welcome to our primate classification
lecture for today's pop culture
reference
you probably recognize Tarzan and his
friend it's not Turk this chart pinned
his friend Turk and so today we're going
to be looking at how we can classify a
primate so we'll look at how these guys
going to some of the similar taxonomic
levels but how they ultimately are a
little bit different at the end as well
so our goal for today is to understand
the taxonomic tree of the primate order
sounds simple but it's going to have a
lot of details with so where do we fit
in we've seen this before we look at our
taxonomic levels from kingdom phylum
class order family genus and species
going from general to more specific
remember that we said that mammals are
warm-blooded vertebrates who have hair
and fur and secrete milk have females
that secrete milk for they're typically
live young so we have where we fit in we
are under Animalia Chordata Mammalia the
order of primates hominid day homo and
sapiens so we're going to last lecture
we learned about primates and some of
the traits that are shared for the most
part across the order
these included grasping hands with the
five digits grasping thumb and toe
forward-facing eyes or stereoscopic
vision a post orbital bar which we'll
see more today a reduced snout with the
loss of the Rhine areum mostly hetero
dentition with a dental formula the
canine honing complex parental
investment including extended ontogeny
and few offspring and a limited range of
habitation before I begin I just want to
give you a rundown of what you will need
to know for your exam purposes now some
of this won't make sense until you rest
watch the rest of the lecture
at least you have an idea going into it
what it is that you need to know you'll
need to know the classification of the
different primates I'm going to show you
a chart on the next slide and that chart
is going to be something that I will
have available both filled in and blank
on the Karman that way you can practice
so almost all of the identification
questions will have to relate will
relate back to that chart so it would be
a sort of fill in the blank situation
you'll need to know strepsirhines to the
super family and haplorhine to the
family so strep cerini and haplorhini
and then the homo sapien line all the
way to the species you'll also need to
know the characteristics of the major
groups including what makes this
strepsirrhine a strepsirrhine what makes
a platter on a platter eine katha rine
and home in a day now this is something
that i'm touching over these major
groups in a little bit more detail the
smaller groups I'm just going to show
you a couple of examples of what makes
up that primate group and the details of
that are less specific these four major
groups are going to be the ones that are
the most important for you five major
groups sorry five major so this is what
we're going to be looking at this should
look similar to how your cladogram looks
remember that that was where every time
we had a different branch there was the
differences in shared traits so here
we're looking again under Animalia
Chordata Mammalia and primates and the
primate order can be broken down into
two sub orders strepsirhini which i will
also refer to as strepsirhines and
haplorhini which i will also refer to as
haplorhine
so the first thing that we want to focus
at are the strepsirhines
which can be broken down into Lamora
forms which can then be broken down into
Lamora day and larysa day so what are
strepsirhines they can be considered the
most primitive of the primate order
their features include a reliance on all
location which is smell so these guys
actually have that naked and moist nose
that ranarium that we talked about
before this can give you an idea of how
primitive they are remember that I said
most primates don't have a Reyn areum
these guys do you can see on the image
in the top right the difference between
having a right narium and having a other
the other type of primate nose that you
see where it's not present strep neurons
also have a claw on the second toe
although they do have nails on the other
digits they have something called a
tooth comb which is one of our dietary
expect T exceptions you can see in the
bottom left of this image that the
incisors are long and seem to be shaped
essentially like a comb and that's
exactly how it functions as is a comb
for grooming purposes strepsirhines are
also nocturnal so they are active during
the night for the most part instead of
during the day and they lack social
behaviors that are present in most other
primates give you a better view of the
tooth comb you can see it here both in
an extent living primate and in a bony
jaw so this is just what it looks like
up close like I said it functions as a
comb and it's only found in some
strepsirhines one of the key
characteristics about being able to
identify a strepsirrhine is through a
post orbital bar so post orbital means
behind the eye orbit so what you're
looking for is this feature that is
circled here all primates have a post
orbital bar but strepsirrhine in
particular have the bar with an opening
behind it you see how it looks as if you
could hook to your finger through there
you can see light between the bar and
the eye so that is something that is a
key characteristic for identifying
strepsirhines from the bones if they
have this feature and you could
essentially pick it up at the eye orbit
with your
finger by wrapping it around then you
have a strepsirrhine we'll look at the
dip it compared to a haplorhine in a
minute you this is something that you
will need to know both for the labs and
for your exam being able to visually
identify the difference between a
strepsirrhine and a haplorhine
strepsirhines include the infraorder of
Lemoore arms and this can be broken down
into the superfamily of the more de
which includes lemurs and larysa de
which includes lorises and Gallegos so
the distribution of strepsirhines can be
found with lemurs located in Madagascar
which is an actually a really great
example of adaptive radiation 100
million years ago
Madagascar broke off from mainland and
there was a lack of gene flow between
the original source and the current
population so the that lack of gene flow
meant that they had to adapt to their
resources so this is adaptive radiation
and genetic drift we also see lorises
and Gallegos which are located in
mainland Africa and tropical Asia if we
take a look at lemurs they tend to be
