眼花撩乱、传奇性的 dazzling, legendary
它是最美丽的行星 在夜晚天空 it's the most beautiful planet in the night sky.
但是密秘的 土星 一直在我们身上维持 but secretive saturn has been holding out on us.
我们学习了巨大的数量 关于它， we learned a vast amount about it,
而且大部份这 已经非常令人惊讶 and most of this has been very surprising.
我们认为我们知道那些身体 我们不知道了 we thought we knew those bodies. we had no idea.
土星煮沸 藉由极端的天气 saturn boils with extreme weather
而且怪异的光 and weird lights.
戒指涟波和一扭， the rings ripple and twist,
威胁被超过 60 显着的卫星 bullied by over 60 remarkable moons.
他们是个别的世界 他们每一个有故事可以说 they are individual worlds. they each have a story to tell.
这是 一个行星探险家的梦 this is a planetary explorer's dream.
今天， 土星 的卫星 today, saturn's moons
最热的财产是 在对外国的生活搜寻中 are the hottest property in the search for alien life.
如果有一个地方 在太阳系 if there's one place in the solar system
我会放一个打赌哪一生活 立刻在那里存在， i would put a bet that life exists there right now,
我会选择 土星 i would choose saturn.
而且在 土星 最大的月亮上， and on saturn's largest moon,
我们可能已经发现它了 we may have already found it.
我们发现一些 在 titan 上的好奇的事物， we've found some curious things on titan,
而且它可能仅仅是证据 生活 and it might just be evidence of life.
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＜字型颜色＝"#00 ffff"> 是活着的 土星？ ＜/字型＞ is saturn alive?
土星， 夜晚天空的珠宝， saturn, the jewel of the night sky,
和它的美人使我们眼花 而且刻度 dazzles us with its beauty and scale.
它是极大的如此大， it's huge so big,
你会适合较多的超过 在它之内的 700个地球 you could fit more than 700 earths inside it.
但是不让大小愚弄你 but don't let size fool you.
大部分之一 关于 土星 有趣的事物 one of the most interesting things about saturn
比较的它如此大是 对里面， is that it is so big compared to how much stuff is in it,
它实际上比较低密度 超过水 that it's actually lower density than water.
旧笑话是那如果你 会找浴缸大充足 the old joke is that if you could find a bathtub big enough
而且将它装满水， and fill it with water,
土星会飘浮， 但是它会留下一个戒指 saturn would float, but it would leave a ring.
其他行星有戒指， other planets have rings,
但是没有人如此巨大、光荣的 当做 土星 but none so vast and glorious as saturn's.
旅程从这外面 主要部份响 the journey from the outside of the main rings
对内部的边缘 66000 里是 to the inside edge is 66,000 miles
超过 21/2 次距离 在地球的周围 over 2 1/2 times the distance around the earth.
然而这个巨大的收集 灰尘和冰粒子 yet this vast collection of dust and ice particles
耳语是－瘦的 在地方只是脚的数十 is whisper-thin in places just tens of feet.
土星的戒指被完成 saturn's rings are made up
大概非常小粒子， 冰和岩石 of mostly very small particles, of ice and rock.
一些粒子 比较大， some of the particles are larger,
但是大致上， 没有比灰尘的谷粒大 but for the most part, no bigger than grains of dust.
戒指里面的竞赛 racing within the rings
而且绕轨道而行远的外面他们 超过 60个卫星是 and orbiting far outside them are over 60 moons
从岩石和冰制造 made from rock and water ice.
他们在大小方面排列 从极小的雪球 they range in size from tiny snowballs
到世界以活跃的地质学， to worlds with active geology,
液体的水 liquid water...
天气系统， 而且可能地使生活相等， weather systems, and possibly even life,
距温暖十亿里处 太阳 a billion miles from the warmth of the sun.
那边如此寒冷， it's so cold out there,
我们刚刚认为 there'd 是 无在那里， we just thought there'd be nothing there,
而且我们如此错误 我们如此错误 and we were so wrong. we were so wrong.
土星首先震动 saturn's first shocker
它的野性天气 its wild weather.
在 土星 上的暴风雨 极端暴力， the storms on saturn are extremely violent,
不像任何事，我们见到 在行星地球上 unlike anything we see on the planet earth.
事实上， 土星 有 第二快速的风 in fact, saturn has the second fastest winds
在整个的太阳系 in the entire solar system.
这些风比赛 经过 土星 的云高耸 these winds race through saturn's cloud tops
在超过千里 1 小时， at over a thousand miles an hour,
快速地四倍超过 地球的最强壮的飓风 four times faster than earth's strongest cyclones.
而且闪电门闩闪现在 到更 10,000 倍有力地 and lightning bolts flash up to 10,000 times more powerfully
超过在地球上的那些 than those on earth.
在 土星 上的每件事物是 仅仅如此真正的，非常非常大的 everything on saturn is just so very, very much bigger.
我的意思是， 有天气制度 i mean, there are weather systems
那是当做大或比较大的 超过地球 that are as big or bigger than the earth.
土星很凶猛 天气是令人惊讶的， saturn's ferocious weather is surprising,
因为在地球上， 天气被驱使 because on earth, weather is driven
被太阳的热能源 by the heat energy of the sun.
太阳温暖土地， 产生风 the sun warms the land, generating wind.
它导致海洋蒸发， 创造云和雨 it causes the seas to evaporate, creating clouds and rain.
土星从太阳过于远躺卧 要感觉相同的温暖 saturn lies too far from the sun to feel the same warmth,
因此开车的热 它的天气 so the heat that drives its weather
一定过来 从某处别的 must be coming from somewhere else.
了解 这个神秘的热来源， to understand this mysterious heat source,
我们需要回去 41/二十亿年 we need to go back 4 1/2 billion years...
对出生 有环行星 to the birth of the ringed planet.
在我们的太阳系的行星 the planets in our solar system
出现 从巨大，摇晃云 emerged from a vast, swirling cloud
冰、灰尘和瓦斯 of ice, dust, and gas.
相同的成分能安静 今天在地球上被发现 the same ingredients can still be found on earth today
在地方喜欢 iceland， in places like iceland,
哪里火山的灰 和冰的冰河混合在一起 where volcanic ash mixes with icy glaciers.
如果你想要建立 一个庞大的行星喜欢 土星， if you wanna build a giant planet like saturn,
在这里的原料的这一堆 一个棒的视觉类比是 this pile of raw material here is a great visual analog.
有许多氧 而且宇宙的氢 there's a lot of oxygen and hydrogen in the universe.
那制造水， 而且那制造冰， that makes water, and that makes water ice,
而且东西最初 那制造太阳系 and the stuff initially that made the solar system
这东西基本上在这里 is basically this stuff here.
它是肮脏的冰，冰， 与一点 it's dirty ice, water ice, with a little bit of
一点一点点岩石、金属的 矿物向左在那里 little bit of rocky and metallic minerals left in there
在那边在空间的寒冷中 out there in the cold of space.
