Stuff going on in the background in my house because um 在我的房子里发生的事情因为
tomorrow is the mingle birthday 明天是交往的生日
There's a lot of preparations going on 有很多准备工作正在进行
Happy birthday. Thank you. For planning, a big party 生日快乐。 谢谢大家。 为了策划一个盛大的派对
We're also planning a big family reunion with all of his 我们还计划和他的家人一起大团圆
siblings uh in washington, dc later on this month 兄弟姐妹这个月晚些时候在华盛顿特区
so that should be fun 所以应该很有趣
Many of them we've never met 他们中的许多人我们从未见过面
Um 嗯
so 所以
Let's talk about perspective, non performance 我们谈谈远景，非业绩
losing confidence 失去信心
that your co contracting party 你的合约方
we'll perform 我们会表演的
Who can tell me about the case of albert hucks, derby 谁能告诉我阿尔伯特哈克的情况，德比
edgar delatur, very fancy name 埃德加德拉图尔，很好的名字
I can try 我可以试试
Go ahead, dharma 去吧，达摩
uh so There was an agreement between monster 所以怪物之间是有协议的
and A girl, did that work 一个女孩，做了那个工作
That a girl would 一个女孩会
uh guard with 呃警卫
Hi, what's there is a career 嗨，有什么事业
Do you, know what a career is 你知道职业是什么吗
uh Exactly 呃完全正确
But I tell you i'll tell you what a career it was in the 19th century 但我告诉你我会告诉你在19世纪它是一个怎样的职业
A career was basically um in the era when there was no means of quick communication 职业生涯基本上是在那个没有快速沟通手段的时代
They were basically the travel agent 他们基本上就是旅行社
They would run ahead of the person that hired them to make 他们会抢在雇佣他们的人之前
sure that these people who were fancy wealthy people would have 我敢肯定这些超级富豪会有
proper accommodations and food upon their arrival at their next destination 到达下一个目的地时提供适当的住宿和食物
Right? You couldn't call up and reserve a hotel 对吧？ 你不能打电话预定旅馆
You couldn't email them or go online to make a reservation 你不能给他们发电子邮件或者上网预订
So the couriers responsibility was to basically 所以信使的责任基本上是
run ahead of the person who hired them to make sure that 抢在雇佣他们的人之前确保
they were adequate provisions and um and and accommodations for them 他们有足够的给养和食宿
at their next stop 在他们的下一站
so Go ahead now 所以现在就去吧
yeah so uh They were to hire monster as a career for a 3 month to worship you to begin on 1st of june 是啊，所以他们打算雇Monster做一个为期3个月的职业，从6月1日开始崇拜你
Now on may 11th 现在是5月11日
edgar uh wrote a monster that 埃德加写了一个怪物
they had changed their mind and they did not need his services, and they even refused to pay 他们改变了主意，不需要他的帮助，甚至拒绝付钱
uh start uh any of the salaries 先从薪水开始吧
So on may 22nd 所以在5月22日
A star suit 一件明星套装
So for breach of contract 所以是因为违约
now, uh at god said that 现在，上帝说的
how is it possible to claim a breach of contract when the performance had to begin on? 1st of june 当演出必须在6月1日开始时，怎么可能要求违反合同呢
so It was held that there was a clear repudiation of the 因此，它被认为是有一个明确的否定
agreement 协议
and it would have been futile for what started to actually wait 对于真正开始等待的人来说，这将是徒劳的
and make preparation for uh 为.做准备
preparation until the date of performance 直至演出之日的准备工作
so Because the performance would never happen. So 因为表演永远不会发生。 所以
um and that is how it was had that history still eligible to bring an action 嗯，这就是为什么历史仍然有资格提起诉讼
uh before first of june 六月一号之前
Right 对的
What the court basically does here 法庭在这里主要做什么
is um does everybody understand the factual scenario 嗯，每个人都了解事实的情况
Plaintive was supposed to perform services 哀怨应该是提供服务的
for the defendant beginning in june 从6月开始给被告
um In may 五月的时候
he is advised that his services will no longer be required after he's done a lot of things to get himself ready to 他被告知，他的服务将不再需要后，他做了很多事情，让自己做好准备
go on, basically travel for 3 months 继续，基本上旅行3个月
And then on the eve of that trip 在那次旅行的前夜
these advice were no longer going to need your services 这些建议不再需要你的服务了
so He goes and files a lawsuit 所以他去打官司
and The defendant says 被告说
how can you file a lawsuit on may 20th for breach of 你怎么能在5月20号以违反
contract where the contract wasn't scheduled to begin until june 1st 合同原定于6月1日开始的合同
And the court basically says 法庭基本上是说
come on 别这样
that's That's 就这样，就这样
An absurd position to take 可笑的立场
You can certainly 你当然可以
anticipatory engage in conduct 预期从事行为
that results in a breach of contract 那将导致违反合同
and What the court basically goes through is a very similar 而法院基本上经历的是一个非常相似的
analysis to the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing that we've been discussing 对我们所讨论的善意和公平交易的默示义务的分析
um over certainly the last week 嗯，当然是上个星期
Okay 好吧
What the court says is that when a contract to do 法院所说的是当一份合同
when there's a contract to do an act 当有一份表演合同的时候
in the future 在未来
there is an input that there arises an implied obligation to not do anything in the interim that will prejudice 有一种观点认为，在此期间产生了一种隐含的义务，即不做任何会损害利益的事情
the ability to perform this contract 履行合同的能力
So 所以
uh Or to frustrate the intention of this contract 或者破坏本合同的意图
So that when mister delatur cancelled the contract anticipatory 所以当德拉图尔先生取消合同时
repudiate at the contract before it was scheduled to begin 在合同预定开始前否认合同
is essentially engaging in a breach of that implied 实质上违背了这一暗示
uh covenant to act in good faith and not frustrate the contract 呃，承诺诚信行事，不破坏合同
Otherwise 否则
the non breaching party is wasting wasting its time and 非违约方是在浪费时间
wasting its money in preparation or in lead up for that contract 在准备或准备那个合同时浪费钱
I'll give you an example 我给你举个例子
and it's aa different perhaps more current example 这是一个不同的，也许是更现代的例子
If you enter into a contract for somebody to begin manufacturing 如果你与某人签订合同开始生产
a particular component part for your technology company 技术公司的特殊部件
uh beginning on uh beginning on
may 1st 5月1日
Right 对的
and They've invested time and money 他们投入了时间和金钱
preparing their equipment to manufacture that part 准备他们的设备来制造那个零件
and Then on april 然后是四月
20th, you say, guys, i'm sorry 你们说，伙计们，对不起
We're not gonna start that contract on me first 我们不会先跟我签约的
You've essentially frustrated the expectations maybe that party gave up 你让大家失望了也许那个派对放弃了
30 other contracts that he could have taken 30个他本可以接受的其他合同
to do the work and said no to 30 other potential clients 对其他30个潜在客户说不
Because i'd already agreed to begin doing work for you 因为我已经同意为你工作了
Right 对的
ah What the court says is obviously 啊法庭上说的很明显
there's waste associated with not allowing the party 不允许聚会是一种浪费
it'sa file suit immediately upon an anticipatory repudiation 在预期的拒付后,它立即提起诉讼
When this situation arises 当这种情况发生时
the innocent party has to be able to seek alternative 无辜方必须能够寻求替代方案
employment which would have the additional benefit of mitigating damages 具有减轻损害额外好处的就业
If the court were to buy the argument of mister del 如果法庭相信戴尔先生的话
by going and finding alternative employment 通过寻找替代工作
mister huxler would be the one that's breaching the contract 哈克斯勒先生会是违反合同的人
because he's not leaving himself available to begin work on june 1st 因为他不让自己在6月1日上班
which is absurd 太荒谬了
What the court says is that the innocent party has the option to sue anticipatory 法院所说的是无辜的一方有权选择起诉预期
meaning before the contract is scheduled to begin 意思是在合同开始之前
