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在这个类中，有一些关键字 Throughout this class, there are some keywords
我希望你能真正理解。 that I want you to truly understand.
关键字1——变量。 Keyword number one-- variables.
在这些变量中，有四个关键要素 And in those variables, there are four key elements
让你的狗有不同的个性 that make your dog have a different personality
比世界上任何一只狗都要好。 than any other dog in the world.
这四个要素是品种，年龄，历史， And those four elements are breed, age, history,
和印记DNA。 and imprinted DNA.
现在我要一次看一遍。 Now I'm going to go through those one at a time.
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在世界范围内，有数百种品种。 And worldwide, there are hundreds of breeds.
这些品种被分成七组， And these breeds are broken down into seven groups,
这群狗是典型的 and the groups of dogs are typically
细分到当时培养出来的工作中。 broken down into the job it was bred for at the time.
大多数——我是说大多数，99.9%-- And most-- and I mean most, 99.9%--
对这些狗来说，这些工作已经过时了。 of these jobs are now obsolete for these dogs.
技术已经占据了主导地位。 Technology has now taken over.
例如，工作犬 So, for example, the working dogs
是专门为工作而养的。 were bred exclusively for work.
我能给你的工作犬最好的例子就是哈士奇犬。 Best example I can give you of the working dogs is the husky.
爱斯基摩犬是用来拉雪橇的。 Huskies were bred to pull a sled.
这就是为什么他们有这么多精力。 This is why they have so much energy.
牧羊犬是专门为放牧而饲养的。 The herding dogs were bred specifically to herd.
到目前为止，还没有一种技术能把一群羊放养在一起 To date, there's no technology that can herd a flock of sheep
以及一只真正的牧羊犬。 as well as an actual herding dog.
猎犬群的繁殖完全是为了它们的嗅觉。 The hound group was bred solely for their sense of smell.
猎犬的嗅觉更好 Hounds have a better sense of smell
比其他任何一组狗 than any other group of dog, and this
这就是为什么猎人们一直在使用它们 is why hunters traditionally have been using them
几百年了。 for hundreds of years.
猎犬能在几英里外的树林里闻到气味， A hound can pick up a scent in the woods miles away,
这就是为什么在这个时代， and this is why, in this day and age,
警方仍在利用猎犬寻找猎物 hounds are still used by police to find
森林里失踪的人。 a missing person in the woods.
运动团体——所有狗中最受喜爱的一个。 The sporting group-- one of the more beloved of all the dogs.
包括金毛猎犬和拉布拉多猎犬。 This includes the golden retrievers, the Labradors.
这些狗是用来帮助猎人的 These dogs were bred to assist the hunter
猎人在树林里射杀水禽。 as the hunter goes out in the woods and shoots the waterfowl.
好吧，这只鸟可以在几百码外降落， Well, the bird could land hundreds of yards away,
那狗呢-- and the dog--
金毛猎犬——在树林里跑出来， the golden retriever-- runs out in the woods,
找到它，把鸭子找回来给猎人。 finds it, and retrieves the duck back to the hunter.
非体育组是一个包罗万象的类别 The non-sporting group is kind of a catch-all category
很多工作，但他们不一定做 that they do lots of jobs, but they don't necessarily
适合其他品种，如猎犬或工作犬。 fit into the other breeds, like terriers or working dogs.
这些狗包括贵宾犬， And these dogs include the poodle,
大杂烩，达尔马提亚人。 the chow chow, the dalmatian.
例如，skipper密钥 For example, the skipper key was bred
做一条船犬去杀死船上的害虫， to be a boat dog to kill vermin on the boat,
但船长的钥匙不是猎犬。 but the skipper key is not a terrier.
现代的斗牛犬并不是原始的斗牛犬。 And the modern-day bulldog is not the original bulldog.
最初的斗牛犬是用来与公牛搏斗的。 The original bulldog was bred to fight bulls.
现代的斗牛犬只是为了友谊而饲养的，好吗？ The modern-day bulldog is just bred for companionship, OK?