41/二十亿年前， 4 1/2 billion years ago,
巨大的云 肮脏冰粒子 a vast cloud of dirty ice particles
在氢和氦中遮蔽 在它自己的地心引力之下崩溃， shrouded in hydrogen and helium collapses under its own gravity,
而且在中心， 新星我们的太阳 and at the center, a new star our sun
进入生活之内闪烁 sparks into life.
新星的热 融化冰最靠近对它 the heat of the new star melts the ice closest to it
而且离开的打击瓦斯，离开 在后的唯一岩石的碎片 and blows away the gas, leaving only rocky debris behind.
但是更远的在外， 冰的材料和瓦斯幸存 but farther out, icy material and gas survive.
边界形成 霜线 a boundary forms a frost line
在岩石的内部云之间 而且冰的瓦斯超过 between the rocky inner cloud and the icy gas beyond.
一经你在那营火上面点燃， 如果你决意， once you fire up that campfire, if you will,
什么会被留下 在内部的太阳系 what would be left behind in the inner solar system
要是这东西 is gonna be this stuff
矽酸盐矿物你制造 一个行星喜欢地球从 silicate minerals you make a planet like the earth from.
但是在远处从太阳， 在它比较寒冷的地方， but far away from the sun, where it's colder,
你越过霜线， 而且什么在那边 you cross the frost line, and what's out there
仍然够寒冷来维持 冰在后， is still cold enough to maintain the ice behind,
＜i＞和那里在那里是许多它＜/i＞ and there's a lot of it there.
起先，你制造种类 一个这材料的坚硬核心， at first you make sort of a solid core of this material,
但是当你到达时 紧要关头的块， but when you reach a critical mass,
你已经变得充足 重力的影响力 you've got enough gravitational influence
开始直接地变短 一些氢和氦 to start to directly draw in some of the hydrogen and helium
在行星间的云中 in the interplanetary cloud.
土星的极大坚硬的核心， saturn's huge solid core,
现在 10-20 次 地球的大小， now 10 to 20 times the size of the earth,
产生无情的地心引力 而且在瓦斯中的平局 generates relentless gravity and draws in gas.
较大的这一个瓦斯球拿， 它吸的较多的材料在 the bigger this gas ball gets, the more material it sucks in.
土星的巨大地心引力 然后开始工作 saturn's massive gravity then gets to work
在它的无经验气氛上， 压缩它 on its fledgling atmosphere, compressing it.
而且在压力之下喜欢任何瓦斯， 它变得很热 and like any gas under pressure, it gets hot
严重热的 seriously hot.
平坦的今天， 土星 高度压力气氛 even today, saturn's high pressure atmosphere
热它的核心 达到 21,000 度 heats its core to 21,000 degrees
两次温度 太阳的表面 twice the temperature of the surface of the sun.
而且它是这热上升在 and it's this heat rising up
哪一个形成 土星 的清楚乐团 which forms saturn's distinct bands
而且驾驶它的极端天气 and drives its extreme weather.
土星实际上 非常快地替换 saturn's actually rotating very quickly.
它是一个大的行星 it's a large planet.
它在它的轴上替换一次 大约每 10个小时 it rotates once on its axis about every 10 hours.
因此同样地天气发生 从内部， so as the weather comes up from the interior,
它进入乐团之内有涂出 it gets smeared out into bands.
那是 土星 的北极 that's saturn's north pole.
乐团做事哪一在 首先一瞥，似乎不可能 the bands do something that at first glance, seems impossible.
有一个巨人般的旋涡 there is a gigantic vortex
一个空气的纺织区域 a spinning region of air
那已经成形相似的 一个完美的六角形 that's shaped like a perfect hexagon.
你有波 you have waves
压力，密度， 而且温度 of pressure, density, and temperature
那一个开始互相影响 与彼此在一起 that start to interact with each other.
而且这些波能实际上 妨碍 and these waves can actually interfere
而且成为一个大波 and become one big wave
那去所有的方法 在行星的周围 that goes all the way around the planet.
这庞大的波安顿 this giant wave settles
进入一个持久的式样之内， 因为在下面， into a long-lasting pattern, because below,
没有不稳的表面 there's no rocky surface
打乱风 那形式它 to disrupt the winds that form it.
他们形成一美好地 定义了一般的六角形 they form a beautifully defined regular hexagon.
它是最公开展示的之一 关于 土星 的事物 it's one of the most spectacular things about saturn.
它采取机器人的探针 it took robotic probes
揭露怪异的天气 在 土星 上， to reveal the weird weather on saturn,
但是如果这些特写镜头 暴风雨和闪电 but if these close-up shots of storms and lightning
带惊奇的科学家， took scientists by surprise,
他们什么也不是比较 对然后来的震惊， they were nothing compared to the shock of what came next,
因为戒指活着 because the rings are alive.
想像 土星 没有它的戒指 imagine saturn without its rings
只是一个苍白地球漂浮的 在空间的黑暗方面 just a pale globe floating in the darkness of space.
藉由戒指，它很不可思议 with rings, it's magical.
毫无疑问地，这一件事物 undoubtedly, the one thing
那捕获每个人 关于 土星 是戒指 that captures everyone about saturn is the rings.
它是得到灵感的小说故事， 而且它是激发了每个人 it's inspired fiction stories, and it's inspired everyone
谁有看它 在夜晚天空 who's looked at it in the night sky.
当 i 4 或 5 岁， when i was 4 or 5 years old,
我的父母买一小的 百货公司望远镜， my parents bought a small department store telescope,
而且 i 记得看向下 进入那一个目镜之内 and i remember looking down into that eyepiece
而且见到这完成式珠宝 一个行星 and seeing this perfect jewel of a planet.
那里仅仅什么也不是 超过这改善， there's just nothing better than this,
而且你能仅仅见到戒指 and you can just see the rings
走来走去行星 仅仅完全地 going around the planet just perfectly.
他们仅仅一华丽的 椭圆的比赛追踪 they're just a gorgeous elliptical race track.
从目镜 一只小望远镜， from the eyepiece of a small telescope,
戒指似乎安静、宁静 the rings seem quiet and serene.
但是在结束上面， 它是一张非常不同的照片 but up close, it's a very different picture.
我们知道这谢谢 对一个太空探测呼叫 cassini， we know this thanks to a space probe called cassini,
而且在 10 年内 像这些的图像 and over 10 years of images like these.
冰粒子推挤 因为位置喜欢存货的汽车， ice particles jostle for position like stock cars,
旅行进戒指 traveling inside the rings
在数十万 里 1 小时 at hundreds of thousands of miles an hour.
这些粒子在大小方面排列 从冰的大块 these particles range in size from chunks of ice
像房子一样的大 对最好的粉状雪 as big as houses to the finest powder snow.
它不，直到我们去 对 土星 it wasn't until we went to saturn
而且以 cassini 在那里停留了 我们获悉 and stayed there with cassini that we learned
究竟它是多么猛烈复杂 just how fiercely complex it is.
你有地心引力 行星本身 you have the gravity of the planet itself
而且所有这些卫星 and all of these moons
与戒指互动 而且卫星和行星 interacting with the rings and the moons and the planet.
所有这些事情是 雕刻那个整个的系统 all of these things are sculpting that entire system
在两者的刻度上 微妙的和总数， on scales that are both subtle and gross,
而且它制造这出色者 太阳系的王冠珠宝 and it makes this magnificent crown jewel of the solar system.
