大家好 我是奧利弗·斯通 Hello, I'm Oliver Stone.
我的童年是在紐約度過的 When I was a young boy growing up in New York City,
我自以為受到了良好的教育 I thought I received a good education.
我博覽歷史 尤其是美國史 I studied history extensively, especially American history.
這的確有效 使得我們自以為是世界的中心 It made sense. We were the center of the world.
天命昭彰 我們總是對的 There was a manifest destiny. We were the good guys.
但如今我已踏遍全球 Well, I've traveled the world now.
接受著世界對我的再教育 I continued my education
參加越戰 as an infantryman in Vietnam,
執導影片 其中可不乏歷史題材 made a lot of movies... Some of them about history.
其中所獲遠勝於以往所學 And I've learned a lot more than I once knew.
這時再聽到孩子們所接受的學校教育 And when I heard from my children what they were learning in school,
我不禁憂慮於他們 I was perturbed to hear that they were not really
對世界的認知還不如我來得客觀 getting a more honest view of the world than I did.
我們所有人都生活在一團迷霧之中 We live much of our lives in a fog, all of us.
我希望我的後輩能夠擺脫 And I would like my children to have access to something
這種非我所謂 "專制" 二字就能道盡的枷鎖 that looks beyond what I would call the tyranny of now.
你所看到的媒體上 You watch the media
每個人都在談論當天的新聞 and everyone talks about that thing... The news of the day.
而喧鬧之下的 真正重要的 And all the subconscious, really important stuff
正在發生的事物反倒被忽略了 that's going on is being neglected.
拿破侖曾道 Napoleon once said that
歷史是一系列約定俗成的謊言 "History is a pack of lies agreed upon."
這話我不是很同意 Well, I'm not sure I agree.
我認為歷史本身是有其意義和效用的 I believe history does have a meaning, does a have a purpose,
只是對歷史的正確認知模式還有待探尋 and there is a pattern to be found.
因此我及我的同事們 沒去製作其它類型的影片 And I wanted, with my colleagues, rather than make another feature film,
而是想用一種前所未有的方式來講述美國歷史 to tell the American story in a way that it has never been told before.
或許你會在片中找到很多問題的答案 There are many questions that you may not find answered here,
但同時你也會萌生很多新問題 but you will find questions raised
我希望這能讓你更具自主意識 that I hope will help make you more conscious.
我們將會向你介紹的人物有 We are going to propose, among other things,
建功立業而鮮有人知的... a forgotten set of heroes...
堅守信仰而受盡苦難的... People who suffered for their beliefs
窮不思變而泯於史冊的... and who have been lost to history because they did not conform.
我們還將會拆穿一些 And we are going to debunk some of
你曾深信不疑的英雄人物 those heroes that you believe in,
這絕無惡意 僅為重申史實 not with malice, but by restating the facts.
正因為我們會懷念已逝的美好事物 Unless we remind ourselves of the good that we have lost,
所以我們才想創造一個更美好的未來 it's not easy to imagine a better future.
通過向你展示那些可能 By showing you the patterns of behavior
你未曾留意的種種行為模式的形成 which have come to be that you perhaps have not noticed before,
我們將會帶你重新思考這個國家的意義 we will try to bring you back to the meaning of this country
以及她在二戰後翻天覆地的變化 and what so radically changed after World War II.
或許有些錯誤積重難返 There have been some profound mistakes,
但我始終堅信我們還有機會去修正 but we still have a chance, I strongly believe, to correct them.
不為人知的美國歷史
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桑格裡克利山脈 The Sangre de Cristo,
1945年7月16日 新墨西哥州 阿拉莫戈多
也稱 "基督血" 山脈 or "Blood of Christ" Mountain range,
是美國最為偏遠和蠻荒的地方之一 is one of the United States' most remote and primitive landscapes.
一座低矮的平房裡 In an isolated ranch house,
世界上最傑出的科學家們 其中許多來自歐洲 the world's top scientists, many of them European,
在這略帶寒意的清早緊張地齊聚一堂 gather nervously in the chill morning air.
隨著夜色漸濃 Nearby in the darkness,
有什麼東西被吊上了一座鐵塔頂端 something hangs atop a steel tower...
那是一枚炸彈 a bomb.
今天他們將進行一項試驗 Today they will test it.
試驗代號 "三位一體" The test is code-named Trinity.
曼哈頓計劃主要領導者之一,羅伯特·奧本海默
約翰·鄧恩的 《啟示》 The inspiration... John Donne,
是羅伯特·奧本海默最喜愛的詩篇 Robert Oppenheimer's favorite poet.
作為那個時代的先驅科學家之一 One of the premier scientists of his age,
奧本海默愛好文學和西南部的沙漠 Oppenheimer loved literature and the desert of the Southwest.
他是一位和平主義者 He was a peaceful man,
卻偏偏參與研製了 who just happened to have created and coordinated
有史以來最具殺傷性的武器 the most destructive weapon in all history.
僅幾公里之外 Only a few miles away,
這一工程的軍事指揮官 准將萊斯利·格羅夫斯 the project's military commander, brigadier general Leslie Groves,
美軍准將 萊利斯·格羅夫斯
也領導建造了 is the man responsible for building
美國陸軍部在弗吉尼亞州的新總部 the war department's gigantic new headquarters in Virginia
即現在的五角大樓 known as the Pentagon.
他一向不看好那些平民科學家 He doesn't like relying on unreliable civilian scientists.
衝鋒陷陣才是他的風格 His career is on the line.
來了 格羅夫斯將軍 這就是鈽 Here it is, general groves... plutonium.
不錯 這還是我第一次見到鈽 Well, that's the first time I've seen it,
但你要不介意的話 請把這盛在試管下方 but if you don't mind, I wish you'd hold that under it,
畢竟這實驗室還值5億美元 because, after all, there's about $50 million in that test tube.
原子控制器啟動了 The automatic control has got it now.
羅布 咱這回玩的可不小啊 Rob, this time the stakes are really high.
放一百個心吧 羅伯特 It's going to work all right, Robert.
我打包票不會有事的 And I'm sure we'll never be sorry for it.
40秒後見分曉 Well, in 40 seconds, we'll know.
倒計時開始後剩幾分鐘 將軍一直保持沉默 In the last few minutes, general silence is observed as the countdown begins.
十 Ten,
九 nine,
八 eight,
七 seven,
六 six,
五 five,
四 four,
三 three,
二 two,
一 one.
5時29分45秒 炸彈起爆 At 5:29 and 45 seconds, the bomb detonates.
發出的光比太陽還要亮 The light is brighter than the sun.
看著這次爆炸 Observing the explosion,
奧本海默不禁回想起《薄伽梵歌》中的一行詩 Oppenheimer recalls a line from the hindu scripture,
生殺予奪執我手 槍煙炮雨遍人髏 "Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds."
這種可怕的武器 This terrifying weapon
將使美國踏上新的征途 would launch the United States on a journey,
昔日國父們的世外桃源 turning the refuge of the founding fathers
如今已然窮兵黷武 into a militarized state.
第01集 第二次世界大戰
一代又一代的美國人被灌輸 Generations of Americans have been taught that
美國在二戰結束前夕投下原子彈實屬迫不得已 the United States reluctantly dropped atomic bombs at the end of World War II
那是為了避免成千上萬的年輕人 to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of young men
在對日作戰中陣亡 poised to die in an invasion of Japan.
而真實的歷史要更為複雜 But the story is really more complicated,
更為有趣 more interesting,
也更令人困惑不安 and much more disturbing.
許多美國民回首二戰時 Many Americans view World War II
認為那是一場 "好" 的戰爭 nostalgically as the "good war"
美利堅及其盟友戰勝了 in which the United States and its allies triumphed over
德國納粹 意大利法西斯 German nazism, Italian fascism,
以及日本軍國主義 and Japanese militarism.
但除此之外的 可就不太光彩了 Others, not so blessed,
別忘了二戰可是人類歷史上最為血腥的一場戰爭 remember World War II as the bloodiest war in human history.
當二戰結束時 By the time it was over,
已有6億至6.5億人喪命 60 to 65 million people lay dead,
其中約有2.7億蘇聯人 including an estimated 27 million Soviets,
1億至2億中國人 between 10 and 20 million Chinese,
600萬猶太人 six million Jews,
600多萬德國人 over six million Germans,
300萬非猶太族波蘭人 three million non-Jewish poles,
250萬日本人 2.5 million Japanese,
150萬南斯拉夫人 and 1.5 million yugoslavs.
奧地利 英國 法國 意大利 匈牙利 羅馬尼亞 Austria, Britain, France, Italy, Hungary, Romania,
還有美國 and the United States
損失的人口均達到25萬至50萬 each counted between a quarter million and a half million dead.
與一戰不同 Unlike World War I,
二戰的發生是緩慢而漸進的 World War II began slowly and incrementally.
日本於1931年打響了二戰的第一槍 The opening shots were fired in 1931 when Japan,
其關東軍勢如破竹 直取滿洲 rapidly industrializing, launched its Kwantung army into Manchuria,
橫掃中國軍隊 overwhelming Chinese forces.
而在歐洲 德國在阿道夫·希特勒納粹主義的影響下 In Europe, Germany, under Nazi leader Adolf Hitler,
正尋思著一雪一戰戰敗之恨 seeking to avenge its own devastating defeat in World War I,
這台德意志戰爭機器已經開動 was building up the German war machine.
德國人必須自力更生 German people, help yourself!
