前一集中，我们看到了动物 'Previously, we saw how animals
比我们所能想象的更聪明 'are smarter than we ever thought possible.'
它们使用工具 'They use tools.
解决问题 'Solve puzzles.
而且甚至能在数字和记忆测试中打败人类 'And can even beat humans in a numbers and memory test.'
这太不可思议了 This is ridiculous.
我是丽莎·伯尼，一名周游世界的科学家 'I'm Liz Bonnin, a scientist who's been travelling the world
我见识了最强大的动物思维 'meeting the greatest animal minds.
它们的智力使我震惊 'And their intellect has astounded me.'
太壮观了 This is spectacular.
但是这次我们提高了标准 天哪，快看 'But this time we're raising the stakes.' Oh, look at this.
太特别了，哈哈哈！ This is so special. Ha ha ha!
做好准备，等着欢乐吧 'Prepare to be entertained, and amazed.'
我彻底被征服了 That totally blew me away.
前言科技目前正在逐步揭示动物是如何 'Cutting-edge science is now revealing how animals
沟通 'communicate,
合作的 'co-operate,
甚至能告诉我们动物们感觉如何 'and even tell us how they're feeling.'
我也想和你追逐抓痒！ I want to chase and tickle with you too!
-=THE LAST FANTASY=- 荣誉出品 分享创作之乐，共赏字幕之美
-=TLF字幕组=- 翻译：维宇 校对：老白
穿过整个地球，大自然的节拍紧随着动物们的欢啼 Right across the planet, the Earth beats to the sound of animal song.
以各种节奏交错而成一首大合唱 A chorus sung in a million different tongues.
为和谐共存，动物们需要能够彼此交谈 To live in harmony, animals need to be able to talk to each other.
在如此拥挤的世界上 交流需要有很高的智力水平 And in a world this crowded, that requires serious brainpower.
地球上最聪明的动物往往也是最善于交际的动物 The smartest animals on the planet are also some of the most social,
要在交际中获得成功，交流是关键 and to be successful in a social world, communication is key.
现在，请想象，如果我们能够和另一个物种 Now, imagine if we could communicate with another species
用这物种自己的语言交流 in its own language.
我们还没有达到这个水平 但有一种动物 We haven't quite mastered that yet, but there is one animal
它们在我们身边生活了几百年，学会了 that's been living right by our side for centuries, that's learnt
理解对它们而言完全不同的一种语言 to understand a completely different language to its own.
人类最好的朋友 不管它身材和大小如何 Man's best friend, in all its shapes and sizes,
在我们的历史上都扮演了重要的角色 has played an important part in our history,
从战争英雄到银河系探索者 from war hero to galactic explorer.
就狗的智商而言 看起来天空已经是极限 In terms of a dog's intelligence, it seems the sky's the limit.
但是在田野里，聪明伶俐又是如何使狗狗们 脱颖而出的呢？ But how does being clever help them in the field?
HE WHISTLES
狗能够理解我们，这种能力是关键 Well, it's a dog's ability to understand us that's key.
WHISTLING
当你把两只冠军牧羊犬 When you combine two champion sheepdogs,
和一点点创造力向结合的时候 一切皆有可能 and a touch of creative genius, anything's possible.
WHISTLING
HE WHISTLES AND CALLS
但还少了一样东西 But there's just one thing missing.
加上一点点食物 Add a little bit of food...
瞧瞧吧！ ..and voila!
那么，这一切是如何展现智力水平的呢？ So how does this demonstrate intelligence?
当你考虑这一问题的时候 When you think about it,
牧羊犬本质上是在学习一门外语 sheepdogs are essentially learning a foreign language.
“到左边来”，用口语表达，转换成口哨声是 pppppshssh "Come by to the left" in verbal and transferred to a whistle would be pppppshssh.
最基本的命令"向右转"是 phhhhewwww The basic command "to the right" would be phhhhewwww.
“停”是psssoutwit "Stop" would be psssoutwit,
“前进”是phew phew phew and "walk on" would be phew phew phew.
口哨使得基本命令能够变得非常复杂 The whistle allows the basics to become surprisingly complex.
如果我想让狗向左走，但是只走一点点 口哨声是像这样 If I wanted the dog to go left and only a small left, it's like,
psshh，如果我想让它向左多走一些 psshh, it would be that, if I wanted him a lot further
我需要强调这一点 and whatever, like, I would have to emphasize it in terms
phhhhewwwwww，口哨声会更长也更有力 phhhhewwwwww, would be a lot longer and harder.
解码这种语言的能力使得牧羊犬 The ability to decode this language allows sheepdogs to
明白人类朋友所要求的 understand the exact direction, speed
具体的方向、速度和紧急程度 and level of urgency required by their two-legged friend.
可以了，可以了 That'll do, that'll do.
使得人和狗能够协调一致 Which enables one man and his dog to work as a single unit.
但是在一生的学习过程中 But with a lifetime of training,
一只牧羊犬到底能学会多少单词呢？ just how many words can a sheepdog learn?
看看猪猪小姐 Watch Miss Piggy.
心理学教授约翰·佩雷想要得到答案 Psychology Professor John Pilley wanted to find out.
好姑娘，好姑娘 Good girl, good girl.
七年前，他找到了一个完美的学生切斯 And seven years ago he found the perfect student - Chaser.
约翰和同事们用成箱成箱的玩具设计了 Using crateloads of toys, John and his colleagues have devised
一项开创性的犬科动物智力研究 a groundbreaking study of canine intelligence.
所有的玩具都有名字 约翰随机挑选了8个 All the toys have names, and John's picked eight at random.
切斯，我们来玩儿吧 Chase, let's play some.
切斯，去把庞特找来 Chase, find Punt, go get Punt.
没错，庞特 Right, P...P... Punt.
真棒，你做到了 是的，放到盒子里，是的，好姑娘 Good, do it. Yeah, in tub. Yeah, good girl.
切斯，去找到罗弛 Chase, find Roach, find Roach.
约翰从来不看垫子上的玩具 因此要找到正确的玩具 John never looks at the toys on the mat, so to pick the right object,
切斯需要真正懂得约翰在说什么 Chaser has to actually understand what he's saying.
爸爸要找哇哇 Pop-Pop wants Wow.
是的，正是哇哇，放盒里，放盒里 Yeah, there's Wow, in tub, in tub.
切斯已经知道了116个球和26个飞盘 Chaser already knows the names of 116 balls, 26 Frisbees,
还有800多个布制动物的名字 and over 800 cloth animals.
但是她能一下子就学会一个新单词吗？ But can she learn a new word in just one go?
我们让她接受了测试 We've put her to the test.
在垫子上有5个切斯认识的物品 On the mat are five items Chaser knows,
还有一个她从没见过的新物品 and one new one that she's never seen.
切斯，去把喵找来 去找喵，找啊，姑娘，找啊 Chase, find Meow, find Meow, find Meow, do it girl, do it,
找啊，找啊，姑娘 do it, do it, girl.
给爸爸拿来 Bring it to Pop-Pop.
这项任务包含了非常复杂的逻辑 This task involves highly complex logic.
新单词不在切斯的词汇中 The new word isn't in Chaser's vocabulary,
因此她必须明白，这个单词可能指 的是一个不熟悉的物品 so she has to understand that it might refer to an unfamiliar object.
找啊，姑娘，找找看 Do it, girl, do it.
切斯，去找喵，我要喵 找啊，姑娘，找一找 Chase, get Meow, I want Meow, do it, girl, do it.
现在就要 Right now.
通过排除的过程 她需要确认哪个物品 By a process of elimination she has to work out which object
是她以前从没见过的 she's never seen before.
