Our world is undergoing profound change.
Science and technology are transforming our lives
with dizzying speed.
Astonishing innovations are ushering in
a new era of opportunity.
The high tech revolution is fueling creativity
around the globe,
inspiring visionary solutions.
So open your eyes and get ready
for an amazing journey to 2050
to Dream The Future.
(uplifting music)
(electricity zapping)
In the 21st century,
our planet is alive with light.
85% of our energy comes from fossil fuel.
It supplies our homes, cars, and factories.
Demand is skyrocketing.
By 2050, our energy needs will double.
Global energy consumption
amounts to 17 terawatts.
That's 17,000 billion watts every single day.
Every 15 seconds,
we drain an Olympic-size swimming pool full of oil.
Imagine that you're in a leaky bathtub.
Instead of fixing the leak,
you turn the tap all the way on to fill up the tub.
It's completely absurd.
Gas and coal are also limited.
I just wanted to understand
how can the global economy function in the long-term
when we have finite resources available for us?
How can we protect the planet,
yet keep the machine running?
We receive 6,000 times as much energy
from the sun as we consume every year.
The energy transition is one of the biggest
challenges ever faced by mankind.
We have every reason to be optimistic.
All the solutions are in our hands.
Mastering energy,
it's superpower movies love to imagine.
Wait a minute, what are you doing Doc?
I need fuel!
We search in space
for what's no longer on Earth,
as in the movies, Alien, or Moon.
Sam Bell reporting to central.
10:14 Pacific Time.
I got a full container of Helium-3 ready to roll.
By the time this message reaches you,
it should be in transit,
otherwise everything running smoothly.
Projects are underway to collect
the mineral wealth promised by asteroids.
To extract platinum, titanium, or even gold,
California's Deep Space Industries envisions
distant mining stations and asteroids
towed into Earth orbit.
All this is fascinating,
but Earth is where we must dream the future.
The key to have more efficient solar
conversion system is to concentrate sun power.
Petroleum is at the heart
of the petrochemical industry.
It has to be turned into something that can be used,
and Micro Wind Turbines are the best example I can give.
You can't only have power during the day when it's sunny.
You can't only have power when it's windy.
People need electricity around the clock.
To have energy in abundance all the time,
this quest has obsessed us since the dawn of time.
With the discovery of fire 500,000 years ago,
our ancestors found a source of energy beyond their muscles.
They could now generate light and heat.
Eager to save our own energy,
we use the power of animals and the natural environment.
Around 300 BC, we built the first watermills
and dreamed of mastering the sun.
Legend has it that our committees tried to concentrate
the sun's rays using mirrors to set fire to the enemy fleet.
In the 7th century, Persians built windmills to grind grain.
Throughout the Middle Ages, mills and waterwheels
were the main source of mechanical energy,
until the invention of the steam engine by James Watt.
(engine hissing)
Now we had a strong need for fossil fuels like coal.
The innovations of the Industrial Revolution,
combustion engines, liquified gas, and electricity
increased this demand.
The first modern oil well in the US triggered
the black gold rush of 1859.
In the 20th century, scientists conquered the atom.
In 1954, the first nuclear power plant
began to generate electricity.
Oil has kept the global economy humming since the 1960s.
We've become addicted to fossil fuels.
We really do have all the symptoms
of drug addition.
These products are dangerous.
They're getting more and more expensive.
We're increasingly dependent on them
and we're capable of doing anything to get them.
Once that's understood,
it's clear we need to find replacements
and to undergo therapy.
This is where my background as a psychiatrist
comes in handy.
It's no longer about treating one patient at a time,
but finding a solution for society as a whole.
A miracle cure might exist.
Nuclear fusion.
One of the greatest scientific quests of our time
is to make fusion,
a process that we can use to power our planet.
I'm Steve Cowley and I'm 55 years old.
I've spent my life trying to make fusion power a reality.
The stars make energy this way.
They take the nuclei of small atoms and they join them
together to make bigger nuclei.
The sun for instance is taking hydrogen
and turning it into helium,
and that's why the sun shines.
If we could do that on Earth,
it would be the perfect way to make energy.
Nuclear fusion requires
a complex infrastructure.
England's JET, for Joint European Torus
recreates here on Earth,
the process that powers the stars.
In this tangle of cables lies a tokamak,
a donut-shaped confinement device.
