1975年6月 June, 1975
随着世界媒体的关注， With the world press looking on,
乌干达独裁者伊迪阿明即将发起一场战斗 Uganda's dictator Idi Amin is about to pick a fight
和他的国家前殖民统治者——英国 with his country's former colonial ruler-- Great Britain.
阿明自称大英帝国的征服者 Amin calls himself the Conqueror of the British Empire.
他的反帝国主义愤怒的目标 The target of his anti-imperialist fury
是住在乌干达的英国公民丹尼斯希尔斯， is a British citizen living in Uganda, Dennis Hills,
一位作家计划出版一本批评阿明的书 an author who plans to publish a book that is critical of Amin.
独裁者想要山丘面对行刑队 The dictator wants Hills to face a firing squad.
任何英国公民 Any British citizen
谁在这里反对我 who is here against me
或者反对乌干达人民 or against the people of Uganda,
他将面对这个国家的法律 he will face the law of the country.
英国人知道这不是一个无用的威胁 The British know this is no idle threat.
阿明的政权以酷刑室而臭名昭著 Amin's regime is infamous for its torture chambers,
国家批准的谋杀和公开处决 state-sanctioned murders, and public executions.
（Mariam Mufti）暴力的规模是巨大的 (Mariam Mufti) The scale of violence was immense.
在他执政的8年里， In the 8 years that he was in power,
将近30万人被屠杀 almost 300,000 people were massacred.
伊丽莎白女王本人写信给阿明 Queen Elizabeth herself writes a letter to Amin,
请求宽大处理 asking for clemency.
独裁者无视她的请求 The dictator ignores her plea.
最后，是英国在眨眼 In the end, it's Britain that blinks.
外交部长飞往乌干达以确保希尔斯的释放 The foreign secretary flies to Uganda to secure Hills' release.
作者为他的书和英国道歉 The author apologizes for his book, and Britain
甚至同意审查其对乌干达的对外援助 even agrees to review its foreign aid to Uganda.
（伊恩格雷厄姆）这是阿明的一个非常聪明的安排 (Iain Grahame) It was a very clever set-up by Amin.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）批评人士把阿明当成了一个小丑，就像一个愚蠢的畜生 (Alicia Decker) Critics have written Amin off as a buffoon, as a big dumb brute.
但事实上，阿明更有策略， But in actual fact, Amin was far more strategic,
精于算计，狡猾，聪明 calculating, cunning, clever
比任何人想象的都要多 than anyone would have ever imagined.
伊迪阿明从卑微的出身开始掌权， Idi Amin rose to power from humble beginnings,
赢得了数百万乌干达人的喜爱， won the affection of millions of Ugandans,
并在他的许多对手心中产生了恐惧 and struck fear in the hearts of his many opponents.
他只是一个凶残的暴君， Was he just a murderous tyrant,
或者他的疯狂有什么方法？ or was there a method to his madness?
独裁统治产生了不可思议的影响 Dictatorships have had an incredible impact
在过去的一个世纪里 in the past century.
这些独裁者最终互相学习 These dictators ended up learning from one another.
他们都是不同的，但很多人都用同样的策略 They're all different but many use the same tactics.
恐怖的使用，宣传 The use of terror. Propaganda.
控制精英，制造敌人 Control the elites. Create an enemy.
个人崇拜，使用暴力—— Cult of personality. Use violence--
这些都是独裁者用来维持权力的工具 These are tools that dictators use to stay in power.
乌干达，1952年 Uganda, 1952.
伊迪阿明的崛起始于殖民时期的军队—— Idi Amin's rise to power begins in the colonial army--
这个机构比其他任何机构都更有可能， the institution that will, more than any other,
塑造他将成为的独裁者 shape the kind of dictator he will become.
24岁的他是一个雄心勃勃的年轻下士 The 24-year-old is an ambitious young corporal
在皇家非洲步枪队中，大英帝国的 in the King's African Rifles, the British Empire's
东非的精英军事力量 elite military force in East Africa.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）像阿明这样的人被招募进来 (Alicia Decker) Individuals like Amin were recruited
进入皇家非洲步枪队 into The King's African Rifles
帮助英国维持秩序 to help the British maintain order.
它们本质上是肌肉 They were essentially the muscle
在殖民统治的背后 behind the colonial establishment.
英国探险家在19世纪开始陆续抵达， British explorers began arriving in the 19th century,
被咖啡、烟草和黄金的财富所吸引 drawn by the wealth of coffee, tobacco, and gold.
1894年，新的国际边界被划定 In 1894, new, international borderlines were drawn
英国的保护国乌干达也成立了 and the British protectorate of Uganda was established.
几个世纪以来，东非的这片土地一直都是家 For centuries, this part of Eastern Africa had been home
对几十个自由部落和古代王国 to dozens of free tribal peoples and ancient kingdoms
比如布干达、托罗、安科尔和布加加 like the Buganda, Toro, Ankole, and Busoga.
现在，英国人完全控制了这个国家， Now, the British have full control of the country,
和白人殖民者一起占领他们最好的土地， occupy its best lands with white settlers,
并利用其自然资源 and exploit its natural resources.
（奥卡诺）殖民统治造成了困难 (Deo Katono) Colonial rule caused hardships.
当然，殖民统治摧毁了我们的王国， Of course, colonial rule destroyed our kingdoms,
摧毁了我们的统治者 destroyed our rulers.
如果没有殖民统治， If colonial rule had not come,
我们会在某个地方，我们会过得更好 we would be somewhere, we would be better off.
在英国控制下的政府， Under the British-controlled government,
像伊迪阿明这样的非洲人受到谴责 Africans like Idi Amin are condemned
对于一个几乎没有政治或经济机构的生活 to a life with almost no political or economic agency.
（马克奥里奥）殖民国家认为 (Mark Leopold) The Colonial powers thought that
非洲人比所有白人都低 Africans were inferior to all white people.
他们被认为是非常原始的， They were seen as being particularly primitive,
无法照顾自己或控制自己 unable to look after themselves or rule themselves.
阿明在这个系统中长大 Amin very much grew up within that system.
阿明来自一个叫做Kakwa的小部落， Amin is from a small tribal group called the Kakwa,
乌干达的穆斯林少数民族 part of Uganda's Muslim minority.
作为一个非洲人，阿明可以 And as an African, Amin can
努力成为一名中士 strive to become a sergeant major
但他永远不可能被委任为军官 but he can never be commissioned as an officer.
尽管有这些缺点， In spite of these disadvantages,
他决心超越期望， he is determined to exceed expectations,
打破障碍，尽其所能地从队伍中走出来 break barriers, and rise through the ranks as far as he can.
阿明一直在思考他能取得成功的方法 Amin was always thinking about ways that he could get ahead.
（伊恩格雷厄姆）当我加入这个营的时候， (Iain Grahame) Idi Amin when I joined the battalion,
当时是一个非常初级的士兵， was a very junior soldier then,
尽管他是文盲， and although he was illiterate,
几乎没有任何教育， virtually no education at all,
他很快就给自己留下了印记 he made a mark for himself extremely quickly.
阿明体格很强壮 Amin was strong, athletic,
他的步枪射程很好 he had good skills on the rifle range.
他被认为是无情的， He was known to be ruthless,
哪一个好的士兵——你必须是 which good soldiers are-- you've got to be.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）那些从小就认识他的人 (Alicia Decker) People who knew him as a child
说他很暴力 said that he was very violent.
事实上，他会进入这些 And, in fact, he would get into these
和其他孩子打比赛 punching matches with other children.
他的一个儿时伙伴说 And one of his former childhood friends said
有时候，如果 that there were times that if
他们没有进行干预来破坏战斗， they had not intervened to break up the fight,
阿明会杀了另一个孩子 Amin would have killed the other child.