希特勒盟友 意大利法西斯頭子 貝尼托·墨索里尼 His ally, Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini,
意大利政府首腦 貝尼托·墨索里尼
於1935年10月入侵埃塞俄比亞 invaded Ethiopia in October, 1935.
而英美法三國 But the United States, Britain, and France
卻坐視不管 did little to protest.
結果這讓希特勒以為 And as a result, Hitler concluded
同盟國沒膽開戰 that the allies had no real stomach for war.
1936年3月 In March 1936,
德軍佔領萊茵蘭 German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland.
這是希特勒的一場豪賭 It was Hitler's biggest gamble to date
他押中了 and it worked.
在進軍萊茵蘭之後的48小時 "The 48 hours after the March
是我一生中神經最緊張的時刻 were the most nerve-wracking in my life,"
他說道 he said.
就憑我們手上那點兒軍事力量 "The military resources at our disposal would have been
想稍作抵抗也是有心無力 wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance.
如果法軍也開進萊茵蘭 If the French had marched into the Rhineland,
我們就得夾著尾巴撤退了 we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs."
派兵進入萊茵蘭是我一生最艱難也最大膽的決定 "Sening our troops into the Rhineland was the hardest and most daring decision of my life..."
而各國在西班牙內戰時的明哲保身 The feeble international response to the Spanish civil war
更是令人失望 was even more disheartening.
西班牙內戰爆發於1936年7月 Fighting erupted in July, 1936,
弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥率兵 when general Francisco Franco's forces
推翻民選的西班牙共和政府 set out to topple the elected Spanish Republic
並建立法西斯政權 and establish a fascist regime.
共和政府並不受美國政界和商界待見 The Republic had made enemies among U.S. officials and corporate leaders
因為其政策過於激進且經濟管制過多 with its progressive policies and tight regulation of business.
許多美國天主教徒也支持弗朗哥 Many American Catholics rallied to Franco's support,
而希特勒和墨索里尼不光支持 as did Hitler and Mussolini,
還援助了大量的物資和軍隊 who sent abundant aid and thousands of troops.
希特勒派遣禿鷹軍團轟炸格爾尼卡 Hitler supplied his feared condor legion, whose bombing of Guernica
畢加索的著名壁畫 《格爾尼卡》 描繪的就是此事 was depicted by Pablo Picasso in his famous mural.
巴勃羅·畢加索
蘇聯領導人約瑟夫·斯大林 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
蘇聯政府首腦 約瑟夫·斯大林
向共和政府援助了軍隊和軍事顧問 sent arms and advisors to assist the loyalists.
反觀法英美三國竟坐視不管 But neither France, England, or the United States did anything to help.
美國總統富蘭克林· 德拉諾·羅斯福下令 The U.S., under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
美國第32任總統 富蘭克林· 德拉諾·羅斯福
禁止向交戰雙方輸出武器物資 banned the shipment of weapons to either side,
這使原本弱勢的政府軍雪上加霜 which weakened the outgunned government forces.
而福特 通用 費爾斯通 But Ford, General Motors, Firestone
等美國企業卻供應給法西斯 and other U.S. businesses provided the fascists
車輛 輪胎和機械部件 with trucks, tires and machine tools.
由親法西斯者領導的德士古石油公司 Texaco Oil Company, headed by a pro-fascist,
托基爾德·裡伯
承諾弗朗哥其所需全部石油可賒購 promised Franco all the oil he needed on credit.
羅斯福震怒了 Roosevelt was furious
他以禁運石油要挾德士古並對其罰款 and threatened an oil embargo and slapped Texaco with a fine.
但德士古依然故我 無動於衷 But Texaco persisted, undeterred,
甚至還向希特勒供應起了石油 and also supplied oil to Hitler.
這場戰火延續了三年 The fighting dragged on for three years.
根據1940年歐內斯特·海明威小說改編 1943年 山姆·伍德導演 《喪鐘為誰而鳴》
約有2800名美國志願者前往西班牙對抗法西斯 Some 2,800 brave Americans snuck into Spain to battle the fascists,
其中多數加入了國際縱隊中的亞伯拉罕·林肯旅 most joining the communist-backed Abraham Lincoln brigade.
亞伯拉罕·林肯旅
最終近1000人長眠異鄉 Almost 1,000 did not return.
告訴我們 英佬 Tell us, Ingles,
你為何不遠萬里來為我們的共和而戰 why have you come so far to fight for our Republic?
有的人是會為了信仰而戰鬥的 費南多 A man fights for what he believes in, Fernando.
對 但一般都在自己的國家裡吧 Well, but in his own country.
好吧 或許你覺得我多管閒事 Well, maybe you feel that I'm sticking my nose into other people's business,
但我不這麼認為 but I don't feel that way.
不僅是西班牙這兒在打仗 對吧 It's not only Spain fighting here, is it?
一邊是德國與意大利 一邊是俄國 It's Germany and Italy on one side and Russia on the other,
而西班牙正好夾在中間 and the Spanish people right in the middle of it all.
納粹與法西斯對抗民主主義者 The Nazis and fascists are just as much against democracy
就如民主主義者對抗共產主義者一樣 as they are against the communists.
而你們的國家不過是他們新式武器的試驗場而已 And they're using your country as a proving ground for their new war machine,
他們的新坦克 新轟炸機等等 their tanks and dive bombers and stuff like that,
這樣他們才能凌駕於民主之上 so they can get the jump on the democracies
然後叩關英國 法國 以及我的國家 and knock off England and France and my country
以至於我們都還未來得及拿起武器準備好 before we get armed and ready to fight.
但最終還是弗朗哥得勝 But Franco triumphed
1993年春天 隨共和而隕落的 and the Republic fell in the spring of 1939,
不僅有超過10萬的共和政府軍 burying with it not only over 100,000 republican soldiers
以及5000名外國志願者 and 5,000 foreign volunteers,
還有許許多多進步的希望與夢想 but the hopes and dreams of many progressives.
1939年 羅斯福對他的內閣說 By 1939, Roosevelt told his cabinet that
他的西班牙政策是個重大失誤 his policies in Spain had been a grave mistake
並且警誡他們很快就會自食其果 and warned that they all soon would pay the price.
但這政策使斯大林確信了 But that policy convinced Stalin that
西方政權並無誠心來 the Western powers had no real interest in
英國首相 內維爾·張伯倫
法國總理 愛德華·達拉第
共同行動以減緩納粹的侵略步伐 a collective action to slow the Nazi advance.
多年來 正是蘇聯的獨裁者在懇求西方 For years, the Soviet dictator had implored the West
團結起來對抗希特勒和墨索里尼 to unite against Hitler and Mussolini,
甚至為此於1934年加入了國際聯盟 even joining the league of nations in 1934.
國際聯盟
但其請求總是被忽略 But Soviet pleas were repeatedly ignored.
隨後到了1937年 And then, in 1937,
中國開始全面抗戰 full-scale war erupted in China
強大的日軍攻城略地 莫不降下 as the powerful Japanese army captured city after city.
蔣介石的國民黨軍隊節節敗退 With Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces fleeing in retreat,
中國政府主席 總司令 蔣介石
1937年12月 南京遭受到日軍獸行的蹂躪 Japanese soldiers brutalized the citizens of nanjing in December, 1937,
20萬到30萬的市民被屠殺 killing 200,000 to 300,000 civilians
成千上萬的婦女被姦淫 and raping tens of thousands of women.
日軍很快控制了中國的東部沿海 Japan soon controlled the east coast of China
以及此地區的20億人口 with its population of 200 million.
1938年 國際形勢進一步惡化 The international situation deteriorated further in 1938
德國吞併了奧地利 with German annexation of Austria
同盟國在慕尼黑向希特勒妥協 and the allies' capitulation to Hitler at Munich,
1938年 《慕尼黑協定》
割讓捷克斯洛伐克的蘇台德地區給德國 dismembering Czechoslovakia and giving Germany the Czech Sudetenland.
英國首相內維爾·張伯倫低劣地聲明 British prime minister Neville Chamberlain infamously proclaimed
慕尼黑協定帶來了 "整整一代人的和平" that the settlement had brought "Peace in our time."
美國及其盟友官方倒沒那麼積極 Nor did the U.S. and its allies officially do much
去幫助德國水深火熱中的猶太人 to help Germany's desperate Jewish community,
納粹砸搶燒猶太商店和教堂 直到戈培爾叫停
1938年晚些時候的 when in late 1938
水晶之夜中,暴行肆虐 an orgy of violence was let loose on Kristallnacht...
強姦和殺戮猶太人的現象劇增 rape and murder of the ancient Jewish population escalated.
跟歐洲一樣,美國沒幫上什麼忙 As in Europe, the U.S.A. did little to help,
只是在1933年至1945年間,接收了約20萬猶太人 only admitting approximately 200,000 Jews between 1933 and 1945.
希特勒於1939年3月繼續出擊 Emboldened, Hitler struck again in March '39,
違反承諾去侵略捷克斯洛伐克的剩餘領土 breaking his promise and invading the rest of Czechoslovakia.
斯大林看清了真相 Stalin recognized the truth...
他的國家正獨自面對最具威脅的敵人 His country was facing its most deadly enemy alone.
他需要爭取時間 He needed to buy time,
以防德國與波蘭結盟進攻蘇聯 and fearing a German-Polish alliance to attack the U.S.S.R.,
他與希特勒簽訂的互不侵犯條約令西方震驚 he shocked the West when he signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler,
東歐只能坐等被蘇德瓜分 dividing Eastern Europe between them.