This is where the fusion
of heavy hydrogen nuclei takes place.
The reaction generates excess energy
that produces electricity.
Hydrogen fusion creates temperatures hotter
than the core of the sun.
We'd put that into this vessel
which contains the magnetic field,
and then we pass about five million amps
of electricity through it.
At five million amps of electricity going round that loop
creates more magnetic field,
and it squeezes itself together,
and it pulls itself off the wall
so it doesn't touch the wall anymore,
and then you've got your fusion fuel in a ring
going around here not touching the wall.
Once you do that,
you turn on the heaters and bombard the plasma
and heat it up from about 10 million degrees
to about 100, 200, 300 million degrees,
at which point it starts to fuse.
Here at JET,
we've managed to be able to hold fusion fuel
at 250 million degrees,
more than 10 times the temperature in the middle of the sun,
while it fused and made 16 million watts of fusion power.
That's a sun in a bottle.
To keep that sun in a bottle
from flickering out,
we need to produce a long-lasting reaction.
That's the objective of ITER,
being built in the south of France.
For this project, 35 countries are joining forces
to build the largest tokamak ever.
What ITER is designed to do
is to produce enough heat to keep itself hot,
and really burn.
All you'll need to do then is to throw on more fusion fuel
and it will continue to produce fusion power
with almost no energy input at all.
Just the input of new fuel.
That's like lighting your fire.
When you got your fire lit,
you can put on a new piece of wood,
and you don't have to light the fire again,
it keeps burning.
And that's what ITER is gonna do.
And when it does it,
it will be one of the historic days in science,
because it will be the first time that human beings
have mastered the process that powers the stars.
People imagine that when you're doing theoretical physics
that you're sitting at a desk with a clean sheet of paper
in front you.
It not true for me.
It's off to being in front of the blackboard,
wrestling with the ideas with somebody else.
Their brain, your brain, those ideas.
And you kind of know when you've got it right,
because somehow the mathematics seems to embody truth.
This sounds semi-spiritual but it does.
It comes out at the end of the calculation,
that must be the right way to think about it.
Those moments are,
those are the golden moments in life for me.
Fusion has all the advantages of a great power source.
It's safe.
It does not produce any greenhouse gases,
it doesn't produce any long-live radioactive waste.
You're able to put it next to cities.
It could be powering our planet
for millions of years to come.
This dream could come true
by the end of this century.
In the meantime, there are numerous ways
to harness the boundless energy of our sun.
One square meter of land in Paris
gets 1.3 megawatts per hour,
which is equivalent to one barrel of oil.
Most people aren't aware of that.
Now we need to consider the energy we didn't know about.
Solar energy is booming.
Crescent Dunes in the Nevada desert is a solar power plant.
More than 10,000 heliostats mirrors tracking the sun's path
form a two mile diameter circle and concentrate the sunlight
onto a central receiver tower.
The blistering temperatures heat up molten salt
which is stored in tanks and used to generate electricity.
The plant powers more than 75,000 homes.
This technology creates 100% clean energy even after sunset.
This industry was practically nonexistent
10 years ago.
There was no equivalent to nuclear
or thermal power plants anywhere.
Today we're generating 200 gigawatts worldwide
and solar energy already represents 1% of our electricity,
all in just 10 years.
Solar power needs space to expand.
We need to minimize energy loss by generating power
in cities near most consumers.
For now, the only solution is fixed solar panels.
It's a misconception.
When you turn coal or whatever heat source into electricity,
the yield is 33%.
With photovoltaic panels the yield is already more than 20%.
With almost no machines operating,
no pumps, nothing,
the yield is 20% instead of 33.
Why that's hardly negligible!
To increase yield and produce energy
where people live,
we need to capture more of the sun's power.
For me, a building is a machine.
So, why not use the machine to convert solar energy?
My name is Andre Broessel and I have a vision.
I like to design in the future
energy out in all those buildings.
All the systems you can't apply, for example,
in architecture that's related to the tracking system,
because they need to follow the sun to get the focal point
on the surface they want to convert.
This movement of an entire day takes a huge space
which you cannot install in a building.
It's impossible.
It makes no sense.
The key to have more efficient solar
conversion system is to concentrate the sun power.