但是在殖民地军队中阿明了解到 But it's in the Colonial Army that Amin learns
利用暴力，利用暴力来促进自己的利益 to harness violence and use it to advance his own interests.
这是他的一个教训， It's a lesson he will apply,
一次又一次，在他通往独裁的道路上 time and again, on his path to dictatorship.
（Mariam Mufti）暴力对几乎所有独裁者都极其重要 (Mariam Mufti) Violence is extremely important to almost any dictator
因为它可以被用作一个机会 because it can be used as an opportunity
不仅巩固了他们对权力的控制， to not only consolidate their hold over power,
为了摆脱对立的力量， to also get rid of opposing forces,
摆脱外部威胁 to get rid of external threats.
（Mahmood Mamdani）阿明使用暴力不是无意识的，而是测量的 (Mahmood Mamdani) Amin's use of violence was not mindless, it was measured.
而这个目标一直是保持对权力的控制 And the object was always to keep the hold on power.
（Mariam Mufti）他非常清楚，非常公开，非常明显， (Mariam Mufti) He wanted to very clearly, very publicly, very visibly,
证明他是不可战胜的 demonstrate that he was invincible
也没有人能威胁他 and that no one could threaten him.
在1952年， In 1952,
阿明将有机会使用暴力 Amin will get an opportunity to use violence
作为一种启动他的权力的方式 as a way to launch his rise to power.
在邻国肯尼亚，一场叛乱爆发了 In neighboring Kenya, a rebellion has broken out
它还威胁到整个地区 and it threatens to spread across the region.
一个部落的联盟，被称为茅茅， An alliance of tribesmen known as the Mau Mau,
受够了殖民压迫，发动武装袭击 fed up with colonial oppression, stage armed attacks
在英国拥有的农场和房产上 on British-owned farms and properties.
数十名白人定居者被杀，恐怖袭击 As dozens of white settlers are killed, terror grips
整个东非的殖民人口 the colonial population throughout East Africa.
英国人开始武装起来，因为这是第一次， The British were up in arms because for the first time,
他们被盯上了 they were being targeted.
殖民当局的目的是阻止起义—— The colonial authorities aim to stop the uprising--
以任何必要的方式 by any means necessary.
英国人用大量的武力镇压了这一切 The British stamped it out with a great deal of force
还有暴力，而且似乎确实存在 and violence, and it certainly seems that there were
很多英国人犯下的暴行， a lot of atrocities committed by the British,
但这并不意味着英国军官 but that doesn't mean that British officers
我们正在做他们的杀戮和折磨他们自己 were doing their killing and the torturing themselves.
他们让非洲士兵为他们做这件事 They were getting their African soldiers to do it for them.
他们挑选最优秀的士兵来领导这场战斗 They pick their best soldiers to lead the fight.
其中包括下士伊迪阿明 Among them is Corporal Idi Amin.
在1953年的春天， In the spring of 1953,
阿明是第一波殖民力量的一部分 Amin is part of the first wave of colonial forces
接受茅茅 to take on the Mau Mau.
他作为战士的技能将受到考验 His skill as a warrior will be put to the test
在肯尼亚雨林深处的夜间巡逻 on a nighttime patrol, deep in the Kenyan rainforest.
我的记忆是伊迪阿明 My memory is that Idi Amin
当时是在指挥巡逻 was actually leading that patrol at the time.
我们遭到茅茅党人的伏击…… We were ambushed by a Mau Mau gang...
他几乎被斩首了 and he was very nearly decapitated.
伊迪的反应非常迅速， Idi reacted extremely quickly,
剩下的茅茅党人， then the rest of the Mau Mau gang,
他们也开始攻击我们， they started to attack us as well,
我们只进行了一次非常迅速的接触 and we only had a very quick engagement.
这场小冲突就像快速的一样致命 The skirmish is as lethal as it is quick.
几名茅茅被杀，其余的人都逃走了 Several Mau Mau are killed and the rest flee.
阿明参与了 Amin, was involved in extremely
对茅茅党人的暴力镇压 harsh types of violence against the Mau Mau.
当然，这是令英国人高兴的事情 But of course, this is something that pleased the British.
在整个20世纪50年代，当茅茅游击战争爆发时， Throughout the 1950s, as the Mau Mau guerrilla war rages on,
阿明看到了有规律的战斗，树立了良好的声誉 Amin sees regular combat, developing a reputation
为了使他手下的指挥官高兴 for ferocity that pleases his commanding officers.
（Mahmood Mamdani）所以有一定程度的残忍 (Mahmood Mamdani) So there is a certain level of cruelty
这是他在殖民地实验室学到的 that he learned in the colonial laboratory.
事实上，他在各个层面都得到了提升， And the fact that he was promoted at every level,
这意味着这种残忍被认为是功能性的 meant that this cruelty was seen as functional.
对于未来的独裁者来说，信息是明确的—— For the future dictator, the message is clear--
暴力是你解决问题的方法 violence is how you solve problems.
暴力是你获得成功的方式 Violence is how you get ahead.
到1960年，茅茅起义几乎被粉碎 By 1960, the Mau Mau uprising is all but crushed.
超过1万名叛军被杀，还有数千人被杀 More than 10,000 rebels have been killed and thousands more
在拘留营中被监禁和折磨 incarcerated and tortured in detention camps.
阿明，他在战场上的成功 For Amin, his success on the battlefield
为他的下一步行动做好准备 positions him perfectly for his next move.
但有一个障碍 But there's an obstacle.
阿明已经升到最高的级别了 Amin has already risen to the highest possible rank
对于一个非洲士兵来说 for an African enlisted man
进一步的晋升是不可能的 and further promotion is impossible.
殖民地军官团是白人 The colonial officer corps is whites only.
但是在1960年2月3日， But on February 3, 1960,
阿明的前景一夜之间就会改变 Amin's prospects change overnight.
英国首相哈罗德麦克米伦 British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan
宣布一个将重塑欧洲大陆的决定—— announces a decision that will remake the continent--
英国将给予所有非洲殖民地的独立 Britain will grant independence to all its African colonies.
（马克奥波德）二战后，确实 (Mark Leopold) After the Second World War, really,
它变得越来越明显 it became increasingly obvious
对英国人来说 to the British that they
不能像过去那样维持帝国的统治 couldn't maintain the empire as it was and had been.
部分原因是经济疲软 Partly that was because of economic weakness
在经历了如此漫长的战争之后 after having fought such a long war.
部分原因是迫于国际压力 Partly it was because of international pressure.
在乌干达，戏剧性的变化开始了 In Uganda, dramatic change begins
甚至在英国撤军之前 even before the British withdraw.
民主选举将举行 Democratic elections will be held
决定国家的新领导人 to decide the country's new leader.
第一次，黑人士兵得到了机会 And for the first time, black soldiers get the opportunity
超越士兵的队伍 to rise above the ranks of enlisted men.
1961年，阿明被委任为中尉，第一个 In 1961, Amin is commissioned as a lieutenant, the first
在整个殖民军队中有两名乌干达军官 of two Ugandan officers in the entire colonial army.
我想，可能是阿明 I think, probably for Amin
独立会代表 independence would have represented
这既是威胁也是机遇 both a threat and an opportunity.
它会代表一个威胁，因为 It would have represented a threat because
他的权力基础一直到那时 his power base up till then
是通过英国的， had been very much through the British,
特别是通过军事部分 particularly through the military part
英国殖民统治 of British colonial rule.
独立意味着他的许多权力基础正在消失 Independence meant that a lot of his power base was disappearing.
所以他必须制定一套不同的策略 So he would have to develop a different set of strategies
为了成功，继续前进，赢得胜利 for succeeding, getting on, and winning.