or the service is scheduled to begin 或者计划开始服务
or after the act that was scheduled to be done 或者在预定要做的事之后
The purpose here is there remains a duty to mitigate damages 这样做的目的是为了减轻损害
which means 意思是
you cancel the contract with me and i'm able to find alternative employment 你取消了和我的合同，我就能找到其他工作了
Then you may only know damages at 那么你可能只知道损害赔偿
all right I may get a better deal all right I may get a better deal
I may get a better contract for a better period of time make more money 我可能会得到一个更好的合同更好的一段时间赚更多的钱
I may not, but we'll never know if i'm not allowed to go 我可能不去，但如果不让我去，我们永远也不会知道
Do that, right 就这么做，对吧
The whole 整个
of anticipatory repudiation and considering that material breach 预期拒付和考虑实质违约
is Um 是嗯
That i'm allowed to go and find alternative 我被允许去寻找其他的选择
employment 就业
I'm allowed to mitigate the damages and and mitigate my damages and mitigate 我被允许减轻损害并且减轻我的损害和减轻
The defendant damages as well 被告也有损失
Do you understand that concept? Plus 你理解这个概念吗？ 加上
It's very clear based on this anticipatory repudiation 基于这种预期的否认，这是非常清楚的
that there is no trust left that the contract is going to be performed in the future, right 没有人相信合同会在未来得到履行，对吧
Remember how we were talking about 别忘了我们说过的
the forward looking piece of of uh an analysis concerning breach 关于违约的前瞻性分析
When the court sees the evidence and, the evidence is 当法庭看到证据，证据是
that mister delatur says i'm not going to perform under this contract 德拉图尔先生说我不会履行合同
uh It is absurd to believe that the innocent party 相信无辜的一方
the plaintiff has to wait until june 1st to do anything 原告必须等到6月1日才能采取行动
including file suit, because 包括诉讼，因为
he already knows and has no confidence 他已经知道了也没有信心了
He already knows of the reputation has no confidence that the other side is going to perform 他已经知道了对方的名声，对对方的表现没有信心
Questions 问题
No, good 不，很好
Under the ucc 在ucc的管理下
however 但是
um anticipatory repudiation 预期抵赖
can be retracted 可以收回
I can say 我可以说
I am no longer going to be 我再也不会这样了
you know I agree to supply you certain parts 你知道，我同意为你提供某些零件
and You say 你说
and then I tell you you know what i'm not gonna be able to supply you these parts 然后我告诉你你知道什么我不能提供你这些零件
I'm supposed to begin 我应该开始了
on july on june 1st 六月一号那天
And 以及
on april uh you know april 12th, I tell you 你知道4月12日，我告诉你
i'm not gonna be able to deliver those parts 我就不能把这些零件送过去了
Maybe 可能吧
the reason I say that is I don't have uh the the the products 我之所以这么说是因为我没有这些产品
or the inputs that I need to manufacture what I was 或是制造我曾经是什么东西所需要的输入
going to supply you, right 会给你补给的，对吧
The component I was going to supply you 我要提供给你的零件
And 6 or 7 days later 6或7天之后
I find an alternate supplier and I contact you when I say 我找到了另一个供应商我说了就联系你
you know what 你知道吗
I wanna retract my repudiation 我想收回我的否认
I will be able to supply you the products 我将能够向你提供产品
Okay 好吧
That retraction under the ucc 在ucc的领导下的收缩
is valid 是有效的
unless 除非
the innocent the original innocent party 无辜的一方是无辜的
has um either changed this position 不是换了位置
or otherwise indicated that 或者另有说明
Don't call me again. This is a final repudiation 别再打电话给我了。 这是最后的否认
What does it mean by changing their position 改变他们的位置是什么意思
If i've already gone and signed a different contract with a different supplier, right 如果我已经和另一个供应商签了合同，对吗
and I've already become obligated to that other supplier 我已经对另一个供应商负有责任了
to pay the price and they become obligated to me 付出代价他们就会对我有义务
Then i've changed my condition 那我就改变了我的状况
and that repudiation is not valid 并且否认是无效的
The same goes for 同样的道理
I don't ever want to do business with you again 我再也不想和你做生意了
Write a statement to that effect 写一份大意如此的声明
Now the retraction can be by any method that clearly communicates it to the aggrieved party 现在，撤回可以通过任何方式明确传达给受害方
So long as it shows that there is an intention to perform 只要它表明有执行的意图
that there's a serious intention to perform 我们有很认真的打算去表演
but to be valid for that retraction to be valid 但要使收回成为有效的
they must provide whatever assurance is justifiably demanded by the innocent party 他们必须提供无辜方合理要求的任何保证
Okay 好吧
so If i'm the customer 所以如果我是顾客
you are, the supplier and you say and you originally um 你是，供应商，你说，你本来嗯
you originally repudiate the contract and then retract that repudiation. I can say 您最初否认合同，然后收回该否认。 我可以说
I need some assurances 我需要一些保证
I need some form of security to know that you're going to be able to supply 我需要某种形式的安全措施来确保你们能供应
Right 对的
and Maybe what I say. you Know 或许我说的.你知道的
I want I want to have a note from you in the event that you don't do that 如果你不这样做的话，我要你给我留个便条
For the value that's going to cost me to cover this 因为我要为此付出的代价
If there's a subsequent uh inability to perform 如果有后续的呃无法执行
is that clear under the ucc ucc的规定是否明确
questions 问题
sorry Sorry 对不起对不起
the The previous slide 上一张幻灯片
um I think it says uh yeah the leaders of party, um 嗯，我想上面写的是政党领袖，嗯
it means it remains for an innocent party 意思是它只属于无辜的一方
It duty to make it damages and just wonder what that means 它的责任是使它损害和只是想知道什么意思
Yeah, if you have 是的，如果你有的话
if you're if you're advised 如果你被建议的话
that we're not going forward with this contract 我们是不会签这个合同的
and you get an offer of alternative employment for that period 你就能得到一份这段时间的替代工作
You can't say no 你不能拒绝
Sit at home 坐在家里
scratch your stomach and sue for the whole value of 抓挠你的胃，为整个价值起诉
um the original contract 原来的合同
You are under a duty 你在履行职责
to mitigate your damages 减轻你的损失
You're not allowed to sit idly by 你不能无所事事地坐着
like this 就像这样
And say, oh goody, they repudiate at the contract 然后说，哦，天哪，他们拒绝履行合同
Now I have 3 months of paid vacation 现在我有3个月的带薪假期
Ok 好的
If you have an opportunity 如果你有机会
to get alternative employment and you don't avail yourself with that opportunity 得到另一份工作而你不会利用这个机会
then 然后
the defendant is going to, get a discount 被告将会，获得折扣
If they can prove that you had alternative 如果他们能证明你有其他选择
ah that you had alternatives at the time and you didn't avail yourself of them 啊，你当时有其他的选择，但你没有利用它们
that means 意思是
you the defendant gets a discount even if you're in the breaching party 即使你在违约方你也能得到折扣
Does that make sense 有道理吗
Yeah it sounds very terrible. We don't encourage uh 是啊，听起来很可怕。 我们并不鼓励
paid vacations 带薪休假
ah as the result of a breach of contract case A作为违约案件的结果
Um 嗯
so Let's talk about anticipatory repudiation and adequate assurances 因此，让我们谈谈预期的否认和充分的保证
In the case of scott v crown 在scott v crown的案例中
it's a very, factually complex case on its face 从表面上看这是个非常复杂的案子
All right 好吧
If you read the case, there's a lot of little contracts 如果你读过这个案例，你会发现很多小合同
there's a lot of little nuances 有很多细微的差别
Let me boil it down for you to its bare. Essence 让我来替你总结一下吧。 本质
Scott, who's the plane of here, is the seller of wheat 斯科特，这里的飞机，是卖小麦的
Crown is the buyer, and they had multiple contracts Crown是买方，他们签了多份合同