昔日公認的死敵 Here were the admitted arch enemies
如今已握手言和 in a state of apparent friendship.
斯大林首要考慮的是自己國家的安全 Stalin's primary concern was the security of his own nation.
可事實是,蘇聯的獨裁者早就提議過跟英法結盟 In fact, the Soviet dictator had proposed the same alliance with Britain and France,
德國外交部長 約阿希姆·馮·裡賓特洛甫
但英法都不同意斯大林在波蘭駐紮蘇軍 but neither would accept Stalin's demand to place Soviet troops on Polish soil
以作為阻擋德軍的屏障 as a way of blocking the Germans.
條約簽訂後不到2周 Less than two weeks after the pact was signed,
1939年9月1日
希特勒從西面入侵波蘭 Hitler invaded Poland from the West.
英法兩國同波蘭結盟 Britain and France, allied with Poland,
共抗希特勒且正式宣戰 finally stood up to Hitler and declared war.
2周後的9月17日 Two weeks later, on September 17th,
斯大林也入侵了波蘭 Stalin also invaded Poland.
蘇聯隨即宣佈控制了 The Soviets soon thereafter asserted control over
波羅的海三國 愛沙尼亞 拉脫維亞 立陶宛 the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,
之後又入侵了芬蘭 and invaded Finland.
世界再次捲入大戰 The world was at war once again.
第二次世界大戰已經打響 World War II has begun.
很快戰無不勝的德軍就接二連三地 In rapid succession, the invincible German army
攻佔了丹麥 挪威 荷蘭 比利時 conquered Denmark, Norway, Holland, and Belgium.
而法國軍隊由於在一戰中 The great French army of World War I,
年輕一代早已傷亡慘重 its younger generation decimated in that slaughter,
1940年6月 法國 巴黎
這次只抵抗6周後就於1940年6月淪陷了 collapsed after only six weeks of fighting in June, 1940.
法國政府中有大量官員 The bulk of its ruling class,
十分保守和反猶的 conservative and anti-semitic to the core,
決定與德國納粹合作 decided on collaboration.
現在希特勒將目光轉向了英國 Hitler now turned his attention to England
並且發動了一輪懲罰性的空襲 and launched a punishing air assault
作為跨過海峽入侵的前奏 as precursor to a cross-channel invasion.
但是新的戰時領導人 溫斯頓·丘吉爾 But a new war leader, Winston Churchill,
1940-1945 1951-1955 英國首相 溫斯頓·丘吉爾
凝聚起了整個國家 rallied the nation behind him.
我們將在海灘作戰 We shall fight on the beaches,
我們將在陸地作戰 we shall fight on the landing grounds,
我們將在田野和街頭作戰 we shall fight in the fields and in the streets.
我們將在群山間作戰 We shall fight in the hills.
我們絕不投降 We shall never surrender.
這簡直是個奇跡 And in what seemed a miracle,
弱勢的英國空軍抵擋住了德軍的狂轟濫炸 the battered air force held the Germans at bay
不列顛之戰就此載入史冊 in the historic battle of Britain.
丘吉爾稱這是他們最光輝的時刻 Churchill called it their finest hour.
帶領著英國人民的 Leading the British people,
丘吉爾已然是個現世神話 Churchill became a living legend.
大多數美國人都希望英法兩國能贏得戰爭 Although most Americans wanted Britain and France to win the war,
我們不支持美國參戰
1939年10月進行過民意調查 according to a gallup poll in October '39,
美國民意研究中心
95%的被訪者希望美國置身事外 95% percent wanted the U.S. to stay out,
他們擔心英國再次像1917年一樣 fearing essentially that Britain was again, as in 1917,
將美國拖入一場無意義的世界大戰 drawing the U.S. into a futile World War.
再來一場戰爭 我可不要 Another war? Not for me.
美國這次應該置身事外 反正我不會管那攤子事兒 This time America should keep out, and I know I will.
讓歐洲人自己收拾他們的戰爭 Let Europe fight her own battles.
不要跟外國糾纏
我們與之毫無關係 They mean nothing to us.
沒門兒 不行 - By all means, no.
不 不 不 - No! - No. - No.
羅斯福在1940年的競選中承諾過 Roosevelt promised in the 1940 election that
不會讓任何一個美國人去參加別國的戰爭 "No American boys would go to a foreign war."
而今他確信希特勒意在統治全球 Yet he now believed that Hitler was intent on world domination.
儘管中立法白紙黑字 And with neutrality legislation on the books
戰備又極不充分 and military preparedness at a low level,
美國軍隊 13萬6千
羅斯福還是採取了些果敢的措施 Roosevelt nonetheless made several bold moves.
折中那些條條框框後 Bending the rules,
他派遣了50艘舊驅逐艦支援英國 he unilaterally sent 50 old destroyers to Britain.
為了將日本趕出中國 And in order to drive Japan out of China,
他有針對性地限制對日本出口重要的軍工原材料 he imposed select embargoes on the flow of vital raw materials critical to the Japanese war machine.
煤炭
鐵渣
1940年9月27日 《德意日三國同盟條約》
1940年9月 In September, 1940,
日本 德國 意大利及一些僕從國 Japan retaliated and established, with Germany and Italy and others,
簽訂三國公約 the tripartite pact.
東京
現在這三個軸心國家肯定會聯手對付我們 It was clear now that the three axis countries definitely stood against us,
柏林
羅馬
並摧毀我們所賴以生息的一切準則 organized to smash the very principles which made us the people we are.
隨著戰爭疑雲越發波詭雲譎 With war clouds growing darker,
羅斯福邁出了最為大膽的一步 Roosevelt now made his boldest move yet.
他突破了喬治·華盛頓的孤立主義原則 Breaking the famous precedent of George Washington,
那是他1940年爭取連任三屆總統時還贊成的 he declared for a third term in 1940.
當時他的那種支持率可謂空前 The stakes have rarely been higher in a presidential election.
在這種勁頭下 羅斯福 And Roosevelt, in this spirit,
選擇了富有爭議的農業部長 now chose his controversial secretary of agriculture,
農業部長 亨利·阿加德·華萊士
亨利·阿加德·華萊士作為他的競選搭檔 Henry A. Wallace, as his running mate.
華萊士這名得力干曾幫羅斯福成功地 Wallace had been at the nerve center of Roosevelt's successes
熬過了經濟大蕭條 in stalling off the perils of the great depression,
他讓政府給農民發放補貼 easing the way with government subsidies for farmers
以應對減耕減產並恢復農貿 to stay in business by cutting back on production.
對於城市裡的貧困人口 For the urban poor,
華萊士推出了食品券和學校午餐的政策 Wallace had provided food stamps and school lunches.
他還制定了土地利用規劃和保護政策 He instituted programs for land-use planning and soil conservation.
他與科學界聯繫密切 Considered the scientific community's best ally,
華萊士高聲呼籲反對錯誤的種族理論 Wallace spoke out strongly against the building up of false racial theories
並批評希特勒在德國的政策 in rebuke of the Hitler policies in Germany.
喬治·卡弗 出生在奴隸制下 George Carver, born into slavery,
現在是塔斯基吉大學專攻植物學的化學家 now a chemist at Tuskegee University specializing in botany,
美國科學家 喬治·華盛頓·卡弗
是他將我引入了植物受精這個神奇的領域 first introduced me to the mysteries of plant fertilization.
我耗費了很多年來繁育玉米 I spent a good many years breeding corn
因為這位科學家使我對植物的熱愛更為深沉 because this scientist deepened my appreciation of plants
可以說 我永生難忘 in a way I could never forget.
能力再大也無權奴役任何一個種族或任何一個階級 Superior ability is not the exclusive possession of any one race or any one class,
每個人都應得到平等的機會 provided men are given the right opportunities.
華萊士的觀點令民主黨的領袖不安 Democratic party bosses feared Wallace's views,
他的提名看似就此泡湯了 and it looked like the Wallace nomination would go up in flames,
羅斯福在憤怒與沮喪之間 when Roosevelt, angry and frustrated,
給會議代表們寫了一封意義非凡的信 wrote a remarkable letter to the assembled delegates
他直接拒絕了總統提名 in which he flatly turned down the presidential nomination.
民主黨的競選已經失利了 The Democratic party has failed
因為它受制於 置私利於人類價值之上的人 when it has fallen to the control of those who think in terms of dollars instead of human values.
只有民主黨完全擺脫了那些鐐銬的束縛 Until the Democratic party shakes off all the shackles of control fastened upon it
不再保守 不再倒退 不再苟安 by the forces of conservatism, reaction, and appeasement,
它才可能走向勝利 it will not continue its March to victory.
民主黨無法同時應付除弊和競選這兩件事 The party cannot face in both directions at the same time.
因此我拒絕總統提名 Therefore, I decline the honor of the nomination for the presidency.
美國第一夫人 埃莉諾·羅斯福
幸好他的妻子 埃莉諾·羅斯福 挽救了危局 His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, saved the day.
總統夫人在大會上發表講話尚屬首次 The first president's wife ever to address a convention,
她對不滿的代表們說 she told disgruntled delegates that
我們正面臨著一個極其嚴峻的局勢 "We face now a grave situation."
你們不能把這次提名看做 You cannot treat it as you would treat
平常時期的平常提名 an ordinary nomination in an ordinary time.
黨魁們屈服了並在選票上寫上了華萊士 The party bosses buckled and put Wallace on the ticket.
然而他們不會善罷甘休 They would, however, come back for their vengeance.
我聽說了關於我的提名的新聞 I've just heard the news of my nomination,
在這裡我只想說的是 and there is just one thing I want to say.