最后，1962年10月9日， Finally, on October 9, 1962,
乌干达正式从英国获得独立 Uganda officially gains independence from Britain
权力的转移是完整的 and the transfer of power is complete.
伊迪阿明，和他的数百万乌干达同胞， Idi Amin, along with millions of his fellow Ugandans,
庆祝他们从外国统治中解放出来 celebrate their liberation from foreign rule.
（Henry Kyemba）在独立的时候， (Henry Kyemba) At the time of independence,
作为一名公务员，我在政府工作， I was in government as a public civil servant,
我们都很兴奋，我们很兴奋 and we were all thrilled, we were excited.
在这里，我们是年轻的男人，黑人掌管着这个国家！ Here we are young men, blacks taking charge of the country!
对于伊迪阿明， For Idi Amin,
殖民主义的终结给了他一个地位 the end of colonialism has given him a status
他从未有过的梦想 beyond anything he had ever dreamed possible.
现在，他看到了崛起的机会 Now, he sees the opportunity to rise
甚至是更深入的 even further through the ranks
成为军队的最高指挥官 and become the supreme commander of the military.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）他很快就意识到， (Alicia Decker) What he soon came to recognize,
是通过驱逐英国人， is that by getting rid of the British,
创造了一个空间 there created a space
从中他可以进入并掌权 from which he could enter and assume power.
阿明自己 Amin allies himself
有一个能给他升职的人—— with the one man who can give him further promotion--
新当选的乌干达总理： the new, democratically elected Prime Minister of Uganda:
米尔顿奥博特 Milton Obote.
（马克奥波德）奥博特和阿明是截然相反的 (Mark Leopold) Obote and Amin were really polar opposites.
奥博特是一个知识分子， Obote was an intellectual,
一个政治家，一个受过良好教育的人 a politician, a very educated man.
阿明是个军人，强壮，有魅力， Amin was a soldier, strong, charismatic,
在等级和档案中很受欢迎 very popular among the rank and file.
对奥博特来说，有一个军事盟友是很有用的 It was useful for Obote to have a military ally,
对于阿明来说，有一个政治盟友是很有用的 and it was certainly useful for Amin to have a political ally.
奥博特知道他需要军队 Obote knows he will need the army
为了支持他脆弱的联合政府， to back up his fragile coalition government,
已经充斥着内斗 already rife with infighting.
他看到阿明，这位勇猛的，很有前途的警官， He sees Amin, the fierce, up-and-coming officer,
作为一个理想的人来保护他的权威 as the ideal man to help protect his authority.
在3年内，奥博特提拔阿明 Within 3 years, Obote promotes Amin
从上校一直到军队的副司令 all the way to colonel and deputy commander of the army.
这两个人建立了强大的联盟 The two men have built a powerful alliance.
但是他们即将面临一场危机 But they're about to face a crisis
这可能会毁掉他们俩 that could destroy them both.
1966年，奥博特的政府面临着 In 1966, Obote's government is facing
来自主要竞争对手，布干达王国的强烈反对 intense opposition from its main rival, the Kingdom of Buganda.
这个古老的部落，其祖先的土地 This ancient tribal group, whose ancestral lands
覆盖了这个国家的大部分地区， cover much of the southern part of the country,
长期以来，乌干达一直在寻求更多的权力和自主权 has long sought more power and autonomy in Uganda.
现在，巴甘达国王，Kabaka Mutesa II， Now, the Bugandan king, Kabaka Mutesa II,
领导着对政权更替的呼吁 is leading the call for regime change.
布甘丹人声称他们发现了一起犯罪阴谋 The Bugandans claim they have uncovered a criminal conspiracy
把奥博特和他们视为他的拉基的人联系在一起， implicating Obote and the man they see as his lackey,
伊迪阿明 Idi Amin.
这些人是对的——一年多来， The Bugandans are right-- for more than a year,
阿明一直在滥用他在军队中的高级职位 Amin has been abusing his senior position in the army.
在奥博特的支持下，他建立了一个庞大的走私网络， With Obote's support, he has built a huge smuggling network,
向叛军和雇佣军提供武器 supplying arms to rebels and mercenaries
在刚果的丛林里 in the jungles of Congo.
为了换取枪支，阿明提供了大量的现金， In exchange for guns, Amin has funneled large sums of cash,
黄金，象牙，和咖啡进入乌干达， gold, ivory, and coffee into Uganda,
使他和首相非常富有 making him and the Prime Minister very rich men.
阿明实际上获利很大 Amin had actually profited significantly
从这些交易中，有3万美元 from these deals-- $30,000 had
奇迹般地出现在他自己的银行账户里 miraculously appeared into his own bank account.
对布甘达人来说，非法武器交易就是证据 For the Bugandans, the illegal arms deal is proof
奥博特和阿明必须离开 that Obote and Amin must go.
布甘丹国王准备骑马 The Bugandan king prepares to mount
一场反对政府的武装叛乱 an armed rebellion against the government.
阿明面临着失去一切的危险 Amin is at risk of losing everything
他如此努力地去实现—— he has worked so hard to achieve--
他的地位，他的财富，他的权力 his status, his wealth, his power.
奥博特和阿明对这场危机反应迅速 Obote and Amin respond quickly to the crisis.
阿明命令他的部队包围布甘丹宫 Amin orders his forces to surround the Bugandan palace
在首都的首都，首都 in the capital city, Kampala.
第二天，他们进攻，把宫殿烧了 The next day, they attack, and set the palace ablaze.
数十名叛军被杀， Scores of rebels are killed,
而布甘丹国王逃离了这个国家 and the Bugandan king flees the country.
在阿明的支持下，奥博特以这个事件为借口 With Amin's support, Obote uses the incident as an excuse
中止宪法 to suspend the constitution
并取缔所有剩余的反对党 and outlaw all remaining opposition parties.
他开始改变乌干达刚刚起步的民主制度 He's begun to transform Uganda's fledgling democracy
变成独裁统治 into a dictatorship.
许多乌干达人对奥博特的夺权感到震惊， Many Ugandans are appalled by Obote's power grab,
但是几乎没有阻力—— but there is little resistance--
他们知道任何抗议都意味着 they know any protest would mean
面对着伊迪阿明和他的军队的愤怒 facing the wrath of Idi Amin and his army.
作为回报，为了帮助奥博特的权力， In return for helping to secure Obote's power,
阿明得到了最终的提升 Amin gets the ultimate promotion.
（马克利奥德）他成为了军队的指挥官， (Mark Leopold) He became Commander of the Army,
他成为了无可争议的军事领袖 and he became unchallenged military leader
在国内 within the country.
那个曾经是一名卑微的步兵的人 The man who was once a lowly foot soldier
在殖民军队中，现在控制着军队， in the Colonial Army, now controls the military,
在任何独裁统治下都是强有力的工具 a powerful tool in any dictatorship.
（Mariam Mufti）军队拥有所有的枪支和训练有素的士兵 (Mariam Mufti) The army has all the guns and trained soldiers.
如果独裁政权想要建立 And if the dictatorship wants to establish
对国家强制手段的垄断， a monopoly over the coercive apparatus of the state,
第一，第二 number one, and number two
在国家中合法使用暴力， the legitimate use of violence within the state,
那么你绝对需要军队的合作 then absolutely you need the cooperation of the military.
作为军队的统帅，阿明从来没有像现在这样强大 As commander of the army, Amin has never been stronger.
他会不惜一切代价保住自己的位置 He will do whatever it takes to protect his position.
（Alicia Decker）阿明认识到 (Alicia Decker) Amin recognized that
军队可能是权力的最终仲裁者 the military could be the ultimate arbiter of power
而且他不需要 and that he didn't need to
必须服从总统的命令 necessarily follow the orders of a president.