um all of which had a 30 day grace period or credit period to pay for 所有这些都有30天的宽限期或信用期支付
um the wheat that was being purchased 嗯，当时买的小麦
Okay 好吧
After a particular sale 在一次特别的交易之后
in the which which which which the case refers to as contract 76 在此情况下被称为合同76
I'm assuming this is scott's contract 76, because 我假设这是斯科特的76号合同，因为
the numbers don't flow naturally if it were crowns contract 如果是克朗合约，数字就不会自然流动
But after the sale under contract 76 但在合同76项下的交易之后
But before payment was due, the seller mister scott 但在付款到期之前，卖家斯科特先生
entered into another agreement for the sale of green 签订另一份销售绿色食品的协议
okay for the sale of wheat 好吧，小麦的买卖
Then he learned from a reliable source, from a banker 然后他从一位可靠的消息来源，一位银行家那里学到
that the buyer had a bad reputation as a buyer that they didn't pay on time 买方有一个坏的声誉作为一个买家他们没有支付的时间
whether they didn't pay him for 不管他们是否付钱给他
so When time came to deliver 所以当时机成熟时
on a subsequent contract 在后来的合同上
The 该
Driver for the defendant showed up 被告的司机出现了
and The seller said 卖家说
i'm not loading your truck 我不给你装车
Tell your boss to get in touch with me 告诉你的老板和我联系
tell them I have to speak to him 告诉他们我得和他谈谈
The driver says fine 司机说没问题
Leaves goes to his boss, the buyer here 离开的人是他的老板，这里的买家
the defendant and says didn't want to deliver 被告说他不想交货
There was extent there were exchanges back and forth 在一定程度上存在着相互交流
complaints about why didn't you deliver 关于你为什么不能
Why didn't you give me what you were 你为什么不告诉我你是谁
what you were What you were supposed to give me 你是什么你应该给我什么
said, you know what if you don't deliver 他说，你知道如果你不履行
I'm gonna repudiate I'm gonna repudiate
All outstanding contracts 所有未履行的合同
all right But you have a chance to perform 好吧但你有机会表演
Otherwise i'm repudiating all these contracts 否则我就拒绝履行这些合同
The seller responded 卖家做出了回应
through lawyers of course 当然是通过律师
and essentially demanded 本质上是被要求
payment in full on all performed, but not yet do 全部已履行但尚未履行的全部付款
contracts 合同
Meaning the 30 day credit period had not elapsed, but said 这意味着30天的信用期还没有过去，但说
you gotta pay me everything you owe under those contracts 你得把合同里欠我的都还给我
Um 嗯
The buyer basically cancelled those contracts 买方基本上取消了这些合同
Said i'm not going moving forward with you 他说我不会和你一起前进
Forget you in nice words using nice words 用好话忘记你，用好话
and resorted to cover 开始寻找掩护
Cover means going to find an alternative source 掩护意味着找到另一个来源
usually for a higher price 通常是为了更高的价格
Scott 史考特
then susan meaning the seller then sued the buyer for breach of contract for the full value of pending contracts 然后，苏珊的意思是卖方随后起诉买方违约，以获得未决合同的全部价值
Okay 好吧
The buyer responded that um 买家回应说
there was no reasonable grounds 没有合理的理由
for this person to be insecure 对这个人来说是不安全的
And that his demand for sure uh for uh assurance is 他对保证的要求是
meaning for some guarantee 意思是某种保证
was legally defective 法律上是有缺陷的
There was an actual request for assurance 确实有人要求保证
but it was done poorly 但做得不好
The court cited predominantly with the buyer 法院主要向买方援引
Okay 好吧
and What the court said is that under colorado's version of the ucc and it's identical to the ucc 法院所说的是在科罗拉多州的ucc版本下，它和ucc是相同的
the contract for sale imposes an obligation on each party 买卖合同规定了双方的义务
that the other expectation of receiving do performance that the other party will perform will not be impaired 另一方将履行的其他履约预期不会受到损害
Right? This is, part of the implied duty of good faith 对吧？ 这是善意义务的一部分
When reasonable grounds for insecurity arise 当合理的不安全理由出现时
when there's a reasonable basis to doubt that one of the parties is going to, perform their end of the contract 当有合理的理由怀疑其中一方将要履行合同时，履行他们的合同
Then the other may in writing demand adequate assurances of due performance 则另一方可以书面形式要求提供充分的履约保证
Some form of guarantee 某种形式的担保
And until he receives that assurance after making the demand and writing 直到他在提出要求并写了信之后得到保证
they can suspend any performance 他们可以暂停任何演出
for which they've not already received the agreed pain 他们还没有接受约定的痛苦
so What the ucc says in section 609 那么ucc在第609节中所说的
is that a demand for adequate assurances when there's a 是需要充分的保证当有
reasonable ground to suspect that one party is not going to perform 有合理理由怀疑一方不会履行
The request for assurances must be done in writing 保证请求必须以书面形式提出
The court here found that there were contrary to what the buyer said 这里的法院认为这与买方所说的相反
reasonable grounds for insecurity 不安全的合理理由
The bank are saying 银行说
you know I have I have it on good on good uh sources 你知道我有我有好的消息来源
that the spire is not a good buyer 尖塔不是个好买家
He's not well regarded in the trade 他在这一行不受人尊敬
But there were very serious uh defects in the timing form and content 但是在时间形式和内容上有很严重的缺陷
of the sellers demand 卖方的要求
for assurances 为了保证
First, it was oral. It was not written 首先，是口头的。 不是写下来的
Second, it was not clear 其次，这一点并不清楚
When the seller says to the driver 当卖家对司机说
i'm not giving you anything. I need to talk to your boss 我什么都不会给你的。 我要和你老板谈谈
That is not a clear demand for assurances 这不是对保证的明确要求
Right 对的
It says nothing 什么都没说
A demand for a meeting 开会的要求
is not 不是
a substitute 代课老师
Number one 一号
explaining why uh there is question as to the ability 解释为什么关于能力的问题
or um the ability to perform 或者执行的能力
and the demand for adequate assurance 以及对充分保证的要求
Then 然后
it was never clear that assurances were being demanded 从来不清楚是否需要保证
And finally 最后
A demand for assurances can't be an amendment to the contract 要求保证不能是对合同的修改
You can't change the terms of the contract through demand for adequate assurances 你方不能通过要求充分的保证来改变合同条款
You recall 你回想起来
the seller demanded that payment be made in full on contracts for which payment was not due in full yet 卖方要求对尚未足额付款的合同全额付款
Right 对的
You can't demand more than what you're entitled under the contract 你不能要求超过合同规定的权利
so While you may be able to demand 所以当你可以要求
some sort of guarantee, some pledge 一些保证，一些承诺
some note 一些音符
um retaining some interest 嗯，保持一些兴趣
in the grain being sold or in some other piece of property owned by the purchaser 出售的粮食或买主拥有的其他财产
You're not allowed to change the terms of an agreement 你不能改变协议的条款
by way, of adequate assurances 顺便说一句，有足够的保证
Under these facts here, the seller did not have 在这些事实下，卖方并没有
uh the right to suspend performance 呃暂停演出的权利
and Therefore 因此
the buyer wasn't titled 买家没有被命名
to all of the buyers, right 对所有的买家来说，是的
Under the ucc we'll talk about those next week 根据ucc的规定，我们将在下周讨论这些问题
But basically the difference in price 但基本上价格上的差异
between what he would have gotten the grain 在他得到的谷物之间
from the cellar and the cost to cover that green 从地下室和绿化的费用
Yes 是的
um so yes Better. Go ahead 嗯，所以，是的，更好。 去吧
I'm confused about what what this salary should have done 我很困惑这个薪水应该做什么
Actually 实际上
so she should send a letter yes voice and then refuse the truck the truck, right 所以她应该先写封信说是然后再拒绝卡车，对吧
The seller could not, first of all 首先，卖方不能
could not refuse delivery 无法拒绝交付
before explaining the basis 在解释依据之前