在羅斯福總統的帶領下 我十分有信心 I am confident that under the leadership of president Roosevelt
我們民主黨應該團結起來 we shall have a united Democratic party,
共同取得11月大選的勝利 victory in November,
並維護美國人民的安生 and security for the American people.
1939年 弗蘭克·卡普拉導演 《史密斯先生到華盛頓》
但針對華萊士的批評仍不絕於耳 But the crisis over Wallace never went away.
第32任美國副總統 約翰·南斯·加納
前副總統 綽號 "仙人掌傑克" 的加納 The previous vice president, "Cactus Jack" garner,
這個和藹健談的德克薩斯人說道 an affable outgoing texan had said...
這職位還不值得招致這麼多告誡 This job ain't worth a barrel of warm piss.
儘管如此 華萊士還是在國會中站住了腳 Nonetheless Wallace stuck out like a sore thumb on Capitol Hill.
他是個思想深沉的人 He was a spiritual man,
既著迷於納瓦霍部落的信仰 fascinated by Navajo tribal religion.
還研究過佛教和拜火教 He studied Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.
華府的雞尾酒會 The Washington scene with its cocktail dives
以及煙友會並不適合他 and smoky members' clubs didn't suit him.
他不抽煙也不喝酒 He didn't drink or smoke.
他最喜歡網球和拳擊 He preferred to play tennis and box.
在晚上則喜歡讀書 He liked to spend evenings reading
或到托波馬克河邊扔迴旋鏢 and throwing boomerangs on the potomac.
他的極大自信 In a sign of his great confidence,
使羅斯福任命其為經濟作戰局局長 Roosevelt made Wallace chairman of the board of economic warfare
主管國家經濟 in charge of the national economy.
此時華萊士對華府的影響力如日中天 Wallace was at the height of his influence in Washington.
1941年是個歷史性的轉折點 1941 would be a year of epic change.
德國進一步實現了對德國民眾的承諾 The fuhrer of Germany had fulfilled his promise to the German people
逆轉了第一次世界大戰之恥 and reversed the shame of World War I.
不是國家支配著我們 是我們在支配這個國家 "The State doesn't command us! We command the State!"
德國人正在興頭上 The Germans now were at their height.
他們的食物來自法國 荷蘭 丹麥 挪威 Foodstuffs from France, Holland, Denmark, Norway,
奢侈品氾濫 工業一片繁榮 luxury goods, industries thriving...
德意志帝國的千年未來似乎觸手可及 the thousand-year reich of the future looked like it might come true after all.
但正如歷史反覆上演的那樣 But, as history repeatedly shows,
其致命處不在外部 the fatal flaw arises not from without,
而出現在了內部 but from within.
希特勒的自信達到了極點 And Hitler, at the zenith of his arrogance,
他開始進犯蘇聯 attacked the Soviet Union.
他首創的 "生存空間" 的概念 The concept of lebensraum, or "living space" was described first by him
生存空間
出自他於1925年6月出版的自傳下冊 in his 1925-6 two volume autobiography,
當我們今天談到歐洲的新領土的時候 我們主要必須想到俄國和它周圍的附庸國家
《我的奮鬥》 "Mein Kampf"... My fight.
他主張德國人民的未來應當在東歐 He stated that the future of the German peoples lay in the east
所以需要除掉蘇聯 and would need to be carved out of the U.S.S.R.
地球表面積的1/6 One-sixth of the earth's surface,
從東到西幾乎能繞地球半圈 reaching from east to west, nearly halfway around the world,
北至北極 南抵印度 and Southward from the North Pole to the borders of India.
一個擁有2330萬平方千米領土的國家 One country of nine million square miles.
是我們國家的三倍大 That's our own country three times over,
或者相當於整個北美再加上100萬平方千米 or all of North America and a million square miles to boot.
數不勝數的原材料 Raw materials... unlimited.
高達1.93億的人口 Man power... 193 million.
而它的斯拉夫民族和猶太民族 And it was going to be the Slavic and Jewish peoples
即將被剷除,來為日益增多的德國人騰出空間 who were going to be eliminated to make room for the ascendant German race.
德國人和斯拉夫人在東歐的積怨 The clash between Germans and Slavs over Eastern Europe
可追溯到13世紀的北方十字軍戰役 dated back to the Baltic Crusades of the 13th century,
那時德國騎士已開始進犯俄國人 in which German knights had fought the Russians...
1939年 謝爾蓋·愛森斯坦導演 《亞歷山大·涅夫斯基》
而後隨著民族國家的興起,雙方矛盾與日俱增 And later intensified with the rise of nation states.
如今希特勒準備完成這項未竟的事業 Now Hitler was prepared to finish the job,
他堅信優等的德意志民族終將 believing that racially pure Germany was destined
征服劣等的,混血的斯拉夫民族 to vanquish the decadent, racially-mixed Slavs.
照他的解釋,種族融合會導致文明衰亡 Racial mixing, he reasoned, caused the collapse of civilization.
他在祖國首次見證了這一理論應驗於 He had witnessed it firsthand in his native country
一戰爆發前多民族的維也納 in the multi-national city of Vienna before the first World War,
而現在同樣應驗於衰頹的英國和美國 and now saw it also occurring in a decadent Britain and the United States.
西邊英國的威脅不再 With England no longer a threat in the West,
希特勒現已準備奪取最大的戰果 Hitler was now ready to go after the biggest prize of all.
和斯大林簽訂互不侵犯條約不到2年 Less than two years after he had signed the peace pact with Stalin,
他便發動攻擊了 he attacked.
1941年6月 巴巴羅薩行動
他發兵300萬以閃電戰的攻勢 Three million men he sent in a Blitzkrieg movement
向蘇聯推進 戰線長達3220千米 cutting deep into Soviet territory along a 2,000-mile front,
從北冰洋一直往南到黑海 from the arctic all the way down to the Black Sea.
德軍迅速摧毀了2/3的蘇聯空軍 The Germans quickly destroyed two-thirds of the Soviet Air Force.
以及部分坦克和火炮 With the added loss of tanks and artillery,
斯大林於1939年興建的大量據點損毀殆盡 Stalin's massive post-1939 buildup had been useless.
由於擔心英國用假情報 Fearing that Britain was planting disinformation
煽動德國和蘇聯開戰 to incite war between Germany and the U.S.S.R.,
斯大林不相信情報人員關於侵略迫近的報告 Stalin disbelieved his own intelligence reports about the imminence of the invasion.
斯大林在30年代的大清洗運動中 In the 1930s' purges, Stalin
處決或監禁了大部分高級將領 had killed or imprisoned most of the Soviet High Command...
及約4.3萬軍官 Some 43,000 officers...
這些人被指控忠於 because of their alleged loyalty
蘇聯紅軍之父,列夫·托洛茨基 to the Red Army founder Leon Trotsky,
外交和軍事委員 列夫·托洛茨基
而此人早在流亡墨西哥期間就被斯大林暗殺了 whom Stalin had had assassinated the year before in his exile in Mexico city.
斯大林十分多疑 也正因如此 Stalin was equally paranoid, and rightly so,
戰前幾年在蘇聯人的忠誠問題上 他極其嚴酷 about the loyalty of local Soviet populations which he'd brutalized in the pre-war years.
然而希特勒不是在那些心懷不滿的人中尋找合作者 But Hitler, instead of seeking the alliance of this restive population,
而是採取了比斯大林更為冷酷的做法 was even more ruthless than Stalin,
以便達到殲滅蘇聯 intending the annihilation of the Soviets
普斯科夫
這一比西線戰事或反猶更大的目標 on a scale far larger than his war in the West or even against the Jews.
諾夫哥羅德
布列斯特—立托夫斯克
明斯克
莫吉廖夫
1941年夏天 烏克蘭淪陷 The Ukraine fell in the summer of 1941,
維捷布斯克
在蘇聯最古老的主要城市基輔的戰鬥中 and the battle for Kiev, the oldest major city in the Soviet Union,
基輔
50萬蘇聯人喪命 cost half a million Soviet lives.
市民們不是被處死就是淪為勞工 Civilians were either executed or condemned to slave labor ranks,
烏克蘭的淪陷還使蘇聯失去了一個工業核心 and with the fall of the Ukraine came the loss of the Soviet industrial heartland.
煤炭 鋼材 油氣 礦物 全部落入德國之手 The coal, the steel, the gas, and the mineral ores of the Soviet Union were stolen by the Germans,
1941年秋天 德軍正逼近莫斯科 who were moving towards Moscow in the fall of 1941.
美英軍事領導人預計 American and British military leaders estimated the
蘇聯將撐不了3個月 U.S.S.R. Would hold on for no more than three months
甚至連4周都堅持不了 and might even fold in four weeks.
他們害怕斯大林會與德國締結和約 They feared that Stalin would conclude a separate peace.
事態刻不容緩 The prospects were so devastating that
丘吉爾擱置下長期以來對共產主義的厭惡 Churchill swallowed his longstanding loathing of communism
準備向蘇聯提供援助 and pledged support for the Soviet Union.
斯大林請求英國提供軍工原料 Stalin begged Britain for military material
並立即登陸歐洲向希特勒開闢第二戰線 and to land immediately in Europe and engage Hitler on a second front.
但對於西方來說 當下之急是 And for the West, it was now crucial to
讓蘇聯陷於戰爭而無法自拔 keep the Soviet Union in the war
以避納粹戰爭機器之鋒芒 to absorb the main thrust of the Nazi war machine.