所以当他是军队的首领， And so once he was head of the military,
阿明开始聚集支持者 Amin began amassing supporters
通过从他的家乡大量招募， by recruiting heavily from his home region,
他所谓的种族亲属 his so-called ethnic kin
建立更大的支持基础 to build up a greater base of support.
奥博特了解到阿明的情况 Obote catches wind of what Amin is up to
但他知道与之直接对抗 but he knows a direct confrontation with
他强大的军事指挥官的风险太大了 his powerful military commander would be far too risky.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）随着它越来越意识到奥博特 (Alicia Decker) As it became increasingly aware to Obote
阿明可能会成为一种威胁 that Amin might actually become a threat
为了他自己的权力， to his own hold on power,
奥博特开始试图寻找方法来扼杀他 Obote began trying to find ways to stifle him.
奥博特转向他的内部间谍组织 Obote turns to his internal spy organization
为了监视军队， to keep tabs on the military,
陆军军官团的堆积 stacking the army officer corps
有忠诚的支持者暗中监视阿明 with loyalists who covertly keep an eye on Amin.
所以随着时间的推移，这是一场精心设计的棋局 So over time it was this calculated game of chess.
到1971年，奥博特相信他在军队中有足够的支持 By 1971, Obote believes he has enough support in the army
与他不忠的指挥官对抗 to move against his disloyal commander.
奥博特计划剥夺他的军衔， Obote plans to strip Idi Amin of his rank,
他的力量，甚至他的自由 his power, and even his freedom.
1月5日，总统离开乌干达 On January 5th, the president leaves Uganda
参加在新加坡举行的英联邦会议 to attend the Commonwealth Conference in Singapore.
当他在国外时，他发号施令 While he is abroad, he gives orders
立即逮捕伊迪阿明 for the immediate arrest of Idi Amin.
奥博特给乌干达军方发了一条信息 Obote sent a message back to Uganda to the military
说阿明应该被逮捕，以颠覆国家政权 saying that Amin should be arrested, for subversion.
但是奥博特被严重低估了 But Obote has badly underestimated
军队对其指挥官的忠诚 the army's loyalty to its commanding officer.
阿明花了数年时间建立起一支部队 Amin has spent years building up a force
他的普通部队 whose rank-and-file troops
对他比对政府更忠诚 are more loyal to him than to the government.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）来自奥博特的信息 (Alicia Decker) The message from Obote
实际上是被一个低级士兵拦截的 was actually intercepted by a lower ranking soldier
谁对阿明忠心耿耿， who was loyal to Amin,
然后，世卫组织将这一信息转达给阿明 who then relayed the message on to Amin.
他看到墙上的字迹 He saw the writing on the wall.
他知道他将会被淘汰 He knew that he was going to be eliminated.
阿明在最后的权力游戏中反驳了奥博特的举动 Amin counters Obote's move with the ultimate power play.
随着他的军队在他身后，他发动了一场政变 With his army behind him, he stages a coup.
阿明命令他的部队在乌干达的国会大厦里散开 Amin orders his troops to fan out across the Ugandan capitol.
坦克包围了奥博特的住宅并封锁了主要道路 Tanks surround Obote's residence and block major roads.
他的军队参与了枪战 His forces engage in running gun battles
少数部队仍然效忠于奥博特 with the few army units still loyal to Obote.
几个小时内，所有的反对都被粉碎， Within hours, all opposition is crushed,
阿明控制了乌干达 and Amin has control of Uganda.
在离家数千英里的地方，米尔顿奥博特被打了个措手不及 Milton Obote, thousands of miles from home, is caught off guard.
奥博特博士将作为乌干达公民回到乌干达 Dr. Obote will come back to Uganda as a citizen of Uganda
但不是作为乌干达共和国的总统 but not as a president of the republic of Uganda.
一些乌干达人暗地里希望这一刻， Some Ugandans have secretly hoped for this moment,
相信奥博特是一个腐败的，脱离现实的精英 convinced that Obote is a corrupt, out-of-touch elitist
谁得到了他应得的 who is getting what he deserves.
奥博特变得越来越不受欢迎 Obote had become increasingly unpopular
在许多乌干达团体中 among many Ugandan groups.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）很多人都认为他是 (Alicia Decker) Many folks saw him as
脱离群众， removed from the masses,
他们希望他被推翻 and they wanted him overthrown.
奥博特不回家 Obote does not return home.
相反，阿明迫使他流亡到邻国坦桑尼亚 Instead, Amin forces him into exile in neighboring Tanzania.
阿明打败了他的对手，夺取了政权 Amin has defeated his nemesis and taken power.
但他面临一个问题 But he faces a problem...
许多乌干达人对此深表怀疑 many Ugandans are deeply suspicious of this
现在负责他们国家的军事指挥官 military commander who is now in charge of their country.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）很多人都很紧张 (Alicia Decker) Many people were on edge.
他们对即将发生的事情感到非常紧张 They were very nervous about what was coming.
阿明提出了一个精明的政治解决方案 Amin comes up with a shrewd political solution.
为了赢得民心， To win the hearts of the people,
他把自己的好斗倾向放在一边 he sets aside his aggressive tendencies
并发起全国性的魅力攻势 and launches a nationwide charm offensive.
阿明一上来
他先花了几个星期横跨全国做巡回演说
（艾丽西亚德克尔）阿明是一位大师级的战略家 (Alicia Decker) Amin was a master strategist.
他很擅长阅读别人的作品， He was very good at reading people,
他知道他们需要什么，什么时候听 and he knew what they needed to hear and when.
阿明向公众保证，在他的领导下， Amin assures the public that under his leadership,
独立的承诺最终会实现—— the promise of independence will finally be realized--
改善住房，更好的工作，更光明的未来 improved housing, better jobs, a brighter future.
（马克利奥德）他谈到了强烈的反殖民主义路线 (Mark Leopold) He talked a strong anti-colonial line.
他讲了非洲人的语言 He talked the language of the African man
在他自己的国家掌权 taking over power over his own country
还有他自己的经济 and his own economy.
他发出了所有正确的声音 He made all the right noises.
阿明的人气飙升至更高的水平 Amin's popularity soars to even greater heights
当他承诺回归民主的时候 when he promises a return to democracy.
你愿意自己代表议会吗？ Would you like to stand for parliament yourself?
我并不是雄心勃勃地想要掌权 I am not ambitious of standing for power
但我的工作是，我想把政府移交给政府 but my job is that I want to hand over the government clean
对即将到来的人 to somebody who is coming
这就是我想要的然后我可以回到军营 and that's what I want and then I can go back to barracks
然后再接受他的命令 and then take again orders from him.
你会看到我，我来了， You will see me, I am coming,
向他敬礼，服从他的命令 saluting him and obey his orders.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）他代表了一个新的开始 (Alicia Decker) He represented a fresh start.
这是一个充满希望、希望和兴奋的时刻 It was a time of possibility and hope and excitement.
但是阿明非常受欢迎 But Amin's extraordinary popularity
他的新势力 and his newfound power
激励他考虑一个不同的计划 spur him to consider a different plan.
1971年3月 March, 1971.
政变后两个月， Just two months after the coup,
阿明灭了所有民主的希望 Amin extinguishes all hope of democracy.
他重新建立了独裁统治， He re-establishes a dictatorship,
并将乌干达作为自己的代表 and takes Uganda for himself.
（奥卡诺）权力导致腐败 (Deo Katono) Power corrupts.
所以一旦你进入这个职位你就会意识到 So once you go into this position and you realize
作为一个人，你可以用权力做什么， as an individual what you are able to do with power,
然后你想要保留它而不是放弃它 then you want to keep it rather than give it away.