Why he believed there was question as to the ability to perform a willingness or ability to perform 为什么他认为有问题的能力，执行的意愿或能力的表现
and the request for adequate assurances 以及对充分保证的要求
You can't suspend without following the first steps 不遵循第一步就不能暂停
Number one 一号
you finished the correct and they tried to contact 你完成了正确的任务他们试着联系
uh via phone, right? That's great 呃通过电话，对吧？ 太棒了
You've got to do it in writing 你必须写下来
he He needs to be ready, okay 他他需要准备好，好吗
and You can even excuse 你甚至可以原谅我
You can even excuse the writing 你甚至可以原谅我的写作
If it's 如果是
Patently clear 很明显很清楚
There was a conversation between both principles 两种原则之间有过一次对话
with the seller saying I spoke to the banker 卖家说我和银行家谈过
He told me you're a deadbeat, you don't pay your bills 他说你是个游手好闲的人，你不付账单
Ok 好的
I need some additional assurance 我需要一些额外的保证
I need a personal guarantee, I need a note 我需要个人担保我需要一张纸条
I need something 我需要些东西
in the event that you don't perform your end of the bargain 如果你不履行你的承诺
Because 因为
somebody who knows everybody in the industry has told me that you have a bad you have a bad record 一个认识这个行业所有人的人告诉我你有一个坏的你有一份坏的记录
ah as a buyer 作为一个买家
Yeah. So today an email explaining everything was to face 是的。 所以今天一封电子邮件解释了一切
That's all right 不用了
yeah Yeah 是的是的是的
but I it doesn't need need to be so formal to be a letter signed by ceo just an email with 但我并不需要这么正式的首席执行官签名的信只是一个电子邮件
It doesn't even have to be signed by the ceo it can be 它甚至不需要由首席执行官签字
signed by anybody who has the authority to act on behalf of 由有权代表下列各方的任何人签署
the company 公司
It can be by a lawyer for the company sending a letter saying 可以由律师为公司寄一封信说
guys 伙计们
we've we've learned from reputable sources that you have a bad history is a pair okay 我们从可靠的消息来源了解到你们有段不愉快的历史
so We need additional assurances before we continue with this deal 所以在继续这笔交易之前我们需要更多的保证
but What you're not allowed to do 但是你不能做的是
is to change the terms of the deal 是改变交易条款
Asking for adequate insurances does not entitle you to modify the terms of the contract 要求充分的保险并不能使你有权修改合同条款
Any other questions 任何其他问题
I have a question, yes david. Go ahead. What happens I have a question, yes david. 去吧。 会发生什么
If uh 如果呃
if the 如果
buyer would have disclosed that he was having some liquidity problems, so the seller would have known 买方会透露，他有一些流动性问题，所以卖方会知道
the situation before entering to the contract 合同签订前的情况
But he asked for additional assurance after 但他要求在
or could the buyer say, no 或者买家会说，不会
ii disclosed it to you and give in 我向你透露了这件事并投降了
do anything at the time. That doesn't matter 任何事情都可以。 那不重要
I mean you may have disclosed 1 million things to me 我是说你可能向我透露了一百万件事
You agree to pay this amount on the state 你同意在州政府上支付这笔钱
No, correct. You're going to pay in this day, but can I 不，正确。 你今天会付钱的，但我能
as as buyers say 就像买家说的
i'm not gonna give you any assurance because I disclosed 我不想给你任何保证因为我透露了
this 这个
and you should not ensure ask for it at the time that I disclosed it 你不应该确保在我披露的时候要求
um I don't think that would be a good sell 我不认为那会是个好买卖
That that would not sell well 不会卖得很好
Okay 好吧
If you're not going into bankruptcy 如果你不打算破产
which is really your only good remedy there 它是你唯一的良药
um you agree to pay a price 嗯你同意付出代价
I don't care what your liquidity issues are 我不管你的流动性问题是什么
You agree to pay me x amount on x day 你同意在x日付给我x金额
They told me you're having a lot of trouble 他们告诉我你有很多麻烦
yeah I may have been an idiot for not doing that 是啊，我可能是个白痴才没那么做
But that doesn't mean I can't request adequate assurances 但这并不意味着我不能要求足够的保证
If I see this going south 如果我看到事情变糟
and I don't believe you're gonna be able to pay 我不相信你有能力偿还
I can still ask for adequate assurances 我仍然可以要求充分的保证
and not deliver until you give me the adequate assurances I need 在你给我足够的保证之前我是不会交出的
Okay 好吧
Now let's talk 我们谈谈吧
specifically about a case that deals with material breach 尤其是涉及重大违约的案件
not just the anticipatory repudiation 不仅仅是预期的否认
but material breach in the context 但在此背景下的实质性破坏
of an ongoing contractual relationship 一种持续的契约关系
Who wants to tell me about the case of b and b equipment company, von 他想告诉我关于b和b设备公司的情况
I can tell 我看得出来
Yes, go ahead either 是的，随便你
uh So the plaintiff is being the equipment company 原告是一家设备公司
which is tractor company uh file the suit to you know the 那是拖拉机公司呃起诉你知道
top team uh judgment declaring is right to terminate the 高层团队呃判断宣布终止
contract with the defendant boeing 与被告波音公司签订合同
And this contract this defendant was entitled to get uh100 shares of the corporate stock 而这份合同，被告有权得到公司100股股份
so The story is the next uh b and b equipment had uh three shareholders and employees at the same time 所以接下来的故事是b和b设备同时有三个股东和员工
uh uh Raymond uh uh Raymond
they were the founders, yes b and b by the way 他们是创始人，是的，顺便说一下
Originally, b and b was raymond and raymond 最初，b和b是雷蒙德和雷蒙德
that's That's what b and b stood for 这就是B和B代表的意思
and They brought in 他们请来了
jocks and hues, right 乔克斯和色彩，对
Jackson is yes 杰克逊同意了
Then in the wild, raymond decided to retire 然后在野外，雷蒙德决定退休
and uh They are proposed to this guy bowen 他们向这个叫鲍文的人求婚
to be the first 做第一个
shareholder 股东
and to work for the company 同时也为公司工作
and based on the oral agreement that they had with this uh 基于他们达成的口头协议
person born with the defendant 与被告一同出生的人
He had to dedicate all his time to the company 他必须把所有的时间都奉献给公司
and and work on any capacity that it can be necessary for the company, right 以及公司可能需要的任何能力，对吧
You're gonna keep all the books and do anything that is needed by the company 你要保留所有的账本做公司需要做的任何事
Yes, but the problem was this uh defendant 是的，但问题是这个被告
But when he has no 但是当他没有
he he has no money 他他没有钱
Give me 1 second 给我一秒钟
He's excited for his birthday i'm. Sorry 他很兴奋为他的生日我。 对不起
uh The problem was that boeing had no money to buy out this 100 stock 问题是波音公司没有钱买这100支股票
and and He had only, so the um cost for the stock was $15 他只有，所以股票的价格是15美元
000 000
And bowen had only 2,500 而鲍温只有2500人
So what did it 所以是什么
that corporation this company 公司这个公司
What out 怎么了
uh The stocks 呃股票
From raymond 雷蒙德寄来的
uh then bow and pay two thousand and 500 然后鞠躬，付两千五百美元
and The rest was paid by bremen 其余的钱由不来梅支付
Then as I understood 后来我明白了
bowen had no this uh stock in his possession until 鲍文直到年才拥有这只股票
so this was kind of condition until he pays 所以在他付钱之前，这是一种条件
all this money by dividends 所有这些钱都是红利
But at the same time 但同时
he got the dividends from this amount of stock 他从这么多股票中得到了红利
yeah as As a fellow correct 是啊，作为一个正确的伙伴
he would get the the dividends as if they were his 他将获得红利就好像他们是他的
but he would not actually take possession of the stars of stock 但他不会真的拥有股票明星
until they were paid off 直到他们得到回报
over the course of three dividends, right 三次分红的过程，对吧
so In a while 所以过一会儿
he was working in this company for about 5 years 他在这家公司工作了大约5年
uh It was written about 1960 I think it went from 1968 写的是1960年我想是从1968年开始的