那东西不可能和公牛搏斗。 There's no way that thing could ever fight a bull.
然后是玩具组。 And then we have the toy group.
玩具组通常非常小-- The toy group are typically very small--
你的马耳他人，你的北京人，你的吉娃娃人。 your Maltese, your Pekingese, your chihuahuas.
他们和非体育组织一样，也有很多工作。 And they, like the non-sporting group, also have lots of jobs.
他们中的一些人被培育成圈狗， Some of them were bred to be lap dogs,
另一些则被用来猎杀害虫。 others were bred to hunt vermin.
这只猎犬是用来捕鼠的 The terrier was bred to kill rats
几百年前。 hundreds and hundreds of years ago.
现在，我们有灭虫剂。 Well, nowadays, we have exterminators.
我们放弃了猎犬的工作。 We retired the terrier's job.
所以作为宠物，是的，这只小猎犬是一只很棒的宠物。 So as a pet, yeah, the terrier's a great pet.
但如果有一天，你要走下去，不要惊讶 But don't be surprised if, one day, you're walking down
你在街上看到一只松鼠 the street and you see a squirrel
你失去了对狗的控制。 and you lose control of your dog.
那只是猎物驱动。 That's just prey drive kicking in.
那是几百年的繁衍 That is hundreds of years of breeding perfection
在你的皮带末端。 at the end of your leash.
几年前，我养了一只杰克罗素猎犬。 Years ago, I had a Jack Russell terrier.
我知道不能带他去一个有成百上千人的公园 I knew not to take him to a park with hundreds and hundreds
因为我会失去对他的控制 of squirrels, because I would lose control of him
很快。 very quickly.
所以我对杰克·罗素的决定非常重要。 So my decisions with that Jack Russell were very important.
换句话说，如果你的狗有强烈的捕食欲， In other words, if your dog has a heavy prey drive,
从字面上说不可能阻止猎物驱力。 it is literally impossible to stop prey drive.
所以我们必须处理好这些事情。 So we have to manage these things.
所有这些群体和他们所从事的工作 All these groups and the jobs they were bred to do
意味着他们都有不同的性格特征 means they all had different personality traits, which
也就是说你的狗 also means that your dog, whether it's
一只纯种或纯种的杂种狗，有一些这样的性格 a pure bred or a complete mutt, has some of these personality
如果不是很多个性特征的话。 traits, if not lots of their personality traits.
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狗一生经历四个阶段-- Dogs go through four stages of life--
幼年，青春期，成年， puppyhood, adolescent, adulthood,
大四的时候。 and the senior years.
你会注意到每个人 And you're going to notice that every one
在这些阶段中，狗的个性 of those stages, the dog's personality
变化很大。 changes substantially.
小狗总是和青少年大不相同-- A puppy is always much different than an adolescent--
或者一个十几岁的孩子，如果我要为你把它人性化的话。 or a teenager, if I had to humanize it for you.
如果你注意到，青少年 If you notice, a teenager is much
和四岁的孩子不一样。 different than a four-year-old child.
突然，青少年进入青春期。 Suddenly, the teenager goes through puberty.
我们都知道，当你进入青春期， And as we all know, when you go through puberty,
你的荷尔蒙会改变很多。 a lot starts changing with your hormones.
嗯，狗也是这样。 Well, the same is true with dogs.
然后，从青春期到成年。 And then, from the adolescent period goes to adulthood.
狗，又一次，在成年期发生了变化。 The dog, once again, changes in adulthood.
从幼年到成年，它们有很大的不同。 They're much different from the puppy time into the adulthood.
小狗很野。 Puppies are wild.
他们疯了。 They're crazy.
他们对一切都很好奇。 They're curious about everything.
但成年狗要冷静得多。 But the adult dog is much more calm.
他们很有经验。 They're experienced.
他们现在知道了，因为他们有生活经验。 They know things now, because they have life experience.
他们已经见过100次了，现在他们 They've seen things 100 times, and now they're
更稳定的个性。 much more stable personality.
然后你到了高中。 And then you get to the senior years.