阿明在他身后有很多国家的下层阶级 Amin has much of the country's lower class behind him.
但这位新独裁者遭到了许多人的强烈反对 But the new dictator faces fierce opposition from many
谁仍然相信米尔顿奥博特 who still believe Milton Obote
是乌干达的合法领导人 is the rightful leader of Uganda.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）在他的政权刚开始的时候，他是绝对的 (Alicia Decker) At the very beginning of his regime, he was absolutely
害怕被推翻 terrified of being overthrown.
不同的军事领导人，内阁官员 Different military leaders, cabinet officials
以及与之相关的士兵 and the soldiers who were associated
与前总统米尔顿奥博特一起， with the former president, Milton Obote,
是对阿明的威胁因为他们有能力 were a threat to Amin because they had the ability
可能威胁到他对权力的掌控 to potentially threaten his hold on power.
阿明决心避免前任的命运 Amin is determined to avoid his predecessor's fate
他迅速采取行动消除任何异议 and he moves quickly to stamp out any dissent.
他将追随独裁者的脚步 He will follow the lead of dictators before him
建立一个强有力的武器来保卫他自己和他的政权 and build a potent weapon to defend himself and his regime
对抗内部威胁 against internal threats.
（娜塔莎埃兹罗）控制着秘密警察 (Natasha Ezrow) Having control over the secret police
对于任何独裁政权来说，都是非常重要的工具， is an incredibly important tool for any dictatorship,
尤其是在刚开始的时候 particularly in the beginning.
他们必须设定基调并将信息明确 They have to set the tone and set the message straight
没有人可以不忠，并在这个政权中生存下来 that nobody can be disloyal and survive this regime.
阿明开始把乌干达变成一个警察国家 Amin begins to transform Uganda into a police state.
他建立了一个庞大的秘密特工网络， He establishes a vast network of secret agents,
在政府各个层面的间谍和执法者， spies, and enforcers at every level of the government,
军队，甚至在公共街道上 the military, and even on the public streets.
很多阿明的秘密警察都很容易辨认 Many members of Amin's secret police are easily identifiable
穿着华丽的衬衫，深色的太阳镜和华丽的汽车 in their flowery shirts, dark sunglasses and flashy cars.
（亨利基巴）政变后发生的事情 (Henry Kyemba) What happened after the coup
说话量 spoke volumes.
他感兴趣的是 All he was interested was
军队是如何反对他的领导的 how the army did with any opposition to his leadership.
秘密警察逮捕了数千人， The secret police make thousands of arrests,
不分昼夜地围捕目标， rounding up targets without warning, day or night,
在军营、公共街道和私人住宅中 in military barracks, public streets and private homes.
如果他怀疑你 If he suspected you
在和他的对手谈话时， to be in conversation with his opponent,
你知道，他不会只是拖延， you know, he would not just delay,
他会马上把你移走 he would just remove you instantly.
不把他们放在司法系统之前—— Not putting them before the judicial system--
只是谋杀 just murdering.
在阿明政权的第一年， Within the first year of Amin's regime,
估计有1万乌干达人被国家谋杀 an estimated 10,000 Ugandans are murdered by the state.
（Fathali Moghaddam）他们想要某些人挡道 (Fathali Moghaddam) They want certain people out of the way
因为他们认为这是感染， because they regard them as infections,
可能传播的感染 infections that could spread.
他们想把它们作为例子 And they want to use them as examples
如果你越界了，会发生什么事 of what could happen to you if you step out of line.
但是在他秘密警察监狱的锁着的门后面 But it's behind the locked doors of his secret police prisons
阿明显示了他的残忍程度 that Amin shows the full extent of his cruelty.
他的酷刑室成了传奇 His torture chambers become legendary.
在其他暴行中， Among other atrocities,
囚犯们被浸泡在沸水中， prisoners are immersed in boiling water,
被迫用锤子打对方， forced to beat each other with hammers,
吃了一袋盐 and made to eat bags of salt
直到他们死于脱水 until they nearly die from dehydration.
（娜塔莎埃兹罗）许多独裁政权诉诸于使用酷刑 (Natasha Ezrow) Many dictatorships resort to using torture
因为它确保了遵从性 because it ensures compliance.
它实际上也起到了作用 It actually also serves a purpose of
心理上对受害人的影响相当广泛 psychologically affecting the victim quite extensively.
他们永远不会再来了 That they won't ever, ever again
试着去挑战这个政权 attempt to, to challenge the regime.
（Mahmood Mamdani）权力的巩固是残酷的 (Mahmood Mamdani) The consolidation of power is brutal.
这个政府诞生于一场血腥的狂欢中 This government is born in an orgy of blood.
因为它清除了所有元素 Because it's purging of all elements
他认为这可能会挑战他对权力的掌控 which he thinks could challenge his hold on power.
阿明确保乌干达的每个人 Amin makes sure everyone in Uganda
了解不忠的代价 understands the price of disloyalty.
公开处决成为一种常见的事件 Public executions become a common event.
他想向他的对手传达一个非常明确的信息， He wanted to send a very clear message to his opponents,
任何不忠诚都是可以容忍的 that no disloyalty would be tolerated.
任何威胁他权力的人 Anyone who threatened his power
几乎是一个死刑判决 was almost a death sentence.
（Fathali Moghaddam）独裁统治下的普通民众 (Fathali Moghaddam) Ordinary people in dictatorships
想要反抗，想要推翻政权 want to rebel, want to bring the regime down.
但他们面对的是枪， But they are facing a gun,
一把上膛的枪，他们就会被杀死， a loaded gun, and they will be killed,
如果他们反抗，他们中的许多人将被杀死 many of them will be killed if they rebel.
来自社会各个阶层的乌干达人 Ugandans from all levels of society
来学习他们正在被监视 come to learn that they are being watched.
而反对阿明则意味着冒着生命危险 And that opposing Amin means risking your life.
在乌干达的每个人 Everybody in Uganda,
武装部队成员 members of the armed forces,
警察和公众 police, and the public,
他们对我的安全负责 they are responsible for my security.
他们马上就会听到 And immediately they hear
做颠覆性活动的人 anybody making subversive activities
或者试图对我做任何计划， or try to plan anything against me,
他们直接向警察报告那个人 they report that person straight to the police.
这就是我很高兴的原因 This is what I am happy because
好像他们爱我 it seems that they love me
这就是为什么他们这么做的原因， and that is why they are doing this,
我很高兴， which I am very happy,
我非常感谢他们 and I thank them very much.
在他的统治下，阿明的谋杀从未停止 Throughout his rule, Amin's murders never stop.
杀戮跨越了所有的人群—— The killings cut across all sections of the population--
军队，农民，学生， the army, farmers, students,
职员，甚至宗教人物 clerks, even religious figures.
在很多情况下，阿明命令受害者的尸体被扔出去 In many cases, Amin orders his victim's corpses to be thrown
在尼罗河上，他们成了鳄鱼的食物 into the Nile where they become food for crocodiles.
金贾的我家的对面，阿明有个农场
我会看到河面上漂着死尸
阿明时代，很多人都被杀了
在他执政的8年里， In the 8 years that he was in power,
将近30万人被屠杀 almost 300,000 people were massacred.
事实上，根据国际特赦组织的数据 In fact that number, according to Amnesty International
被认为有多达50万人 is cited to be as high as 500,000 people.
阿明的暴力仍将继续 Amin's violence will remain
他独裁统治的中心支柱 the central pillar of his dictatorship.
但他知道，他不能独自克服恐惧 But he knows he cannot rule through fear alone.
独裁者们非常小心 Dictators are very careful.
