axes of an aircraft will be covered more 飞行控制一章将更深入地介绍飞机的轴
in depth in the flight controls chapter 飞行控制一章将更深入地介绍飞机的轴
however it is important to know the 但是重要的是要知道飞机可以在三个轴上移动
three axes that an airplane can move on 但是重要的是要知道飞机可以在三个轴上移动
the first is pitch the pitch or lateral 第一个是俯仰俯仰或横轴是平面将要指向的点
axis is the point that a plane will 第一个是俯仰俯仰或横轴是平面将要指向的点
pitch its nose up or down on the roll or 机头在飞机的横滚轴或纵轴上向上或向下俯仰是
longitudinal axis of an aircraft is the 机头在飞机的横滚轴或纵轴上向上或向下俯仰是
point where the airplane will roll to 飞机将向左或向右滚动以及偏航或
the left or right and the yaw or 飞机将向左或向右滚动以及偏航或
vertical axis is the axis that the plane 垂直轴是飞机在其上偏航或向左移动机头的轴线，
will yaw on or move its nose left and 垂直轴是飞机在其上偏航或向左移动机头的轴线，
right it is also important to note that 正确的是，还需要注意的是，这些行中的每一行都贯穿
each of these lines runs through the 正确的是，还需要注意的是，这些行中的每一行都贯穿
airplanes center of gravity each 飞机的重心每架飞机响应控制输入
aircraft responds to control inputs 飞机的重心每架飞机响应控制输入
differently and therefore handles 不同地处理，因此处理不同，例如较小的
differently for example a smaller 不同地处理，因此处理不同，例如较小的
aircraft might respond rapidly to 大型运输过程中，飞机可能会对控制输入做出快速反应
control inputs while a large transport 大型运输过程中，飞机可能会对控制输入做出快速反应
aircraft may feel sluggish and slow to 飞机可能会感觉迟钝且对输入的响应速度很慢，这些功能可能是
respond to inputs these features can be 飞机可能会感觉迟钝且对输入的响应速度很慢，这些功能可能是
designed into an aircraft to facilitate 设计成便于飞机的特定用途的飞机
the particular purpose of the aircraft 设计成便于飞机的特定用途的飞机
by considering certain stability and 考虑到一定的稳定性和机动性要求，有两个
maneuvering requirements there are two 考虑到一定的稳定性和机动性要求，有两个
types of stability static and dynamic 稳定性的类型静态和动态静态稳定性是指初始
static stability refers to the initial 稳定性的类型静态和动态静态稳定性是指初始
tendency or direction of movement back 运动回到平衡的趋势或方向
to equilibrium 运动回到平衡的趋势或方向
in aviation it refers to the aircraft's 在航空中，它是指飞机在受到
initial response when disturbed from a 在航空中，它是指飞机在受到
given angle of attack slip or Bank 给定攻角或Bank正静态稳定性是初始值
positive static stability is the initial 给定攻角或Bank正静态稳定性是初始值
tendency of the aircraft to return to 飞机返回到原始平衡状态的趋势
the original state of equilibrium after 飞机返回到原始平衡状态的趋势
being disturbed neutral static stability 受到干扰的中性静态稳定性是飞机的最初趋势
is the initial tendency of the aircraft 受到干扰的中性静态稳定性是飞机的最初趋势
to remain in a new condition after its 在平衡被扰动为负之后保持新状态
equilibrium has been disturbed negative 在平衡被扰动为负之后保持新状态
static stability is the initial tendency 静态稳定性是飞机继续远离飞机的最初趋势。
of the aircraft to continue away from 静态稳定性是飞机继续远离飞机的最初趋势。
the original state of equilibrium after 动稳定后的原始平衡状态是
being disturbed dynamic stability refers 动稳定后的原始平衡状态是
to the aircraft response over time when 在给定迎角受到干扰时随时间变化对飞机的响应
disturbed from a given angle of attack 在给定迎角受到干扰时随时间变化对飞机的响应
slip or Bank this type of stability also 滑或岸这种类型的稳定性也有三个亚型正动态
has three subtypes positive dynamic 滑或岸这种类型的稳定性也有三个亚型正动态
Stability neutral dynamic Stability and 稳定性中性动态稳定性和负动态稳定性
negative dynamic stability these act in 稳定性中性动态稳定性和负动态稳定性
the same way as the static subtypes 与静态子类型相同的方式，但这些子类型的解释相同
but these subtypes explain the same 与静态子类型相同的方式，但这些子类型的解释相同
relation over time as shown on the above 如上图所示，飞机随时间的关系会影响飞机的稳定性
graph stability in an aircraft affects 如上图所示，飞机随时间的关系会影响飞机的稳定性