羅斯福於8月份下令向蘇聯提供首批100架戰鬥機 In August, Roosevelt ordered delivery of the first 100 fighter planes to the U.S.S.R.
但美國軍事領導執意用其來加強本國防務 But American military leaders, intent upon building up U.S. defenses,
羅斯福的努力付之東流 impeded Roosevelt's efforts.
而英國對斯大林愈發不信任 And the British, reinforcing Stalin's mistrust,
遂也拒絕兌現援助 also objected to diversion of their supplies.
在西方仍有許多國家 There were still many in the West who
打從心眼裡樂於見到蘇聯虎落平陽 frankly were glad to see the Soviet Union finally on her knees.
密蘇里州議員 哈里·杜魯門 Missouri senator Harry Truman
密蘇里州議員 1935-1945 哈里·S·杜魯門
於1941年在參議院聲稱 declared on the floor of the senate in 1941...
如果德國將要贏了 If we see that Germany is winning,
蘇聯紅軍難以抵抗德軍
那我們應該去幫助蘇聯 we ought to help Russia.
要是蘇聯即將贏了 那就該幫助德國 And if Russia is winning, we ought to help Germany.
蘇聯紅軍死守莫斯科
那樣才能讓他們盡可能互相殘殺 And that way, let them kill as many as possible.
好在羅斯福無視此種建議 在1941年11月 Ignoring such advice, Roosevelt, in November, 1941,
他宣佈美國會增加對蘇聯的援助 announced that the U.S. would extend aid to the Soviets.
同年3月份 羅斯福 In March of that year, Roosevelt
在不情願的國會中通過了租借法案 had managed to get a lend-lease act through a reluctant congress.
之後他向英國提供了320億美元援助中的首批70億 He then sent the first $7 billion of what would eventually become $32 billion to Britain.
蘇聯最終總共接收了110億美元 The Soviets, in the end, would receive $11 billion.
1941年8月 In August 1941,
羅斯福與丘吉爾在紐芬蘭秘密會晤 Roosevelt met secretly with Churchill in Newfoundland.
一艘船穿破霧霾 與奧古斯塔號並排停泊 A ship came out of the mist, mooring side by side with the Augusta.
那是威爾士親王號 It was the H.M.S. Prince of Wales.
英國首相此趟前來只為說服美國參戰 The prime minister had come solely to convince the United States to join the war now.
美國空軍上尉 艾略特·羅斯福
艾略特·羅斯福是羅斯福的兒子 Elliott Roosevelt, one of Franklin's sons
他現在的身份是駐外使館武官 who was there as a military attache,
他書中記述過丘吉爾與之午夜邂逅的開誠佈公 described in his book a late-night encounter where Churchill made a naked appeal.
這是你們的唯一機會 It's your only chance.
你們應該和我們並肩作戰 You've got to come in beside us.
艾略特隨後攙扶著他父親進了屋內 Elliott later helped his father on his leg braces walk to his cabin.
他就是個老保守派 對吧 A real old Tory, isn't he?
他是位完美的戰時首相 He's a perfect wartime prime minister.
他的首要任務是讓英國挺過這場戰爭 His one big job is to see that Britain survives this war.
但戰後的英國還歸他管嗎 But Winston Churchill lead England after the war?
這可沒個準兒 It'd never work.
我們得一開始就跟英國講清楚 We've got to make clear to the British from the very outset
我們不會傻乎乎地做個樂天派 that we don't intend simply to be a good-time Charlie
去幫大英帝國走出困境 who can be used to help the British Empire out of a tight spot
然後就此被遺忘 and then be forgotten forever.
大英帝國現在危如累卵 The British Empire is at stake here.
有些事情無需明說 It's something that is not generally known,
但英德兩國的銀行家在國際貿易中輔牙相倚 but British bankers and German bankers have had world trade pretty well
錢袋子可連在一起挺久了的 sewn up in their pockets for a long time.
那一晚 羅斯福開始勾勒新世界的藍圖 That night, Roosevelt began to spell out his vision for a new world.
我認為我是站在美國總統的立場上 I think I speak as America's president
宣佈美國不會幫助英國 when I say that America won't help England
繼續欺壓殖民地的人民 to continue to ride roughshod over colonial peoples.
羅斯福藍圖的核心是 At the heart of Roosevelt's vision was that
政治的自由就意味著經濟的自由 political freedom meant economic freedom,
與之形成鮮明對比的是英國總想 which was in sharp contrast to the British Empire's rationale that
讓殖民地保持貧窮和對倫敦的依賴 kept the colonies poor and dependent on London.
羅斯福對世界的新想法將創造出一個 Roosevelt's global new deal would create a
使殖民地獲得大發展的金融信用體系 financial credit system that would allow the colonies to develop.
羅斯福提醒丘吉爾 Roosevelt reminded Churchill that
美國和菲律賓的殖民關係將於1946年終止 the U.S.'s colonial relationship with the Philippines was to be terminated in 1946,
菲律賓獨立是長期目標
並勸說英國也效仿此做法 and urged the British to do the same with their empire,
不過許多美國人倒不是非常情願 which offended so many American sensibilities.
丘吉爾意識到羅斯福的慷慨是有條件的 Churchill realized there were limits to Roosevelt's generosity,
接受美國援助的代價就是 and that the price of American aid
將戰後的世界拱手相讓 would be the world after the peace.
我們期待的是一個植根於 We look forward to a world founded
四項人類基本自由的世界 upon four essential human freedoms.
第一是 The first
言論和表達的自由 is freedom of speech and expression
全世界任何地方都不能例外 everywhere in the world.
第二是 The second is
以自己的方式崇拜上帝的自由 freedom of every person to worship God in his own way
全世界任何地方都不能例外 everywhere in the world.
第三是 The third
不虞匱乏的自由 is freedom from want
全世界任何地方都不能例外 everywhere in the world.
第四是 The fourth
免除恐懼的自由 is freedom from fear
全世界任何地方都不能例外 anywhere in the world.
這都是些豪言壯語 These were big words,
但簽訂《大西洋憲章》著實高屋建瓴 but the Atlantic charter was a truly visionary document
它隨後成為了《聯合國家宣言》的草本 that later became the guiding manifesto of the united nations...
它是繼法俄兩國革命後的第一份世界性的 a universal statement, not heard since the French or Russian revolution,
著眼於全世界人類的權利的宣言 on the rights of men and women everywhere.
為防羅斯福玩文字遊戲 Fearing Roosevelt's proposed wording,
丘吉爾加了項條款講明了 Churchill added a clause stipulating
平等競爭世界財富的前提是 that equal access to international wealth would be guaranteed
"尊重現有的義務" "only with due respect for existing obligations."
但正如艾略特·羅斯福寫的那樣 But, as Elliott Roosevelt wrote...
不知不覺間 Gradually, very gradually, and very quietly,
全球領袖的權杖已由英國移向了美國 the mantle of leadership was slipping from British shoulders to American.
次日 威爾士親王號便返回英國了 The next day, the Prince of Wales headed "back to the wars"...
這兩位政治家就此分別 the two statesmen parting ways for now.
丘吉爾後來跟內閣講 Churchill later told his cabinet that
羅斯福說他會參戰但不宣戰 Roosevelt said he would wage war but not declare it.
萬事俱備 只欠東風 Everything was to be done to force an incident.
兩人都沒想到的是 那最後一根稻草 Neither man would have then predicted this path to war
不是來自德國 而是日本 would lead through Japan, not Germany.
日本原已避免了同宿敵俄羅斯的戰爭 Japan had avoided the Nazi war against their old Russian antagonists,
且在1939年蘇德結盟後 實際上已被柏林疏遠 and in fact had been alienated from Berlin by the Soviet-German alliance of 1939.
不可一世的希特勒 In his arrogance, Hitler, who
認為日本人是低劣種族 considered the Japanese racially inferior,
他的滅蘇大計中實在沒什麼可以托付給他們的 had made no attempt whatever to confide his Soviet plans to them
也沒想從他們手上獲得任何遠東的疆土 or offer any new territory for their support in the far east.
事後證明若非如此 世界的命運將更為多舛 In hindsight, this had enormous consequences for the fate of the world.
假如日本當初參戰對抗斯大林 If the Japanese had entered the war against Stalin,
那幾乎可以肯定 蘇聯將遭覆滅 it is almost certain the Soviet Union would have been crushed.
但日本想要的是像英國 德國 意大利一樣 But Japan wanted, like Britain, Germany and Italy,
建立自己的殖民帝國 a colonial empire of its own.
日本利用了德國征服 And taking advantage of the vacuum created
法國和荷蘭留下的殖民地真空 by the German conquest of France and Holland,
以及英國霸權的衰落 and the neutralization of British power,
日軍於1941年7月南進侵略印度支那 it drove South into Indochina in July, 1941,
以尋找資源和據點 seeking resources and military bases.
此時美國生產了世界上半數的石油 The United States, which now produced half of the oil supplies of the world,
對日本的全面禁運制裁中也包括了石油 responded by completely embargoing all trade to Japan, including oil.
由於物資消耗迅速 Its supplies dwindling fast,
日本決定攫取荷屬東印度群島的石油資源 Japan determined to secure its oil from the Dutch East Indies,
但駐紮在珍珠港的美國軍艦 but the American fleet at Pearl Harbor
對該計劃無疑是個隱患 could significantly interfere with those plans.
1941年12月7日 珍珠港
1941年12月7日 December 7th, 1941,
一個遺臭萬年的日子 a date which will live in infamy.