找到喵，找啊，找啊 Get Meow, do it, do it.
这是喵，过来，过来 干得漂亮，好姑娘，好姑娘 There's Meow - come here, come here, that's good, good girl, good girl.
只试过一次 After only one trial,
新玩具和“喵”这个发音深深刻在了 她脑海里 the new toy and the sound "meow" are logged in her brain.
这表明，老狗亦可教 And it just goes to show, you can teach an old dog new tricks.
在野外，这种智力上的灵敏使得狗能够彼此交流 In the wild, this mental dexterity allows dogs to communicate with
也就意味着日常生活中的问题 each other, which means the problems of everyday life
由狗狗们共同解决 are solved together.
并不只有狗能够做到这一点 And they're not alone.
在博兹瓦纳旱季的热浪中 In the heat of Botswana's dry season,
每只动物都需要找到足够的食物和水来维持生命 every animal needs to find enough food and water to survive.
动物的体积越大，就需要走越远的路来找寻 And the larger you are, the further you have to travel.
非洲象每天需要找到200升水 African elephants need to find 200 litres of water
和150公斤食物 在这儿并不算什么壮举 and 150 kilos of food every single day, which out here is no mean feat.
生态学家麦克·切斯博士让我看到了 Ecologist Dr Mike Chase has offered to show me
这项挑战是多么艰巨 the immensity of this challenge.
只有在你亲身乘坐直升机飞起来之后 你才能意识到 It's only when you're up here that you realise
这片土地的广袤 the scale of this landscape,
而且，是的，有水散落分布在这片土地上 and, yes, there is water peppering it,
但是在直升机上你能够明白 but from up here you realise how difficult it is to find
不仅仅是水，所有动物们需要的 其他食物也都很难找到 not only water but certainly all the other food that they need to find.
这是极为广袤的一片土地 It's a huge, huge landscape.
那么交流 So how can communication
和绝对智力水平是如何解决这个大问题的呢？ and sheer brainpower solve this mammoth problem?
在过去的十几年里，麦克在大象们史诗般壮美的旅程中 For over a decade, Mike has tracked scores of elephants
跟踪了几十只大象 on their epic journeys.
他的GPS数据揭示出象群是如何依靠记忆来锁定水源 His GPS data is revealing how herds rely on memory to locate water
和食物的，而它们可能只在几十年前找到过一次 and food sources that they may have visited only once before,
这些水和食物 decades ago.
它们由最年长最智慧的母象带领— 这只母象被称为女家长 And they're led by the oldest and wisest female - the matriarch.
女家长越年长 Now, the older a matriarch gets
她的记忆中存储的信息就越多 the more information she gets to store in that memory bank of hers,
而大象是群居动物 and because eles are social animals,
她的知识能够让整个象群获益 that knowledge will benefit her entire herd.
但是真正非同寻常的 是象群如何运用这一知识 But it's what herds do with this knowledge that is truly phenomenal.
偶尔，几千只大象在 On occasion, thousands of elephants congregate at
一个水源地同时聚集 a single waterhole simultaneously.
麦克的数据显示 有些大象 And Mike's data has revealed that some have travelled
是走了100多英里来到这里的 over 100 miles to get there.
那么，每只象是如何知道何时何地碰头的呢？ So, how does each herd know when and where to meet?
这太奇妙了 This is spectacular,
看看这一家子的互动 Just watching a family interacting...
和发声 ..and vocalising.
围绕着这些动物仍然有很多神秘而复杂事情 There's so much mystery and still intrigue surrounding these animals.
是的 Yeah.
我们刚刚开始理解社交的复杂性 交流 That we're only beginning to understand the social complexity, the communication.
麦克相信，通过家庭群组之间的交流 'Mike believes that by communicating between family groups,
大象能够协调它们的到达时间 'elephants are able to co-ordinate their arrival.'
而且看起来水源地充当了会面地点的角色 'And it seems that waterholes act as a focal meeting point
在水源地，大象们共享知识 'where knowledge can be shared.'
这种象群与象群之间，甚至是跨越整片土地 What evidence is there for this passing on of information
的信息传播有什么证据呢？ from herd to herd, like across, you know, huge expanses of land?
我们怎么知道这种传播起了作用 你真的看到过这种传播吗？ How do we think that works, and have you seen that in action?
当然了 Oh, totally.
当几百只大象组成的象群聚集在一起的时候 When family herds in their hundreds come together,
必然会有交流 inevitably there is communication.
它们彼此之间说了什么 这是有争议的 What they are saying to each other, that is debatable,
而且也是令人兴奋的 and that's exciting.
我们只能推断这种交流通过 We can only speculate that this communication occurs through
触觉、嗅觉甚至人类无法感知的 a combination of touch, smell,
声波的结合而发生 and even sound waves that humans can't detect.
当象群解散的时候 And when herds disperse,
这一被分享了的信息就像涟漪般扩散开去 this shared message can spread out like a ripple.
而且大象可能可以用其他没有发现的方式 What's more is that elephants may also be able to exchange information
远距离交流信息 across vast distances in other, as yet undiscovered ways.
这已经非常难以置信 It's already pretty incredible
这些大象能够记住几十年前的地方 that these elephants can remember places from decades ago,
而且知道最适合的故地重游时间 and then know exactly when to revisit them.
但最了不起的 But what's really remarkable
是它们能够传递这一信息 is that they can then pass on that information,
不仅仅在象群家族内部传递 而且在象群间传递 not only within the family group, but from herd to herd,
甚至在整片土地上传递 across this vast landscape.
正是这种社交智力 And it's this kind of social intelligence
使得它们能够存活 that keeps them alive out here.
大象们的交流和它们那近乎心灵感应般的 Elephant communication and their almost telepathic knowledge
对事物和水源的知识 of food and water sources
显然是非常复杂的现象 is clearly a complex phenomenon,
是科学还不能够完全解释的 something that science can't fully explain yet.
但是在世界上 专家们正在试图解码 But across the world experts are trying to decipher
其他物种的语言 the language of other species,
有时候以非常独创的方式 sometimes in rather ingenious ways.
YIPPING
在美国 有一个科学家团队正在研究 In the United States, a team of scientists are studying
一种有着很大声音的小小啮齿类动物 a small rodent with a big voice.
北美草原土拨鼠生活在叫做“小镇”的群体里 Prairie dogs live in communities called "towns",
有些小镇绵延几十英里 some stretching for miles.
由于寻找免费美餐的天敌众多 And with a whole host of predators on the lookout for a free meal,
知道邻居在说什么可以救己一命 knowing what your neighbour is saying can save your life.
但是科学要如何在野外对此进行测试？ But how can science test for this in the field?
在草原上拖拽一只塞满了的动物！ By dragging a stuffed animal across the prairie!
HIGH PITCHED YIPPING
YIPPING
这可能看起来并不是聪明的反应 This might not look like an intelligent reaction,
但是有人确信这很有效果 but some believe that a lot is going on here.
通过引入一只新的捕食者 And by bringing a new predator onto the scene
并且录下反应 他们能够加以证明 and recording the reaction, they can prove it.
URGENT YIPPING CALLS
对人类的耳朵来说 这些叫声可能听起来差不多 To the human ear these calls might sound similar,
但是图像表明它们是不同的 but the graphs prove they're different.
REPEATED YIPPING CALL
YIPPING CALL
HIGHER PITCHED CALL
而且很明显 土拨鼠能够明白 And it's clear that prairie dogs actually understand
这种区别 因为它们的反应不同 this difference because of the way they react.