two areas significantly movement and 在设计飞机时，两个区域显着运动和可控
controllability in designing an aircraft 在设计飞机时，两个区域显着运动和可控
a great deal of effort is spent in 花费了大量的精力来开发所需的
developing the desired degree of 花费了大量的精力来开发所需的
stability around all three axes but 围绕所有三个轴的稳定性，但关于横向的纵向稳定性
longitudinal stability about the lateral 围绕所有三个轴的稳定性，但关于横向的纵向稳定性
axis is considered to be the most 轴被认为是受各种变量影响最大的
affected by certain variables in various 轴被认为是受各种变量影响最大的
flight conditions longitudinal stability 飞行条件纵向稳定性是制造飞机的品质
is the quality that makes an aircraft 飞行条件纵向稳定性是制造飞机的品质
stable about its lateral axis an 围绕其横轴稳定的飞机，其纵向不稳定
aircraft with an unstable longitudinal 围绕其横轴稳定的飞机，其纵向不稳定
axis will have a tendency to dive or 轴会倾向于下潜或爬升，并且飞行时会变得不安全
climb and can become unsafe to fly 轴会倾向于下潜或爬升，并且飞行时会变得不安全
static longitudinal stability or 飞机的静态纵向稳定性或不稳定性取决于
instability in an aircraft is dependent 飞机的静态纵向稳定性或不稳定性取决于
upon three factors location of the wing 关于机翼相对于重心的位置的三个因素
with respect to the center of gravity 关于机翼相对于重心的位置的三个因素
location of the horizontal tail surfaces 水平尾部表面相对于重心的位置
with respect to the center of gravity 水平尾部表面相对于重心的位置
and the area or size of the tail 上面图片中的尾巴表面的面积或大小显示了这些
surfaces the above picture shows these 上面图片中的尾巴表面的面积或大小显示了这些
forces balanced in flight 在大多数不对称情况下，力在飞行中平衡升力中心
the center of lift in most asymmetrical 在大多数不对称情况下，力在飞行中平衡升力中心
air foils has a tendency to change its 空气箔的趋势是随着前后方向的变化而改变其前后位置。
fore and aft positions with a change in 空气箔的趋势是随着前后方向的变化而改变其前后位置。
the angle of attack the change in lift 迎角改变时，升力的变化趋向于增加
tends to move forward with an increase 迎角改变时，升力的变化趋向于增加
in angle of attack and to move aft with 迎角减小并向后移动并减小迎角
a decrease in angle of attack this means 迎角减小并向后移动并减小迎角
that when the angle of attack of an 当机翼的迎角增加时，升力中心
airfoil is increased the center of lift 当机翼的迎角增加时，升力中心
by moving forward tends to lift the 通过向前移动往往会进一步提升机翼的前缘
leading edge of the wing still more this 通过向前移动往往会进一步提升机翼的前缘
tendency gives the wing and inherent 趋势给出了大多数飞机的机翼和固有的不稳定性
quality of instability most aircraft are 趋势给出了大多数飞机的机翼和固有的不稳定性
designed with a nose heavy or a center 设计时鼻子较重或重心在
of gravity that is in front of the 设计时鼻子较重或重心在
center of lift even when the horizontal 即使在飞行过程中水平稳定器处于水平状态，升力中心
stabilizer is level during flight 即使在飞行过程中水平稳定器处于水平状态，升力中心
downwash from the wings pushes the 从机翼向下冲洗通常将水平稳定器向下推
horizontal stabilizer down generally the 从机翼向下冲洗通常将水平稳定器向下推
manufacturer of the aircraft will give 飞机制造商会给水平稳定器一个角度，
the horizontal stabilizer an angle that 飞机制造商会给水平稳定器一个角度，
will provide the most stability during 以给定的速度和功率在飞行过程中将提供最大的稳定性
flight at a given speed and power 以给定的速度和功率在飞行过程中将提供最大的稳定性
setting as shown above for a nose heavy 空速较慢时，如上图所示为机头较重的飞机设置
plane when the airspeed is slow and 空速较慢时，如上图所示为机头较重的飞机设置
there is less downwash on the tail the 尾巴上的下水道更少，鼻子会更加积极地俯仰
nose will pitch over more aggressively 尾巴上的下水道更少，鼻子会更加积极地俯仰
thrust can also affect the longitudinal 推力还会影响飞机的纵向稳定性，从而降低功率
stability of an aircraft reduced power 推力还会影响飞机的纵向稳定性，从而降低功率
causes less downwash and causes the nose 导致较少的水洗并导致机头沉重的飞机的机头自然