当做小卫星 走来走去而且偏袒， as small moons go around and side,
戒指粒子 在回应中在他们周围跳舞 the ring particles dance around them in response.
我们见到戒指的区域 那拿升起在 we see areas of the rings that get raised up
当做月亮过去 as the moon goes by.
卫星将会甚至转变轨道 与彼此在一起， moons will even switch orbits with each other,
因此有很多 动态东西 so there's a lot of dynamic stuff
在戒指内继续 going on inside the rings.
科学家相信 哪一时常， scientists believe that from time to time,
土星的冰卫星瓦解， saturn's icy moons break up,
增加新材料 对戒指 adding new material to the rings.
这意谓结构 戒指 this means that the structure of the rings
不变进化 is constantly evolving.
藉由 cassini，科学家能 没有建筑物理学 with cassini, scientists can deconstruct the physics
这进化， 而且它正在教我们规则 of this evolution, and it's teaching us the rules
那制造 整个的宇宙画勾号 that make the whole universe tick.
所有的行星 在我们的太阳系 all the planets in our solar system
从相同的平坦圆盘进展 灰尘和瓦斯 evolve from the same flat disc of dust and gas
41/二十亿年前 4 1/2 billion years ago.
天文学家见到相似的圆盘 在年轻的远星周围 astronomers see similar discs around young distant stars.
但是甚至以我们的大部分 有力的望远镜， but even with our most powerful telescopes,
我们不能见到行星形成 他们在太远处 we can't see planets forming. they're too far away.
但是 土星 的戒指 正确地在我们的门阶上， but saturn's rings are right on our doorstep,
一个真实的迅速射击 一个迷你太阳系 a veritable snapshot of a mini solar system
在程序捕捉 形成 caught in the process of formation.
看戒指， looking at the rings,
我们正在审查形成 行星或身体 we're looking at the formation of planets or bodies
在被拘捕的州 发展 in an arrested state of development.
它有喜欢你拿 开始举行 it's like you took the beginning stages
行星的形成 但是停止了它 of the formation of the planets but stopped it.
Cassini 表示 结构形成自然地 cassini shows structures forming spontaneously
在戒指内 inside the rings.
他们相等不 需要被胳肢 they don't even need to be tickled.
他们不需要被扰乱 进入形成结构之内 they don't need to be disturbed into forming structures.
他们靠他们自己形成他们 they form them on their own.
做这个极小的月亮， does this tiny moon,
捕获 以形成的程序， captured in the process of formation,
表示我们如何地球 开始它的生活？ show us how the earth started its life?
你拿事哪一 仅仅碰巧形成 you get something that just happens to form
由于任意程序， 而且哪一模仿的什么天文学家 out of random processes, and that mimics what astronomers
想他们正在见到 在 protoplanetary 圆盘中 think they're seeing in protoplanetary discs
围住其他星 在我们周围的宇宙中 surrounding other stars in the cosmos around us.
Cassini 见到起来好奇 像螺旋桨一样的结构 cassini sees curious propeller-like structures
在 土星 的宽广一个戒指内 inside saturn's broad a ring.
他们由戒指粒子所引起 在极小的隐藏卫星上的洗濯 they're caused by ring particles washing over tiny hidden moons.
粒子碰撞 藉由卫星， the particles collide with the moons,
送他们进入随意， 不断变更的轨道， sending them into random, ever-changing orbits,
有时比较靠近的到 土星 而且有时更远的离开 sometimes closer to saturn and sometimes farther away.
也许相似的军队 影响了地球的形成 perhaps similar forces influenced the earth's formation
在太阳的周围， around the sun,
推动它进入比较靠近的 或较宽的轨道 pushing it into closer or wider orbits.
土星的戒指 也帮助我们了解 saturn's rings also help us understand
行星为什么停止增加 why planets stop growing.
一个胡桃形的月亮 被呼叫的 " 平锅 " a walnut-shaped moon called "pan"
在中央附近坐 土星 一个戒指 sits near the middle of saturn's a ring.
与这么多冰的在附近它 要大口吞食 with so much ice around it to gobble up,
平锅应该是极大的， 但是它是极小的， pan should be huge, but it's tiny,
在直径中的只有 20 里 only 20 miles in diameter.
如果你让一个月亮植入的 在一个戒指粒子的圆盘中， if you have a moon embedded in a disc of ring particles,
你可能天真地想 它仅仅隐秘戒指粒子 you might naively think it just secretes ring particles
直到它发展成 一，你知道，一个较大的月亮 until it grows into a, you know, a bigger moon.
但是实际上我们找 卫星产生缝隙 but actually we find moons create gaps
在他们周围的戒指中 in the ring around them.
因此平锅已经产生 墨水的缝隙 so pan has created the inky gap.
Daphnis 已经产生 这装以龙骨缝隙 daphnis has created the keeler gap.
更正确的说，超过拉 戒指材料在， rather than pulling ring material in,
平锅似乎推动它离开 pan appears to push it away.
当做月亮经过 as the moon passes
比较慢者移动材料 在它之外， the slower moving material outside it,
平锅的地心引力投 在外的粒子 pan's gravity flings the particles out
进入较宽的轨道之内 into wider orbits.
较快速的材料 内部的平锅轨道慢 the faster material inside pan's orbit is slow.
如它经过，小月亮， 导致它落下离开 as it passes, the little moon, causing it to fall away
向 土星 towards saturn.
这个天然的近路和生长 可能解释为什么 this natural cutoff and growth might explain why
多个行星 在星周围的形式， multiple planets form around stars,
而非单一庞大行星 那吃整个的自助餐 instead of single giant planets that eat the whole buffet.
所有 cassini 发现， of all cassini's discoveries,
最重要的也是 最令人惊讶的 the most important is also the most surprising
一个可能是的极小的冰月亮 生活的家 a tiny ice moon that may be home to life.
对于历史的大部分， for most of history,
我们已经很聪明的唯一的月亮 在结束上面学习 the only moon we've been able to study up close
我们自己的是 is our own.
多个深的火山口 说一个有力的故事 multiple deep craters tell a powerful story.
我们的月亮死 our moon is dead.
没有活跃的地质学 或天气 there's no active geology or weather
拭去 这些远古的疤痕 to wipe away these ancient scars.
但是在附近，卫星怎么样 其他行星像 土星？ but what about the moons around other planets like saturn?
他们也死吗？ are they dead, too?
我们的第一项假定 关于 土星 our first assumption about saturn
那是卫星 会像那 was that the moons would be like that
寒冷、死、以及无生命的神圣遗物 从早太阳系 cold, dead, lifeless relics from the early solar system.
它不，直到我们发明 太空船 it wasn't until we invented spacecraft
那会去这些卫星 我们发现 that could go to these moons that we discovered
如何不能采信不同 我们的太阳系真正是 how incredibly diverse our solar system truly is.
拿 enceladus take enceladus
一个冰的月亮 几乎不能横过的 300 里 an ice moon barely 300 miles across.
没有人支付了它任何注意 十年前 nobody paid it any attention a decade ago.