Using the optical properties
of a transparent sphere filled with water,
Andre Broessel has invented a unique solar energy generator
called rawlemon.
The sphere works like a magnifying glass concentrating
sunlight toward photovoltaic cells.
This system produces as much energy as a traditional
solar panel using four times less space.
Okay, this one
980 watts incoming light,
2.4 volts and,
4.4 amps
behind the one meters here.
Another advantage,
the sphere's perfect optical shape allows it to harvest
solar energy even when it's cloudy.
But that's not all.
You don't need to move the entire system, the focal point.
It's always in the same position behind,
just traveling with the sun so you just need to place
a cell here behind to capture it.
The cells are placed on the motor-driven rail
and follow the sun's path throughout the day.
Using high tech cells designed for aerospace,
Broessel reduced the sensor surface
without impairing their yield.
I reduced the cell's surface to 1% per square meter.
It's a clear vision because the transparency is super high,
so I take out of just 1% of the same power rated output
as one square meter conventional photovoltaic panel.
The spheres come in different sizes.
Ultimately, the idea is to integrate them in glazing panels
for tomorrow's building facades.
Imagine the skyscraper that's thousand square meter
of facade and just 100 meter of top roof.
If you install a conventional PV panel there,
you not reach,
20% of the building consumption,
but if you cover the entire facade,
you can empower this house totally.
What's absolutely amazing
is that over the past year or two,
solar and wind energy has started to produce
cheaper electricity than oil, gas, or coal.
And that's nothing short of a revolution.
This means that most of today's investments are made
in renewable energy, not in fossil fuel.
Wind is the other major renewable of tomorrow.
But like solar, wind is hard to implement in big cities.
Wind turbines already meet 2% of global energy needs.
In countries like Denmark,
they generate 20% of the total electricity.
But wind turbines are massive
and need to face 30 mile an hour wind throughout the year.
How can we harness wind power everywhere?
In 2050, two in three people will live in huge cities.
All cities have one thing in common.
They're built to protect people from the elements,
rain, storms, winds, and so on.
Turbines requiring winds of 30 meters per second
make no sense then.
My name is Lucien Gambarota.
I'm 58 years old.
I try to imagine energy alternatives
that will still be relevant 50 years from now.
We live in a world where things have to be practical.
We have to be able to use what we dream of.
Any self-respecting scientist able to contribute
to the fight against global warming has a duty to do so.
Offering solutions doesn't necessarily mean spending years
and years doing research.
It just means simplifying existing systems.
To harness wind power in cities,
Gambarota has designed tiny turbines that out rate
with winds as little as 3 miles per hour.
The great thing is that you just
have to link them together.
Each turbine is 26 centimeters across,
so if you used 10 of them,
you end up with a 2.6 meter row of turbines
all connected together working as one.
We're able to cover large surfaces with very small devices
and to produce huge amounts of energy.
These microturbines are ingenious.
The wind blows through a cylinder,
enabling the turbines to work in both directions
without having to face the wind.
They're easy to install and virtually indestructible.
I always describe my system
in a very simple way.
Compared to a traditional turbine,
ours are half the cost and produce five times more energy
at very low wind speeds.
They last much longer, they can last 50 years.
Whereas a standard turbine lasts 15 to 20 years,
and the production cost of one kilowatt hour
is 25 to 50 times cheaper.
These urban wind turbines
have already spread to 45 countries.
Hong Kong alone has 60 installations.
But with limited space,
they're far from meeting the city's huge energy needs.
The energy produced by one installation
is enough to power one floor.
Two stories and that's it.
So imagine 100 or 200 stories.
Hong Kong is interesting from an energy perspective,
because I think it's the worst mistake possible.
There's not a lot of room here so they've managed to pile up
seven million people in an area smaller than Paris.
Buildings are 100 or 150 meters high.
Energy consumption is five, six, seven, 10 times higher
than anywhere else in the world.
It's awful.
People pay their bills,
but apart from that they have no idea what energy is.
Electricity is invisible.
At some point they need to understand the cost of energy.
Because once they're aware of its cost,
well, they tend to try and save it.
If nothing is done in the coming years,
if nothing changes,
all megalopolises will look like Hong Kong.
But if we can solve the problem in Hong Kong,
basically we'll have solved it worldwide.
Some say that the drastic drop
in the price of oil will hurt the development
of renewable energy.