我们说的是不加区分的暴力行为作为一种策略 We talk about indiscriminate acts of violence as a strategy
这是独裁者们使用的，但也有一个临界点 that are used by dictators, but there is a tipping point.
独裁者并不想杀死所有人 Dictators do not want to kill everyone.
你不会想要制造这么多的国家镇压， You don't want to create so much state repression,
如此多的暴力，你最终会煽动 so much violence, that you actually end up instigating
来自内部的反抗，或者来自内部的革命 a rebellion from within, or a revolution from within.
对于他的下一步行动，阿明将提供胡萝卜，而不是大棒 For his next move, Amin will offer the carrot, not the stick.
在一种取悦大众的民粹主义中， In an act of crowd-pleasing populism,
他会给他的人民他认为他们想要的东西 he will give his people what he believes they want...
他认为这将为他赢得他们永恒的忠诚 it's a move he thinks will win him their undying loyalty.
一开始有很多恐惧， in the beginning there's been a lot of fear,
镇压，清洗，逮捕， repression, purges used, arrests,
当然，恐惧是其中的重要组成部分 and of course, fear is a big part of it.
但是没有一个独裁者能靠镇压来生存， But no dictator can survive with just repression alone,
他们必须培养某种形式的受欢迎程度 they have to cultivate some form of popularity.
阿明想要证明他可以给人民 Amin wants to demonstrate that he can give the people
一个更好，更繁荣的生活，尤其是在他的基地—— a better, more prosperous life, especially among his base--
数以百万计的下层乌干达人被困住了 the millions of lower-class Ugandans who have been stuck
自殖民时代以来的贫困循环 in a cycle of poverty since colonial times.
人们需要稳定 People have a need for stability.
他们需要感觉自己被照顾了 They need to feel like they're taken care of.
这是独裁统治所提供的 And that's something that dictatorships provide.
他们想要确保大众的感觉 They want to ensure that the masses feel
这是对独裁统治的需要 that there is a need for this dictatorship.
当乌干达在1962年独立时， When Uganda became independent in 1962,
对大多数人来说，没有什么变化 for most people, nothing much changed.
阿明有一个激进的想法 Amin has a radical idea to give
黑乌干达第一次真正的经济实力 black Ugandans real economic power for the first time.
为了让他的计划成功， And to make his plan work,
他将使用一个典型的独裁者的策略 he will use a classic dictator's tactic.
（Mariam Mufti）如果你想让人们聚在一起， (Mariam Mufti) If you want to bring people together,
你想给人们一种感觉 and you want to give people a sense
独裁者必须掌权， that the dictator must be in power,
因为他是一个救世主或者是他们利益的守护者， because he is a savior or a guardian of their interests,
然后建立一个共同的敌人是一个非常有效的策略 then creating a common enemy is an extremely effective strategy.
在伊迪阿明的案例中， Now in the case of Idi Amin,
那个共同的敌人是因恐惧而产生的， that common enemy stemmed from indophobia,
这在当时非常普遍， which was very common at the time,
它的目标是在乌干达的南亚移民 and it was directed towards the South Asian settlers in Uganda.
南亚人首先被英国人带到乌干达 South Asians were first brought to Uganda by the British
在19世纪帮助管理殖民地经济 in the 19th century to help run the colonial economy.
英国人相信非洲人 The British believed that the Africans
没有能力执行 weren't really capable of carrying out
这些经济地位—— these these economic positions--
经营商店和小生意 running shops and small businesses.
实际上，亚洲人在运营 In effect the Asians were running
几乎所有的乌干达经济 pretty much all the Ugandan economy.
到1972年， By 1972,
亚裔乌干达人占总人口的比例不到1%， Asian Ugandans make up less than 1% of the population,
但他们拥有全国90%的业务 but they own 90% of the country's businesses.
以亚洲人为目标， By targeting Asians,
以及他们在经济中的角色， and their role in the economy,
阿明相信他可以转移 Amin believes he can transfer
黑人乌干达人的权力和繁荣 power and prosperity to black Ugandans.
这一举动会引起全世界的愤怒 It's a move that will provoke outrage around the world
并定义他的独裁统治 and define the rest of his dictatorship.
1972年8月5日，阿明下令驱逐 On August 5, 1972, Amin orders the expulsion
在乌干达的整个亚洲人口中，大约有8万人 of Uganda's entire Asian population, some 80,000 people.
（男人）你想把所有的亚洲人都赶出去吗？ (man) Would you like to get all Asians out really?
是的！他们必须去他们的国家！ Yes! they must go to their country!
那是1972年8月初，啊…… It was early August in 1972, and ah...
我们有收音机， we had the radio on,
我们听到了关于亚洲驱逐的事情 and we heard this thing about the Asian expulsion.
只是，我们没有意识到，我们说不，不可能 And it just, we were oblivious, we said no, it can't be.
这一定是某种玩笑之类的 This must be some kind of joke or something.
但是阿明是致命的 But Amin proves to be deadly serious.
独裁者给了像约翰拿撒勒这样的亚洲乌干达人 The dictator gives Asian Ugandans like John Nazareth
他的家人只有90天的时间来安排他们的事务， and his family just 90 days to arrange their affairs,
关闭他们的业务， close their businesses,
并计划移民到一个新的国家 and make plans to emigrate to a new country.
（约翰拿撒勒）恐慌 (John Nazareth) Panic...
这是相当艰难的 it was pretty rough.
你越不认真，我不知道是不是 The less serious you took it-- I don't know whether it was
只是在头脑中形成一种防御机制 just a defensive mechanism in the mind to make light
因为如果你不笑，你就会哭 of something because if you didn't laugh, you'd cry.
世界媒体谴责阿明的激烈行动， The world press condemns Amin for his drastic move,
他们经常诉诸于夸张的讽刺和几乎不加掩饰的种族主义 often resorting to caricature and barely veiled racism.
（马克奥立德）国外的反应，特别是在英国 (Mark Leopold) The reaction abroad, particularly in the UK
是真的让阿明看起来像个无情的怪物， was to really make Amin seem a heartless monster,
使他成为臭名昭著的独裁者 to make him the notorious dictator that he has become.
但对他在国内的许多支持者来说 But for many of his supporters at home
在整个非洲大陆，阿明被认为是 and across the African continent, Amin is seen as
一个大胆的，开创性的黑人权利捍卫者 a bold, pioneering champion of black rights.
最后，超过5万名来自亚洲的乌干达人 In the end, more than 50,000 Ugandans of Asian origin
他们被赶出了自己的国家 are thrown out of their own country.
阿明剥夺了亚洲所有企业的所有权 Amin expropriates the Asian owned businesses.
他把大部分的收入都交给了他的政府 He siphons much of the revenues to his government
并在他的支持者中分享这些财产 and shares the properties among his supporters.
（Mahmood Mamdani）阿明是这么多人的未来的源泉 (Mahmood Mamdani) Amin was the source of a future for so many people.
乌干达突然变成了一个充满机会的土地 Uganda had suddenly become a land of opportunity
因为它的黑人人口 for its black population.
他利用了一些大的东西 He tapped into something big.
我的意思是，这几乎就像是一场社会革命 I mean, this was almost like a social revolution.
除了它是从上面来的 Except it had been carried out from above.
亚洲的驱逐令乌干达的经济复苏 The Asian expulsion remakes Uganda's economy...
但是，阿明从来没有想过要这样做 but in ways Amin had never intended.
对经济的影响是灾难性的 The impact on the economy was disastrous.
（欧迪卡诺）这是一场大灾难 (Deo Katono) It was a big disaster
因为非洲人接管了这些企业 because the Africans who took over these businesses
完全没有经验 had no experience at all
在这些性质的管理中 in the management of these properties.