of a nose heavy airplane to naturally 导致较少的水洗并导致机头沉重的飞机的机头自然
pitch down which is a desirable 俯仰是飞机在飞机上的理想特性
characteristic in an aircraft in order 俯仰是飞机在飞机上的理想特性
to make stall recovery easier 使失速恢复更容易
stability about the aircraft's 飞机纵向通道的稳定性从
longitudinal access which extends from 飞机纵向通道的稳定性从
the nose of the aircraft to its tail is 飞机的鼻子到其尾部被称为横向稳定性，其中有四个
called lateral stability there are four 飞机的鼻子到其尾部被称为横向稳定性，其中有四个
main design factors that make an 使飞机横向稳定的主要设计因素
aircraft laterally stable dihedral 使飞机横向稳定的主要设计因素
Sweetback keel effect and weight 甜背龙骨效果和重量分布是二面设计的时候
distribution a dihedral design is when 甜背龙骨效果和重量分布是二面设计的时候
the wings are connected to the fuselage 机翼连接到机身的高度比机身高出几度
a few degrees higher than from being 机翼连接到机身的高度比机身高出几度
perpendicular therefore when the 因此，当直视机翼时，飞机是垂直的
aircraft is viewed straight on the wings 因此，当直视机翼时，飞机是垂直的
points slightly upward like a V the 像V一样略微指向上方如果一个机翼的攻角保持较高
angle of attack stays high if one wing 像V一样略微指向上方如果一个机翼的攻角保持较高
is lowered and will attempt to lift back 降下，如果另一侧机翼将试图升回到其稳定位置
to its stable position if the other wing 降下，如果另一侧机翼将试图升回到其稳定位置
is lowered in the process it will then 在此过程中降低，然后将降低并升高直到
be lower and raise up until the 在此过程中降低，然后将降低并升高直到
oscillations subside in addition to a 除二面设计飞机外，振荡也可能消退
dihedral design aircraft may also have 除二面设计飞机外，振荡也可能消退
wings that are swept back this design 向后掠过的机翼此设计允许较低的机翼前缘
allows the lower wings leading-edge to 向后掠过的机翼此设计允许较低的机翼前缘
hit perpendicular to the relative wind 垂直于相对风撞击，会产生更大的提升效果，并且
this causes greater lifting effect and 垂直于相对风撞击，会产生更大的提升效果，并且
the wing restores to its original 机翼恢复到原始位置
position 机翼恢复到原始位置
and aircraft always has the tendency to 并且飞机总是倾向于转动飞机的纵轴
turn the longitudinal axis of the 并且飞机总是倾向于转动飞机的纵轴
aircraft into the relative wind this 飞机进入相对风中这种风向标趋势类似于
weather vane tendency is similar to the 飞机进入相对风中这种风向标趋势类似于
keel of a ship and exerts a steadying 船的龙骨，并在侧面对飞机产生稳定的影响
influence on the aircraft laterally 船的龙骨，并在侧面对飞机产生稳定的影响
about the longitudinal axis when the 机翼浸入下半部的重量时绕纵轴旋转
wing dips the weight of the lower half 机翼浸入下半部的重量时绕纵轴旋转
of the plane acts as a pendulum to 飞机的摆动起到稳定飞机的作用，这是
steady the aircraft this effect is 飞机的摆动起到稳定飞机的作用，这是
called the keel effect and its 被称为龙骨效应，其有效性可以通过重量来改变
effectiveness can be changed by weight 被称为龙骨效应，其有效性可以通过重量来改变
distribution to make more of the 分布以使更多飞机在重心下
aircraft under the center of gravity 分布以使更多飞机在重心下
stability about the aircraft's vertical 称飞机侧向力矩的稳定性
access the sideways moment is called 称飞机侧向力矩的稳定性
yawing or directional stability yawing 偏航或方向稳定性最大
or directional stability is the most 偏航或方向稳定性最大
easily achieved stability in aircraft 飞机的垂直翼片和垂直翼片很容易实现飞机设计的稳定性
design because the vertical fin and the 飞机的垂直翼片和垂直翼片很容易实现飞机设计的稳定性
fuselage after the center of gravity are 重心之后的机身是造成该问题的主要因素
the main contributing parts that cause 重心之后的机身是造成该问题的主要因素
the aircraft to weathervane or point its 飞机要风化或将其机头对准风
nose into the wind if the area of the 飞机要风化或将其机头对准风
fuselage aft of the center of gravity is 重心后部的机身大于重心的前部
larger than in front of the center of 重心后部的机身大于重心的前部
gravity the aircraft will be vertically 重力将使飞机在垂直方向上也保持稳定，从而增加了稳定性