But I think it's the other way around.
Today we can use cheap oil to build much cheaper
wind turbines, solar panels, and biogas plants.
We can use inexpensive energy to build
a sustainable infrastructure.
This is the direction we need to take
in order to wean ourselves off oil.
It should be used to build something durable,
not burned in a car or in a furnace.
Our electricity has long been generated
by power plants using fossil fuel,
and by nuclear, wind farms, and solar panels.
Sun and wind are intermittent and must be integrated
into aging networks.
If a line breaks or a power plant fails,
we have a blackout.
The current network has been built
and optimized for a certain mode of production.
Today, production is evolving,
because we're heading toward distributed energy.
Part of the network can become a generating source.
A tidal turbine off the Brittany coast
can supply electricity to the local resident.
The network is changing,
but there's no need to be pessimistic.
By replacing old, polluting systems,
with clean, modern, and appropriate technology,
and by managing the energy use through smart grids,
we will be able to develop things much further
before a problem occurs.
Smart grids incorporate the latest software
into every part of the network,
optimizing production and distribution,
and smoothing out peak demands.
Electricity cannot be stored easily and quickly
on a large scale.
Smart grids adjust supply and demand in real-time
by prioritizing consumer needs.
Eventually renewable energy sources
as well as local energy production systems
are integrated into these grids.
In the sunny summer months,
excess power is fed back to the main network
or to nearby houses.
When a house doesn't produce enough electricity,
it receives solar energy from other houses
or electricity from the grid.
The system relies on smart meters, remote-controlled,
and connected to every electric device in your home.
Batteries can store or release electricity
depending on the time of day.
Supply and demand are precisely managed.
The internet of energy will soon be a reality.
The network will be increasingly fine-tuned
with ever more adaptable power systems.
We must stop thinking
that there will be a single solution to cover
all our needs of production, efficiency and storage.
There will be multitude of solutions.
That's what's smart and interesting.
Each country, each company, even each village
will be able to use the technique that's best adapted
to their climate, economy, industrialization, and mentality.
Even as we design for the future,
we need to increase energy efficiency right now,
starting with our homes.
The biggest waste comes from industry,
which consumes over one third of the world's energy.
Half of that power is used to produce just five materials,
steel, cement, paper, plastic, and aluminum.
We could use one third less material without compromising
the strength or performance of buildings and vehicles.
But we need to go even further.
For many years we've iterated efficiencies
kind of from the bottom up.
We've looked at the end of the pipe and we said,
how can we get a bit more out of the end of the pipe?
What we need to do is go to the beginning of the pipe
and say, what do we build and how do we build it?
The system, the products, the economy,
so that we can get the value out again
so that we can flow the materials through the economy
and we can create a system that works in the long-term.
And that's very different.
We accumulate objects endlessly.
But how are they made?
What's inside of them?
When the novelty wears off,
we just throw them away.
To save energy, we need large scale recycling.
The energy wasted by throwing away newspapers or soda cans
equals the output of 15 power plants.
And the energy saved by recycling steel,
powers millions of homes.
When you look at re-manufacturing versus a new engine,
for example, the savings were over 80%.
You're not making a slight gain in efficiency,
so you have actually have factories using 5% less.
You change the system
to enable the factories to use 80% less.
And then suddenly renewables becomes a more
choosable option because you're not trying to say,
how do I replace that coal fire power station
with hundreds and hundreds of wind turbines.
You're saying, we're actually needing only
20% of our previous energy demand,
how are we going to achieve that?
It changes the whole system.
But can everything be recycled?
Wait a minute, what are you doing Doc?
I need fuel!
Go ahead, quick, get in the car!
Inside a modern car packed with electronics,
there are fewer and fewer recyclable parts.
The body, the hard metal parts can be recycled,
but an increasing number of parts cannot be.
Not to mention smartphones, computers, or flat screen TVs.
In Amsterdam,
one company is focusing on something
at the heart of our lives, the smartphone.
They're building a fair trade sustainable model
aptly named the Fairphone.
The reason why we started making a phone
is because we felt it was actually a symbol
of our economic system.
My name is Tessa Wernink.
I'm 39 years old.
I do believe that together we can change the way
the products are made.