Until 1972, everything seemed to be going well 直到1972年，一切似乎都进行得很顺利
Yes. And then 是的。 后来
he started 他开始
to be engaged in outside business 从事外部业务
I spent I spent his my his time there without helping to these guys uh 我把时间都花在他身上没帮他们
to manage the tractor company 管理拖拉机公司
And 以及
in a while they decided to terminate this contract 过了一会儿他们决定终止合同
well First I terminated him 好吧，首先我终止了他
Right 对的
That's really the same as an employee as an employee, right 就像员工是员工一样，对吧
and They were warning him, they kept telling him 他们是在警告他，他们不停地告诉他
You need to focus on this business 你得把精力放在这件事上
that you promise that you would focus all of your efforts on this business 你保证你会把所有精力都集中在这件事上
They got tired after 2 years of him straying and going doing other work 他们厌倦了两年后，他的流浪和去做其他的工作
and They ultimately 最终他们
the the corporate made that there was a corporate resolution 公司做出了一项公司决议
to basically oust him from the company, right 把他赶出公司，对吧
Cancel the contract entirely. They fired him 全部取消合同。 他们开除了他
and They said you're no longer a shareholder 他们说你不再是股东了
and They filed suit asking the court 他们向法院提起诉讼
to declare that they were entitled to rescind the contract 宣布他们有权解除合同
to cancel the contract 取消合同
What did bowen do 鲍文做了什么
uh The boy said that uh initially there there was a shareholder agreement. Let's see 那个男孩说一开始有个股东协议。 我们看看
uh Saying that he's advised to get this 100 of shares and only after that 他说他被建议拿到这100股股票只有在那之后
uh kind of like additional um element 有点像额外的元素
was his employment with the uh tractor company right 他在拖拉机公司的工作是对的
So he says this is basically an agreement for the sale of shares 所以他说这基本上是一份出售股份的协议
and Everything else is sort of secondary 其他的都是次要的
Secretary yes yes and the court says, no no no 秘书是是法院说，不不不
You just tell us information upside down 你只要把信息倒过来告诉我们
It is all the facts of the case shown that initially initial idea was to, uh let's say, substitute the brain and 所有的事实都表明最初的想法是，呃，用大脑来代替大脑
uh And 呃，还有
so 所以
in opposite your employment was the initial reason of this agreement. And only after that, as a consequence 相反，你的工作是这个协议的最初原因。 只有在那之后，作为结果
was that you get this 100 of shares 你得到这100股股票
especially taken into account that boeing had no money 特别是考虑到波音公司没有钱
and They gave them gave him this uh position kind of like for free 他们给了他这个位置就像是免费的
So the court, the court says, basically 所以法庭说，基本上
that um b and b did not make this deal with both uh with bowen 嗯b和b没有和bowen做这个交易
to a pain need of capital 对资金的痛苦需求
Right 对的
This wasn't a contract to get all that great money that bowen was gonna pay. Bowen had no money 这不是一个合同，以获得所有大量的钱，鲍恩打算支付。 伯恩没有钱
What they wanted was a real partner 他们想要的是一个真正的搭档
an active partner 一位活跃的合作伙伴
In this business 在这个行业里
The whole point was to replace 关键是要找人代替
the 该
who had been in this business since its inception 他从一开始就从事这个行业
and They weren't looking for bones money 他们不是在找骨头钱
In fact 实际上
basically they were paying for the shares themselves 基本上他们自己支付股份
um The only realistic appraisal of the situation 唯一现实的评估是
the only realistic 唯一现实的
um assessment of what happened here 呃对这里发生的事的评估
is that the services of boeing were at the very heart of 波音公司的服务是其核心
this contract 合同
What they were contracting for was a partner who would work full time in the business 他们签约的是一名全职合伙人
and devote his entire effort to the success of this business 全身心地投入到事业的成功中
And in this respect 在这方面
bowen failed miserably 伯恩失败得很惨
He worked for 4 years 他工作了4年
and then he just decided to go pursue other ventures 然后他决定去从事其他的事业
and leave these two partners to carry the business for 把生意交给这两个合伙人打理
themselves. That's not what they contracted for 他们自己。 他们订的合同不是这样的
That is a material breach of what the party's intended 这是对党的意图的重大破坏
Right 对的
It completely departs with what from what the parties wanted through this agreement 它完全偏离了各方通过这一协议所希望达到的目标
The notion that this was a contract for shares 认为这是一份股份合同的想法
Is 是
uh For lack of a better word 因为找不到更好的词了
Bullshit, right? That's not what this contract was about 扯淡，对吧？ 合同不是这么写的
This was one of the means that this was one of the elements of compensation for your services 这是一个手段这是一个要素的补偿为您的服务
I wanted somebody to work 我想找人工作
Um 嗯
and of course The court deems the breach to have been material 当然了法庭认为是重大违约
and sides with b and b 以及具有B和B的侧面
and decides that this contract can validly be 并决定本合同可以有效
cancelled, right 取消了，对吧
It warrants precision of this contract 它保证合同的准确性
So 所以
Near nearing the um 就在附近
the the end of this point 这一点的结束
the court discusses a bunch of elements to determine 法院讨论了一系列要确定的因素
whether breaches material under the restatement first 是否首先违反重述项下的重大规定
not the restatement second, which is what we have 不是第二次重述，这是我们所拥有的
Now the restatement first 先重述一遍
and It has all these elements that the court is supposed to 它包含了法庭应该具备的所有要素
assess and they do assess and then reviewing the case 进行评估，然后对案例进行评估和审查
right 对的
The extent to which the injured party will obtain the substantial benefit 受害方获得实质性利益的程度
um He could have reasonably anticipated 他本可以有合理的预期
I'm not even gonna go into these elements 我甚至不会进入这些元素
Okay 好吧
Because 因为
what it is is a gibberish 它是一种胡言乱语
It doesn't say anything. It doesn't answer any questions 它什么都没说。 它不能回答任何问题
Doesn't tell you anything 什么都没告诉你
Basically 基本上
what you've got to look at is what is the contract for 你要看的是合同的目的是什么
that's just, what the contract says 合同上是这么说的
Read the whole contract 把合同通通读一遍
figure out what the party's expected 弄清楚党的期望是什么
One of the parties is basically walking away from its obligations under the contract 其中一方基本上正在逃避其在合同项下的义务
in taking away the benefit 把好处都拿走了
that the other party is entitled to receive 另一方有权接收的信息
You have a material breach 你被严重破坏了
If you're not performing what you were supposed to perform 如果你没有完成你应该完成的任务
then 然后
you have a material breach 你被严重破坏了
these All these elements in that slide from the restatement 这些是重述后幻灯片中的所有元素
First 首先
The courts might go through them because you know 法庭可能会通过因为你知道
supreme court of the state might say under under the laws 州最高法院可能会根据法律
of pennsylvania or under the laws of colorado 或者根据科罗拉多州的法律
or under the laws of wherever 或根据任何地方的法律
we looked at the restatement 我们看了重述
Okay 好吧
But courts are gonna fill in those blanks whichever way they want 但法庭会按自己的意愿来填补空白
It's not a real test 不是真正的测试
The real test is pretty straightforward. you Know 真正的考验是非常直接的
if If it looks like a cat and it walks like a cat 如果它看起来像猫走起来也像猫
if it looks like a duck and it walks like a duck and it sounds like a duck, it's a duck, right 如果它看起来像一只鸭子，走路也像鸭子，而且听起来像鸭子的话，那它就是鸭子，对吧
If you can tell that they're not getting the benefit that they bargain for in this contract 如果你能看出他们没有得到他们在这份合同中所要求的利益
you have a material breach 你被严重破坏了
and The last case we'll talk about today 我们今天要谈的最后一个案子