但是今天， 是一个地质学的岩石星 but today, it's a geological rock star.
而且这是为什么 and this is why.
Enceladus 绕轨道而行进 土星 的外部大多数戒指 enceladus orbits inside saturn's outer most ring
e 响 the e ring.
e 戒指困惑科学家 因为他们无法理解 the e ring puzzled scientists because they couldn't figure out
如何一个戒指这么宽广的 而且如此散播 how a ring so broad and so diffuse
一起会支撑它本身 could hold itself together.
cassini 队决定拿 一只接近飞行被 enceladus the cassini team decided to take a close fly by of enceladus
解决秘密 to solve the mystery.
它有某事做 did it have something to do
藉由保管 粒子一起？ with keeping the particles together?
什么是之间的连结 e 戒指和 enceladus？ what was the connection between the e ring and enceladus?
好吧，现在我们知道那一 enceladus 实际上负责任 well, now we know that enceladus is actually responsible
对于 e 戒指在那里 首先 for the e ring being there in the first place.
2005, cassini 捕获 可惊异的视力 2005, cassini captures an astonishing sight
百个喷泉射击 冰粒子里进入空间之内 a hundred geysers shooting ice particles miles into space
从南的杆裂缝 from cracks in the south pole.
Enceladus 正在障碍它的勇气 进入在巨大的比率的空间之内 enceladus is hurdling its guts into space at a colossal rate.
因为 enceladus 绕轨道而行 土星， as enceladus orbits saturn,
这些冰的羽毛 喂一个巨大的发闪烁之光晕轮 these icy plumes feed a vast shimmering halo
在行星的周围 around the planet
神秘的 e 响 the mysterious e ring.
这根冰的羽毛也互相影响 藉由 土星 的磁场， this icy plume also interacts with saturn's magnetic field,
引起血浆云 充满感情粒子 causing a plasma cloud of charged particles.
粒子向前比赛 土星 的磁场排成一行 the particles race along saturn's magnetic field lines
而且砰然声 进入 土星 的两极气氛之内， and slam into saturn's polar atmosphere,
升起 极大的紫外线的奥罗拉 raising huge ultraviolet auroras.
喷泉解释 e 戒指， geysers explain the e ring,
但是他们如何能存在 在一个冷冻月亮上 but how can they exist on a frozen moon
距太阳十亿里处？ a billion miles from the sun?
在地球上，喷泉形成 在高度火山的地方 on earth, geysers form in highly volcanic places
水进入连络的地方 与热的岩石 where water comes into contact with hot rocks.
Enceladus，如此小， 而且如此远从太阳， enceladus, so small, and so far from the sun,
应该是寒冷、死的 should be cold and dead.
但是由于 土星 的地心引力， 它不是 but thanks to saturn's gravity, it's not.
暖气的来源 在 enceladus 上 the source of the heating on enceladus
古怪的轨道是 那一个月亮 is the eccentric orbit of that moon.
有时它稍微比较靠近 对 土星， sometimes it's a little closer to saturn,
有时它稍微 比较远的离开 sometimes it's a little further away.
而且哪一在 enceladus 上的暖气 从那揉 and that heating on enceladus from that kneading
重力地制造月亮 可伸缩的而且拉 gravitationally making the moon stretch and pull
什么温暖内部是， is what warms the interior,
引起活动 在我们今天见到的 enceladus 上 causing the activity on enceladus that we see today.
这重力的 土星 拉 the gravitational pull of saturn
延伸深处进入 enceladus 之内 超过它的冰外部 reaches deep into enceladus beyond its water-ice exterior
抓紧它的岩石核心 gripping its rocky core.
当做 土星 的把握 加强而且变弱， as saturn's grasp strengthens and weakens,
它按摩 这颗寒冷、不稳的心， it massages this cold, rocky heart,
带它给地质学的生活 藉由磨擦力热 bringing it to geological life with frictional heat.
热融化冰 在它周围， the heat melts the ice around it,
创造一个巨大的地表下的湖 creating a vast subsurface lake
在南方的杆 enceladus at the southern pole of enceladus.
这水穿越的射出 在表面的冰中极大的裂缝 this water jets out through huge cracks in the surface ice.
在地球上， 哪里有液体水， on earth, where there's liquid water,
有生活 there's life.
会 enceladus 有什么它拿 could enceladus have what it takes
为简单的生物存在？ for simple organisms to exist?
一经 cassini 看见这些喷泉， 科学家知道 once cassini saw these geysers, the scientists knew
他们发现某事 极端令人惊奇的 they had found something extremely wonderful.
他们实际上改变 cassini 本身的任务， they actually changed the mission of cassini itself,
改变了它的轨道 changed its trajectory.
我们送 cassini 太空船 非常非常接近飞 we sent the cassini spacecraft to fly very, very close
超过这些裂缝哪里 水正在急急忙忙 over these cracks where the water was rushing out.
科学家黏紧了 对微弱的希望 scientists clung to the faint hope
水会包含 盐和有机的分子 that the water would contain salts and organic molecules
像氨， like ammonia,
生活的砌块 在地球上 the building blocks of life here on earth.
足以使人晕倒地， cassini 的检查员 大量地尝他们全部 stunningly, cassini's censors tasted all of them in abundance.
在那一根羽毛中， 有有机的材料 in that plume, there's organic material.
它不是水 它是汤 it's not water. it's a soup.
那是难以置信的 that's incredible.
所有的主要需求 对于可居住， all the main requirements for habitability,
能源来源，液体水， 生物学氮的来源 energy source, liquid water, source of biological nitrogen
而且氨，有机的材料， and ammonia, organic material,
而且样品正在发生 进入空间之内 and the samples are coming up into space.
有一个大告示 自由的样品，拿一 there's a big sign free samples, take one.
可能有生活 那一 could've 在那里进展 there could be life that could've evolved there.
现在我们不知道 我们还没有见到它 now we don't know. we haven't seen it.
但是在那里的情况 是当做好在那里现在 but the conditions there are as good there now
因为他们在地球上 三十亿年前 as they were on earth 3 billion years ago
当生活在这里引起 when life arose here.
使人感动者 实现哪一 enceladus the sensational realization that enceladus
梅港生活 已经引发强烈的辩论 may harbor life has sparked intense debate
大约将来的任务 要找它 about future missions to find it,
因为它为那些有一个对手 宝贵的研究元 because it has a rival for those precious research dollars.
土星最大的月亮， titan， 也可能是生活的家 saturn's largest moon, titan, could also be home to life
奇异的生活 bizarre life.
而且我们可能有 已经发现它 and we may have already found it.
超过 60个卫星 绕轨道而行行星 土星， more than 60 moons orbit the planet saturn,
但是一矮子他们所有的 but one dwarfs them all.
泰坦神是一个巨像， 比行星水银大 titan is a colossus, bigger than the planet mercury.
一片厚的橘色薄雾隐藏 我们的望远镜的它的表面， a thick orange haze hides its surface from our telescopes,
而且当 cassini 任务 首先在出现之下 and when the cassini mission first appeared beneath
泰坦神的橘色斗蓬， 它显示了一个世界比较怪异的 titan's orange cloak, it revealed a world weirder
超过我们会 曾经已经想像 than we could ever have imagined.