听到北美草原狼的叫声时 On hearing the coyote alarm,
每一只能听见的土拨鼠都站直了提高警惕 every prairie dog in earshot stands to attention,
表明自己的位置 advertising their position.
因为一旦草原狼意识到自己被发现了 它就会放弃捕猎 Because once a coyote realises its cover is blown, it will give up.
但是听到獾的叫声 土拨鼠都藏了起来 But with a badger alarm, prairie dogs hide
因为一旦獾发现了土拨鼠 它会将其挖出来 because when a badger spots a prairie dog, it'll dig it out.
LOUD URGENT CALLS
正是这种智力使得整个小镇的土拨鼠存活下来 It's this intelligence that keeps the whole town alive.
但是在探索动物智力的时候 But when exploring animal intelligence,
我们需要考虑其他的交流方式 we need to consider other forms of communication.
因为不是所有的动物都用语言来交流 Because not all animals communicate with words.
无论你看向哪里 都有对话在进行 Wherever you look, there are conversations going on
在这种对话中，简单的一瞥胜过千言万语 in which a mere glance can mean a thousand words.
动物们不仅仅通过声音交流 Animals communicate not just through their voices,
也通过肢体交流 but also through their bodies.
牢记肢体语言的微妙之处 By being mindful of the more subtle aspects of body language
我们能够发现有些动物是多么聪明 we can gain real insights into just how smart some animals are.
世界闻名的马语专家蒙蒂·罗伯茨揭示了 World-renowned horse whisperer Monty Roberts has been unravelling
半个多世纪以来 the mystery of wild mustang communication
野马交流的秘密 for over half a century.
而且他发现了一种复杂的无声语言 'And he's discovered a complex, silent language,
他称之为“艾卡斯” 'which he calls "Equus".'
是什么？ 艾卡斯语言是什么？ What is it? What is the language of Equus?
如何描述？ How would you describe it?
是一系列的有含义的姿态 A series of gestures that means something,
就像给聋人用的手势一样 like signing for the deaf.
这种语言让人印象如此深刻 在很多方面，野马的语言 It's so impressive that in many ways the language of the mustang
比任何语言都美 is more beautiful than any.
好的，在山的这一边… OK, over here on this side of the hill...
这种语言的纷繁复杂之处是如此难懂 'The intricacies of this language are so complex that getting close
靠近是唯一能够恰当观察它们的方法 'is the only way to observe them properly.'
但是当你靠得… But when you get that kind of...
那么，如果这是种无声的语言 它是怎么使用的？ So, if it's a silent language, how is it used?
它们用身体的哪些部分？ What parts of their body do they use?
耳朵、舌头、嘴唇，它们还用肩膀 Ears, tongue, lips, they use their shoulders,
它们的脖子非常重要 their neck is very important.
你可以很容易地读懂它们的脖子 比如蛇形 You can read the neck very easily, like snaking, for instance,
脖子向下，鼻子伸出来 where the neck comes down and then the nose goes out
耳朵向后 and the ears come back,
它们会用蛇形把另一匹马赶出马群 and they'll snake another horse out of the herd and send them off.
马身体的每一个部分似乎都在传达信息 Every single part of the horse appears to convey meaning,
而且它们也有智力来解读最微小的姿势 and they have the intelligence to interpret the tiniest gestures
以便理解另一匹马的意图 in order to understand another's intentions.
随着我们的靠近 我们的姿势受到了马群的严密监视 As we get closer, our posture is under intense scrutiny.
当你围绕马群散步的时候 你会注意到 When you're walking around the herd you'll notice that one ear
一只耳朵随你而动 你对它们来说很重要 will follow you, you're important to them.
这很微妙，但是极其重要 It's subtle, but extremely important.
耳朵随着眼睛移动 The ear goes where the eye goes.
当你靠得这么近的时候 'When you get this close
你必须注意每一个肌肉抽动 'you have to be aware of every single muscle twitch.'
现在让我们保持安静 不要快速移动眼睛 Let's be really quiet now. Just, don't, don't move your eyes quickly,
好的，不要快速移动头部 OK. Don't move your head quickly, just,
就像你在厚厚的油层包围之中那样移动 just kind of move like you're in heavy oil.
放松，用胸腔的下部呼吸 Just relax and breathe down in below your chest.
看哪，现在，随着你的放松 他又前进了一步 Now look, see, as you, as you relaxed, he takes another step.
他非常合拍 He's so attuned.
是啊，他 …真的很想看着我们 Yeah, he's... really wants to look us over.
他确实想 He really does.
哇 Wow.
这太震撼了 That totally blew me away.
我所做的只是低沉地呼吸而那匹马 All I did was breathe a little bit deeper into my belly and that horse
完全感觉到了 它也放松地移向我们 completely sensed it and it relaxed and it moved towards me.
这证明了这种交流系统 And it just goes to show how incredibly complex
是多么的复杂 因为马儿能够感觉到 this communication system is because horses can sense
你的身体和情感上最微妙的变化 the most subtle changes in your physical and emotional state.
敏锐的视觉和复杂的肢体语言使得野马能够 Keen eyesight and a complex body language allows mustangs to
在完全的安静中对话 have conversations in complete silence.
这一不可思议的实验揭示了 动物在某方面的智力可能是 This incredible experience reveals that some animals are
之前的科学没能够考虑的 intelligent in ways that science may have previously failed to consider.
我们看到了动物足够聪明 能够学习我们的语言 We've seen how animals are smart enough to learn our language.
这就是喵，好的，好姑娘 There's Meow. Yeah, Good girl.
但是它们也有自己的语言 But they also have their own.
YIPPING
它们用我们还不能完全理解的方式交流 They communicate in ways that we still don't fully understand.
甚至能用肢体来讲话 And can even talk with their bodies.
当你和你周围的动物交流的时候 Once you communicate with those around you,
你能够发现它们在想什么 you can find out what they're thinking.
从而复杂的头脑游戏就变成了现实 And complex mind games become possible.
在加勒比的圣基茨岛上 On the island of St Kitts in the Caribbean,
成千上万的度假者涌向阳光海滩 thousands of holidaymakers flock to sun-soaked beaches
来放松和欣赏风景 to relax and enjoy the view.
但是他们的一举一动都被一个罪犯天才监视着 But their every move is being watched by a criminal mastermind.
对一些流氓长尾黑颚猴来说 For a few rogue vervet monkeys,
熙熙攘攘的海滩酒吧变成了充满机会的乐土 the bustling beach bars have become a land of opportunity.
但是它们是如何从我们眼皮底下偷喝又不被发现的呢？ But how do they steal from under our noses without being spotted?
看起来它们似乎知道我们什么时候没有注意到 It seems they know when we take our eyes off the ball.
利用它们对果汁的喜爱和一小块木板 Using their taste for fruit juice, and a small board,
我们可以看到它们如何运用智力胜过我们 we can see how they use their intellect to outwit us.
好了，这就是我要怎么做 OK, here's how this is going to work.
如果长尾黑颚猴明白目光的方向 If vervet monkeys can indeed understand the direction of a gaze,
它们的举动会非常不同 they're going to behave very differently depending on
取决于我在看哪里 我能看到什么和不能看到什么 where I'm looking, what I can and cannot see.
所以这边，是一杯我完全能看到的果汁 So here, a fruit juice that I can see in full view,
而这里的这杯被这块标语挡住了 and here, another one blocked by this sign.
它们会喝哪一杯呢？ Which one are they going to go for?
没过多久 'It doesn't take long.
很快，我就发现我被监视了 'Soon enough I know I'm being watched.'
猴子对它面前这道难题的 'The monkey is paying particular attention to
地形非常在意 'the geography of the puzzle before him.'
