22:31,250
Great Britain,
and Spain combined.

1164
01:22:32,991 --> 01:22:35,254
[Horn honking]

1165
01:22:35,254 --> 01:22:37,343
To prevent pandemics,
we need to do

1166
01:22:37,343 --> 01:22:40,390
a much better job
of controlling outbreaks.

1167
01:22:47,353 --> 01:22:48,833
- Morning!
- Morning.

1168
01:22:48,833 --> 01:22:50,400
Moses:

1169
01:22:57,668 --> 01:22:59,844
[humming tune]

1170
01:22:59,844 --> 01:23:02,107
♪ ...on my shoulder

1171
01:23:06,677 --> 01:23:11,334
♪ I'll be your guide

1172
01:23:11,334 --> 01:23:14,815
♪ Always be your guide

1173
01:23:14,815 --> 01:23:18,080
♪ Won't you hear
my people cry? ♪

1174
01:23:30,744 --> 01:23:32,007
Chickie-chickie-chickie!

1175
01:24:42,773 --> 01:24:45,297
Yeah.
It gives me joy.

1176
01:24:45,297 --> 01:24:47,647
- Woman: ♪ When you see the power of God... ♪
- [group clapping]

1177
01:24:47,647 --> 01:24:49,171
♪ It is my ability

1178
01:24:49,171 --> 01:24:51,695
♪ It has to be
the Lord working ♪

1179
01:24:51,695 --> 01:24:53,958
♪ It is my ability

1180
01:24:53,958 --> 01:24:57,483
- ♪ Tomorrow
- ♪ Tomorrow I escape

1181
01:24:57,483 --> 01:25:01,226
♪ Will try to find my way
out of this again. ♪

1182
01:25:01,226 --> 01:25:03,489
- Amen.
- Group: Amen.

1183
01:26:18,347 --> 01:26:20,740
I want to present
this certificate to you.

1184
01:26:20,740 --> 01:26:24,309
- Meyma. Meyma?
- [Laughter]

1185
01:26:24,309 --> 01:26:26,746
Meyma,
please talk to me.

1186
01:26:26,746 --> 01:26:28,835
This is for you.

1187
01:26:28,835 --> 01:26:30,446
Take it from me
now, baby.

1188
01:26:33,231 --> 01:26:34,624
- It's for you.
- Yeah!

1189
01:26:34,624 --> 01:26:36,060
[Applause]

1190
01:26:39,759 --> 01:26:41,413
Moses:

1191
01:27:25,849 --> 01:27:28,460
- [babies crying]
- [chatter]

1192
01:27:36,642 --> 01:27:38,862
[Dos Santos
speaking Portuguese]

1193
01:28:12,461 --> 01:28:14,463
[laughs]

1194
01:28:16,682 --> 01:28:18,902
[crying]

1195
01:28:27,606 --> 01:28:28,999
[speaking Portuguese]

1196
01:30:14,452 --> 01:30:16,411
Wright: When an
outbreak catches hold,

1197
01:30:16,411 --> 01:30:20,371
it affects every part
of our lives--

1198
01:30:20,371 --> 01:30:24,419
business and government,
trust and freedom,

1199
01:30:24,419 --> 01:30:27,813
equity and security.

1200
01:30:27,813 --> 01:30:31,469
The fight against epidemics
can only be won

1201
01:30:31,469 --> 01:30:34,254
if each of us
does our part.

1202
01:30:34,254 --> 01:30:38,128
It turns out we are all
the front line.

1203
01:30:38,128 --> 01:30:41,131
I think it goes
on your left side.

1204
01:30:41,131 --> 01:30:43,916
- What if I don't want to wear it?
- Oh, no!

1205
01:30:43,916 --> 01:30:45,396
- [Laughter]
- Picture of you?

1206
01:30:45,396 --> 01:30:47,746
- A selfie.
- Oh, my God.

1207
01:30:47,746 --> 01:30:49,879
They created
a procedure

1208
01:30:49,879 --> 01:30:52,577
so that when people look
at-- open your iPhone...

1209
01:30:52,577 --> 01:30:56,494
It was in this hall
52 years ago

1210
01:30:56,494 --> 01:30:58,540
that my life
was forever changed.

1211
01:30:58,540 --> 01:31:01,412
I felt I had been drafted
into a different kind army

1212
01:31:01,412 --> 01:31:03,588
to fight for human rights.

1213
01:31:03,588 --> 01:31:06,983
In 1980, smallpox was declared
eradicated from the world,

1214
01:31:06,983 --> 01:31:11,204
and so far,
it's the only human disease

1215
01:31:11,204 --> 01:31:14,164
ever eliminated
by a public health campaign.

1216
01:31:14,164 --> 01:31:17,472
If smallpox could be eradicated,
we thought, what about HIV/AIDS?

1217
01:31:17,472 --> 01:31:21,563
Can we stop SARS and MERS,
H5N1 at their source,

1218
01:31:21,563 --> 01:31:23,782
and never become
a pandemic?

1219
01:31:23,782 --> 01:31:27,220
I don't dispute it's hard
and complicated,

1220
01:31:27,220 --> 01:31:28,744
but we have the tools.

1221
01:31:28,744 --> 01:31:30,702
We know what to do.

1222
01:31:30,702 --> 01:31:33,096
It's merely the application
of public will.

1223
01:31:33,096 --> 01:31:35,272
Go out
and change the world.