泰坦神是一个令人惊异的地方 titan is an amazing place.
而且所有的事物 在 土星 的周围继续， and of all the things going on around saturn,
泰坦神可能是 全部的最令人兴奋的 titan might be the most exciting of all.
泰坦神有山 而且沙漠、河和湖 titan has mountains and deserts, rivers and lakes.
只有地球能相配它 对于地质学的不同 only the earth can match it for geological diversity.
但是在这里，冰 代替岩床， but here, water ice takes the place of bedrock,
冻结的在 300 度 下面零 frozen at 300 degrees below zero.
而且而非水， and instead of water,
在 titan 上的河 以甲烷流动 the rivers on titan flow with methane.
这是一个地方哪里它 实际上下雨液体的甲烷， this is a place where it actually rains liquid methane,
液体天然气 liquid natural gas.
这液体正在塞满 河和湖 this liquid is filling up rivers and lakes.
这制造 titan 不能采信特别 this makes titan incredibly special.
它只是第二个世界 在太阳系 it's only the second world in the solar system
我们知道的地方 表面上有液体 where we know there's liquid on the surface.
而且喜欢地球， and like earth,
泰坦神有一厚的氮丰富的 气氛 titan has a thick nitrogen-rich atmosphere.
但是而非氧 我们呼吸， but instead of the oxygen we breathe,
泰坦神的空气被以大钉钉牢 藉由碳丰富的分子 titan's air is spiked with carbon-rich molecules
那污染它一个迟钝的橘色 that stain it a dull orange.
它是甲烷的汤 而且乙烷和丙烷 it's a soup of methane and ethane and propane
而且乙炔 and acetylene.
Uh，目录 有机的分子照字面上地 uh, the list of organic molecules is literally
数百，数百渴望 我们已经在那里发现 hundreds, hundreds long that we've detected there.
泰坦神的复杂鸡尾酒 titan's complex cocktail
大气化学药品 密谋科学家 of atmospheric chemicals intrigue scientists.
但是它也使他们困惑， but it also puzzles them,
尤其甲烷瓦斯， 快速地在日光方面衰退 especially methane gas, which rapidly decays in sunlight.
因此甚至十亿里 从太阳， so even a billion miles from the sun,
泰坦神厚的薄雾 should've 很久以前升高了 titan's thick haze should've lifted long ago.
一个甲烷的巨大来源 一定再补足 a vast source of methane must be replenishing
橘色烟雾 the orange smog.
在 cassini 之前 before cassini,
科学家假定 titan 的全部 scientists assumed the whole of titan
被复盖了 在巨大的冲击火山口中 was covered in massive impact craters.
也许火山口湖 装满液体的甲烷 perhaps crater lakes filled with liquid methane
正在蒸发 进入气氛之内， were evaporating into the atmosphere,
供应不见的瓦斯 supplying the missing gas.
帮助证明这一个理论， to help prove this theory,
Cassini 携带了一个搭便车的旅行者 所有的路 土星 cassini carried a hitchhiker all the way to saturn.
huygens 登陆者发表 高度地在 titan 的赤道上面 the huygens lander released high above titan's equator
降落伞过云了， 咬断相片当做它落下 parachuted through the clouds, snapping photographs as it fell.
因为它去 透过气氛， as it went through the atmosphere,
它拿极大量数据 it took a huge amount of data
然后在月亮上登陆了 它本身而且照照片 and then landed on the moon itself and took pictures.
当我们最初看见 那些照片， when we first saw those pictures,
它是变更生活的 it was life-changing.
没有火山口 there were no craters.
它看起来像流动液体 曾经成形风景， it looked like flowing liquid had once shaped the landscape,
但是在登陆位置 而且像 huygens 会见到一样远远地， but at the landing site and as far as huygens could see,
那液体很长离去 that liquid was long gone.
Huygens 降落在一个地点了 几乎同一 huygens landed in a spot almost identical
到什么我们正在站立在 立刻 to what we're standing on right now.
如果我们在附近看起来所有， if we look all around,
我们能见到这萧瑟者， 不育的风景 we can see this bleak, barren landscape.
我们见到小圆石和圆石 we see pebbles and cobbles
那已经被弄圆 而且使 that have been rounded and smoothed
因为他们已经来过 河引导 because they've come through river channels.
我们见到起来许多那些 在登陆的 huygens 位于 we see plenty of those at the huygens landing site.
Uh，除了那之外， 我们见到许多沙子 uh, in addition to that, we see lots of sand.
沙漠 登陆的 huygens 在是极大的 the desert huygens landed in is huge.
它伸展所有的方法 在 titan 的赤道的周围 it stretches all the way around titan's equator...
藉由 300-脚高的沙丘 根据风雕刻 with 300-foot tall dunes sculpted by the wind
正如他们在地球上 just as they are on earth.
如果巨大的火山口湖 不在赤道， if the vast crater lakes weren't at the equator,
他们必须在 titan 的杆 they had to be at titan's poles.
Cassini 预定了一个数字 另外 flybys cassini scheduled a number of additional flybys
找寻液体的任何告示 to look for any signs of liquid.
器具之一 机上的 cassini one of the instruments onboard cassini
雷达基本上是枪 is basically a radar gun.
它在 titan 射击雷达波， 而且他们向后地拿反映 it shoots radar waves at titan, and they get reflected back.
在两年之后 猎这一个器具， after two years of hunting with this instrument,
科学家最后得到 信号 scientists finally got the signal
他们正在等候 they were waiting for.
事物之一它发现 one of the things it found
那接近 titan 的北极 is that near the north pole of titan
区域是 那没有在反映雷达， were regions that were not reflecting radar,
而且那听很多 相似的液体 and that sounds a lot like liquid.
液体吸收那一能源 而且不把它反映回来 liquid absorbs that energy and doesn't reflect it back.
稍后观察解决了它 later observations clinched it.
当 cassini 最后描绘 when cassini finally imaged
这北方的两极区域 titan， the north polar regions of titan,
它它最后看见这些湖 而且甲烷的海洋 it it finally saw these lakes and seas of methane
我们一直找寻， that we'd been looking for,
只有他们没被包含在 冲击像我们的火山口想 only they weren't contained in impact craters like we thought.
相反地他们被包含 在大湖盆地中 instead they're contained in big lake basins
那一神情仅仅相似的 他们在地球上做 that look just like they do on earth.
盆地湖像这一个 在单一县， california， basin lakes like this one in mono county, california,
在沮丧剩货中形成 从筑造的活动 form in the depressions leftover from tectonic activity.
这些地质学的特征 在 titan 上 these geological features on titan
只会意指 一件可怕的事物 could only mean one shocking thing
月亮活着 藉由地质学的活动 the moon was alive with geological activity.
如果我们坐着 在相传在挪威海中出现的怪物母马的边缘上， if we were sitting on the margins of kraken mare,
哪一个是最大的海洋 我们在 titan 上见到， which is the largest sea that we see on titan,
然后我们或许会见到某事 非常相似的对这一片风景 then we would probably see something very similar to this landscape.