日本出人意料地發動了一場對 Thus, the Japanese launched an all-out surprise
美國海軍的夏威夷珍珠港基地的偷襲 attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii...
結果是日本2500人陣亡 Leaving almost 2,500 dead
美國不少軍艦遭到重創 and disabling much of the American fleet.
美國之前已獲悉日本將發動襲擊 The Americans knew an attack was coming,
但誤認為襲擊目標是菲律賓 but thought it would be in the Philippines.
不論要用多長的時間才能 No matter how long it may take us
戰勝這次蓄謀已久的入侵 to overcome this premeditated invasion,
美國人民以自己的正義力量 the American people in their righteous might
一定要贏得絕對的勝利 will win through to absolute victory.
次日 美國和英國共同對日宣戰 The next day, the U.S. and Britain declared war on Japan.
日本盟友甚至還未通報珍珠港事件 Although he had not even been told about Pearl Harbor by his Japanese allies,
希特勒就無謂地向美國宣戰了 Hitler now unnecessarily declared war on the United States,
這是一個可與進犯蘇聯相提並論的錯誤 a mistake nearly equivalent to invading the Soviet Union.
羅斯福對日宣戰是民心所向 Roosevelt could declare a popular war on Japan,
但現在卻多了個燙手山芋 but was now relieved of the enormous burden
不得不違背他當初對美國選民的承諾 of breaking his word to the American electorate.
他最終也對德宣戰了 He could finally declare war on Germany.
現在混戰是全球範圍的了 The chaos was now global.
美國的策略是鞏固太平洋陣線並逐步取得優勢 The U.S. strategy was to build up and advance gradually in the Pacific,
同時也專注對抗德國 while focusing its major effort against the Germans.
羅斯福相信 擊敗日本並不會讓德國也戰敗 Defeating Japan, Roosevelt argued, would not defeat Germany,
但擊敗了德國 日本也就時日不多了 but the defeat of Germany would mean the defeat of Japan.
正當美國集中精力於歐洲時 And with the U.S. focused in Europe,
日本的征服進程暢通無阻 the Japanese conquest proceeded largely unimpeded.
他們僅用6個月就佔領了地球表面1/6的疆域 They captured one-sixth of the earth's surface in only six months...
泰國 馬來亞 爪哇 婆羅洲 Thailand, Malaya, Java, Borneo,
菲律賓 香港 印度尼西亞 緬甸 the Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Burma.
這些國家的人民歡迎日軍並視之為 Citizens of those countries often greeted the Japanese
趕走歐洲殖民壓迫者的民族救星 as liberators from European colonial oppressors...
顯然這種結論下得過早了 a judgment that would prove short-lived.
羅斯福總統私下說過 President Roosevelt said privately...
永遠不要認為美國在太平洋失勢了 Don't think for a minute that Americans would be dying in the Pacific
不能貪於眼前法英荷留下的小利 if it hadn't been for the short-sighted greed of the French and the British and the Dutch.
對同盟國的另一場打擊不期而至 In another great blow to the allied cause,
1942年早些時候 日軍在新加坡給大英帝國將了一軍 Japan stunned the British Empire at Singapore in early 1942.
1942年1月 新加坡
當時守衛新加坡的軍隊比守衛英國本土的還多 The British had more troops defending Singapore than England itself.
總計8萬的聯軍士兵 80,000 commonwealth soldiers,
當中多為澳大利亞人 全部被俘 many of them Australian, were taken prisoner.
但殖民地人民的真實想法 But in a sign of the true feelings of colonized peoples,
從被俘的5.5萬印度籍英軍身上可見一斑 of the 55,000 British Indian troops taken prisoner by the Japanese,
他們中有4萬人反戈去幫日本作戰 40,000 changed sides to fight for the Japanese.
新加坡淪陷
新加坡是迫不得已才陷入日軍之手的 Port of Singapore was forced to surrender to the Japanese forces in...
如果日本進攻東印度以配合 If the Japanese had attacked Eastern India and coordinated it
德軍對中東的入侵 with the German advances in the middle east
且德國也未與蘇聯開戰的情況下 before their invasion of the Soviet Union,
那麼大英帝國在印度可就命懸一線了 the British Empire would have been severely threatened in India.
所幸日德在整個戰爭中就從未有個親密盟友的樣兒 But Japan and Germany, throughout the war, never behaved as if close allies.
日本最不該的就是偷襲了珍珠港 Japan crucially failed to deliver the knockout blow at Pearl Harbor.
同盟國開始反擊了 領頭的是 And the allies began a counteroffensive led by
上將道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟和艦隊司令切斯特·尼米茲 general Douglas Macarthur and admiral Chester Nimitz.
美國遠東軍司令 道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟將軍
美國太平洋艦隊總司令 海軍五星上將 切斯特·威廉·尼米茲
1942年6月 And in June, 1942,
美軍與日本海軍在中途島開戰 U.S. forces defeated the Japanese Navy at Midway
並開啟了此後3年多的跨島作戰策略 and began an island-hopping strategy that would continue for more than three years.
日軍則是拚死抵抗 The Japanese would fight fiercely,
意圖讓美軍的每次勝利都代價不菲 ensuring that victory would come at a great cost to American soldiers.
但到了1943年 But by 1943,
美國年產近10萬架飛機 the U.S. was churning out almost 100,000 planes a year,
相形見絀的是日本在整個戰爭期間只造了7萬架飛機 dwarfing the 70,000 Japan produced for the entire war.
1944年夏天 By the summer of '44,
美國在太平洋部署了近100艘航空母艦 the U.S. had deployed almost 100 aircraft carriers in the Pacific,
遠勝於日本25艘的全部家當 far more than Japan's total of 25.
而同盟國的科學家在各條戰線上總是舉足輕重的 Allied science figured prominently on every front.
雷達和近炸引信的發展加速了戰爭的勝利 Development of radar and the proximity fuse contributed to victory,
但原子彈的出現卻改變了歷史的進程 but it was the atomic bomb that would change the course of history.
弗裡茨·斯特拉斯曼
1938年12月 In December, 1938,
兩位德國物理學家震驚了科學界 two German physicists stunned the scientific world,
奧托·哈恩
他們分離出了鈾原子 splitting the uranium atom,
使得製造原子彈在理論上可行了 making development of atomic bombs a theoretical possibility.
在美國最驚恐於這一技術的是 Those in the U.S. most alarmed by this development
那些逃離了納粹統治的歐洲科學家 were the scientists who had escaped from Nazi-occupied Europe,
其中有不少猶太人 many of them Jewish,
他們擔心希特勒得到這種武器 who feared the consequences should Hitler get his hands on such a weapon.
這些逃難的科學家也曾嘗試過但還是沒能 The emigre scientists had tried but failed
引起美國當局對這一武器的關注 to arouse interest on the part of American authorities.
對於海軍部門來說 這些實驗室的項目 To the Navy department, these laboratory experiments
似乎沒什麼迫切的重要性 seemed to be of no immediate importance.
這挺有意思的 博士 再聯繫了 Very interesting, doctor. Keep us informed.
1939年7月 孤注一擲的 Desperate, in July 1939,
利奧·西拉德
利奧·西拉德向阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦求援 Leo Szilard solicited the help of Albert Einstein,
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦
愛因斯坦同意寫信給羅斯福總統 who agreed to write to president Roosevelt
勸其批准開展美國的原子彈研究項目 urging him to authorize a U.S. atomic research program.
愛因斯坦後來說過 Einstein later said...
我的人生犯了一個極大的錯誤 I made one great mistake in my life
我不該寫信給羅斯福總統提議製造原子彈 when I signed the letter to president Roosevelt recommending that the atom bombs be made.
起初這還只是個小項目 At first the project was small,
但在1942年9月 but in September, 1942,
曼哈頓計劃正式成為一個軍事項目 the "Manhattan Project" was turned over to the military.
格羅夫斯將軍被上級任命來做出成果 General Groves was told by his superiors to get results.
密切關注科技發展的副總統華萊士 Vice president Wallace, who tracked scientific development closely,
瞧不上格羅夫斯 認為他是 had a low opinion of Groves, believing him
一個病怏怏的 反猶的 "a slightly pathological, anti-semitic
不滿羅斯福的徹底的法西斯 Roosevelt-hater and outright fascist."
令人驚訝的是 為了洛斯阿拉莫斯實驗室的這個項目 Amazingly, to head up the project's Los Alamos lab,
格羅夫斯選了羅伯特·奧本海默 the man groves chose, Robert Oppenheimer,
奧本海默這個死硬左派 was an unapologetic leftist
還參加了西海岸的每個共產黨外圍組織 who admitted to being a member of every communist party front organization on the West Coast,
他一度還捐出自己每月工資的10% at one point, giving 10% of his monthly salary
去支持西班牙的共和軍 to support the republican forces in Spain.
雖然二人志趣格格不入 Though completely opposite in temperament,
但格羅夫斯在奧本海默的幫助下 groves, with Oppenheimer's help, a
還是不可思議地湊起了一批國際科學家 ssembled an incredible coterie of international scientists,
包括了恩利克·費米和利奧·西拉德 including Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard,
恩利克·費米
他們成功進行過人類第一次核鏈式反應 who achieved the first nuclear chain reaction in an atomic pile,
地點是芝加哥大學一個有圍牆的網球場 constructed in a university of Chicago squash court.
這些科學家們在沙漠中夜以繼日地工作 Scientists worked long hours in the desert,
生怕落後一步使德國搶先擁有原子彈 fearing a last-minute German victory in the atomic race.