mostly smaller about 20 ounce or two
ounces from the smallest which is the
mouse lemur and 20 pounds to the injury
so we have a couple of different
groupings
you've got ring-tailed lemurs and black
lemurs mouse and dwarf lemurs I don't
know about you guys I really just want
to take this guy home the injury and the
sifaka
you probably realized here that this is
a the leaping lemur that we see with
zoboomafoo and then the aye-aye which is
the one where is it adorable or is it
creepy I'm gonna leave that one up to
you guys if you haven't seen true facts
about the aye-aye yet definitely watch
it it's worth the two minutes of your
time with lorises they can be broken
down into the slow slender and Pato
sources or the Galaga and Bush babies
these are the most primitive these
represent the most primitive ancestors
of the haplorhines next we're going to
move into the haplorhines
as you can see this group has a lot of
subsections so the first thing that
we're going to do is explore what makes
half lines in general remember that each
one of these subsections will have the
traits that all half of our lines have
but each of the different subsections
might have different traits depending on
where they branch off so this is where
it will become important to understand
the differences you'll notice that
platyrrhini is off on its own
and cercopithecoidea is off on its own
and so that these are some of the things
that I'm expecting you to know
individually trait wise so hop luinis
include the infraorder of anthropoid
eeeh and tars of forms as well as the
parvorder catarrhini which will be our
new world monkeys and cattorini which
will be our old world monkeys here apes
and humans so what are happens what
makes a half lorina a haplorhine we want
to look at all of the the traits that
all haplorhines will have in common
there's always going to be an emphasis
on vision overall vacation or smell
there will be a full closure on the eye
orbit there's a tendency towards diurnal
activity so activity during the day with
the exceptions of the owl monkey and
tarsier they're social with the
exception of the orangutan their brain
to body ratio is higher and their
cognition is higher remember we talked
about intelligence and cognition in
relation to the complexity of the brain
so we talked about not just an increase
in size but also an increase in the
surface area or the different wiggles
and folds that make up the brain one of
the best ways to visually identify
haplorhine as being different from
strepsirhines is the fact that not only
do they have the post orbital
are they have full post orbital closure
so if you take a look here and here
you'll notice that there is no way that
if I wanted to poke my finger to hold
the I or 'but that I would be able to do
it I'd essentially just be poking my
finger at the side of a skull at the
temple you can see that there's complete
closure and no light is passing through
just so you remember the comparison
here's what the strepsirrhine looks like
do you see that difference you also have
the longer snout in the strap serines
compared to the short snout in the half
lines remember an image like this might
be something that you would see on the
exam making a comparison between half
the rinds and strepsirrhine your friend
for making that comparison is whether
you have a post or a little bar or a
post orbital closure so as we begin to
explore haplorhines the first thing that
we're going to do is start with the
tarsiers notice that the tarsiers are
off on their own and we put them to the
left linking them closer to the
strepsirhines there is a reason for that
tarsiers are considered a potential
evolutionary bridge between lower and
higher primates they're anatomically
similar in some ways to the
strepsirhines but genetically speaking
they group into the half lines this is a
tarsier now my favorite comparison to
make for tars ears is that they kind of
look like this guy see the resemblance I
do they're all like so turns deers have
massive eyes and with that in mind they
are exclusively nocturnal the other
interesting thing about tars ears is
that they mate in monogamous pairs if
you checked out true facts about the
aye-aye
I also highly recommend that you check
out check out true facts about the tars
ears both of those videos are extremely
fascinating after having looked at tars
ears there's nothing there's no sub
orders under them so the next case that
we want to move is
anthropoids notice that anthropoids
include everything else that we're going
to be looking at anthropoids can split
into platyrrhini and cattorini and the
first thing that we're going to do is
explore the platter eeny
so the platyrrhini are in infraorder I
will also call them platyrrhines and
they are referred to as the New World
monkeys
so platter ein and new world monkey are
interchangeable phrases they have a
relatively flat nose and a small body
size the largest is 25 pounds which you
can see at the top right image and the
smallest can weigh just a few ounces
again who wouldn't want to take that guy
home the other thing that is important
to know about platyrrhines is that they
have an extra premolar in each quadrant
this is their dental formula notice that
it is 2 1 3 3 as opposed to our familiar
2 1 2 3 which we will see across the
rest of the primate order that 2 1 3 3
with that third premolar is a crucial
way to determine whether the skull that
you're looking at is a platter line or a
cat or I'm okay the best way that you
can determine this is if you take a look
if you're not sure what the premolars
are essentially if you look behind the
canine and there's six teeth then that's
a 3 3 pattern if you look behind the
canine and there's 5 teeth then it's a 2
3 pattern the other thing that they have
that is unique is that with their
tendency towards life in the trees they
have a prehensile tail and when I say
arboreal ism' I don't know if I made
this clear before our boreal ISM is that
relation to life in the trees with Arbor
being a prefix meaning trees
so this prehensile or grasping tail is
something that they use as a third hand
you can see it with the prime with the
the platyrrhines
up in the top right image notice that
there's a long tail
that's wrapped around by her right hand
this is something that she can actually
use to grasp with so when she's moving
she can hold on to the branch and swing
from there flutterings are located in
Central and South America and they are