um is a fun case 嗯是个有趣的案子
It has to do with the uc c's perfect tender rule 这与ucc完美的招标规则有关
What is the perfect tender rule 什么是完美的招标规则
Perfect tender rule is sort of this 19th century 完美招标规则是19世纪的一种
Uh 呃
This 19th century figure 这个19世纪的人物
in in the common law 在普通法中
that said 上面是这么写的
You agree to buy something if you there's a contract for the 你同意买东西如果你有合同为
sale of something 卖东西
you're entitled to perfect delivery of goods or services 你有权享受完美的商品或服务
If you get anything less than perfect 如果你有什么不完美的地方
you don't have to pay anything 你不需要付任何钱
sort of in the days where 就像那些日子里
you had everywhere, things were handmade, not mass produced 你到处都有，东西都是手工制作的，不是批量生产的
And things were sold one on one and things were custom made 所有的东西都是一对一的，都是定制的
In the 20th century, there's been a move to walk away from 到了20世纪，有一步之遥
the perfect tender rule in the common law 普通法中的完美投标规则
but that you can see still retains 但是你仍然可以看到
a limited version of or more restrictive version of the perfect tender war 有限版本或更多限制版本的完美招标战争
That's what this case is about 所以才有这个案子
Who can tell me what this case is about. Go for 有谁能告诉我这案子是怎么回事。 去找
Tell me what the facts of this case are 告诉我这个案子的真相是什么
They're right there in front of you 他们就在你面前
I can try professor. yes Go ahead, david 我可以试试教授。好的，继续，大卫
It's sort of a, sad 有点，悲伤
A sad case 令人伤心的案子
Yeah, so that 是的，所以
but I mean his family uh purchase a camper from this uh sports 但我是说他的家人从这个运动中买了一个野营车
S cardener S卡登
and uh They set a date for for the delivery 他们确定了交货的日期
They paid in advance, and they 他们提前付款，然后他们
uh they they gave uh their van in a in a start of payment 他们给了他们的货车一开始的付款
Yeah 是的
so They went for the for the camper and it was not ready 于是他们去找野营者，野营器还没有预备好
This happened several times, right 这事发生过好几次，对吧
uh so they would They would 他们也会他们会的
continue to ask when when they were gonna receive the band and, they just didn't get it, then they didn't get any 继续问他们什么时候接受乐队，他们只是没有得到乐队，然后他们没有得到任何
any uh response right 任何正确的回应
uh So then uh they went one last time 所以他们最后一次去了
to our sport, and they could not reach an agreement 对我们的运动，他们不能达成协议
as to when the car was gonna be delivered 关于车什么时候能到
So they say you know what 所以他们说你知道吗
Give me my my van back, give me my money back 把我的车还给我，把钱还给我
uh But outer sport had already transferred the the property of the band to a third party to an innocent third party 但是外层空间运动已经把乐队的财产转让给了一个无辜的第三方
They also transferred title to the camper van 他们还转让了露营车的所有权
to the ramirez, right? Exactly 去拉米雷斯，对吗？ 完全正确
Without uh that, I mean it's no they didn't even know 没有那个，我是说，他们甚至都不知道
right 对的
so There were two suits found you know actually that I mean it's a foul suit 所以有两套衣服你知道实际上我的意思是这是一套犯规的衣服
For this uh perfect tender rule saying that they did not receive what they wanted and the conditions that they wanted 因为这个完美的招标规则说他们没有得到他们想要的东西和条件
And are the sports to the communists or the relationship can claim for a breach of contract right 而体育对共产主义者或关系可以主张违约的权利
Right? So 对吧？ 所以
the the positions here are as follows, right 这里的位置是这样的
The ramirez want a van to camp a van to take their summer vacation 拉米雷斯夫妇想要一辆面包车来露营，以度过他们的暑假
in in um 在嗯
wherever it is 不管它在哪
you know this this all happens in new jersey of course 你知道这一切当然都发生在新泽西
And 以及
their their intention is to get a van to take a summer vacation 他们的目的是买一辆面包车去度暑假
By september, october, they still haven't gotten the band 到了9月、10月，他们还没有得到乐队的支持
They were supposed to be delivered in the summer 他们本应该在夏天交货的
By the fall, they still haven't gotten the van 到了秋天，他们还没有得到那辆货车
and They get treated terribly every time they go try to pick this up 他们每次去拿这个的时候都会受到很严重的对待
Something else is wrong with it 一定是有什么问题
something else is wrong with it. Um 一定是有什么问题。 嗯
so You don't want to take 所以你不想
uh something that doesn't meet the expectations 一些不符合预期的事情
It doesn't meet what they bought, right 不符合他们买的东西，对吧
The last time they go there 他们最后一次去那里
they just leave them sitting there for an hour 他们就让他们在那里坐一个小时
No one even comes to see them 甚至没有人来看他们
They get up and leave when they were supposed to get their van. No one even has the courtesy to go, see them 他们起来离开，当他们应该得到他们的货车。 没人有礼貌的去看他们
Now the the manager of auto sport thinks that they can work out some deal, maybe they'll get a discount 现在汽车运动的经理认为他们可以达成一些协议，也许他们会得到折扣
The ramirez is wanted to pick a discount 拉米雷兹是想选择一个折扣
and So auto sports says, no 所以赛车运动说，不
i'm not able and or willing or able to give you that much 我不能或者不愿意或者不能给你那么多
of a discount 关于折扣的
They say, fine, give us give us our old starbucks 他们说，好吧，给我们旧的星巴克
Sorry, we sold it 抱歉，我们卖了
Um 嗯
they That you know the mirrors has filed suit 你知道镜子已经起诉了
And the dealship, the the the dealership counters 代理权，代理权柜台
saying now you always the purchase price for this 现在你总是说这个的购买价格
So I don't even have the fans see the americas 所以我甚至不让球迷们看到美国
oh yeah well It turns out 是啊，事实证明
Yeah, but you already have a title for that band 是啊，但你已经有那个乐队的名字了
That's a very sneaky move, by the way 顺便说一下，这是一个非常卑鄙的举动
Very sneaky move by the car seller 卖车的人鬼鬼祟祟的
so What happens? What does the court say here 那么会发生什么呢？ 法庭在这里怎么说
Who wins 谁赢了
They side with that. I meet us, right 他们站在那一边。 我们见面，对吧
What is the night? What is the court explained here 今晚是什么日子？ 法庭是怎么解释的
well That uh 嗯那个，呃
the seller 卖家
I mean the the the buyer has has the right not to accept delivery of a good if it's not in the condition that they 我的意思是买方有权不接受交付的货物如果它不是在条件他们
they wished they give a couple of rules also saying that the seller has a chance 他们希望能给出几条规则，说明卖家还有机会
of uh before the delivery rectifying any 在分娩前纠正任何
well this is This is really important 这是这真的很重要
okay Under the ucc the ucc still retains its own form of the perfect gender rule 在ucc的管理下，ucc仍然保留着它自己的完美的性别规则
and The tender rule is articulated by the ucc currently 招标规则目前由ucc明确规定
Is that 是不是
prior to acceptance 验收前
before I accept goods, before I receive goods 在我接受货物之前在我收到货物之前
I have an absolute right to reject any non conforming goods 我有绝对权利拒收任何不合格的货物
Anything that is not exactly what I ordered 任何和我点的不一样的东西
Okay 好吧
But the, ucc 但是，ucc
gives the seller 给了卖家
The right 右边的
to cure in certain circumstances 在某些情况下治愈
What does cure mean 什么叫治愈
Means fix the defect 意味着修复缺陷
It gives you an opportunity to fix the defect 它给你一个修复缺陷的机会
Now 现在
before the original that, before the date 在原稿之前，在日期之前
uh scheduled date of delivery 呃预定的交货日期
the right to cure is absolute 治疗的权利是绝对的
So 所以
If we enter into a contract If we enter into a contract
and i'm scheduled to deliver 我被安排来送东西
Let's say 我们假设
the van 一辆货车
on august 1st 在8月1日
and on june and and july 15th, I call you up and I say 在6月和7月15日，我打电话给你说
come in tomorrow, the van is ready 明天再来，车准备好了
You come in tomorrow, you look at the man 你明天来，看着那个人
and You say, you know 你说，你知道