我们会横过小心 一个非常平静的表面， we would look out across a fairly calm surface,
我们想风 不在 titan 上非常强壮 we think the winds are not very strong on titan.
而且因此我们将会有这一个平稳湖 甲烷和乙烷 and so we'd have this calm lake of methane and ethane.
而且在遥远之处我们会见到 小山和山 and in the distance we would see hills and mountains
那已经在 titan 上形成 that have formed on titan
或许穿越 筑造的程序 probably through tectonic processes
在很多相同的方法中哪一 山在地球上被建造 in much the same way that mountains are built on earth.
除了在 titan 上，它如此寒冷之外， except on titan, it's so cold,
火山吐水， 不是熔岩 the volcanoes spew water, not lava.
而且山 而且湖盆地是坚硬的冰 and the mountains and lake basins are solid ice.
起先，科学家想 那一个甲烷蒸发 at first, scientists thought that methane evaporating
从这些湖产生 titan 的烟雾 from these lakes generated titan's smog.
但是当 cassini 飞时被 要再次测量湖 but when cassini flew by to measure the lakes again,
水平似乎是 一样的 the levels appear to be the same.
湖没有看起来像 他们正在全然蒸发 the lakes didn't look like they were evaporating at all.
科学家被砍断了 scientists were stumped.
也湖 来源是不 either the lakes weren't the source
大气甲烷 of atmospheric methane
或他们是不知何故 被再将注满 or they were somehow being refilled.
行星的地质学者， jani radebaugh， planetary geologist, jani radebaugh,
相信一个决定性的线索 对不见的甲烷 believes a crucial clue to the missing methane
谎言以形成 岩石存款呼叫 tufa lies in the formation of rocky deposits called tufa.
他们在单一湖被发现， they're found here at mono lake,
干净的春天浇水的地方 上升提高从这地面 where clean spring water rises up from the ground
进入富产矿物的湖之内 在这两水类型反应的地方 into the mineral-rich lake where the two water types react.
这非常令人兴奋 因为这可能是一个线索 this is very exciting because this could be a clue
对在 titan 上的不见的甲烷 to the missing methane on titan.
因此它摇动那是 从化学药品形成 so it's rock that has been formed from the chemicals
包含在两液体 contained in two fluids.
有正在出现的水 在湖的边缘 there is water that's emerging at the margin of the lake.
它正在互相影响 藉由湖水 it's interacting with the lake water
哪一个有 非常不同的化学 which has a very different chemistry
而且所有化学药品 那被溶解 and all of the chemicals that are dissolved
和彼此结合 而且产生这一块岩石 combine with each other and create this rock.
雷达描绘 titan 最大的湖 radar images of titan's largest lake
揭露不稳的结构 在边缘的周围 reveal rocky structures around the margins
那一神情仅仅相似的 单一湖的 tufa that look just like mono lake's tufa.
泰坦神的 tufa， 如果那是他们是什么， titan's tufa, if that's what they are,
可能是层的证据 液体甲烷 could be evidence of a layer of liquid methane
那坐着 在 titan 的冷冻核心上面 that sits above titan's frozen core
而且上升和春天 喂它的湖 and rises and springs to feed its lakes
仅仅相似的春天水 上升喂单一湖 just like spring water rises to feed mono lake.
所以当 那些甲烷春天进来， so when those methane springs come in,
他们与湖互动 而且一块岩石陷入出 they interact with the lakes and a rock precipitates out.
因此我们见到这些有机的岩石 so we see these organic rocks
作小点记号边缘 湖 dotting the margins of the lakes.
而且几乎无疑地 也有甲烷 and almost certainly there's also methane
仅仅冒出来而且出现 just bubbling up and emerging
在湖的边缘 也 at the margins of the lake as well.
如果 jani 是正确的， if jani is right,
泰坦神的湖确实蒸发， 喂养大气的烟雾， titan's lakes do evaporate, feeding the atmospheric smog,
但是他们不变地 再补足 but they're constantly replenished
藉着地下的甲烷跳 更换失去的液体 by underground methane springs replacing the lost fluid.
泰坦神不是一个死的世界 titan is no dead world.
与活跃的地质学，它活着 而且合成物化学 it's alive with active geology and complex chemistry.
而且它可能活着 藉由别的东西 and it might be alive with something else
真的大的事物 something really big.
我们过去一直想 那一 土星 太远 we used to think that saturn was too far
从太阳和太寒冷的到 对任何戏剧性的事的游戏主人 from the sun and too cold to play host to anything dramatic.
我们就不会是了 更错误的 we could not have been more wrong.
行星煮沸和砰然 藉由活跃的天气 the planet boils and bangs with active weather
暴风雨、闪电和奥罗拉 storms, lightning, and auroras.
戒指不变地进展 the rings constantly evolve.
而且卫星是不冻结者 向我们期望丢雪球 and the moons aren't the frozen snowballs we expected.
他们因活跃的地质学而成形 藉由温暖水喷泉 they're shaped by active geology with warm water geysers
而且液体甲烷的湖 and lakes of liquid methane.
而且现在 在 土星 最大的月亮， titan 上， and now on saturn's largest moon, titan,
科学家可能揭示 第一个实体的证据 scientists may have uncovered the first tangible evidence...
外星生活 of extraterrestrial life.
我们的对生活的搜寻是 our search for life has been
把重心集中在液体的水 跟随水 focused on liquid water follow the water.
我认为它是一个好策略 i think it's a good strategy.
但是 i 认为我们正在限制 我们自己如果我们想那 but i think we are limiting ourselves if we think that
那是看的唯一地方 that's the only place to look.
我认为液体可能是 有趣的 i think liquids may be interesting
即使他们不是水 even if they're not water.
Astrobiologist， chris mckay， astrobiologist, chris mckay,
在 titan 上相信那一生活 believes that life on titan
梅已经进展住 在液体的甲烷中， may have evolved to live in liquid methane,
不是液体的水 not liquid water.
但是 titan 如此寒冷， but titan is so cold,
简单的生活会玩被 规则的非常不同组 simple life would play by a very different set of rules
哪里比较大的比较好 where bigger is better.
当我们去其他世界， when we go to other worlds,
我们要看 对于细菌， we're gonna be looking for bacteria,
而且我们承担那 他们要非常小 and we assume that they're gonna be very small.
但是你会提出疑问， 细菌为什么如此小？ but you could ask the question, why are bacteria so small?
好吧， i 认为答案是 因为他们住在水 well, i think the answer is because they live in water.
在地球上， 细菌不需要变很大 on earth, bacteria don't need to grow big
为了要繁荣 in order to thrive.
水几乎溶解 每件事物， water dissolves almost everything,
因此它提供 营养－富有的环境 so it provides a nutrient-rich environment
哪里小、简单的 带来成功 where small and simple bring success.
你去 titan 哪里 液体是液体的甲烷， you go to titan where the liquid is liquid methane,
液体乙烷， 非常不同的水 liquid ethane, very different from water.
没有理由一个生物 应该很小 there's no reason an organism should be small.
事实上，相当相对事物 它应该是极大的 in fact, quite the opposite. it should be huge.