但是它是否知道 我能看见露天的这杯果汁 'But does he know that I can see the juice in the open,
而看不见木板后面的那杯吗？ 'and not the one behind the board?'
如果你是只抢果汁的长尾黑颚猴 'When you're a juice-robbing vervet monkey,
你需要减小被抓住的几率 'you need to reduce the chances of being caught.'
很快地分析形势之后 'After a quick analysis of the situation,
只能选择一杯 'there's only one drink to pick.'
啊，看到了吗？ Oh. Did you see that?
从障碍物的上面瞥了我一眼 Having a little peek at me over the barrier,
但是它直奔我看不到的那杯果汁 but he went straight for the juice that's hidden from my view.
科学家们还在为猴子们到底在想什么而争论 'Scientists are still debating exactly what monkeys are thinking,
但是看起来猴子们能够设身处地 'but it seems they can put themselves in another's shoes
而且能够在行动之前选择路线 'and work out their eye line before making their move.'
毫无疑问猴子可以运用智力 There's no doubt that monkeys can use their intelligence to
来胜过竞争者 而且正由于它们这样做了 outwit their competitors and because of the way that they do it,
便产生了一种可能性 即人类并不是唯一 this opens up the possibility that humans are not the only animals
能够真正理解别人想法的动物 who can actually understand what others are thinking.
从别人的角度看世界，是一项真实的社交技巧 Seeing the world from another's perspective is a real social skill.
这使得你能够先竞争者一步 Allowing you to stay one step ahead of your competitors.
但是在一些案例中 这项游戏的名字叫做完全欺骗 But in some cases, outright deception is the name of the game.
在弗罗里达，一只小鸟正被科学家们严密监视 In Florida, a small bird is being watched closely by science,
因为它的生活惊人地复杂 because its life is surprisingly complicated.
灌丛鸦的存活取决于橡子 Scrub jay survival depends on acorns,
但是冬天里没有足够的橡子 but in winter there simply aren't enough to go around.
所以它们是如何确定它们有足够的食物支撑过 So how do they make sure they have enough food to last them
最困难的时期呢？ through the leanest times?
答案当然是储存 The answer, of course, is to stock their own larder with
尽可能多的橡子 as many acorns as they can find.
但是在灌丛鸦的社会中 生活没这么简单 But in scrub jay society, life isn't that simple
因为小偷到处都是 because thieves are everywhere.
所以灌丛鸦要如何确保它的存货安全呢？ So how can a bird keep its bounty safe and sound?
这正是有趣之处 Here's where it gets interesting.
汉克正在寻找免费美餐 Hank is on the lookout for a free meal,
地上的鲍勃对此一清二楚 and Bob on the ground knows it.
汉克以为他占了上风 Hank thinks he's got the upper hand.
鲍勃假装没有注意到来自隐蔽处的监视 Bob acts as though he hasn't noticed the covert surveillance,
和平常一样藏起了它的橡子 and stashes his acorn as usual.
一旦汉克记住了位置 Once Hank has remembered the location,
它认为拿到橡子就像探囊取物 as far as he's concerned it's in the bag.
但是鲍勃胜过了他 But Bob outwits him.
他做了假 He's faked it.
而且，确认没人看到之后 他挖出了自己的宝藏 And, making sure no one's looking, he digs up his treasure
埋在了另一个秘密的地点 and buries it in secret elsewhere.
看起来汉克又要挨饿了 Looks like Hank is going to go hungry...again.
能够预知别人的意图 The ability to predict another's intentions
并且运用这种预知来欺骗别人 这种能力包括了复杂的思维过程 and use this to deceive them involves complex thought processes
人们一直认为这种思维过程只有人类和其他猿类才有 thought to be shared only by humans and other great apes.
这种能力对一只小鸟来说十分惊人 Which, for a small bird, is astounding.
当你被潜在的骗子包围的时候 When you're surrounded by potential deceivers,
群居生活显然有其不利一面 living together can definitely have its downsides.
对于这些哥斯达黎加的卷尾猴来说 For these white-faced capuchins in Costa Rica,
群居对存活至关重要 living in groups is essential for survival.
卷尾猴领地意识很强 会保卫自己的领土 Capuchins are highly territorial, defending their patch,
经常不惜牺牲生命 often to the death.
SNARLING
SCREAMING
自相残杀而死的卷尾猴 More capuchins are killed by their own species
多过被其他动物杀死的卷尾猴 than by any other animal.
因此当团队合作如此重要的时候 So when team playing is this important,
你如何才能知道可以信任谁 how do you know who to trust,
又该如何向盟友证明你是可以信赖的呢？ and how can you prove to your allies that you're trustworthy yourself?
答案就在团队建设的和平时期 The answer lies in quieter times when team bonds are reinforced.
有时候以非常不同寻常的方式 Sometimes in rather unusual ways.
偶尔它们甚至会让另一只猴子 Occasionally they even offer up their eye sockets
把手指伸进自己的眼窝 to another's finger.
真是最奇怪的交流 Communication at its most bizarre.
这些很痛苦的仪式可能看起来非常极端 These potentially painful rituals might look extreme,
但是科学家们相信这是证明忠诚的一种方式 but scientists believe that it's a way of proving loyalty,
和人类歃血为盟有异曲同工之妙 similar to the human practice of becoming blood brothers.
如果我让你把手指伸进我的眼睛 If I let you stick your finger in my eye,
理论上，在战斗中你理所当然应该信任我 the theory goes, then surely you'll trust me in battle.
这种看起来很奇怪的举动证明了 This seemingly strange behaviour demonstrates
合作的益处，在卷尾猴社会中 这就能救命 the benefits of co-operation, which in capuchin society can save lives.
成功的团队合作依赖于 Successful teamwork relies on a degree of co-operation
个体间一定程度的协作 between each and every individual.
但是又如何能证明 But how can you prove that animals
动物们不仅仅是出于本能地协作 aren't just co-operating instinctively, and that they
而且它们事实上能够理解如何协作？ actually understand how to work together?
在泰国，乔许·普朗特尼克博士和他的团队 In Thailand, Dr Josh Plotnik and his team
设计了一种非常独特的挑战来找到这个问题的答案 have devised a unique challenge to find out,
使用一张滑动桌子，一些绳子和一个不可抵制的奖励 using a sliding table, some rope, and an irresistible reward.
所以问题来了 So here's the problem.
大象们需要能够把桌子拉近来得到 The elephants need to be able to pull the table closer to gain access
向日葵种子，而且它们需要绳子 to the sunflower seeds, and they need the rope to do that.
但是如果只有一只大象拉动绳子 它们都只能挨饿 But if only one of them pulls the rope, then they both go hungry.
它们能否合作来解决一个新问题？ Can they work together to solve a novel problem?
更重要的是 And more importantly,
它们是否真正理解这背后的概念？ do they actually understand the concept behind it?
第一次面对这项任务时，大象们失败了 The first time the elephants are shown this task, they fail,
但这是学习过程的必要部分 but this is a necessary part of the learning process.
而且这期间绝对发生了什么 And something is definitely going on in there,
4公斤重的大脑正在研究这个问题 a four-kilogram brain is working it out.
我想它们学到的第一件事 而且这中间必须有学习过程 The first thing I think they learn, and there has to be some learning involved,
因为这是一项它们之前从没接触过的任务 as this is a task they've never experienced before,
它们学到的第一件事是它们的伙伴必须也在场 the first thing they learn is that their partner needs to be there.
而且它们学到了 不仅它们的伙伴得在场 And they've learned not only does their partner need to be there,
它们的伙伴还得做些什么 but their partner needs to be doing something.