大四的时候狗会变得更安静 The senior years are where the dog gets much calmer
有时更不高兴。 and sometimes more grouchy.
所以生命中的每一个阶段 So every one of these stages in life
意味着狗的个性会有一点点改变。 means the dog's personality will change just a little bit.
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了解历史很重要， History is very important to understand,
尤其是如果你有一只收容所的狗。 especially if you have a shelter dog.
通常，当我们从饲养员那里得到一条狗， Typically, when we get a dog from a breeder,
我们知道这段历史，因为我们在八周大的时候养了狗。 we know the history, because we got the dog at eight weeks old.
八周前没有多少历史。 There's not much history before eight weeks old.
然而，收容所里的一条狗，却有着你最喜欢的历史 A dog from a shelter, however, has a history that you mostly
对…一无所知，尤其是狗大约四岁的时候 know nothing about, especially if the dog is about four
或者五、六岁。 or five, six years old.
现在狗已经有很长的历史了。 Now the dog has a long history.
那条狗在遇见你之前活了半辈子。 That dog lived half a life before it met you.
因为你要记住，狗的平均寿命， Because you have to remember, dogs live, on average,
从10年到14，15年。 from 10 years to maybe 14, 15 years.
所以一只五岁的狗就相当于一个人 So a five-year-old dog is equivalent to somebody
中年人。 who's middle aged.
这相当于遇到一个四五十岁的人 That's equivalent to meeting somebody in their 40s or 50s
你不知道他们的历史和生活。 and you don't know their history and life.
他们在遇见你之前经历了整整半辈子。 They went through a full half of life before they met you.
狗也是如此。 The same is true of dogs.
狗的历史可以极大地改变它们的性格， A dog's history can alter their personalities substantially,
所以理解这一点非常重要 so it's very important to understand
你的狗的个性 that your dog's personality could
被你遇见他之前的历史所影响。 be affected by the history it had before you met him.
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最后一个是印记DNA。 And then we get to the final one, which is imprinted DNA.
这是狗与生俱来的个性。 This is the personality that the dog was born with.
印记DNA不能改变。 Imprinted DNA cannot be changed.
这是狗的基因基础。 It is fundamental to the dog's genetics.
有些狗天生外向。 Some dogs are born outgoing.
有些狗天生害羞。 Some dogs are born shy.
有些狗天生精力充沛。 Some dogs are born very high energy.
有些狗天生精力充沛。 Some dogs are born low energy.
信不信由你，有些狗甚至天生就有攻击性。 And believe it or not, some dogs can even be born aggressive.
你只是看不到它，直到他们击中青少年 You just don't see it until they hit the adolescent
到成年。 to adult years.
这就是我们来到经典自然的地方 And this right here is where we come to the classic nature
与培养辩论。 versus nurture debate.
很多人认为狗总是 A lot of people out there think a dog is always
它出生的时候是一片空白，它知道的一切 a blank slate when it's born, and everything that it knows
学会了，你就学会了。 and learns, you taught it.
以及它在以后的生活中所具有的任何性格特征，它 And any personality traits it has later in life, it
向你学习。 learned from you.
这与事实相差甚远。 This could not be further from the truth.
我能给你举的最简单的例子就是牧羊。 Easiest example I can give you are herding dogs.
放牧的狗不教放牧。 Herding dogs are not taught to herd.
你可以养一只从未见过羊群的狗 You can take a dog that has never seen a flock of sheep
突然，把它放在那群人面前， in its life, and suddenly, put it in front of that flock,
它有什么作用？ and what does it do?
它自然成群。 It naturally herds.
那只狗没被教过。 The dog was not taught to do that.
那是印记DNA。 That is imprinted DNA.
我要告诉你的不是所有的事情 My whole point of telling you all this is not all things
是可以训练的。 are trainable.
我们不能训练的，我们能应付。 What we can't train, we manage.
我们通过决定我们对你的狗的了解来管理它 We manage it by making decisions of what we know about your dog
以及我们对所处环境的了解 and what we know about the environment we're
就要带他去医院了。 about to take him to.
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