stable also to add to the stability a 重力将使飞机在垂直方向上也保持稳定，从而增加了稳定性
vertical fin is added much like the 添加了垂直鳍，就像箭上的羽毛一样，放置了鳍
feather on an arrow the fin being placed 添加了垂直鳍，就像箭上的羽毛一样，放置了鳍
on the tail helps keep the wind from 尾翼上的风有助于防止飞机向左打哈欠或
yawning the aircraft to the left or 尾翼上的风有助于防止飞机向左打哈欠或
right free directional oscillations or 正确的自由方向振荡或荷兰滚是趋势
Dutch roll is the tendency of the 正确的自由方向振荡或荷兰滚是趋势
aircraft to yaw and roll in a figure 8 飞机以图8的形态偏航和滚动，但是大多数飞机是
formation however most aircraft are 飞机以图8的形态偏航和滚动，但是大多数飞机是
built with spiral instability instead 以螺旋形不稳定性建立，相反，这种不稳定性导致飞机偏航
this instability causes the plane to yaw 以螺旋形不稳定性建立，相反，这种不稳定性导致飞机偏航
in one direction and if not corrected 在一个方向上，如果不纠正，飞机将进入一个深层螺旋
the aircraft will enter a deep spiral 在一个方向上，如果不纠正，飞机将进入一个深层螺旋
dive however this tendency is usually 潜水，但是这种趋势通常很容易被飞行员控制
easily controlled by the pilot 潜水，但是这种趋势通常很容易被飞行员控制
an aircraft is not turned like a car or 飞机不能像汽车或轮船一样转向
a boat to turn the aircraft must be 飞机不能像汽车或轮船一样转向
banked when the aircraft is banked the 飞机倾斜时倾斜，举升机不能直线上升，并且
lift acting does not act straight up and 飞机倾斜时倾斜，举升机不能直线上升，并且
down in a turn the lift component is 向下旋转，将提升组件分解为垂直和水平方向
broken up into a vertical and horizontal 向下旋转，将提升组件分解为垂直和水平方向
component the horizontal component is 分量水平分量是转弯所涉及的力
the force that is involved with turning 分量水平分量是转弯所涉及的力
the plane to either side if the lift and 如果举升和重量继续直线上升，飞机将向任一侧移动，并且
weight continued to act straight up and 如果举升和重量继续直线上升，飞机将向任一侧移动，并且
down in a bank the plane would remain 向下倾斜时，飞机将保持与方向舵相同的方向
pointed in the same direction the rudder 向下倾斜时，飞机将保持与方向舵相同的方向
is used to correct any deviation between 用于校正鼻子和尾巴的笔直轨迹之间的任何偏差
the straight track of the nose and tail 用于校正鼻子和尾巴的笔直轨迹之间的任何偏差
of the aircraft a good turn is one in 飞机的良好转弯是指飞机的机头和机尾
which the nose and tail of the aircraft 飞机的良好转弯是指飞机的机头和机尾
track along the same path if no rudder 如果在转弯时不使用舵，则沿同一路径行驶
is used in a turn the nose of the 如果在转弯时不使用舵，则沿同一路径行驶
aircraft 飞机偏航到转弯外侧
yaws to the outside of the turn the 飞机偏航到转弯外侧
rudder is used to bring the nose back in 方向舵用于使鼻梁与相对风向一致
line with the relative wind the 方向舵用于使鼻梁与相对风向一致
important thing to consider is that the 要考虑的重要一点是，水平升力组件不是方向舵
horizontal lift component not the rudder 要考虑的重要一点是，水平升力组件不是方向舵
is used to turn the plane during a turn 用于在转弯时使飞机转弯，飞机会失去一些垂直方向
the aircraft loses some of its vertical 用于在转弯时使飞机转弯，飞机会失去一些垂直方向
lift which requires back pressure on the 升降机，需要在升降机上施加背压以保持一致的角度
elevator to maintain a consistent angle 升降机，需要在升降机上施加背压以保持一致的角度
of attack also during a turn the 在转弯时也增加了攻击力，导致飞机滑行
increased drag causes the airplane to 在转弯时也增加了攻击力，导致飞机滑行
lose airspeed if a constant speed 如果需要恒速恒速转弯，则失去空速，然后
constant rate turn is required then 如果需要恒速恒速转弯，则失去空速，然后
additional power may be needed 可能需要额外的电源
an aircraft is balanced whether it is in 飞机在直线飞行，水平飞行还是在爬升时均保持平衡
straight and level flight or in a climb 飞机在直线飞行，水平飞行还是在爬升时均保持平衡
however to transition from straight and 但是要从笔直和水平过渡到攀登
level to a climb 但是要从笔直和水平过渡到攀登
there must be back elevator pressure 发生这种情况时，机翼必须有反向电梯压力
applied when this happens the wings have 发生这种情况时，机翼必须有反向电梯压力