What we found was that smartphones actually
have an incredible impact in the way their mines,
the materials and the way they're produced in factories
and human working conditions,
and the way they're used, short,
and also in the way that they're recycled,
and we feel that with our project we want to try
and start making change in all of these areas.
The Fairphone stands in stark contrast
with traditional smartphones
and their secretive complex systems.
Smartphones contain up to 40 precious metals,
making them hard to recycle.
Some of those metals come from war zones like Eastern Congo.
We use tin, tantalum, and now gold recently
from Fairtrade or from conflict-free resources.
We look at the design so one of the big things about
Fairphone too is how can we take the design
to not only design the supply chain
but also design the use phase,
so I can we make a product that lasts longer
and people are able to repair it themselves?
We design it in a different way that when something breaks
then we don't have to throw away the rest of the phone.
I am Miquel Ballester.
My vision for the world is that we build more and more
brave companies that do the right thing to move towards
better and more sustainable world.
That still is a smartphone.
It's not like a huge thing or something different
that you don't know.
You start understanding what we have done
when you take it off.
Like when you take off like the integrated case,
which is done like this to be able to withstand
bigger drops, things like that.
You can replace the battery.
This used to be very normal in the past
but is not so normal anymore.
And things like that you can change,
the screen very easily just with your hands.
That's also very important that you can just take it off
just like this easy.
So when it breaks, you think like,
of course I can buy a new screen and I can change it myself.
Instead of just forgetting your phone in a drawer.
It is very important that we think about recyclability,
because even recycling costs a lot of handling.
But what we can do through product design
is make that recycling easier.
It's not about one person keeping the phone
for a very long time.
It's about the phone's life being extended
for as long as possible
and that could be the phone as a whole,
going from hand to hand but it can also be the phone
in its parts or the materials inside it.
So how can we design it in a way that we understand
that the value extends beyond selling it to the customer,
but that the value can be extended
so that it can be recycled properly
and that it can go back into the loop.
Taking people and planet into consideration
is a natural part of doing business.
There's such a shift
in thinking in a very short period of time,
but I do think that everybody needs to kind of
get rid of this idea of competition,
and look more towards collaboration.
Innovators are building
a fairer, cleaner world for 2050.
But in the meantime,
greenhouse gases keep building up,
and there is no simple way to get rid of them.
Barely 4% of global energy is associated
with the burning of fossil fuels.
Andrew Woods, age 51.
Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is a critical objective
for society while continuing to generate power.
When we burn fossil fuels,
the carbon dioxide is produced normally
just rise up into the hemisphere
and add to the greenhouse gases.
Those greenhouses gases reside in the atmosphere
for hundreds of years.
We ought to change the whole energy mix
from fossil fuels towards renewable energy,
but that's going to take several decades to achieve.
The idea behind carbon capture and storage is to capture
that carbon dioxide at large pass stations,
where there is a large localized source
of the carbon dioxide.
And rather than having that carbon dioxide
rise into the atmosphere and head to the greenhouse gases,
capturing this and then pumping it underground
into a deep aquifer
a particular rock type which has got a lot of velocity
or a bit of holes in the rock
and that velocity is where that carbon dioxide
will be pumped a kilometer and a half or two kilometers
below the surface.
Storing liquid CO2
inside rocks poses problems.
Once you've started pumping underground,
then there's process of monitoring where that CO2 travels
in that deep aquifer because obviously you want to ensure
that it stays in the aquifer
and monitor that it doesn't start spreading
to other parts of the subsurface.
In his Cambridge University lab,
Andrew Woods and his team ponder fluid mechanics.
The dynamics at work are very complex and hard to reproduce.
We want to understand the controls
on where the CO2 initially travels
and secondly how long it takes to dissolve
into the water to understand the storage
and the security of that storage in the subsurface.
This facility in Norway produces 100,000 tons
of carbon dioxide every year,
with efforts to capture CO2 on an even larger scale.
The oil industry is eager to apply this process
to its 4,000 sites worldwide.
If you look historically,
we transitioned from wood to coal to oil,
each time it's taken several decades
to affect that transition.
So to affect that transition again,
it's going to require a long time and a huge investment
in new infrastructure.
So the sooner we start acting,
the sooner we get to a new state
in terms of the energy supply mix.
Board a shock, container 14 ready--
No need to imagine going deep into the abyss,
to extract hydrocarbons as seen in science fiction.
Oceans have much more to offer in the form of blue energy.