但真相於1944年浮出 But the truth came out in late 1944
德國在1942年就中止了原子彈的研究 that Germany had actually abandoned the bomb research in '42,
轉而將人力物力投入到 opting instead to throw their top scientists and resources
V1和V2火箭的研發 into developing V1 and V2 rocketry.
但美國的科學家馬不停蹄 But America's scientists continued on.
東線的蘇聯已處於慘敗邊緣 In the east, the Soviet Union lay on the brink of catastrophe,
納粹即將拿下莫斯科 the Nazis about to take Moscow.
1941年9月 斯大林喜於英國 In September, '41, Stalin pleaded with the British
將派遣25到30個師登陸歐洲大陸 to send 25 to 30 divisions to the motherland
以在法國南部開闢第二戰場 and once again pressed for a second front in northern France.
次年5月 羅斯福承認道 The following May, Roosevelt acknowledged that
蘇聯軍隊殲滅了更多的軸心國兵員 "the Russian armies are killing more axis personnel
摧毀了更多的軸心國裝備 and destroying more axis material
其它所有25個同盟國加起來也難以企及 than all the other 25 united nations put together."
他公開宣佈 He publicly announced
美國將於1942年底在歐洲開闢第二戰場 the U.S. would open a second front in Europe by the end of 1942.
美軍參謀長喬治·馬歇爾 And army chief of staff George Marshall
美軍參謀長 喬治·馬歇爾
命令他的歐洲總司令德懷特·艾森豪威爾 instructed his European commander general Dwight eisenhower
歐洲盟軍最高司令 德懷特·戴維·艾森豪威爾
起草一個最遲於1943年春天進攻歐洲的計劃 to draw up plans for an invasion of Europe in the spring of '43 at the latest.
蘇聯這下高興了 The Soviets were elated.
但丘吉爾在北非正遇上了大麻煩 But Churchill was facing a huge crisis in North Africa.
30萬英軍部隊可恥地向 30,000 British troops had just surrendered humiliatingly
只有自身半數規模的納粹繳械 to a Nazi force half their size.
不想英軍在法國海灘被痛宰 Fearing a bloodbath on the shores of France,
他說英國無法湊齊足夠的船隻 he said the British could not muster enough ships to
來運送登陸部隊穿過海峽 transport invading forces across the channel,
他說服羅斯福延緩開闢第二戰場 and convinced Roosevelt to postpone the second front
而先組織對北非的進攻 and instead mount an invasion of North Africa.
當美國同意時 艾森豪威爾就預言 When the U.S. agreed to this, Eisenhower predicted
這將是史上最黑暗的一天 that this would be the blackest day in history.
美軍登陸非洲
更早的時候他曾說過 He had said previously,
我們應該記住我們要的是 "we should not forget that the prize we seek is
讓8百萬蘇聯軍隊陷於戰爭而無法自拔 to keep eight million Russians in the war."
而喬治·馬歇爾 To George Marshall,
則不認為進攻非洲只是隔靴搔癢 who dismissed the invasion of Africa as "periphery pecking,"
這體現了英國有別於蘇聯 it appeared that the British, unlike the Soviets,
英國不敢挑戰德國 were afraid to take on the Germans.
一戰的陰影仍然深深地烙在 The shadows of World War I still hung too heavily over
丘吉爾政府的想法中 the imagination of Churchill's government.
不過英國採取了不同的策略 But the British had a different strategy.
依靠海洋優勢攻擊希特勒 Relying on sea power and attacking Hitler's
較弱的意大利南部陣線 softer Southern front in Italy,
丘吉爾不想直接挑戰德國這台戰爭機器 Churchill wanted to avoid directly taking on the German war machine,
而想奪取北非 instead seeking to secure North Africa
以及直布羅陀周圍的地中海區域 and the Mediterranean around Gibraltar,
進而攻下中東以保證石油儲備 and then the middle east, in order to hold on to their oil reserves,
及保衛印度的通道 and well as maintaining access to India
還可通過蘇伊士運河控制東邊的殖民地 and the rest of their eastern empire through the Suez Canal.
結果這大大加深了蘇聯的疑慮 The resulting paranoia of the Soviets cannot be underestimated.
英俄兩國從19世紀起就是冤家 Britain and Russia had been rivals since the 19th century.
斯大林尤其不信任英國 Stalin mistrusted especially the British,
他也不相信美國 but also the Americans,
因為他們20年前在俄羅斯內戰時 because of their intervention against the communists
參與過對抗共產主義 20 years earlier in the Russian civil war.
1917-1922 俄國內戰
丘吉爾就曾承諾過 "將布爾什維克主義扼殺在搖籃中" Churchill had then promised to "strangle Bolshevism in its cradle."
直到跟希特勒簽訂互不侵犯條約後 And up until his non-aggression pact with Hitler,
斯大林還是擔心 Stalin even harbored the fear that
丘吉爾會讓英國跟納粹德國結盟 Churchill and the British Empire might ally with Nazi Germany
然後大舉進攻蘇聯 and launch a grand crusade against the Soviet Union.
讓一切德國侵略者滅亡 DEATH! To The German Invaders!
1943年 弗蘭克·卡普拉 系列宣傳片 沃爾特·休斯頓解說 《我們為何而戰: 俄國戰役》
戰鬥機已就緒 Fighter command ready.
轟炸機已就緒 Bomber command ready.
炮兵已就位 Artillery in position.
坦克就緒 Tanks manned.
騎兵就緒 Cavalry in position.
步兵就緒 Infantry ready.
敵人就在山後 Beyond those hills is the enemy.
歷盡千辛萬苦 Yet against all odds
而又令世界為之稱奇的是 and to the shock of much of the world,
蘇聯紅軍靠自己 it was to be the Red Army itself
逆轉了戰爭的結局 that would reverse the course of the war.
恐怕只有托爾斯泰才能寫好 It would need a Tolstoy to describe the
蘇聯人民那種英雄般的忍耐力 heroic endurance of Soviet men and women who made this possible.
幾乎沒人看到其中的意義 Few saw its meaning then,
但正如1812年冬天 拿破侖在莫斯科的遭遇一樣 but as it happened to Napoleon in the winter of 1812 at Moscow,
德國這台戰爭機器受創 the crack German war machine was,
並首次停下了 for the very first time, stopped.
由於日軍已向南開進 But because the Japanese had marched South,
斯大林得以召回朱可夫元帥的 Stalin was able to bring back Marshal Zhukov's
40支西伯利亞師到莫斯科 40 Siberian divisions to Moscow.
朱可夫四兩撥千斤 Zhukov made the difference.
德國在那個冬季損兵折將約40萬 German losses that winter were around 400,000.
列寧格勒
同時 首都列寧格勒 Meanwhile, at the capital of Leningrad,
舊稱聖彼得堡 once called St. Petersburg,
被德軍圍困了900個晝夜 the Germans besieged the city over 900 consecutive days
度過了1941年和1942年的兩個冬天 that included the two winters of '41 and '42.
這座城市在1941年的人口達250萬 The population of the city in 1941 was 2.5 million people.
最後有1/3罹難 One out of three would die.
轟炸 寒冷 飢餓 Bombs, the cold, starvation,
喝了用牆紙和老鼠做的湯 eating soups made of glue from wallpaper, or rats,
或死於同類之手... or fellow human beings...
這種事發生的次數 This went on in far greater proportion
遠多於官方所承認的 than has ever been officially admitted.
但其可貴之處是即便有機會 Such was their pride that many civilians refused
市民也不願放棄這座城市 to evacuate the city when given the chance.
作曲家迪米特裡·肖斯塔科維奇創作了第七交響曲 Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his great seventh symphony
以紀念這些犧牲 in honor of this sacrifice,
管絃樂隊在整個圍困期間一直演奏此曲 the orchestra continuing to play throughout the siege
直至大多數成員都因飢餓而離世 until most of its members had dropped from starvation.
德軍一直未攻下列寧格勒 The Germans never took Leningrad.
蘇聯則損失了超過100萬的部隊 Soviet losses were over a million.
來自赫米蒂奇的眾多藝術收藏 Much of the art collection from the famous Hermitage
都被轉移進了烏拉爾山脈 was shipped to the Ural Mountains.
蘇聯人盡其所能搶救一切 The Soviets were salvaging what they could.
然後燒掉剩下的 不留任何東西給德軍 Much was burned to deny the Germans anything.
沒靠西方開闢第二戰場或送來更多援助 Not relying on the West to open a second front or to send much more in aid,
斯大林現在開始了人類有史以來最大規模的強制遷徙 Stalin now began the greatest forced migration in known human history...
他疏散了約1000萬人口到 Evacuating some 10 million people to the east
烏拉爾山脈以東的中亞和西伯利亞地區 of the Ural Mountains in central Asia and Siberia,
以及往南的哈薩克斯坦 and to the South to Kazakhstan,
藉以重建蘇聯 也趕上了 to rebuild the U.S.S.R. in a second industrial
20世紀20 30年代的第二次工業革命 revolution that matched that of the 1920s and '30s.
為了對抗德國的戰爭機器 To fight the German war machine,
近2000座新工廠建成了 almost 2,000 new factories were built.
隨後還有房屋 Housing followed.
蘇聯經濟的轉移中最突出的是 The transfer of the greatest part of the Soviet economy
竟然只用兩年就完成了 was accomplished in two incredible years,
到1943年 蘇聯的工業力量 and by 1943, the U.S.S.R. Was the equal
已不亞於歐洲任何一個國家 of any industrial power in Europe
並一舉超過了德國 and was now able to out-produce Germany itself.