很快它们就搞明白了 It doesn't take them long to figure it out.
但是乔许要证明大象的智力使得 But Josh needs to prove that their brainpower allows them
它们能够理解发生了什么 所以他提早放开了一头象 to understand what's going on, so he releases one elephant
希望这头象能够等等它的伙伴 before the other in the hope it'll wait for its partner.
这段等待的时间非常关键 This moment of waiting is key.
乔许得到了他想要的答案 Josh gets the answer he was looking for.
大象们想的是合作，这证明了 The elephants are thinking about co-operation, and that demonstrates
这些动物是多么聪明和善于学习 how smart and how well-adapted these animals are.
也证明了动物理解合作的意义 It's all very well proving that animals understand co-operation.
但是这是如何帮助它们在野外存活下来的呢？ But how does it help them to survive in the wild?
在南非，幼年猫鼬正面临大问题 In South Africa, young meerkats have a huge problem on their hands.
它们需要学习如何处理可能致命的猎物 They have to learn how to deal with potentially lethal prey.
因为这顿美餐在它的尾巴上有根刺 Because a meal here literally has a sting in its tail.
学习处理蝎子要花好几个月来练习 Handling scorpions takes months of practice.
那么小猫鼬们是如何学习沙漠食谱的健康安全规则的呢？ So how do pups ever learn the health and safety rules of the desert menu?
为了所有的猫鼬幼仔能够存活 成年猫鼬必须确保 For all the meerkat pups to survive out here, the adults must ensure
幼仔们能够处理菜单上最危险的食物 that they can handle even the most dangerous food items on the menu,
压力很大 and the pressure is on.
在猫鼬社会里，所有的成年猫鼬都要帮助喂养小猫鼬 In meerkat society, all adults help feed the youngsters,
成年猫鼬要对哪怕最轻微的乞食呼唤做出反应 responding to the slightest begging call.
我可以利用这一点来向你展示成年猫鼬的行为 And I can use this to show you how the adults' behaviour
如何加速猫鼬幼仔的学习过程 speeds up the pups' learning process.
我要借助这些扬声器 I'm going to carry out
开展一项实验 a little experiment with the help of these speakers,
这些扬声器中将会播放猫鼬幼仔的乞食声 which are going to play back meerkat pup begging calls,
而且我要监督成年猫鼬的反应 and I am going to monitor the response of the adults.
现在，首先，我要播放 Now, first up, I'm going to play back the begging calls of
3到4周大的幼仔的乞食声 three to four-week-old pups,
基本上，这是这些幼仔在学校的第一天 so basically it's their first day at school.
RECORDING OF CALLS PLAYS
并没有花太长时间 It doesn't take them long.
这下面一定进行着什么事情 Something is definitely going on down there.
当它们靠近某个东西的时候 你能感觉得到 You can tell when they're close to getting something
因为它们真的在靠近 because they really go for it.
在暗示下 'Right on cue, an adult
一只成年猫鼬给我带来了一只完全无害的幼虫 'brings me back a harmless larva -
是毫无经验的幼仔的完美食物 'the perfect food for an inexperienced pup.
当成年猫鼬发现幼仔原来是扬声器的时候 'And when the pup turns out to be speakers,
它享用了这只幼虫，作为意外的奖励 'there's an unexpected bonus.'
你刚刚把虫子吃掉了吗？ Did you just eat that?
那不是应该留给我吃的吗？ Was that not supposed to be for me?
这是教学过程的第一部分 This is the first part of the teaching process,
但是并没有结束 but it doesn't end there.
幼仔需要学习如何处理更危险的猎物 Pups need to learn how to handle more dangerous prey.
现在我要播放 Now I'm going to play back the begging calls of
稍微大一些的幼仔的乞食声 大概10-11周大的幼仔 slightly older pups, 10 to 11-week-olds,
意味着它们基本上可以毕业了 which means they're virtually ready to graduate.
在这个阶段，它们应该可以处理 And at this stage they should be able to handle
稍微更难对付的猎物了 所以我们谈论的是活的猎物 slightly more difficult prey, so we're talking prey that's alive,
可能有毒的猎物 prey that's possibly venomous,
这就是为什么我对 which is why I'm a little bit apprehensive
成年猫鼬会给我带回什么而有点不安 as to what the adults might bring me back.
RECORDING OF CALLS PLAYS
叫声在我听来是一样的 但是和那些土拨鼠的叫声一样 'The calls sound the same to me, but like those of prairie dogs,
这些叫声也有微妙的差别 'there is a subtle difference.
猫鼬运用它们强大的嗅觉 'Meerkats use their fantastic sense of smell
来寻找合适的食物 'to source the appropriate food.'
在找寻一段时间之后 一只成年猫鼬开始充满热情地挖掘 And after a bit of searching, an adult starts digging in earnest.
这是只蝎子 是一只半蝎子 That is a scorpion, that is a scorpion and a half.
看看，它在找幼仔 Look at that, and it's looking for the pup,
它绝对带回了一只幼仔所能处理的 but it's definitely brought the most dangerous prey
最危险的猎物 that a pup can handle -
对一只稍大些的 10-11周的幼仔来说太完美了 perfect for an older pup of 10 to 11 weeks.
他找不到幼仔，于是自己把蝎子吃了 He can't find the pup, he's eating it himself,
但是这结果非常非常理想 正是我们想要的 but brilliant, brilliant result, just what we were looking for.
好家伙！ Good man!
这一次，蝎子半死不活 This time, the scorpion was barely alive.
在最后的学习阶段，成年猫鼬还是会 During the final stages of learning, the adults still
咬掉蝎子的刺，以便幼仔能相对安全地学习 bite off the sting so the pups can learn in relative safety.
但是最终它们会带回一只活的完整的蝎子 But eventually they'll bring one back alive and fully armed.
科学家们认为，通过群居 Scientists think that by living in groups,
猫鼬幼仔能够快速跟进学习过程 meerkat pups can fast-track their learning process.
意味着它们有更多时间来 Which means they've got more time on their hands
做幼仔们最擅长的事 to do what youngsters do best.
玩耍是学习周围的环境的最好方式 Play is the perfect way to learn about the world around you.
通过四处玩耍，动物们不断尝试 By playing around, animals get to try things out.
从错误中学习 Learn from their mistakes.
甚至找到它们生活中的位置 And even find their place in life.
有些动物，比如海豚，似乎永远也玩儿不够 And some, like dolphins, never seem to grow out of it.
玩耍是学习如何面对世界的理想方式 Play is an excellent way to learn about how to deal with the world.
看起来好像海豚只是在胡闹 It might look like the dolphins are just fooling around,
但是这些玩耍比我们认为的要重要得多 but all this play is much more important than we think.
玩耍使动物更聪明 It's making them smarter.
鲸鱼和海豚毫无疑问是 Whales and dolphins are undeniably
我们星球的生物中最聪明的 some of the most intelligent creatures on our planet.
据说墨西哥有个泻湖 And rumour has it that there's one lagoon in Mexico where
在那里，灰鲸积极主动地和另一个物种玩耍-人类！ young grey whales actively engage in play with another species - us!
这个泻湖对灰鲸来说极其重要 This lagoon is so incredibly important to the grey whales,
我的意思是，几千年来，它们都来这里 I mean, for thousands of years they've come here to calve
生儿育女 and to rear their young.
它们知道在这里它们很安全 It's really sort of a place they know they can be safe,
很宁静，也可以玩儿，我想 at peace, and play, I guess.
灰鲸在这里停留数月，期间幼仔 The whales stay here for months whilst the calves develop,
在身体和心智上都慢慢长大 both physically and mentally.