mainly arboreal so as I mentioned that
is that life in the trees and mainly in
tropical forests so this is why we call
them New World monkeys if you think back
to when you talk about Columbus and
Columbus coming to the new world this is
that new world right the Americas are
the new world so we see platyrrhines
only in the Americas again we can break
these down into four families and so I'm
just gonna show you generally so I'm not
going to to detail what those families
are but you have one family that
includes your marmosets and your
tamarins another family that includes
your titi and your sake monkeys a third
family that includes howler monkeys and
spider monkeys and the fourth that
includes squirrel monkeys and capuchins
you might recognize capuchin monkeys if
you've ever watched friends now that
we've explored platyrrhines we're going
to move into exploring cat ions cations
are located in Africa and Asia
they are both terrestrial and arboreal
notice that we've moved out of the
Americas and back towards the old world
cations can be broken into two super
families circa Pethick or da and
hominoid EA
when we look at the certificates we're
looking at things like mandrels baboon
and colobus monkeys hominoidea can be
broken down into our lesser apes and our
greater apes which we'll explore in a
minute if we take a look at our cations
specifically the Circa PIPA koi da or
your cercopithecoids these are referred
to as our old world monkeys so this is
again remembering that they their
territory is in the old world as opposed
to in the new world they have tails but
in this case unlike the new world
monkeys they're not prehensile so this
means that they aren't able to use them
to grasp on trees they're also more
terrestrial than their than new world
monkeys this means that they spend more
time living on the ground like our
baboons here and they have a
characteristic called bilophodont molars
which I'll show you on the next slide
their dental formula is the two one two
three that were used to seeing so
remember it's if it's the two one three
three it's a characteristic of the of
our new world monkeys but the two one
two three
is going to be characteristic of
everything else so when we're talking
about piloff adult molars they look
something like this
that's going to be the characteristic
that makes up old-world monkeys teeth
and if we break it down look at the word
the first part of it is by that means
two then we'll be talking about loafs
and then dot means dentition so it's a
two loaf tooth a loaf is this and this
notice that there are two parallel
structures right next to each other
these bilophodont molars can be compared
to the y5 molars that we see in our Apes
or the hominid day and you might wonder
why it's called y5 if you take a look at
those little squiggly marks that make
the molar up this bit looks kind of like
a Y and then you'll notice these other
two squiggles that turns the tooth into
one two
three four five cusps that's where we
get the Wi-Fi from the next branch of
cadherins
is a hominoid eeeh the apes and humans
so they have all of the other ancestral
traits that we see in the Hawaiians
except for some derived traits that are
more specific
so the hominoid iya includes no tales
none of the hominoids have tails they're
also physically larger in size than
anything that we've seen so far with
larger brain size and more complexity we
also see brachiation so brachiation is
going to be the way in which they move
through the trees and I'll show you this
on the next slide
in addition hominoids invest the most
time in raising young compared to any
other primate we can break common OIG's
down into two different groups how about
today
which we call the lesser apes and these
include your Gibbons and Simon's we have
some Gibbons at the Columbus Zoo if you
haven't checked them out yet I
absolutely would recommend it it's
awesome and then we have hominid day so
this is different from hominoidea
it's hominid day and these are our
greater apes and including the
orangutans gorillas chimps bonobos and
humans as I mentioned brachiation is
about movement so if we take a look at
one of our hila bats or this in
particular is our Gibbon so the lesser
eighth these guys move through the trees
very very quickly
notice how he is suspended from the tree
branch and so brachiation is the the set
up of the skeleton that allows for this
movement we have it in humans as well
can you think of how we break eight if
you're thinking about sports you're
probably correct now if we take a look
at the skeleton to try to understand
what changes occurred for this movement
to exist it's all about the position of
the shoulder blade this ribcage and
shoulder blades shown here this thorax
really
is showing the scapula sitting basically
right alongside very lateral on the
ribcage that's gonna allow for a very
tight range of motion and if you think
about the fact that old old-world
monkeys pretty exclusively walk on the
ground and don't spend any time in trees
this makes sense it can be compared to
humans where the scapula is placed more
posterior so it's sitting on the back of
the rib cage this allows for us to make
that motion with our shoulders and our
arms and it can be used in the rest of
our hominoid eeeh as well
in which they are using that motion to
move through the trees we might use it
for football or baseball or any sort of
throwing sport but there's other ways
that it can be used as well if we
continue down the anthropoid line
continuing from Catering's
we can see the superfamily of hominoidea
and then we are part of the family
hominid day and the subfamily hominin a
with the genus Homo and the species
sapiens this becomes important
especially as we start to move into our
third unit and our third unit we're
really going to be breaking down that
hominid a and hominin a in conclusion
today we looked at the different
taxonomic levels that make up the
primate order and we learned what things
split up those levels it looks sort of
like this chart that we see on the right
although do keep in mind that this chart
that you see here has some differences
to what we learned today and that's just
because of how they're classifying and
breaking things down everything that we
learned is today is based off of genetic
differences not just the morphological
or physical differences of the body in
the next few lectures we're going to
start looking at primate behavior and
primate locomotion