4萬輛T34坦克 40,000 T-34 tanks...
比德國現有的坦克更為先進 Superior to the German Panzers... were built.
5萬架著名的伊爾2強擊機 50,000 Ilyushin planes, the famous IL-2,
也比德國空軍的有實戰優勢 were superior in fact to the German Luftwaffe.
鋼鐵 小麥 礦物 所有1941年在烏克蘭失去的 The steel, wheat, and ores that were lost in the Ukraine in 1941
都逐步被其它地方的所替代 were gradually replaced.
社會生產完全由女人和小孩完成 An entire society made up mostly of women and children
為了生存 她們每12到18小時輪一次班 labored 12 to 18 hour shifts to survive.
一切都是為了俄羅斯母親 All was for Mother Russia.
蘇聯人民的愛國精神是偉大的 The patriotism of the people was extraordinary.
他們貢獻出自己的財物去支持戰爭 They gave their personal treasures to finance the war...
傳家寶 珠寶等任何東西 Heirlooms, jewelry, anything.
整個社會都面臨著被希特勒滅絕的危險 An entire society facing extermination from Hitler
他們別無選擇 只能拼盡最後一滴血 had no choice but to fight with every last drop of blood
1943年 弗蘭克·卡普拉 系列宣傳片 《我們為何而戰: 俄國戰役》
去保衛自己和國家的生命 for their own lives and for their country.
為了被焚燬的城市和村莊
為了我們死難的孩子和母親
為了我們同胞的苦難和羞辱
我誓要向敵人復仇
我誓要和敵人戰死
也絕不投降
我的同胞
我的祖國
定要讓法西斯侵略者
血債血償
有死無生
1942年晚些時候 By late 1942,
美國雖然受到不少阻擾 the United States was, despite early setbacks,
但還是借由租借法案拿出了 coming through with lend-lease...
將近200萬噸的補給 Almost two million tons of supplies...
約40萬輛的卡車 Approximately 400,000 trucks,
5萬2千輛吉普車 52,000 jeeps,
7千輛坦克 7,000 tanks,
炮彈 戰車 artillery, combat vehicles,
1萬5千架飛機 15,000 aircraft,
1萬8千門高射炮 18,000 anti-aircraft guns,
8000節火車及食物 and 8,000 railway cars and food.
在德占區 Behind German lines,
俄羅斯 烏克蘭 白俄羅斯的游擊隊 Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian partisans
從森林和洞穴中發動襲擊 were attacking from forests and caves,
炸毀火車 破壞鐵路運輸 blowing up trains, interfering with transportation,
不遺餘力地騷擾德國戰爭機器 and in any way possible tampering with the German war machine
吸引了德占區10%的兵力 and engaging up to 10% of the German occupation forces.
游擊隊成為蘇聯軍隊最後取勝的 The partisans became an indispensable factor
不可或缺的重要因素 in the ultimate victory of the Soviet troops.
但戰爭總是災難性的 But the consequences were devastating,
德國採取了越來越多的恐怖手段 the Germans behaving with more and more terrorism,
他們吊死游擊隊員 甚至濫殺無辜 hanging partisans and innocents alike.
沒人知道確切數字 但粗略估計 No one knows how many, but estimates range
有400到800萬烏克蘭人死於這場戰爭 from four to eight million Ukrainians killed in the war.
白俄羅斯失去了1/4的人口 And it is estimated that Belorussia lost a quarter of its population...
至少是250萬 at least 2.5 million dead.
約有200座城市和9000座村莊被付之一炬 Approximately 200 cities and 9,000 villages were burned to the ground.
死亡或失蹤的游擊隊員至少有10萬 It is estimated that at least 100,000 partisans were killed or missing.
將軍們提醒過希特勒 這場消耗戰現將更加持久 Hitler's generals warned him that a longer war of attrition was now a reality.
蘇聯似乎承受得住巨大損失 The Soviets seemed able to with stand huge losses.
希特勒的勝利不光要靠斯拉夫人留下的地盤 The only victory for Hitler lay not in wiping out the Slavic peoples,
還需要攫取蘇聯的資源 but in now acquiring the resources of the Soviet Union.
弗裡德裡希·保盧斯將軍
因此弗裡德裡希·保盧斯率領德軍 Thus, the Germans, under general Friedrich Paulus,
準備南下佔領石油豐富的巴庫港口 now drove South toward the oil-rich port of Baku.
格奧爾吉·朱可夫元帥統領的蘇軍 The Soviets, under Marshal Georgy Zhukov,
格奧爾吉·朱可夫元帥
決心不惜一切代價組織德軍 were determined to stop them at all costs.
沒有了石油 蘇軍就無從抵抗 Without oil, the Soviet army would not be able to fight.
巴庫的淪陷將使斯大林不得不投降 The loss of Baku would force Stalin to surrender.
但斯大林格勒擋在了去往巴庫的路上 One city barred the road to Baku... stalingrad.
1942年冬天 And in the winter of 1942,
德軍終於見到了其敵人 the German army finally met its match.
在這場史上規模最大的戰役中 In the single greatest battle in history,
蘇聯損失的兵力比 the Soviets lost more men than
英美在整個二戰中損失的都要多 the British or Americans in the entire war.
蘇聯方面近50萬人陣亡 An estimated half a million men were killed.
德國則至少損失了20萬最優秀的部隊 The Germans lost at least 200,000 of their best troops,
也許還要更多 but likely far more.
市民的傷亡情況不明 The civilian dead, unknown.
德軍能摧毀斯大林格勒 Germans could destroy Stalingrad,
但永遠無法將其攻佔 but they could never take it.
斯大林有嚴令 Under Stalin's strict orders,
任何人撤退或投降 anyone retreating or surrendering
即以叛國罪論處 was to be treated as a traitor,
而其家屬也將被監禁 his family subject to imprisonment.
這便是他令人生畏的 "寸步不退" 政策 It was his feared "not one step back" policy.
在斯大林格勒 超過1萬3千名蘇軍被己方處決 At Stalingrad, more than 13,000 Soviet soldiers were shot by their own side.
整個戰爭期間 During the course of the war,
這樣死去的將士有13萬5千名 135,000 were killed in this manner.
40萬人被移入懲戒營 400,000 served in punishment battalions.
同年還有4百萬囚犯在古拉格勞改營 In that year, there were still four million prisoners in gulags.
雖然如此 不管出於愛國還是恐懼 Nonetheless, with motives ranging from patriotism to terror,
蘇軍背靠伏爾加河 Soviet soldiers, with their backs against the Volga river,
在嚴冬中展開巷戰 fought from street corner to street corner in that cruelest of winters.
到了1943年1月 戰爭結束 By January, 1943, the end finally came when
保盧斯率第6集團軍殘部投降 general Von Paulus surrendered the remainder of his sixth army.
他原先的30萬大軍 He had started with 300,000 men,
到投降時只剩下了9萬1千人 and 91,000 now surrendered,
其中約有9千人在戰後活著回到了德國 of whom approximately 9,000 returned alive after the war to Germany.
據說希特勒痛惜不已 Hitler is said to have lamented...
戰爭的天平已經傾向敵方 The God of war has gone to the other side.
經過戰爭史上最激烈的162天的戰鬥 After 162 days of the heaviest fighting in the history of warfare,
最後一顆子彈出膛了 the last shot was fired.
和平重回斯大林格勒 Peace came to stalingrad.
隨著資源的重新投入 And with their resources kicking in...
又有了新的飛機 新的炮彈... New aircraft, new artillery...
現在蘇聯開始反擊了 The Soviets now took the offensive.
在庫爾斯克爆發了史上規模最大的坦克戰 At Kursk, the greatest tank battle in history,
他們再次痛擊德軍 they beat the Germans again...
7萬德軍陣亡 70,000 German dead
蘇軍的陣亡人數則數倍於德軍 and several times that number Soviet dead.
巨大受挫後的 After their colossal defeat,
德軍開始了從東線的完全規模的撤退 the German army began a full-scale retreat on the eastern front.
納粹不可戰勝的神話 The whole legend of Nazi invincibility
被徹底粉碎了 has been shattered.
德軍也有撤退的時候 German armies could retreat too.
德軍也有被擊敗的時候 German armies could be defeated.
德軍也有被俘虜的時候 German troops could be captured.
在這關鍵的幾年中 Throughout these pivotal years,
蘇聯長期對抗著 the Soviets were regularly battling
德軍的200多個師 more than 200 German divisions.
反觀美國和英國 In contrast, the Americans and British
在地中海地區的作戰中 fighting in the Mediterranean
正面接觸的德軍都很少超過10個師 rarely confronted more than 10 German divisions.
德國在對蘇作戰中的損失超過6百萬人 Germany lost over six million men fighting the Soviets
而在西線作戰的損失約1百萬人 and approximately one million fighting on the Western front.
雖然美國贏得二戰的神話頗有市場 Though the myth lives on that the United States won World War II,
但嚴謹的史學家都會同意 serious historians agree that
真正的功臣是蘇聯及其整個社會 it was the Soviet Union and its entire society,
包括其嚴酷的獨裁者 約瑟夫·斯大林 including its brutal dictator Joseph Stalin, who
從萬念俱灰到石破天驚 through sheer desperation and incredibly stoic heroism
他創作了二戰中最偉大的篇章 forged the great narrative of World War II...
擊敗了龐大的德國戰爭機器 The defeat of the monster German war machine.
第2集 羅斯福 杜魯門 華萊士
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