在你又小又好奇的时候 And when you're young and inquisitive,
是找到新玩伴的最好时机 it's the perfect time to find a new playmate.
啊，看哪！ Oh, look!
难以置信 This is unbelievable.
它们有整个泻湖可以游泳 They have the whole lagoon to swim in,
但是这好奇的一对偏要游近来看 and yet this inquisitive pair are coming in for a closer look.
哈哈哈！ Ha ha ha!
妈妈就在下面支撑着幼仔 The mother's right underneath, supporting the calf.
这意味着什么？ So what does that mean?
它们试图告诉我什么？ What are they trying to tell me?
这只幼仔是否喜欢我拍它的背和抓它的鼻子？ And is this calf happy to get patted, to get its nose scratched?
啊！我告诉你吧 我不喜欢你摸我的脸！ Argh! I tell you what, I'm not happy to be getting that blown in me face!
直觉上，它们是不应该靠近我们的 It's just counterintuitive that they should be near to us,
它们的妈妈也不应该让它们靠近我们 但事实上… that their mothers should allow them to get so close to us. Instead...
你好啊！ Hello!
看看，多特别 Look at this, this is so special.
毫无疑问，这不仅仅意味着 There's no question that this means more than just
“哎呀，我们碰巧遇到你们了 我们要游走了” "Oops, we just happened to bump into you, we're going to swim off."
它们没有游走，而且它们喜欢抓痒痒 They stay and they like to get scratched.
这是玩耍的举动，它很开心吗？它感到高兴吗？ This is playful behaviour, is it happy? Is it feeling happiness?
如果我们认为灰鲸有情感 这种想法是不是很荒唐？ Is it so ridiculous to even think maybe do they feel emotions?
现在还荒唐吗？ Is that ridiculous now?
我们有责任至少要调查一下 We have a duty to at least investigate it.
这很重要 This is important.
这场偶遇本身也很重要 This anecdotal meeting is important in itself.
并不是我在美化这场 It's not just me romanticising this fabulous contact with
与这种神奇生物的偶遇 this incredibly mystical creature.
这感觉像是一种交流 This feels and looks like something else, like a form of communication.
如果你现在问我 If you had to ask me now,
这些动物是否能感觉到，我会说是的 do I think these animals are feeling things, I would say yes.
我会说是的！ I would say yes!
我以前认为我不会这么说 And I didn't think I'd say that.
所以，作为一名科学家 我想更多地理解这种现象 So, as a scientist, now I want to be part of understanding this more.
而作为一个人 And as a human being,
我现在完全被这种生物征服了 I'm completely overwhelmed with these creatures right now.
灰鲸有情感这种说法可能有点牵强 The notion of whales having emotions might seem a bit far-fetched,
但是想想这个 but consider this.
仅仅7年前，科学家们在 Only seven years ago, scientists discovered spindle cells
几种鲸鱼的大脑里发现了纺锤细胞 in the brains of a few species of whales.
而当时，人们以为只有人类 Until that point, only humans
和其他猿类才有这种细胞 and the other great apes were known to have them.
我们知道正是这种细胞 We know that it's these types of cells that allow us
使得我们有了类似喜爱和同理心这样的情感 to feel emotions like love and empathy.
而且即便是考虑到鲸鱼的脑子比人类的脑子大的事实 And even accounting for the fact that whale brains are larger
早期的估算表明 than ours, early estimates suggest that they could have
鲸鱼的纺锤细胞可能是人类的3倍 three times as many spindle cells as humans.
哈哈，我想它们在说再见了 Ha ha. I think that was the goodbye.
这个再见我一辈子都不会忘 'And one that I won't ever forget.'
感受情感要求有非常发达的大脑 Feeling emotion requires a highly developed brain,
如果偶然性的证据可以作数 那么我们并不是唯一有情感的动物 and if anecdotal evidence is anything to go by, we're not alone.
有情感事实上能够增大存活的几率 Being emotional actually increases your chances for survival.
恐惧使我们和危险保持距离 Fear keeps danger at arm's length.
喜爱意味着我们会保护我们的亲戚 Love means we protect our relatives.
悲伤表明了如果我们不保护它们 就会发生什么 And grief shows us what happens if we don't.
因此如果情感如此重要 So if emotions are this important,
我们如何能真正证明 动物也能经历这些情感？ how can we actually prove that animals can experience any of them?
在西雅图，一种脑子很大的群居鸟类正 受到严密监视 In Seattle, a big-brained social bird is under intense scrutiny.
约翰·马斯勒夫花了十年时间来研究 Professor John Marzluff has spent ten years studying how crows
乌鸦如何运用智力在城市生活中存活下来 use their intelligence to survive city life.
他认为情感可能在乌鸦的成功之中起到了作用 And he thinks emotion may have a hand in their success.
研究这些聪明的鸦科动物是一项军事行动 Studying these clever corvids is a military operation,
因为它们变得极难捉住 because they've become increasingly difficult to catch.
而且这些面具也在约翰的研究中变得举足轻重 And these masks have become essential to John's research.
乌鸦能够记住抓住它们的人的样子 Crows remember the face that catches them and then
在以后的日子里对这些人避之不及 avoid it like the plague in the future.
看起来不错 Looks in pretty good shape, though.
所以约翰和同事们改变了他们的模样 So John and his colleagues have altered their appearance to
以便研究情感和记忆之间可能的联系 investigate a possible link between emotion and memory.
为了展示这些乌鸦多么善于认出 To show you how good these birds are at recognising
和记住一张脸 我拿到了约翰的一个面具 and remembering a face, I've got one of John's caveman masks.
现在，不戴面具 我可以在这儿完全自由自在地走 Now, without it, I can walk around here perfectly happily
乌鸦们根本不会注意到我 and the birds won't pay any attention to me whatsoever,
但是看看我把面具戴上会发生什么 but watch what happens when I put it on.
BIRD CALLS OUT
BIRD CALLS CONTINUE
这种责骂的行为让我知道我被发现了 This scolding behaviour lets me know I've been spotted,
这也向其他乌鸦传递了危险来临的信息 and it also transmits a message to other crows that danger has arrived.
奇妙的是，约翰不是在上周 What's amazing is that John didn't catch these particular crows
上个月或者去年抓住的这群乌鸦 last week, last month, or even last year.
他是五年前抓到它们的！ He caught them five years ago!
那么是什么使得它们对面具的印象如此生动呢？ So what is it that makes their memory of the mask so vivid?
要回答这个问题 需要大脑生理学的专家 To answer that question, you need experts in brain physiology,
和一些前沿科技 and some cutting edge technology.
在把乌鸦的记忆和抓住乌鸦的面具联系起来之后 After jogging the birds' memories with the mask that caught them,
专家团队通过在乌鸦睡着时 the team can find out what's going on in their brains
扫描乌鸦的大脑 发现了乌鸦的大脑中发生了什么 by scanning them while the birds are asleep.
经过一些统计分析之后 有了结果 And after a touch of statistical genius, the results are in.
那么，约翰，我们要看的是什么？ Right, John, what are we looking at here, then?
在这个案例中，我们看到的是 Sure, so in this case what we've got are virtual slices through
乌鸦大脑的虚拟切片 the brain of the bird.
有颜色的部分是最活跃的部分 The colours are the areas that were most active.
这里是海马… Here we have the hippocampus...
海马是关于？ Hippocampus is all about?
空间记忆，短期记忆 Spatial memory, short term memory.
所以乌鸦在看到 So the birds are recalling stuff as they're
- 危险的面具的时候，想起了过去 - 没错 looking at that dangerous mask. Absolutely.