an increased angle of attack and 如果没有，则增加迎角，并瞬间产生更大的升力
momentarily generate more lift if no 如果没有，则增加迎角，并瞬间产生更大的升力
power was added for the climb the 为爬升增加了动力，空速将逐渐减小
airspeed would gradually diminish 为爬升增加了动力，空速将逐渐减小
because the thrust required for a climb 因为爬升所需的推力大于爬升所需的推力
is greater than the thrust required for 因为爬升所需的推力大于爬升所需的推力
level flight an aircraft is able to 一架飞机能够以一定的空速爬升的原因仅在于
climb at a certain airspeed only because 一架飞机能够以一定的空速爬升的原因仅在于
of excess thrust when this thrust is 推力消失后，飞机将不再能够
gone the aircraft will no longer be able 推力消失后，飞机将不再能够
to climb and will start to lose airspeed 爬升并开始失去空速同样的原理也适用于
this same principle is applicable to 爬升并开始失去空速同样的原理也适用于
descents during a descent elevator 下降过程中，下降时向前施加压力，这会导致
pressure is applied forward which causes 下降过程中，下降时向前施加压力，这会导致
the wings to momentarily have less lift 机翼暂时没有升力，这会导致鼻子下降，并且
this causes the nose to drop and the 机翼暂时没有升力，这会导致鼻子下降，并且
airplane will start to descend this time 这一次飞机将开始下降，必须降低功率以保持
the power must be reduced to maintain a 这一次飞机将开始下降，必须降低功率以保持
constant airspeed 恒定空速
when an aircraft rapidly loses lift on 当飞机迅速失去机翼升力时，会发生失速，因为
its wings a stall occurs because the 当飞机迅速失去机翼升力时，会发生失速，因为
critical angle of attack for the airfoil 机翼已达到临界攻角失速是其中之一
has been reached stalls are one of the 机翼已达到临界攻角失速是其中之一
most misunderstood areas of aerodynamics 大多数被误解的空气动力学领域，因为飞行员经常相信机翼
because pilots often believe an airfoil 大多数被误解的空气动力学领域，因为飞行员经常相信机翼
stops producing lift when it stalls in a 停转时机翼停止完全停止产生升力
stall the wing does not totally stop 停转时机翼停止完全停止产生升力
producing lift rather it cannot generate 产生升力而不是产生足够的升力来维持水平飞行
adequate lift to sustain level flight 产生升力而不是产生足够的升力来维持水平飞行
most aircraft are designed to stall from 大多数飞机的设计都是从机翼根部向机翼尖端失速
the wing root out to the wingtip this 大多数飞机的设计都是从机翼根部向机翼尖端失速
provides the ailerons to have some 使副翼在失速期间具有一定的权威
authority during a stall the stalling 使副翼在失速期间具有一定的权威
speed of a particular aircraft is not a 在所有飞行情况下，特定飞机的速度并非固定值
fixed value for all flight situations 在所有飞行情况下，特定飞机的速度并非固定值
but a given aircraft always stalls at 但是给定的飞机总是以相同的攻角失速，无论
the same angle of attack regardless of 但是给定的飞机总是以相同的攻角失速，无论
airspeed weight load factor or density 空速重量负荷系数或密度高度，低速或失速时可能发生
altitude a stall can happen at low or 空速重量负荷系数或密度高度，低速或失速时可能发生
high speeds and during turns not just 高速和转弯时，不仅是飞机在慢速飞行中
when the aircraft is flying slowly in 高速和转弯时，不仅是飞机在慢速飞行中
the picture above the pilot is traveling 飞行员上方的图片以100节的速度行驶，但向后拉
at 100 knots but pulls back on the 飞行员上方的图片以100节的速度行驶，但向后拉
elevator sharply the result is that 电梯急剧下降的结果是因为重力和离心力
because gravity and centrifugal force 电梯急剧下降的结果是因为重力和离心力
prevent the aircraft from immediately 防止飞机立即改变方向，因此
changing directions so the angle of 防止飞机立即改变方向，因此
attack is increased from low to very 攻击从低到高增加，飞机在失速时失速
high and the aircraft gets stall when 攻击从低到高增加，飞机在失速时失速
centrifugal forces are added such as in 增加了离心力，例如转弯时失速增加最多
a turn the stall speed increases most 增加了离心力，例如转弯时失速增加最多
training aircraft are built with the 训练飞机的重心位于中心的前面
center of gravity in front of the center 训练飞机的重心位于中心的前面
of lift this means that during a stall 升力，这意味着在失速期间，飞机将绕其旋转