商业供应链， Commercial supply chains,
几十年来，亚洲企业主一直控制着， for decades controlled by Asian business owners,
突然崩溃 suddenly break down.
制造商无法获得零部件和原材料 Manufacturers can't get parts and raw materials.
失业率飙升 Unemployment soars.
商店的货架是空的，基本的家居用品 Store shelves are bare, and basic household goods
比如火柴和糖是不可用的 like matches and sugar are unavailable.
（奥卡诺）当时出现了一种犯罪现象 (Deo Katono) Then there was a phenomenon of crime.
他们是窃贼， These were burglars,
他们是强盗入侵的家园 these were bandits invading homes
偷别人的东西 and stealing from people.
在经济形势的恶劣影响下，这一增长受到了刺激 It was on the rise stimulated by the biting economic conditions.
（Mahmood Mamdani）他获得的支持 (Mahmood Mamdani) The support that he had gained
通过亚洲的驱逐行动开始逐渐减弱 through the Asian expulsion was beginning to to wane.
为了确保经济运行， To ensuring a running economy,
或者是法治—— or a rule of law--
阿明已经失去了这种信誉 Amin had lost that credibility.
即使是他最热心的支持者 With even his most ardent supporters
现在质疑他的领导能力， now questioning his leadership,
阿明正面临造反的可能 Amin is facing the possibility of revolt.
为了赢回大众的支持， To win back popular support,
他转向另一种策略 he turns to another tactic.
他将试图转移公众的注意力 He will try to divert public attention
远离他失败的政策 away from his failed policies.
（娜塔莎埃兹罗）对于任何一个独裁者来说，这都是一个重要的工具 (Natasha Ezrow) It's an important tool for any dictator.
这是一种分散人们注意力的方式 It's a way of distracting people
从政权的过犯，到镇压， from the transgressions of the regime, from the repression,
从糟糕的政策中 from the poor policies.
经济形势非常糟糕 The economy was doing terribly.
他正在把这个国家推向地面 He was running the country into the ground.
阿明的计划是让公众关注 Amin's plan is to turn the public spotlight
远离失败的经济，自己去训练 away from the failing economy and train it on himself.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）关于阿明的一个重要方面 (Alicia Decker) An important aspect about Amin
是他人格的戏剧性，对吧？ is the theatricality of his personality. Right?
他喜欢，他喜欢制造奇观，喜欢显摆 He loved to, he loved to make a spectacle, a show of things,
他喜欢惹毛别人 and he loved to ruffle feathers.
独裁者发动了一场公开的口水战 The dictator launches a public war of words
和外面的世界 with the outside world.
他开始发出一系列猥亵的 He begins sending out a series of lewd and
有争议的电报，经常给世界著名领导人 controversial telegrams, often to prominent world leaders.
其中一个例子是 One example of this would be
当他发给英国女王一份电报 when he sent the Queen of England a telegram
告诉她不要把短裤绑起来 telling her not to get her knickers in a bundle
像他以前所做的那样 over something that he had done.
全世界都被激怒了—— The world were outraged--
你怎么能发出这样不恰当的信息 how can you send such an inappropriate message
去英国女王谈论她的内裤？ to the Queen of England talking about her underpants?
（奥卡约诺）他给尼克松发了一封电报， (Deo Katono) There's one telegram that he sent to Nixon,
美国总统，祝贺他 the U.S. President, congratulating him
在他因水门事件而被弹劾之后 after he'd been impeached over the Watergate scandal.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）他将非理性作为一种塑造策略 (Alicia Decker) He deployed irrationality as a performative tactic
试着让人们谈论他 to try and get people talking about him.
他喜欢一场精彩的演出，他喜欢一场精彩的演出 He loved a good show, he loved a good performance.
因此，通过参与这些有时言过其实的事情， And so by engaging in these sometimes over-the-top,
令人发指的行为，通过发送这些信件 outrageous behaviors, by sending these missives to
各种各样的国家元首，说各种不恰当的事情， various heads of states, saying various inappropriate things,
他能让人们的目光聚焦在他身上 he was able to get people's eyes focused on him.
再一次，世界媒体在报道伊迪阿明， Once again, the world press scrambles to cover Idi Amin,
把他塑造成一个没有思想和精神错乱的暴君 framing him as an unthinking and unhinged despot.
（奥卡诺）这些报纸说，看，这个人疯了 (Deo Katono) These newspapers said look, this man is crazy.
他是个小丑 He is a buffoon.
实际上他们用了“小丑”这个词 Actually they used the word buffoon.
但是在家里，许多乌干达人却把它放在一边 But at home, many Ugandans set aside
他们对经济的担忧 their concerns over the economy
看到他们的领袖，激动不已 and thrill to the sight of their leader
在世界舞台上，站在西方世界的舞台上 on the world stage, standing up to the West.
所以当他把自己说成是对殖民主义的批判者， So when he projected himself as a critic of colonialism,
作为反对白人统治的抗议， as a protestor against white domination,
他的分数很高 he received very high marks.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）为什么很多人没有 (Alicia Decker) Part of the reason why many people have not
因为他的滑稽动作，所以很严肃地对待阿明 taken Amin seriously is because of his antics.
但是我认为我们需要这些电报 But I think we need to take these telegrams
这些信件非常严肃，因为它们告诉我们 and these missives very seriously, because they tell us
关于内部微积分的很多内容 a lot about the inner calculus
在政治机器中，你知道，阿明 of the political machine that was, you know, Amin.
阿明设法保持对大众支持的微弱控制， Amin manages to keep a tenuous hold on popular support,
但到了1978年，乌干达的经济比以往任何时候都弱， but by 1978, Uganda's economy is weaker than ever,
这位独裁者正面临着一个紧迫的问题 and the dictator is facing an urgent problem.
他的政府几近破产， With his government nearly bankrupt,
阿明曾经忠诚的军队资金不足 Amin's once loyal army is underfunded
而且越来越失控 and increasingly out of control.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）阿明创建了一个超军事化的国家 (Alicia Decker) Amin created a hypermilitarized state.
他所做的是，随着时间的推移，他创造了 What he did is, over time he created
有多个不同的组织负责 multiple different organizations that were responsible
在国家安全的各个方面 for various aspects of security in the country.
因为这些小组是有能力的 As these groups were able
为了积聚更多的力量， to amass increasing amounts of power,
他们不再对他忠诚了 they were not necessarily loyal to him anymore.
军国主义给他带来了力量 And so eventually the militarism which had brought him power
最终让他走向毁灭 was what ultimately undid him.
在邻国坦桑尼亚，米尔顿奥博特 In neighboring Tanzania, Milton Obote
现在，在他流亡的第8个年头里，他正在密切关注着 now in his 8th year of exile, is watching closely.
他召集了数千名乌干达叛军 He rallies thousands of Ugandan rebels
与坦桑尼亚军队联合 to join forces with the Tanzanian Army
等待合适的时机进行打击 and waits for the right moment to strike.
（马克他）越来越多的流亡者 (Mark Leopold) Increasing numbers of exiles
在坦桑尼亚组织， were organizing in Tanzania,
他们得到了越来越多的国际支持 and they were getting more and more international support.
所以他受到了很大的威胁 So he was very much under threat.
在危机中，阿明看到了一个机会， Amid the crisis, Amin sees an opportunity,
一种支撑他崩溃的政权的方法 a way to shore up his crumbling regime
并抢占坦桑尼亚即将到来的攻击 and preempt Tanzania's imminent attack.
他会采取一种冒险的策略 He'll employ a risky tactic
这是其他独裁者所使用的 one that's been used by other dictators.