it's missing these cushions 它丢了这些垫子
um It's missing x or y different things 它缺少x或y不同的东西
This is not I don't want to take it 这不是我不想要的东西
The seller still has a full 15 days to cure 卖家还有15天的补救时间
because that was the promised state of delivery 因为那是承诺的交货状态
The right to cure within those 15 days is absolute 在这15天内治愈的权利是绝对的
If I promise to deliver to you 如果我向你保证
5 tons of lines 5吨生产线
on may 1st 5月1日
in On april 28, I deliver in On april 28, I deliver
8 tons of lemons 八吨柠檬
and You say ah ah not taking these. I don't want lemons 你说啊，不要吃这些。 我不想吃柠檬
I want lines. I have two full days 我要排队。 我还有两天时间
to cure the defect and i can. I have an absolute right 以弥补缺陷，我可以。 我有绝对的权利
to cure that defect prior to 以在.之前修复缺陷
the date of delivery, right? The scheduled date of delivery 交货日期，对吗？ 预定的交货日期
So 所以
The right to cure is an important part 医治权是一个重要的部分
of the ucc 关于ucc的
talk about um 你说说嗯
what the right cure means 正确的治疗手段是什么
What about after, right 在那之后呢，对吧
Actually, let me take let me take, um 实际上，让我来让我，嗯
let me take the next step. What happens after delivery 让我采取下一步。 交付后会发生什么
After delivery After delivery
The situation changes 形势变了
And the perfect tender rule ceases to apply 完美的投标规则不再适用
after delivery after delivery
The buyer is only entitled to cancel the transaction 买方仅有权取消交易
and only if 只有在
um There is a substantial defect 嗯有一个很大的缺陷
in the product 在产品中
Right 对的
So before acceptance 所以在接受之前
the buyer can reject the goods 买方可以拒收货物
I'll get you in the second morning 我第二天早上就来接你
Prior to acceptance 验收前
if I can reject goods for any non conformity 如果我可以拒收任何不符合要求的货物
After um After um
after acceptance 验收后
There must be substantial defect. Go ahead 一定有实质性的缺陷。 去吧
It was wondering on that part 我对那部分很好奇
um is there any uh especially regime in place for consumers 有没有特别针对消费者的制度
on the um see the rules governing defects that um 在嗯上可以看到管理缺陷的规则
my surface 我的地表
or just come to 或者只是来
the for phone after um 嗯.之后的电话
take a minute 一分钟就好
That usually is a question of warranties and not a question of perfect tender. I mean you can't cancel the contract 这通常是一个保证的问题，而不是一个完美投标的问题。 我是说你不能取消合同
unless there is material impairment 除非存在重大减值
so I'll give you an example 所以我给你们举个例子
Do you all know what um in in in the 你们都知道我在
automobile world world? What a laminate 汽车世界？ 多好的一层啊
11 is aa term that basically arose in the 1970s 11是20世纪70年代基本出现的aa术语
Uh11 was a car that was defective and unfixable UH11是一辆有缺陷且无法修复的汽车
Okay 好吧
It'sa car that no, but 是那辆车，但是
no one could ever fix the dealership. You bought a new car 没人能修好经销店。 你买了一辆新车
Everything went wrong 一切都出了问题
This was a very traditional uh event in us car manufacturer in the 1970s 这是20世纪70年代美国汽车制造商非常传统的事件
um there's There's stories about 有一些故事是关于
uh general motors plants 通用汽车厂
that would create frankenstein cars on a regular basis 这将创造一个定期的弗兰肯斯坦汽车
They'd be building one model, they wouldn't have one part 他们只会造一个模型，而不会有一个零件
They pick up a part from a different model 他们从不同的模型中挑选一个零件
Bolted in there 固定在那里
ah And ultimately 啊最终
these cars kept failing and failing and failing 这些汽车不断地坏
and nobody could fix them 但没人能治好他们
so Basically, they were valueless, they were worthless 所以基本上，它们毫无价值，毫无价值
And 以及
even though you'd already accepted the vehicle 即使你已经接受了那辆车
uh there are lemon laws throughout the united states that say precisely that 整个美国都有柠檬法律就是这么说的
consumer in consumer protection context saying 消费者保护背景下的消费者
they're required to give you all of your money back 他们必须把你所有的钱都还给你
but Um 但是
But that's now predominantly question of warranties 但现在主要的问题是保证
Other than vehicles which have their own special rules 但不包括有其特殊规定的车辆
But once you accept it, you really have to show 但一旦你接受了，你就必须表现出来
um 嗯
that there is that it's substantially valueless 它基本上是毫无价值的
What you're getting 你得到了什么
actually 实际上
just a quick follow up is under under the general warranty 一般保证下只需快速跟进即可
regime, but in place is residual of the contract 制度，但仍是合同的剩余部分
One of the warranties that i could use 我可以使用的保证之一
uh or could But I could invoke 或者可以但是我可以调用
have to say um it's not recession of the contract 不得不说这不是合同的衰退期
but you may be able to recover 100% of the purchase price that you pay 但你可能可以收回100%的购买价格你付出
All right. Okay 好吧。 好吧
As damages As damages
and We'll talk about that more next week 我们下个星期再谈这个
Now, in the context of the perfect tender rule 现在，在完美招标规则的背景下
under the ucc now 在ucc的领导下
section 2508 of the ucc and titles UCC的第2508节和标题
The seller to cure 想要治疗的卖家
Within the time set for a performance the sellers right to cure 在规定的时间内，卖方有权补救
Meaning it's unconditional. After that 意味着这是无条件的。 在那之后
uh The seller may have a further opportunity to cure 呃卖家可能还有机会补救
If number one 如果一号
he believed reasonably that the goods would be acceptable as delivered 他有理由相信货物在交货时是可以接受的
meaning it wasn't missing cushions, or a seat 意思是它没有丢失坐垫，或者座位
or electrical outlets, as was the case of this one, right 或者电源插座，就像这个一样，对吧
um With or without a money allowance 不管有没有零用钱
you know Maybe i'll take off 你知道也许我该走了
Because the seats were 因为座位是
base instead of brown 不是棕色的
Um 嗯
Other than that, everything else meant the specs 除此之外，其他都是指规格
How about if I give you $200 or $300 我给你200美元或300美元怎么样
$500 discount on the value 价值500美元折扣
You may be entitled to cure 你也许有资格接受治疗
uh Now, what constitutes reasonable time 现在，什么是合理的时间
And what constitutes reasonable circumstances depends 什么是合理的情况取决于
in each on each particular case 在每个特定情况下
uh and It may may maybe a change in position 呃，它可能会改变位置
by uh the buyer or the amount of inconvenience 是因为买家或者不方便的程度
In this particular case 在这个特殊的情况下
the summer was over, they couldn't take their trip 夏天结束了，他们不能去旅行了
and There was quite a bit of inconvenience to the buyer 给买家带来了不少不便
So 所以
The court in this particular case said 法院在这个特殊的案例中说
this is not the kind of situation where um 这不是那种情况，嗯
we will entitle where we will enable 我们将授权在哪里我们将使
a seller to have the opportunity to cure after the time scheduled for delivery uh i know. You had a question 卖方有机会在预定的交货时间后补救我知道。 You had a question
Yes. So 是的。 所以
is my understanding correct 我的理解是否正确
That perfect tender rule works at the moment when I get 完美的招标规则在我得到
the goods that I buy under the contract 我根据合同购买的货物
before you take them with you 在你带他们走之前
before you accept them 在你接受他们之前
Yes, at the moment when I get them 是的，在我得到它们的时候
because I cannot see them before that I can 因为在那之前我看不到他们
uh So in civil law, there are 那么在民法中，有
2 types of defects 2类缺陷
of this that you can see and you can expect at the moment when you get the 你可以看到你可以期待的时刻当你得到了
um Goods and hidden that you cannot see 嗯货物和隐藏的东西你看不到
and You just reveal them in a while 过一会儿你就会发现了
But your body yes in defects 但你的身体确实有缺陷
so My understanding is correct that perfect and rule 所以我的理解是正确的完美和规则