这本身很有意思 但是下一个影像 'This in itself is interesting but the next image
真的是开创性的 'is truly groundbreaking.'
那么这个高度活跃的区域是？ What is that highly active area here, then?
这是恐惧中心 It's the fear centre.
这基本上是乌鸦大脑的情感中心 It's basically the emotional centre of the bird's brain,
扁桃体，为那段记忆 the amygdala, adding the context of emotion to that memory
和大脑中正在进行的思考增加了情感 and thought that was going on in the brain.
所以这是否意味着这些乌鸦有情感 So does that mean that these crows are feeling emotion,
它们会像人类一样感到恐惧？ they're feeling fear like humans do?
没错，它们使用的是大脑中同样的结构 Absolutely, they're using the same structures in the brain,
我们知道，它们可能用的也是大脑中同样的 化学物质来传递这种感觉 we know they're probably also using the same chemicals in the brain to convey this feeling.
我想毫无疑问，这些乌鸦感到了恐惧 确实 I think there's no doubt these birds feel the emotion of fear - there it is.
这是乌鸦有基本情感的明确证据 'This is unequivocal proof that crows have basic emotions.'
经过了这次强烈的、令人印象深刻的实验之后 'And after such a strong, memorable experience,
它们很聪明，记住了永远不要再接近 任何带这种面具的人 'they're smart enough never to go near anyone wearing the mask again.'
强烈的情感能够使重要实验的记忆更加 Strong emotions can cement the memory of important experiences
牢固地记在大脑里 这使得乌鸦有了进化的优势 into the brain, and that gives crows an evolutionary edge,
因为如果能记住什么危险，什么不危险 because if you can remember what's dangerous and what's not,
这就是一项不得了的生存工具 that's an incredible survival tool.
但是情感比恐惧更复杂 But emotions can get much more complex than fear.
比如，感到骄傲 For instance, to feel pride,
你需要能够以别人的眼光来看待自己 you have to be able to see yourself as others do.
你需要一种身份的认知 You need a sense of identity.
这是一项很高级的社交技能 This is a truly advanced social skill.
但是并没有很多动物掌握了这项技能 But not one that many animals appear to have mastered.
当面对它们自身的形象时 大多数动物只看到了 When confronted with their own image, most animals see only
另一个个体和一种潜在的威胁 another individual and a potential threat.
要认识自身的形象 It takes a quantum leap in brainpower
需要智力上的重大飞跃 to recognise your own image.
那么，一只名叫普吉的雄象的遭遇如何呢？ So, how would a bull elephant called Pooki fare?
认知不是即时的 Recognition isn't instantaneous,
但是普吉的大脑中一定在进行着什么 but something is definitely going on in Pooki's brain.
认识到他的影像并不是另一只象之后 After working out that his reflection isn't another elephant,
他需要明白，他看到的是他自己 he has to understand that he's looking at himself, and this
这是这星球上很少物种能够做到的 is something that very few species on the planet are able to do.
要记住，如果普吉认为镜中的影像是一种威胁 It's worth remembering that Pooki would knock this mirror down
他会推倒镜子 if he saw it as a threat.
但是他心里想的是另一码事- But he has something else on his mind -
他自己和那迷人的象牙 himself and those rather fetching tusks.
通过象鼻奇怪的运动 By inventing bizarre trunk movements,
普吉在检验自己的影像 Pooki is testing his own reflection,
表明他真的知道他在看什么 suggesting he really does know what he's looking at.
一位男性居然能够看自己的影像看这么久 多么奇妙啊！ It's quite amazing how long a male can look at his own reflection!
通过检验新画的十字架 And by examining a freshly painted cross,
大象们证明了它们看的正是它们自己 elephants prove they understand that they're looking at themselves.
这种自我感知意义深远 And this sense of self is truly profound.
认识到别人可能怎么看待你使得你 Knowing how you might be seen by others allows you to feel concern
对别人的感觉有种关心和理解 and have an understanding of their feelings.
这在高度复杂的社交群体中非常关键 This is essential in highly complex social groups
比如大象群体、海豚群体和猿类群体 like those of elephants, dolphins and the great apes.
我们刚刚开始了解动物的智力能达到什么程度 We're only just beginning to learn about the full extent
而我们已经了解到的已经足够震惊 of animal intelligence, but what we've already learnt is astounding.
你看到了吗？ Did you see that?
我们最近的邻居是有感知的生物 能够运用智力 Our nearest neighbours are sentient beings that use brainpower to
在生活的磨练中胜出 succeed in the trials of life.
动物们能够互相学习 使生活变得更容易 Animals can learn from one another to make life easier,
它们有自己复杂的语言 they have their own complex tongues,
甚至能够听懂外语 and can even understand foreign languages.
这是爱因斯坦 去吧，好姑娘 Here comes Einstein. Do it, good girl.
它们的交流穿越广袤的大地 They communicate across vast landscapes,
能够为了更伟大的目标互相合作 can work together for the greater good.
它们用机灵的诡计胜过彼此 And they outwit each other with ingenious schemes.
他们的大脑很大，心脏很大 They have big brains, big hearts,
甚至能够以别人的眼光来看待自己 and can even see themselves as others do.
这就提出了一个问题 Which begs the question,
最最聪明的动物，和你我有多像？ just how similar are the smartest animals to you and I?
要回答这个问题，我们还要再进行一段对话 To answer this question, we've got one more conversation to have,
而且如果谣言可信 and if rumours are anything to go by,
这次对话绝对不可思议 this one promises to be truly out of this world.
科学像我们展示了动物能够 Science is showing us that animals
做很多我们曾经以为只有人类才能做的事 are capable of many of the things we once thought were unique to humans -
工具、语言、文化、甚至情感 tool use, language, culture, even emotions.
但是动物能否 But would it ever be possible
和另一个物种真正的沟通思想？ to have an actual meeting of minds with another species?
如果这世界上有一个地方 Well, if there's anywhere in the world
真的能把这变为现实 就是这里了 where that might just be possible, it's here.
这里是美国的大猿信托 This is the Great Ape Trust in the United States,
这里是猿类的家园 home to what many believe
很多人认为猿类是世界上最聪明的动物 are the most intelligent animals on the planet.
相信她能给我剪个体面发型，我看起来不错！ Trusting her to give me a decent haircut so I look OK!
30年来，苏·萨瓦奇-拉姆博士 For 30 years, Dr Sue Savage-Rumbaugh has been immersing bonobos
让倭黑猩猩处在人类的文化中 像养育人类的小孩一样养育它们 in our culture, raising them as you would any human child.
他们建立了一种关系 这一关系几乎公然挑战了我们的信仰 And they have a relationship that almost defies belief.
她也想成为一名牙医 She would like to be a dentist as well.
苏能够和两只倭黑猩猩直接交流 Sue is able to communicate directly with two apes -
31岁的侃仔，是这世界上当之无愧的人猿语言明星 31-year-old Kanzi, the world's undisputed ape language superstar.
还有潘芭妮莎，侃仔的更聪明世故的异母姐妹 And Panbanisha, his somewhat more sophisticated half-sister.
那么你是如何和人猿对话的呢？ So how do you go about having a conversation with an ape?
这里是一系列抽象的符号 Well, this is a collection of abstract symbols
它们代表了英文单词 它们叫做符号字 and they represent English words, and they're called lexigrams.
如果我学会用这些符号和它们讲话 And if I learn to speak to them using these symbols
要获得它们的欢心 it'll go a long way to sort of
我还要花很多功夫 ingratiating myself into their favour.