1224
01:31:44,586 --> 01:31:45,935
- How are you?
- I'm fine.

1225
01:32:09,915 --> 01:32:10,829
Ohh!

1226
01:32:41,251 --> 01:32:43,296
Good morning,
Professor Piot.

1227
01:32:43,296 --> 01:32:45,037
Oh, Soka.
How are you?

1228
01:32:45,037 --> 01:32:47,213
- Fine.
- Good to see you.

1229
01:32:47,213 --> 01:32:49,564
What keeps me awake
at night now

1230
01:32:49,564 --> 01:32:52,567
is that we will deliver
on our promises

1231
01:32:52,567 --> 01:32:54,220
to the people
of West Africa.

1232
01:32:54,220 --> 01:32:55,744
Shall we have a seat?

1233
01:32:55,744 --> 01:32:57,746
That we will support
these countries,

1234
01:32:57,746 --> 01:33:00,183
to build the systems
to make sure that

1235
01:33:00,183 --> 01:33:03,708
when there's another case of
Ebola, which will happen,

1236
01:33:03,708 --> 01:33:06,755
that it doesn't give rise
to a big epidemic.

1237
01:33:06,755 --> 01:33:09,975
- [Birds screeching]
- [car horns honking]

1238
01:33:09,975 --> 01:33:12,978
The time has gone
that we lived on islands

1239
01:33:12,978 --> 01:33:16,982
or that we were protected, and
there's no way to stop that...

1240
01:33:16,982 --> 01:33:21,465
- [babies crying]
- ...because fighting AIDS

1241
01:33:21,465 --> 01:33:24,381
or fighting the flu
and SARS in Asia

1242
01:33:24,381 --> 01:33:27,514
benefits people in Europe
and in North America.

1243
01:33:29,821 --> 01:33:32,432
So we need to act
beyond the boundaries

1244
01:33:32,432 --> 01:33:34,609
of our own countries.

1245
01:33:37,568 --> 01:33:41,398
Wright: The networks that connect
us accelerate everything--

1246
01:33:41,398 --> 01:33:44,314
the spread of ideas,
conflict,

1247
01:33:44,314 --> 01:33:46,403
people, and microbes.

1248
01:33:47,709 --> 01:33:49,754
There is no running away.

1249
01:33:49,754 --> 01:33:53,323
There is no wall
high enough.

1250
01:33:53,323 --> 01:33:57,153
What's absolutely missing,

1251
01:33:57,153 --> 01:33:59,024
just not there,
is trust.

1252
01:34:00,809 --> 01:34:03,986
And so, coming up
with preparedness

1253
01:34:03,986 --> 01:34:06,902
that looks like
it could stand up

1254
01:34:06,902 --> 01:34:09,469
to the microbes
when the attack comes

1255
01:34:09,469 --> 01:34:13,212
is really about each country
carrying their own weight.

1256
01:34:13,212 --> 01:34:15,606
Yes, we always need
to be watching.

1257
01:34:15,606 --> 01:34:18,565
Vigilance is permanent.

1258
01:34:18,565 --> 01:34:20,655
Wright: The hallmark
of the 21st century

1259
01:34:20,655 --> 01:34:25,355
is that our world is
simultaneously more connected

1260
01:34:25,355 --> 01:34:27,444
and more fraught.

1261
01:34:27,444 --> 01:34:30,186
Epidemics are a test
of who we are.

1262
01:34:32,971 --> 01:34:35,408
We can use our connections
for good,

1263
01:34:35,408 --> 01:34:38,542
to make the world safer
and healthier,

1264
01:34:38,542 --> 01:34:41,676
or those connections will
turn on us in an instant.

1265
01:34:43,460 --> 01:34:46,506
We cannot just continue
to be responding

1266
01:34:46,506 --> 01:34:49,684
to every outbreak
as it occurs.

1267
01:34:51,468 --> 01:34:55,037
If we do not invest
in better preparedness,

1268
01:34:55,037 --> 01:34:59,737
we are setting ourselves up for
future epidemics and pandemics

1269
01:34:59,737 --> 01:35:02,392
that will cost
enormous amounts

1270
01:35:02,392 --> 01:35:05,569
in terms of both lives
and money.

1271
01:35:07,876 --> 01:35:10,095
Brilliant: I constantly run
into people who are fatalists

1272
01:35:10,095 --> 01:35:12,489
and they say, "Well,
pandemics are inevitable,

1273
01:35:12,489 --> 01:35:13,882
so don't work on them."

1274
01:35:16,885 --> 01:35:19,539
Pandemics are not
inevitable.

1275
01:35:19,539 --> 01:35:21,193
Outbreaks are inevitable.

1276
01:35:21,193 --> 01:35:23,587
Pandemics are optional.

1277
01:35:23,587 --> 01:35:26,721
It's our option
if we will be lazy.

1278
01:35:26,721 --> 01:35:29,549
It's our option whether
we will deny the risk.

1279
01:35:29,549 --> 01:35:33,205
It's our option whether we will
refuse to face the consequences.

1280
01:35:36,252 --> 01:35:37,949
We have a chance
to stop something

1281
01:35:37,949 --> 01:35:41,692
that otherwise
could be horrific.

1282
01:35:41,692 --> 01:35:43,955
But it's going to take
all of us.

1283
01:35:48,394 --> 01:35:50,962
[Music playing]