the aircraft will rotate about its 升力，这意味着在失速期间，飞机将绕其旋转
center of gravity and nose down this 重心和鼻子向下这种情况比让
condition is better than having the 重心和鼻子向下这种情况比让
center of gravity behind the center of 重心位于提升中心之后，因为如果鼻子无法俯仰
lift because if the nose cannot pitch 重心位于提升中心之后，因为如果鼻子无法俯仰
down during a stall the aircraft will 在失速过程中，飞机将一直处于失速状态，直到失速为止
remain in a stalled state until it 在失速过程中，飞机将一直处于失速状态，直到失速为止
contacts the ground if ice is allowed to 如果在飞行过程中允许冰积聚在飞机上，则可以接触地面
accumulate on the aircraft during flight 如果在飞行过程中允许冰积聚在飞机上，则可以接触地面
the weight of the aircraft is increased 飞机的重量增加了，而产生升力的能力却增加了。
while the ability to generate lift is 飞机的重量增加了，而产生升力的能力却增加了。
decreased as little as point eight 降到上翼只有八毫米的冰点
millimeters of ice on the upper wing 降到上翼只有八毫米的冰点
surface increases drag and reduces 表面增加了阻力并降低了飞机的升力
aircraft lift by 表面增加了阻力并降低了飞机的升力
ninety-five percent pilots can encounter 95％的飞行员可以在任何季节的任何季节遇到结冰
icing in any season anywhere in the 95％的飞行员可以在任何季节的任何季节遇到结冰
country at altitudes of up to 18,000 海拔高达18,000英尺，有时甚至更高的国家
feet and sometimes higher 海拔高达18,000英尺，有时甚至更高的国家
the aircraft propeller consists of two 飞机螺旋桨由两个或多个叶片和一个中央轮毂组成，
or more blades and a central hub to 飞机螺旋桨由两个或多个叶片和一个中央轮毂组成，
which the blades are attached each blade 叶片被固定在飞机螺旋桨的每个叶片上
of an aircraft propeller is essentially 叶片被固定在飞机螺旋桨的每个叶片上
a rotating wing as a result of their 由于其结构的原因，旋转翼是螺旋桨叶片
construction the propeller blades are 由于其结构的原因，旋转翼是螺旋桨叶片
like air foils and produce forces that 像空气箔一样，并产生产生推力的力，以拉动或推动
create the thrust to pull or push the 像空气箔一样，并产生产生推力的力，以拉动或推动
aircraft through the air a cross section 飞机通过空气时叶片的横截面表明顶部表面
of the blade shows that the top surface 飞机通过空气时叶片的横截面表明顶部表面
has a camber much like the top of the 有一个像机翼顶部的外倾角，而底部像
wing and the bottom is flat much like 有一个像机翼顶部的外倾角，而底部像
the bottom of a wing the cord line in a 螺旋桨的机翼线底部是从
propeller is the line drawn from the 螺旋桨的机翼线底部是从
leading edge to the trailing edge on a 前缘到螺旋桨的后缘，较厚的一端是前缘
propeller the thicker end is the leading 前缘到螺旋桨的后缘，较厚的一端是前缘
edge 边缘
as shown above each section of a 如上图所示，螺旋桨叶片的每个部分都向下移动，
propeller blade moves downward and 如上图所示，螺旋桨叶片的每个部分都向下移动，
forward the angle that the propeller 推进器撞击相对风的角度是其角度
strikes the relative wind is its angle 推进器撞击相对风的角度是其角度
of attack which produces thrust 产生推力的攻击也使叶片外倾像
also this blades camber acts just like a 产生推力的攻击也使叶片外倾像
wing to create forward lift the pitch or 机翼产生向前升力时，桨距或桨叶角度表明
blade angle says how much of a bite the 机翼产生向前升力时，桨距或桨叶角度表明
propeller has or how much air it handles 在大多数小型飞机上，螺旋桨每转一圈可容纳或处理多少空气
in one rotation on most smaller aircraft 在大多数小型飞机上，螺旋桨每转一圈可容纳或处理多少空气
the pitch or blade angle is set and 桨距或桨叶角已设置，无法更改，但在大型飞机中
cannot be changed but in larger aircraft 桨距或桨叶角已设置，无法更改，但在大型飞机中
the pilot may change this to adjust the 飞行员可以更改此设置以调整螺旋桨上的负载并控制
load on the propeller and to control 飞行员可以更改此设置以调整螺旋桨上的负载并控制
engine rpm these propeller systems are 这些螺旋桨系统的发动机转速称为恒速螺旋桨
called constant speed propellers 这些螺旋桨系统的发动机转速称为恒速螺旋桨
propeller efficiency can range anywhere 螺旋桨的效率范围从50％到87％不等，具体取决于
from 50 to 87 percent depending on how 螺旋桨的效率范围从50％到87％不等，具体取决于