所以我决定在见到一只倭黑猩猩之前 努力学习尽可能多的单词 So I'm going to try and learn as many as I can before I meet one of the bonobos,
我必须承认 有点难学 and I have to admit it's a little bit daunting.
这些符号字真正有意思的地方就在于它们的复杂性 What's really interesting about these lexigrams is their complexity.
你可以问一只人猿问题 甚至谈论未来或过去 You can ask an ape questions, even talk about the future or past,
但是，最重要的是，这些符号使得 人猿也能够和你交谈 but, most importantly, it allows them to talk back,
从而产生真正的对话 allowing an actual conversation to occur.
所以，上过最基础符号的速成课之后 'So, after a crash course in the absolute basics,
据说我已经可以见到掌握这些符号的专家们了 'I'm told I'm ready to meet the masters themselves.'
首先出现的是侃仔 但是我感觉我还没准备好 'First up is Kanzi, but I don't feel ready at all.'
我不确定我是否学到了足够的符号 I'm not sure whether I've learnt enough symbols
所以我将会舞动 so I'm just going to have to wing it,
如果别的方法都失败了 我就直接和他讲话 and if all else fails I'll just speak to him,
因为我有麦克风 他在里面能听见我讲话 because I've got a mic on and he can hear me inside.
你好啊 Oh. Hi.
你好，侃仔 你要来打个招呼吗？ Hi, Kanzi, do you want to come and say hello?
你好啊 Well, hello there.
你好啊，小伙儿 Hello, young man.
侃仔？ Kanzi?
我有惊喜给你 I...have...surprise...for...you.
但是侃仔心有旁骛 'But Kanzi has other things on his mind.'
追逐抓痒，他想要和你追逐抓痒 To chase and tickle, he wants to chase and tickle with you now.
我也想和你追逐抓痒！ I want to chase and tickle with you too!
走走，我来追你 Go, go, I'll chase you.
走，我来追你 Go, I'll chase you.
这游戏不错 我也喜欢抓痒 That's a good game, I like tickling too.
他想让西蒙也参加 He's trying to involve Simon in this.
他想让工作人员也来追 He wants the crew to join in the chasing.
他想看你们互相追 He wants to see you all chase each other.
哈哈哈 真是个好游戏 Ha ha ha! That would be a good game.
很快，我就发现 侃仔的性格很多样 'It rapidly becomes obvious that Kanzi has a mischievous personality.
他比我遇到的所有其他动物都更像人类 'He's more human than any other animal I have ever come across,
而且我们正在进行真正的对话 'and we're actually having a conversation.'
水？你要水？ Water? You want water in here?
因为他很热 Cos he's hot.
水，给你 Water, you.
是的，用软管？ Yeah. With the hose?
用软管装水？软管 The hose water? The hose.
软管，我？ The hose. Me?
你 You.
我就来 I'm coming round.
天哪，看起来这世界上最正常的事 Oh, my gosh, it seems like the most normal thing in the world
是和一只倭黑猩猩对话 to have a conversation with a bonobo,
而且我真的感觉 和他之间有种联系 and I really feel quite a connection with him.
而且他很可爱，他的性格很好 他很帅，精力旺盛，我们一直在聊天 And he's lovely, his personality is amazing, beautiful face, full of beans, and we're having a chat.
而且它感觉完全自然 这太奇怪了！ And it feels completely natural, which is rather odd!
这感觉真棒！ How good does that feel!
可能毫不意外的是 'Perhaps unsurprisingly,
侃仔似乎和我一样很喜欢这个游戏 'Kanzi seems to be enjoying this game just as much as I am.'
老实说，你有多可爱？ 如果你把那个吐出来… Seriously, how adorable are you? If you spit that out...
但是苏认为，见过潘芭妮莎我们才能明白 'But Sue thinks that by meeting Panbanisha we'll understand
人猿的想法会有多么复杂 'just how complex an ape's thoughts can be.'
我可以进来吗？ Can I come in?
她让我带件礼物 'And she's asked me to bring a gift.'
你好啊，可人儿 Hey, lovely.
我听说潘芭妮莎非常偏爱去咖啡因的咖啡 'I've been told Panbanisha's rather partial to decaffeinated coffee.'
我投其所好 'And it's done the trick.'
她喜欢你 She likes you.
我想我上了她的好人榜 'I think I'm in her good books.'
她在和你说衣领 She's telling you collar.
衣领，什么衣领？ Collar, what's a collar?
我们出门的时候要穿有衣领的衣服 Well, we put our collar on when we go outdoors.
如果…你听见了吗？ If... You hear that?
当我们出门的时候 如果我们要坐车 就穿有衣领的衣服 When we go outdoors we put our collar on, if we're going to go in the car.
通过认识到在车上要穿有衣领的衣服 'By knowing she has to wear the collar when in the car, Panbanisha
潘芭妮莎证明了她明白是什么情况 'is proving that she understands the context of the situation.'
汽车、户外…群体活动室，衣领 Car, open...group room, collar.
看，如果你，如果你开了那间群体活动室 See, if you, if you open that group room where you are out there,
并且从那扇门走出去 and go out that door,
而她把衣领穿好 那就是汽车所在之处 and she puts her collar on, well, that's where the car is.
我们就这么做 We could do that.
现在你可以坐在后面 Now you can get in the back.
好的 OK.
潘芭妮莎决定我们要去搞一次野餐 'Panbanisha has decided we're all going for a picnic,
一只21世纪的人猿只有一种出行方式 'and there's only one way for a 21st-century ape to travel.'
可能看起来有些奇怪 但确实是极不寻常 It might seem bizarre, but this is incredibly special.
潘芭妮莎用一种复杂的工具 Panbanisha uses a complex tool to speak to another species
以及完全不同的语言，来和另一个物种讲话 in a totally foreign language.
她明白每个来访者都要守规矩 She understands that there are rules associated with visitors,
并且在做即兴决策的时候运用这些规矩 and applies them when she makes impromptu decisions.
啊，你想吗？ 她想走这边 Oh, you want to? She wants to go this way.
她有着改变想法的认知能力 'And she has the cognitive ability to change her mind.'
我们当然走了风景优美的那条路线 We're taking the scenic route, of course.
无论你认为如何，毫无疑问 这些猿类拥有的智力水平 Whatever you make of this, there's no doubt these apes have a level of
能够完全重新定义关于动物智力的旧理论 intellect that completely redefines old theories of animal intelligence.
与这种和人类有着98%相同DNA的动物交流 And communicating with an animal that shares 98% of its DNA
看起来不失为我们旅程的理想终点 with humans seems like a fitting end to our journey.
现实是，永远有值得我们去发现的内容 The truth is there's just so much more to discover.
无论你放眼 Wherever you look,
这星球上的哪个地方 right across our planet.
数年来，我们都把我们自己和其他动物 远远地区分开来 For years, we've set ourselves far apart from other animals.
而且，确实，人类非常特殊 And, yes, humans are very special.
但是人和动物在智力上的界线 But the boundary between human and animal intelligence
比我们想象的要窄得多 is much narrower than we thought.
非常明显，这不是把我们和其他物种相比的问题 And what's become very clear is it's not a question of
也不是找到最聪明的动物 comparing us to other species, or even finding the smartest animal.
每一种动物在它自身的环境中都达到了它所 需要的聪明程度 Every animal is as intelligent as it needs to be in its own environment.
我们还有很多要学 但是我们学得越多 We've still got so much to learn, but the more we learn,
我们越是需要重新定义智力 the more we're going to have to redefine intelligence,
和生而为人的意义 而且我们和其他动物的关系 what it means to be human, and the more our relationship with
也不可避免地愈发需要改变 other animals is inevitably going to change.
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