It's kind of like related to the obvious defects that you 这有点像与明显的缺陷有关，你
can see and you can inspect at the moment when you get good 可以看到，你可以检查的时刻，当你得到良好的
That's correct 你说的没错
Okay 好吧
That's correct 你说的没错
Um 嗯
Now, after acceptance, the court 在接受之后，法庭
the the code strikes a different balance, right 密码是另一种平衡，对吧
They they, make they shift things 他们，让他们移动东西
Ii will tell you, by the way, receipt 我会告诉你的，顺便说一下，收据
is not acceptance, necessarily 不一定是接受
The rule is is acceptance 规则是接受
If you ever reviewed a contract for the sale of goods 如果你曾经审查过一份货物销售合同
particularly those 尤其是那些
that have that are uh uh of long uh term meaning that they establish 它们有长期的意义它们建立了
uh supply relationships between merchants 商家之间的供货关系
They usually always say receipt does not constitute acceptance 他们通常说收据不构成承兑
okay Because what they do is 因为他们所做的是
in in the circumstances that I eat as presenting 在我吃东西的时候
I may get a shipment of 25 tons of things, right 我可能会有25吨的货，对吧
I don't have time to inspect each and every one 我没有时间去检查每一个人
to see uh whether it conforms or doesn't conform to all of the specifications 看看它是否符合或不符合所有的规格
There's a container load that's dropped off at my premises 在我的房子里有一堆集装箱
I need an opportunity to inspect, right 我需要一个检查的机会，对吧
And usually those contracts provide 通常这些合同提供
a 30 day time period for inspection of goods 货物检验的30天期限
or something to that effect 或者类似的东西
um Prior to acceptance 接受前
It's not an individual transaction 这不是单独的交易
In this case, where it's transaction over one item 在这种情况下，它在一个项目上进行事务
then yes it is at the time you receive it anything that's an apparent defect 是的，在你收到它的时候，它是任何明显的缺陷
uh That's the time to call it out 呃是时候说出来了
Okay 好吧
The buyer can revoke acceptance can revoke acceptance 买方可以撤销承兑，也可撤销承兑
only if the non conformity substantially impairs the value of the goods 只有在不符合实质性损害货物价值的情况下
Okay 好吧
So the non conformity is 所以不一致是
it's a different color 是一种不同的颜色
that does not 不会的
materially impact 重大影响
the value of the goods 货物的价值
and Maybe you're you're allergic to the color of, brown 也许你你对颜色过敏，棕色
That might be an argument, right 可能是个争论，对吧
You'd have to show it 你得表现出来
But the point after acceptance is to protect the seller too 但接受之后的重点也是保护卖方
right 对的
For trivial defects For trivial defects
Number one, we all know what trivial is 第一，我们都知道什么是琐碎
Trivial defects Trivial defects
And what it does is it prevents the buyer from taking advantage of the seller 它所做的是防止买方利用卖方
by allowing goods to depreciate after acceptance 验收后允许货物折旧
Right 对的
so If you buy a car, the moment you drive it off a lot 所以，如果你买了一辆车，在你开了很久的时候
it depreciates by like 30% 它会贬值30%
What the UCC seeks to avoid is UCC试图避免的是
I buy a car, I drive it off a lot 我买了一辆车，开了很多车
I've been driving it for 2 months 我已经开了两个月了
I'm like, oh shoot, I spent too much money on the sky 我说，噢，我在天空上花了太多的钱
I want to take it back 我想把它拿回来
uh You know what 呃你知道吗
there's There's something that didn't meet the the requirements. I found that um 有一些东西不符合要求。 我发现了那个
you know I found that this didn't include the smokers package, so it didn't include 你知道我发现这不包括吸烟的包裹，所以不包括
AA um a lighter 打火机
didn't conform perfectly to the description 与描述不完全一致
so I'm taking it back 所以我要把它拿回来
well That's what the 好吧，就是这样
Ucc is trying to protect against, right UC C试着保护自己，对吧
You were totally entitled to reject it before you took the car 你完全有权在开车前拒绝它
You're not entitled to use that as an excuse to cancel the transaction 你无权以此作为取消交易的借口
to return the goods and put it into the contract 退回货物并将其放入合同中
Okay 好吧
The UCC yes go ahead go ahead, excuse me, just question 是的，请继续，抱歉，只是问个问题
The seller has no right to cure 卖方无权进行补救
What does it mean if I'm ready to get 如果我准备好了
Meaning if you if you've given me something and i've discovered a defect 意思是如果你给了我什么东西而我发现了一个缺陷
that's substantially impairs its value 会大大削弱它的价值
you don't get a chance to cure after that 从那以后你就没机会治愈了
but If I'm ready is a buyer to get another car 但如果我准备好了，就可以买另一辆车
In exchange of that that 作为交换条件
I bought with substantial impairment 我买的时候有很大的损伤
You can do that if you want to 如果你愿意，你可以那样做
meaning the buyer is entitled to do it 意味着买家有权这么做
If that's a possibility 如果有可能的话
but the seller doesn't have the right to cure 但卖家没有治愈的权利
If you just want to cancel this transaction and never have anything else to do with this seller 如果你只是想取消这次交易，而不想和这个卖家有任何瓜葛
you are entitled to do it if you if you identified a defect 如果你发现了一个缺陷，你就有权这样做
that materially and substantially compares the value of the goods 在物质上和物质上比较货物的价值
Okay 好吧
there There is no right to cure 没有治愈的权利
whereas there is a right to cure 而治疗是有权利的
for the seller in uh in the pre acceptance stage 对处于预验收阶段的卖方
Okay, thank you. All right 好的，谢谢。 好吧
Now 现在
in applying these principles to the case 将这些原则运用到案例中
what the court said is basically that mister and Mrs. Ramirez had justifiably 法庭所说的基本上是拉米雷斯先生和夫人有正当理由
uh rejected this I'm sorry 呃拒绝了这个对不起
had rejected the stand within a reasonable time 在合理的时间内拒绝出庭
Ok 好的
Auto sport did not affect the cure 汽车运动不影响治疗
meaning they didn't fix the defect 意味着他们没有修复缺陷
Every time there's a different defect 每次都有不同的缺陷
The substantial impairment is necessary only 实质性损害仅是必要的
where um 其中嗯
where there's been acceptance 已经被接受了
and Even though auto sport played funny games and transferred title, there was never acceptance of the band 即使汽车运动玩有趣的游戏和转移标题，有从来没有接受的乐队
Title is not the same as acceptance 头衔与接受是不一样的
Right 对的
They put the van in the name of the Ramirez in the hopes 他们以拉米雷兹的名义把车放在希望里
that this would be a good uh uh this would be a good little tricky thing to do 这会是个好，呃，这是个很好的小技巧
The court says, no, that's not the way it works 法庭说，不，不是这么回事
There was no acceptance of the band 没有人接受这支乐队
and Therefore 因此
um they don't need to show that there was a substantial impairment 嗯，他们不需要证明有很大的损伤
and The barriesis were therefore entitled to resend the contract 因此，违约方有权重新发送合同
uh or cancel the contract and get damages 或者取消合同得到赔偿
for uh the breach on the part 因为呃这部分的破绽
of auto sport 赛车运动
Questions 问题
We're late We're late
Sorry 对不起
Sorry, for carrying you over late 抱歉，带你来晚了
I will be sending you tonight 我今晚就派你去
A list of material just to skim 仅供浏览的材料清单
I'm not gonna ask you anything next class around 下节课我不会问你任何问题
But I think it will be helpful to our discussion of damages 但我认为这对我们讨论损害赔偿很有帮助
If you just skim through this 如果你略读一下这个
you don't need to learn the details 你不需要知道细节
You don't need to take detailed notes 你不需要做详细的笔记
of what these cases say 关于这些案子的内容
Just skim through them. Um 浏览一下就可以了。 嗯
You'll find them interesting 你会发现它们很有趣
and It will be very helpful to our conversation next week 这对我们下周的谈话很有帮助
um So next week to confirm, we will meet at 7:00, 10:00 所以下周确认，我们将在7:00，10:00见面
uh east coast time 呃东海岸时间
6, 10. Is that six ten 六、十。 是六点十分吗
In China 在中国