much it slips 推进器滑移与滑移之间的区别是
propellor slip is the difference between 推进器滑移与滑移之间的区别是
the geometric pitch of the propeller and 螺旋桨的几何螺距及其有效螺距之差为
its effective pitch the difference is 螺旋桨的几何螺距及其有效螺距之差为
geometric pitch refers to the 几何节距是指叶片应达到的理论距离
theoretical distance a blade should 几何节距是指叶片应达到的理论距离
travel through the air and the effective 穿过空气，有效螺距是叶片实际的数量
pitch is the amount the blade actually 穿过空气，有效螺距是叶片实际的数量
travels if the effective pitch is in a 如果有效俯仰的时间短于有效俯仰的时间，则行驶
shorter amount of time than the 如果有效俯仰的时间短于有效俯仰的时间，则行驶
geometric pitch the propeller travels 螺旋桨的几何节距过快地穿过空气，即
through the air too quickly and that is 螺旋桨的几何节距过快地穿过空气，即
referred to as a slip 称为单据
the reason a propeller is twisted is to 螺旋桨扭曲的原因是要确保桨叶旋转时
ensure that when the blade is spinning 螺旋桨扭曲的原因是要确保桨叶旋转时
the angle of attack of the blade to the 如果不使用叶片，叶片对空气的攻角保持不变
air stays the same if the blade were not 如果不使用叶片，叶片对空气的攻角保持不变
twisted for example the part of the 例如，扭曲的桨叶靠近轮毂的部分将行进
blade near the hub would be traveling 例如，扭曲的桨叶靠近轮毂的部分将行进
slower than the part of the blade near 慢于靠近尖端的叶片部分，这会导致叶片的一部分
the tip this causes the part of the 慢于靠近尖端的叶片部分，这会导致叶片的一部分
blade near the hub to potentially have a 轮毂附近的叶片可能具有负攻角，并且零件
negative angle of attack and the part 轮毂附近的叶片可能具有负攻角，并且零件
near the tip to have a high angle of 靠近尖端以具有高攻角并在巡航过程中停滞
attack and be stalled during cruise 靠近尖端以具有高攻角并在巡航过程中停滞
therefore to maximize the efficiency of 因此，为了最大程度地提高刀片的效率，请旋转刀片
the blade the blade is twisted 因此，为了最大程度地提高刀片的效率，请旋转刀片
to the pilot torque or the left turning 飞机的飞行员扭矩或左转弯趋势是由
tendency of the airplane is made up of 飞机的飞行员扭矩或左转弯趋势是由
four elements which cause or produce a 导致或在周围产生扭曲或旋转运动的四个元素
twisting or rotating motion around at 导致或在周围产生扭曲或旋转运动的四个元素
least one of the airplanes three axes 飞机三轴中的至少一者，这四个要素是扭矩反作用力
these four elements are torque reaction 飞机三轴中的至少一者，这四个要素是扭矩反作用力
from engine and propeller corkscrewing 陀螺仪的发动机和螺旋桨的开瓶效果
effect of the slipstream gyroscopic 陀螺仪的发动机和螺旋桨的开瓶效果
action of the propeller and asymmetrical 螺旋桨的作用和螺旋桨的非对称载荷或P因子
loading of the propeller or P factor 螺旋桨的作用和螺旋桨的非对称载荷或P因子
torque reaction causes the aircraft to 扭矩反作用力导致飞机失控，因为发动机部件
rule because the engine components are 扭矩反作用力导致飞机失控，因为发动机部件
moving in one direction so according to 沿一个方向移动，因此根据牛顿的第三物理定律
Newton's third law of physics on the 沿一个方向移动，因此根据牛顿的第三物理定律
airplane above there must be an equal 飞机在上面一定有一个相等且相反的反应
and opposite reaction most newer 飞机在上面一定有一个相等且相反的反应
aircraft are built with their engines 飞机的引擎偏移以抵消这种趋势
offset to counteract this tendency when 飞机的引擎偏移以抵消这种趋势
the airplane is on the ground this role 飞机在地面上，这种角色倾向被转化为垂直方向
tendency is translated to the vertical 飞机在地面上，这种角色倾向被转化为垂直方向
axis and causes yaw during takeoff this 轴并在起飞过程中引起偏航，飞行员会消除这种偏航趋势
yaw tendency is canceled by the pilots 轴并在起飞过程中引起偏航，飞行员会消除这种偏航趋势
use of rudder 舵的使用
because of the high-speed rotation of 由于叶片的高速旋转，滑流最终成为
the blade the slipstream ends up being a 由于叶片的高速旋转，滑流最终成为
corkscrew which yaws the aircraft about 使飞机绕其垂直轴偏航的开瓶器越紧凑
its vertical axis the more compact the 使飞机绕其垂直轴偏航的开瓶器越紧凑