Mckay 想像 巨大的细胞独身者的生物 mckay envisions enormous single-celled organisms
在 titan 的海岸的周围， 像纸的张看 around titan's shores, looking like sheets of paper.
他们的极大表面的区域 会最大值 their huge surface area would maximize
食物的举起从这 营养的－贫穷的液体甲烷 the uptake of food from the nutrient-poor liquid methane.
我预测 如果 titan 上有生活 i predict if there's life on titan
住在液体的甲烷，你将不 需要一个显微镜见到它 living in liquid methane, you won't need a microscope to see it.
你将会需要一个码尺 you'll need a yardstick.
当 cassini 发表 huygens 探针 when cassini released the huygens probe
高度地在云上面高耸 titan， high above the cloud tops of titan,
Mckay 了解 他有一个机会 mckay realized he had an opportunity
支持他的理论 在表面方面的生活 to bolster his theories of life on the surface.
他的爱好甲烷生活－表格 一定吃幸存 his methane-loving life-forms must be eating to survive.
也许 huygens' 细致优雅的感应器 perhaps huygens' delicate sensors
会拾起证据 款宴的土地水平 would pick up evidence of ground level feasting.
因为 huygens 在途中 对 titan， as huygens was on its way to titan,
我在一个酒店房间坐下 写作在说的一张纸上面， i'm sitting in a hotel room writing up a paper saying,
嗨，什么如果有生活 在 titan 上？ hey, what if there's life on titan?
它会吃什么？ 而且我们如何会发现它？ what would it eat? and how would we detect it?
这如何会探查 飞过气氛 how would this probe flying through the atmosphere
发现它？ detect it?
照字面上地这天 登陆的 huygens， literally the day huygens landed,
我委托了这纸 对日记， i submitted this paper to the journal,
预测那 如果 titan 上有生活， predicting that if there was life on titan,
它会吃氢 而且探针 it would eat hydrogen and the probe
会能够测量 氢的这一个消耗 would be able to measure this depletion of hydrogen.
因此让我们找寻氢 so let's look for hydrogen.
Huygens 降落伞 透过 titan 的气氛， huygens parachutes through titan's atmosphere,
抽取样品瓦斯当做它去 sampling the gases as it goes.
上面的气氛 有许多氢， the upper atmosphere has plenty of hydrogen,
中央的层也是， so do the middle layers,
但是在土地的水平， 有一个惊奇结果 but at ground level, there's a surprise result
一个明显的急下降 在集中方面 an apparently drop-off in the concentration
空气的氢 of hydrogen in the air.
＜i＞某事或也许某人 正在向上使用它＜/i＞ something or perhaps someone was using it up.
当 i 听到一项报告哪一在那里 一个氢的消耗是， when i heard a report that there was a depletion of hydrogen,
我我的心比赛 ’引起 i 想法， i my heart raced 'cause i thought,
如果这是 如果这是难数据 if this is if this is hard data
因为氢的消耗， for depletion of hydrogen,
我不能想像任何其他的方法 此外生物学解释那 i can't imagine any other way besides biology to explain that.
它在那很令人兴奋 它是一致的 it's exciting in that it's consistent
藉由我们预测的， with what we predicted,
但是我们必须等候这 被确认 but we have to wait for this to be confirmed
其他计算， 被直接的测量， by other calculations, by direct measurements,
而且如此在之上 and so on.
如果未来任务 能确定以甲烷为基础的生活 if future missions can confirm methane-based life
在 titan 上，它一定会是 最好的发现 on titan, it will surely be the greatest discovery
在科学的历史中 in the history of science.
因为这低的温度 生物学一定已经兴起 because this low temperature biology must have arisen
独立地在地球方面的生活 independently of life on earth.
如果我们发现生活， 让我们说在破坏之上， if we discover life, let's say on mars,
总是将会有 可能性 there will always be the possibility
那摇动和冰的 而且一堆材料 that rocks and ice and bits of material
被交换的 Could've could've been exchanged.
但是那的机会 从地球发生 but the chances of that happening from earth
所有的路 土星 差不多没有是 all the way to saturn are next to nothing.
如果我们找第二个例子 生活在我们的太阳系 if we find a second example of life in our solar system
尤其在一个地方 同类 titan especially in a place like titan
哪一个对地球如此外国， 如此寒冷、如此不同， which is so alien to the earth, so cold and so different,
那告诉我们某事 极度重要 that tells us something excruciatingly important.
而且那是生活一定是 各处在宇宙中 and that is that life must be everywhere in the universe.
机器人的任务 提供难熬的暗示 robotic missions offer tantalizing hints
简单生活 在 enceladus 和 titan 上 of simple life on enceladus and titan.
但是 土星 的王国只有适宜的 对于庞大的细菌 but is saturn's realm only fit for giant bacteria
或是它一个地方我们人类 一天呼叫会回家吗？ or is it a place we humans could one day call home?
土星绕轨道而行 距太阳十亿里处 saturn orbits a billion miles from the sun.
如此远远外面它花 1 小时 为它的反映光 so far out it takes an hour for its reflected light
到达我们的眼睛 to reach our eyes.
然而未来 我们的文明 yet the future of our civilization
梅在人类上的休息 一个日子开拓殖民地卫星 may rest on humans one day colonizing the moons
围住这 瓦斯巨人行星 surrounding this gas giant planet.
它将不很容易， 但是 土星 有某事 it won't be easy, but saturn has something
值得麻烦 worth the trouble
一个燃料的不可思议来源 被呼叫的氦－3 a magical source of fuel called helium-3
那能满意我们逐渐增加的 为能源饿 that can satisfy our increasing hunger for energy
数百万年 for millions of years.
一些未来派画家相信 我们必须有 some futurists believe that we have to have
商业的激励 到去 土星 a commercial incentive to going to saturn.
不只是挖掘矿物 土星 的卫星， not just to mine the minerals of the moons of saturn,
但是也收割燃料 以氦－3 的形式. but also to harvest fuel in the form of helium-3.
氦 -3 是稀有物质 我们能使用 helium-3 is a rare substance that we can use
在融合物引擎中提供 也许无限的能源 in fusion engines to provide perhaps unlimited energy.
氦 -3 可能非常涌出 代替油为燃料 helium-3 may very well replace oil as the fuel
拿我们 进入在未来的数个世纪之内 to take us into the centuries to come.
藉由它的单一中子 而且生双胞胎质子， with its single neutron and twin protons,
氦 -3 独特地被适合 对一种能源生产的形式 helium-3 is uniquely suited to a form of energy production
被呼叫的融合物 called fusion
燃烧的相同的程序 在星的心中 the same process that burns in the heart of a star.
当两个核 一起被粉碎 when two nuclei are crushed together
在巨大的压力之下， 他们融化， under enormous pressure, they fuse,
创造一新的较沈重的原子 而且纯粹能源的破裂 creating a new heavier atom and a burst of pure energy.
全部的最好， 氦－3 不释放 best of all, helium-3 doesn't release
任何有害放射线 any of the harmful radiation
联合的 藉由其他融合物燃料 associated with other fusion fuels.
唯一的麻烦 藉由氦－3 the only trouble with helium-3
有宝贵的一点点 在地球上被发现 there's precious little to be found on earth.