这场战争是为了给士兵们找些事做 This war was about trying to give the soldiers something concrete to focus on
以免他们参与到其他 that was not going to get them involved in other business
不应该参与的事情中 that they shouldn't be involved in,
比如质疑国家的权威 such as questioning the authority of the state.
1978年10月， In October 1978,
乌干达军队入侵坦桑尼亚 Ugandan forces invade Tanzania.
阿明的军队已没有财力负担 Amin's army, whose troops he can no longer afford to pay
横跨坦桑尼亚近700平方英里的领土进行劫掠 loot and plunder their way across nearly 700 square miles of Tanzanian territory.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）在入侵期间，他们屠杀了 (Alicia Decker) During the invasion, they massacred
每一件有生命的东西 every living thing that was around.
报告显示，这是完全的和彻底的破坏 Reports suggest that it was complete and total destruction.
阿明在与坦桑尼亚的战争中赌博 Amin's gamble on a war with Tanzania
似乎得到了回报 seems to have paid off.
他宣布了一场伟大的胜利， He declares a great victory,
但是他错误地判断了敌人的意志 but he has misjudged the will of his enemy
还有他自己军队的力量 and the strength of his own army.
（Mariam Mufti）坦桑尼亚人不会轻易接受，事实上 (Mariam Mufti) The Tanzanians weren't going to take lightly, and in fact
他们重新回到了他们的领地， they came back full force and recaptured their territory,
把阿明推回乌干达，把他的部队撤回来 pushing Amin back into Uganda, pushing his troops back.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）因此，与其反击， (Alicia Decker) And so instead of fighting back,
阿明的军队到最后都很破旧了—— Amin's troops were very dilapidated by the end--
一团混乱 a disorganized mess.
所以对于坦桑尼亚军队来说这是很容易的， And so it was very easy for the Tanzanian army,
在这一点上，他是非常有组织的， who at this point were very highly organized,
去追捕阿明和他的士兵 to chase after Amin and his soldiers.
在他的军队全力撤退的时候，阿明自己也在 With his troops in full retreat, Amin barricades himself
在他的总统官邸 in his presidential residence in Kampala.
1979年4月10日， On April 10, 1979,
坦桑尼亚军队进入了乌干达国会大厦 Tanzanian forces enter the Ugandan capitol.
阿明的战争已经被证明是一个致命的错误 Amin's war has proved to be a fatal mistake.
（Mariam Mufti）整个事件， (Mariam Mufti) This entire episode,
这是由阿明意识到的 which stemmed from Amin realizing
他失去了对政权的控制 that he was losing control of his regime
让他去做一次错误的冒险，犯了一个错误 led him to go on a misadventure and make a mistake.
对伊迪阿明来说，这是一个巨大的失误，因为它最终导致了死亡 It was a huge misstep for Idi Amin because it led to the end.
通过民粹主义的魅力 Through a combination of populist charm
残酷的暴力， and brutal violence,
在一个庞大的警察国家的支持下， backed up by a vast police state,
伊迪阿明设法统治乌干达， Idi Amin managed to rule Uganda,
整整8年，整个世界都被他所征服 and confound the whole world, for 8 years.
现在，一切都结束了 Now, it's all over.
在1979年4月11日， On April 11, 1979,
与坦桑尼亚军队和乌干达叛军 with Tanzanian troops and Ugandan rebels
接近他的院子， closing in on his compound,
阿明登上一架军用直升机，逃离了这个国家 Amin boards an army helicopter and flees the country.
数以百万计的乌干达人，终于摆脱了阿明的残暴统治， Millions of Ugandans, finally free of Amin's brutal rule,
在街上欢呼吧 rejoice in the streets.
但他们也必须考虑 But they must also reckon with
独裁者留下的东西： what the dictator has left behind:
满目疮痍的经济和屠杀 a devastated economy and the slaughter
成千上万的同胞 of hundreds of thousands of their fellow citizens.
有些人失去了父母， There are people who lost parents,
由于伊迪阿明的缘故，他再也没有恢复过来 as a result of Idi Amin and have never recovered.
（亨利基巴）我失去了我的兄弟 (Henry Kyemba) I lost my brother.
我失去了我的儿子 I lost my sons.
我失去了我的近亲 I lost my close relatives.
当米尔顿奥博特返回乌干达时 As Milton Obote returns to Uganda
为了恢复他以前的独裁统治， to reclaim his old dictatorship,
阿明逃到中东 Amin flees to the Middle East.
在那里，他利用自己的穆斯林遗产寻求庇护 There he leverages his Muslim heritage to find refuge.
最终，他得到了一个安全的 Ultimately, he is given a safe
还有沙特阿拉伯的舒适天堂 and comfortable haven in Saudi Arabia.
（艾丽西娅德克尔）一旦阿明到达沙特阿拉伯，他的生活方式非常好 (Alicia Decker) Once Amin got to Saudi Arabia, he had a very nice lifestyle.
沙特政府把他安置在一个非常漂亮的房子里 The Saudi government put him up in a very beautiful house.
他至少还能和另外两个女人结婚 He was able to marry at least two additional women.
所以大家都说，阿明会出现 And so by all accounts, it would appear that Amin
结束了他的日子而不需要为暴力付出代价 ended his days without ever having to pay for the violence
他给乌干达带来的破坏 and devastation that he brought to Uganda.
阿明活得很长，从来没有为他的罪行负责， Amin lived a long life and never answered for his crimes,
2003年死于肾衰 dying peacefully of kidney failure in 2003.
但自从1979年他下台后， But ever since his downfall in 1979,
暴力和军国主义文化 the culture of violence and militarism
他在乌干达创建的这个组织还在继续 that he created in Uganda has continued.
这个国家经历了相对稳定和和平时期， The country has seen periods of relative stability and peace,
但是阿明的继任者都采取了类似的策略 but Amin's successors have all resorted to similar tactics
恐吓和控制他们的人民 to intimidate and control their people.
（艾丽西亚德克尔）自阿明以来的每一位领导人， (Alicia Decker) Every leader since Amin,
依靠军事力量维持权力 has relied upon military force to maintain power
为了压制异议，很大程度上是因为他们有 and to stifle dissent, largely because they have
通过阿明了解到，暴力是有效的， learned through Amin, that violence is effective,
暴力是有效的 violence works.
被灌输和支持的暴力 The violence that was inculcated and supported
阿明的军国主义，是一种生活在 by Amin's militarism, is something that lives on
作为他最不朽的遗产之一 as one of his most enduring legacies.
下次在“独裁者的剧本”中…… Next time on "The Dictator's Playbook"...
（娜塔莎埃兹罗）没有哪个国家像北朝鲜这样 (Natasha Ezrow) There's no country that exercises
对其公民行使诸多的权力 more power over its citizens than North Korea.
（Jean h.Lee）经过数百年的封建统治和日本的野蛮占领 (Jean H. Lee) After hundreds of years of feudal rule and brutal Japanese occupation.
（布鲁斯卡明斯）金日成认为自己是伟大的统一者 (Bruce Cumings) Kim Il Sung saw himself as the great unifier.
（娜塔莎埃兹罗）他能够创造一个完整的宗教 (Natasha Ezrow) He was able to create a complete religion.
（Michael Madden）对朝鲜人民来说，金日成是一个活生生的上帝 (Michael Madden) For the North Koreans, Kim Il Sung was a living god.
（Jean h.Lee）控制他们的想法，他们吃什么 (Jean H. Lee) Controlling what they think, what they eat.
（查尔斯k.阿姆斯特朗）已经持续了将近70年 (Charles K. Armstrong) That has lasted now for almost 70 years.
（Jean h.Lee）我们在共产主义世界从未见过这样的事情 (Jean H. Lee) We had never seen anything like that in the communist world.