Algae research will give rise to new biofuels.
Wave power will harness tidal and wave energy.
And giant underwater turbines will capture power
from ocean currents.
The potential is huge.
Our oceans may even provide a limitless source of energy,
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC.
The ocean is really the world's largest battery.
It's the world's largest energy storage system.
My name is Duke Hartman.
I'm 29 years old and I believe that the challenge
of our generation is to develop affordable,
renewable energy.
The biggest source of energy that we have on this planet
comes from the sun.
The ocean collects all of this energy in the form of heat.
All in the tropical oceans around the world,
a huge amount of energy is stored there
in the upper layers of the ocean.
If we can tap into that energy,
we can use it 24 hours a day, 365 days a year,
and it could be really be a game changer
for the energy independence of tropical nations like Hawaii.
Like every other island,
Hawaii is at the mercy of climate change.
Hawaii aims to break free from fossil fuels
and become the first state to achieve
100% renewable energy by 2045.
Right now Hawaii is 100% dependent on foreign fossil fuel
for our base load power.
The goal of OTEC is to have a local and renewable resource
for the state.
What we need to do is pump in the warm surface water
as well as pumping in deep cold seawater.
So you need both of those.
You need warm and cold seawater in order to generate power.
So we pump the seawater into the plant,
use the warm source to boil the fluid,
in our case we use ammonia.
It's a fluid that boils at a very low temperature.
So it boils at the same temperature that we have
tropical seawater.
Here we're using a low grade heat source which is my hand.
So the heat that's within my hand is enough
to start to drive the fluid upwards
and that's what's driving the plant.
That fluid then becomes high pressure vapor,
passes through a turbine,
spins the turbine, that's where we get the power,
but then what's driving the system is the cold side.
So the cold water is actually condensing that vapor
back down to the liquid and then is pumped back
around in a closed cycle.
So the refrigerant never leaves the system.
Basically you buy all the equipment on day one and
once you start pumping the seawater,
it generates enough power to run all the operations
of the plant and provide free power to the grid.
So basically the fuel is free.
We're using sunlight and seawater.
That's the only fuel for the OTEC plan.
This system actually has to run with a wide range of duty.
So it goes from 100 kilowatts minimum
to five megawatts in duty.
Right. -: It can run the system
continuously at any point in between that.
What we're doing here is validating the technology,
including heat exchanges in the turbine
and then we're going to scale that up
to a commercial scale plant.
Scaling up and moving offshore is going to be a challenge.
There's no question about it.
You need large pipes, you need floating platforms,
and you need to be able to withstand
the rigors of the ocean.
But it's nothing that we can't do.
Mankind has already found a way to engineer
a new solution to overcome these natural challenges.
We think that OTEC can generate about four times
the current electrical demand of the entire world.
So even if our power consumption in the world quadruples,
OTEC can still meet the global electricity demand.
More than a third of the world's ocean surface
has conditions favorable for OTEC.
The principles behind OTEC
were laid down in the 19th century,
and are even mentioned in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
The Nemo Project will launch in Martinique in 2018.
The first floating platform
will supply electricity for 35,000 homes.
OTEC generates electricity around the clock,
without having to store energy.
A mix of OTEC, solar, and wind power could be a boom
for southern countries and tropical islands.
The ancient Hawaiians, native Hawaiians had a system
where they cared for the land individually and as a group.
We're trying to continue that now.
In Hawaiian there's a word called kuleana,
and that means responsibility.
It means your duty.
In my case I feel like kuleana
to care for the environment,
because right now we're at a shifting point.
And if we want to leave the same beautiful environment
that we have now for our children,
we're gonna have to make a drastic change.
Well the changes will be started.
One of the challenges when it comes to feature energy,
a renewable energy,
is trying to power the system that we have today.
I think if we can really deliver that systemic change,
where the system changes,
we change the operating levels we need of energy,
that's where things start to get interesting.
We know how to produce vast amounts of energy
while saving the planet.
The future is in our hands.
It's a great time for pioneers,
explorers, adventurers, and innovators to come up with new
extraordinary solutions.
But we need to let them work and cheer them on,
instead of saying, this isn't right, it won't work,
why should we change what we have now?
What we have now isn't enough.
It used to be, but not anymore.
And we should encourage change.
(uplifting music)