spiral the more predominant the force 螺旋力越强，但是随着速度的增加，开瓶器
however as speed increases the corkscrew 螺旋力越强，但是随着速度的增加，开瓶器
along gates and becomes less effective 沿着登机口，在空中传播时效果减弱，这也会导致
when airborne this effect also causes 沿着登机口，在空中传播时效果减弱，这也会导致
the aircraft to roll on its longitudinal 飞机在其纵轴上滚动引起的滚动力矩。
axis the rolling moment caused by the 飞机在其纵轴上滚动引起的滚动力矩。
corkscrew flow of the slipstream is to 侧倾的开瓶器流向右，而横摇力矩
the right while the rolling moment 侧倾的开瓶器流向右，而横摇力矩
caused by the torque reaction is to the 扭矩反作用力引起的是向左
left 扭矩反作用力引起的是向左
these forces would seem to cancel each 这些力量似乎互相抵消了，但它们相差很大，并且
other out but they vary greatly and it 这些力量似乎互相抵消了，但它们相差很大，并且
is the pilots responsibility to control 飞行员有责任控制每种趋势，无论哪种趋势
each tendency regardless of which is 飞行员有责任控制每种趋势，无论哪种趋势
more prominent 更突出
to understand gyroscopic action you must 要了解陀螺仪的动作，您必须首先了解陀螺仪的反应
first understand how gyroscopes respond 要了解陀螺仪的动作，您必须首先了解陀螺仪的反应
to forces the picture on the top shows a 强制顶部的图片显示一个力从陀螺仪施加到陀螺仪
force being applied to a gyroscope from 强制顶部的图片显示一个力从陀螺仪施加到陀螺仪
the force acting upwards on the 请注意，向上作用在陀螺仪上的力
gyroscope it should be noted that the 请注意，向上作用在陀螺仪上的力
response is yaw instead of the expected 响应偏航而不是预期的俯仰运动，这是因为当
pitching motion this is because when a 响应偏航而不是预期的俯仰运动，这是因为当
gyroscope is spinning the resultant 陀螺仪旋转时，合力始终发生在90度
force always takes place 90 degrees in 陀螺仪旋转时，合力始终发生在90度
the direction the gyroscope is spinning 陀螺仪在飞机上旋转的方向，我们可以模拟相同的方向
in an aircraft we can simulate that same 陀螺仪在飞机上旋转的方向，我们可以模拟相同的方向
force by pitching the nose up and down 通过向上和向下倾斜鼻子施加的力来自于尾巴
the applied force is from the tail of 通过向上和向下倾斜鼻子施加的力来自于尾巴
the aircraft and the resulting force 飞机，合力在90度方向上生效
takes effect 90 degrees in the direction 飞机，合力在90度方向上生效
the propeller is spinning in this case 从飞行员的角度看，螺旋桨在这种情况下逆时针旋转
counterclockwise from the pilots view 从飞行员的角度看，螺旋桨在这种情况下逆时针旋转
and therefore the plane would yaw to the 因此飞机将向右偏航，飞行员必须控制该运动
right the pilot must control this motion 因此飞机将向右偏航，飞行员必须控制该运动
with proper use of the elevator and the 正确使用电梯和方向舵
rudder 正确使用电梯和方向舵
when an aircraft is flying at a high 当飞机以高攻角飞行时，
angle of attack the blade of the 当飞机以高攻角飞行时，
propeller moving downward has a bigger 向下移动的螺旋桨比向上移动的桨叶咬合更大
bite than the blade moving upward 向下移动的螺旋桨比向上移动的桨叶咬合更大
this causes the center of thrust to be 这会导致推力中心移至支撑盘的右侧
moved to the right side of the prop disc 这会导致推力中心移至支撑盘的右侧
area which causes a yoing movement 导致向左移动的区域，原因是
toward the left the reason is that the 导致向左移动的区域，原因是
blade moving downward has a greater 向下移动的叶片在空气中的移动速度更高，因为
speed through the air because it's 向下移动的叶片在空气中的移动速度更高，因为
moving into the wind while the blade 叶片向上移动时，它会随风而行，因为
moving up travels with the wind because 叶片向上移动时，它会随风而行，因为
the propeller is an airfoil the faster 螺旋桨是翼型，叶片在空气中移动得越快，越多
the blade moves through the air the more 螺旋桨是翼型，叶片在空气中移动得越快，越多
lift it produces therefore the faster 提起它会产生更快的运动叶片，从而导致不平衡
moving blade causes an unbalanced 提起它会产生更快的运动叶片，从而导致不平衡
forward thrust called P factor or the 称为P因子的前向推力或螺旋桨的非对称载荷
asymmetrical loading of the propeller 称为P因子的前向推力或螺旋桨的非对称载荷
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