现在你会找起来一些 在月亮上的氦－3， now you could find some helium-3 on the moon,
但是主要的补给 氦－3 在我们的太阳系 but the major supplies of helium-3 in our solar system
在气氛下被位于 庞大行星 are located in the atmospheres of the giant planets.
我打电话给瓦斯巨人 i call the gas giants
”波斯湾 太阳系” "the persian gulf of the solar system"
因为他们是位置 它的主要能源资源 because they are the location of its primary energy resources
在太阳的外面 outside of the sun.
瓦斯巨人提供 the gas giants provide
一个近的无穷尽的补给 氦－3. a near inexhaustible supply of helium-3.
但是我们如何会吸取它？ but how could we extract it?
木星有这最 jupiter has the most.
但是行星的极广大地心引力 而且危险的放射线带子 but the planet's immense gravity and dangerous radiation belts
做到一不方便的为采矿 make it a no-go for mining.
海王星和 uranus 是方法 在太远处变得实际 neptune and uranus are way too far away to be practical.
那留下 土星 藉由相对低的地心引力 that leaves saturn with relatively low gravity
对于如此的一个大行星 for such a big planet.
而且远远比较低度致命的 放射线超过在 jupiter 的周围 and far lower levels of deadly radiation than around jupiter.
如果我们要有未来 基于的人类的经济 if we're gonna have a future human economy based on
使用受约束的融合物 而且氦－3, using controlled fusion and helium-3,
土星是目的地 选择 saturn is the destination of choice.
未来派画家想像 有翼的雄蜂飞过 futurists envision winged drones flying through
土星 的上面气氛， 在瓦斯上面汲取 the upper atmosphere of saturn, scooping up gases.
但是该哪里处理 这超级燃料？ but where to process this super fuel?
操作的理想基础 会清楚地是 titan the ideal base of operations would clearly be titan.
藉由地心引力当做使温和 当做我们的卫星 with gravity as gentle as our moons
而且一厚的像地球一样的 气氛， and a thick earth-like atmosphere,
泰坦神令人惊讶适当 对于一个人类的前哨 titan is surprisingly suitable for a human outpost.
我们会有极大的圆顶 在 titan 上的殖民 we could have huge dome settlements on titan.
他们会没有是 强壮的充足拥有压力 they would not have to be strong enough to hold pressure.
他们会仅仅是瘦的， 膨胀的薄膜 they could just be thin, inflatable membranes.
你会有圆顶城市 像你在科幻小说中见到 you could have dome cities like you see in science fiction
哪一个真的不可能 在地方喜欢月亮 which are really not possible in places like the moon.
步行出 在 titan 的表面之上 walking out onto the surface of titan
会非常容易 比较在月亮上或在破坏之上 would be much easier than on the moon or on mars.
对 titan 的压力 很好 the pressure on titan is kind of nice.
它是 11/2 次地球压力 it's 1 1/2 times earth pressure.
你会需要一个来源 氧 you would need a source of oxygen.
而且你需要一件非常温暖的外套 and you need a very warm coat.
但是它不如寒冷的感觉 因为你可能想 but it wouldn't feel as cold as you might think
因为气氛是平稳 而且没有强烈的风 because the atmosphere is calm and there's not strong wind.
我认为一件像你的外套可能 在 antarctica 中穿着 i think a coat like you might wear in antarctica
可能是适当的 might be adequate.
因此你能想像某人 踏出太空船， so you can imagine somebody stepping out of the spaceship,
有一个皮制外衣在，之上面具， 喜欢 s.C.U.B.A. 面具 having a parka on, a mask, like a s.c.u.b.a. mask
要提供氧 to provide oxygen,
而且照字面上地步行出 在表面上 and literally walking out on the surface.
泰坦神的低地心引力 而且密集的气氛 titan's low gravity and dense atmosphere
会甚至送我们上升 从地方到地方 could even send us soaring from place to place.
让我们说你有，你知道， let's say you had, you know,
它是小一点点 在你的手臂上的一只翅膀， it's a little bit of a wing on your arm,
而且你开始拍打 你的双臂 and you started to flap your arms.
记得它是几乎相似的 你是你在月亮上， remember it's almost like you're you're on the moon,
但是与厚的气氛 but with a thick atmosphere.
而且你将会真的很聪明 升高你自己 and you'd really be able to lift yourself
离开表面，也许是飞行， 只是小一点点 off the surface, maybe fly, just a little bit.
当氦－3 商旅路线已经打开 when the helium-3 trade route has opened
而且地球变成 融合物经济， and the earth becomes a fusion economy,
一枚新一代的火箭 a new generation of rockets
将会有话直说行星间的 到每个人的旅行， will open up interplanetary travel to everyone,
带人类 到破坏和 jupiter， taking humans to mars and jupiter,
不是在数年中，而是在数个月内 not in years, but in months.
而且氦－3 可能甚至有力量 冒险观光事业 and helium-3 might even power adventure tourism
对 土星 本身 to saturn itself.
你能想像 在百年中 you can imagine in a hundred years
当空间旅行是 容易的和在那里意志 when space travel is easy and there will
酒店绕轨道而行 月亮而且破坏 be hotels orbiting the moon and mars
而且每件事物， 什么会是这一？ and everything, what would be the one?
什么会是地方， 权利，去？ what would be the place, right, to go?
它会是 土星 it would be saturn.
我会希望一天哪一 有如此的一件事物 i would hope one day that there is such a thing
当做空间观光事业和人们能 拜访地方相似的 enceladus as space tourism and people can visit places like enceladus.
它应该被呼叫 it should be called
enceladus 行星间的 喷泉公园 the enceladus interplanetary geyser park
因为它会是一顯著的 放置仅仅去拜访 because it would be a phenomenal place to just go visit.
在 enceladus 上站立 会是令人惊异的视力 standing on enceladus would be an amazing sight.
所有这霜浓缩 在表面上打退堂鼓 all of this frost condensing back out on the surface
＜i＞制造一不能采信地 灿烂的白色＜/i＞ makes an incredibly brilliant white.
它是得到了一些这 最好的粉雪为 it's got some of the best powder snow for
滑雪任何地方在 太阳系 skiing anywhere in the solar system.
你会拿 接近的充足到实际上 you could get close enough to actually
见到个别的戒指， see the individual rings,
也许甚至见到小卫星 在缝隙雕刻中 maybe even see the little moons in the gaps sculpting
而且拉和推动 而且戳， and pulling and pushing and prodding,
看守 那些在附近响粒子 shepherding those ring particles around.
你会回去 一再地， you could go back over and over again,
而且它总是会是外侨 而且异国、令人兴奋的 and it would always be alien and exotic and exciting.
从一个寒冷，死 在我们的望远镜中的珠宝 from a cold, dead jewel in our telescopes
到一个地方活着的 藉由魔术和伤害罪之一种 to a place alive with magic and mayhem
土星和它的世界 已经活着来 saturn and its worlds have come alive
而且可能庇护生活本身 and may harbor life itself.
有一天很快，这一个行星 会再作我们的宇宙， someday soon, this planet could remake our universe,
而且无意志曾经 要相同 and nothing will ever be the same.