[Applause] [掌聲]
hey there guys paul here from 嘿，來自
engineeringmindset.com in this video engineeringmindset.com 的paul 在本視頻中，
we're going to be looking at relays to 我們將研究繼電器以
understand the main parts 了解
the different types as well as how they 不同類型的主要部件以及它們
work for all of your relay needs 如何滿足您的所有繼電器需求
check out telecontrols who have kindly
sponsored this video 贊助此視頻
tele controls are one of the leading 遙控器是自 1963 年
manufacturers in the automation industry 以來自動化行業的領先製造商之一
since 1963. they offer some of the best 。他們在可靠的開關繼電器方面提供了一些最佳
solutions when it comes to reliable 解決方案，
switching relays
and they guarantee the maximum life span 並保證您的設備的最長使用壽命
for your equipment
check out their switching relay 檢查他們的開關繼電器
portfolio along with suitable relay 產品組合以及 合適的繼電器
bases and accessories 底座和配件
you can contact them via email at sales 您可以通過電子郵件聯繫他們 sales
telecontrols.com telecontrols.com
or through linkedin to receive your free 或通過linkedin 接收您的免費
relay configuration cheat sheet 繼電器配置備忘單
for more information see the link in the 以獲取更多信息，請參見
video description down below 下方視頻描述中
a relay is an electrically operated 的鏈接 繼電器是傳統上的電動
switch 開關
traditionally relays use an 繼電器使用
electromagnet to mechanically operate 電磁鐵以機械方式
the switch 操作開關，
however newer versions will use 但較新的版本將使用
electronics such as solid state relays 電子設備，例如 固態繼電器
relays are used where it is necessary to 繼電器用於需要
control a circuit
using a low power signal or where 使用低功率信號控制電路或
several circuits must be controlled by 必須由一個信號繼電器控制多個電路的情況
one signal
relays ensure complete electrical 確保
isolation between the controlling
and the controlled circuits relays are 控制電路和受控電路之間的完全電氣隔離 電路中
often used in circuits 經常使用繼電器
to reduce the current that flows through 以減少 流
the primary control switch 過主控制
a relatively low amperage switch timer 開關的電流 一個相對較低安培數的開關定時器
or sensor 或傳感器
can be used to turn a much higher 可用於
capacity load on and off 打開和關閉更高容量的負載
we'll see examples of this a little 我們稍後會在視頻中看到這樣的例子
later in the video
there are two main circuits in the relay 繼電器中有兩個主電路
the primary side 初級側
and the secondary side the primary 和次級側 初級
circuit provides the control signal 電路提供控制信號
to operate the relay this could be 來操作繼電器 這可以
controlled by a manual switch 通過手動開關控制
a thermostat or some other type of 恆溫器或其他類型的
sensor
the primary circuit is generally 傳感器 初級電路通常
connected to a low voltage 連接到低壓
dc supplier the secondary circuit 直流電源 次級電路
is the circuit which contains the load 是 當我們談論負載時，包含需要切換和控制的負載的電路
which needs to be switched and
controlled
when we talk about a load we mean any 任何
device that will consume electricity 會消耗電力的設備，
such as a fan a pump a compressor or 例如風扇，泵，壓縮機，甚至
even a light bulb
on the primary side we find an 初級側的燈泡我們發現一個
electromagnetic coil 電磁線圈
this is the coil of wire which generates 這是線圈，
a magnetic field
when current passes through it when 當電流通過它時，當
electricity passes through a wire 電流通過電線時會產生磁場
it creates an electromagnetic field we 它產生了一個電磁場，我們
can see that by placing compasses around 可以看到，
the wire
when we pass a current through the wire 當我們將電流通過電線時，通過在電線周圍放置指南針
the compasses change direction ，指南針會改變方向
to align with electromagnetic field 以與電磁場對齊，
when we wrap the wire into a coil the 當我們將電線纏繞成線圈時
magnetic field of each wire combines ，每根電線的磁場結合
together
to form a larger stronger magnetic field 在一起形成 更大更強的磁場
we can control this magnetic field by 我們可以通過簡單地控制電流來控制這個磁場，
simply controlling
the current by the way we have covered 我們已經介紹
how solenoid coils work 了螺線管線圈的工作原理
and even how to make your own solenoid ，甚至
in our previous videos 在我們之前的視頻中介紹瞭
do check that out links can be found in 如何製作自己的螺線管，請查看視頻說明中的鏈接
the video description
down below at the end of the 在電磁鐵的下方，
electromagnet
we find the armature this is a small 我們發現了銜鐵，這是一個小
component which is pivoted 部件，
when the electromagnet energizes it 當電磁鐵轉動時它會轉動 當電磁鐵斷電時，它會
attracts the armature 吸引電樞
when the electromagnet is de-energized
the armature 電樞
returns to its original position 返回其原始位置
typically a small spring is used to 通常使用一個小彈簧來
achieve this 實現這一點
connected to the armature is a movable 連接到電樞 是一個可移動的
contactor 接觸器
when the armature is attracted to the
electromagnet it closes
and completes the circuit on the
secondary side 二次側的電路
we have two types of basic relay the 我們有兩種基本繼電器，
normally open 常開型
and the normally closed type there are 和常閉型還有
other types of relays 其他類型的繼電器
and we're going to look at these a ，稍後我們將
little later in the video 在視頻
with the normally open type no 中查看這些，常開型沒有
electricity flows in the secondary 電流流入 次級
circuit
the load is therefore off however 電路負載因此關閉但是
when a current is passed through the 當電流通過
primary circuit a magnetic field is 初級電路時
induced in the electromagnet ，在電磁鐵中感應出磁場，
this magnetic field attracts the 該磁場吸引
armature and pulls the movable contactor 電樞並拉動可動接觸器，
until it touches the terminals of the 直到它接觸到次級電路的端子，從而
secondary circuit
this completes the circuit and provides 完成電路 並
electricity to the load
with the normally closed type the 以常閉型向負載供電
secondary circuit is normally complete 二次迴路正常 全部完成
and so the load is on when the current ，因此當
is passed through the primary circuit 電流通過初級
the electromagnetic field causes the 電路時負載開啟 電磁場導致
armature to push away 電樞推開，
which disconnects the contactor and 從而斷開接觸器並
breaks the circuit 斷開電路
this cuts the supply of electricity to 這會切斷
the load 對負載
the operation of solid state relays or 的供電 固態繼電器的操作或
ssrs
is similar in principle but unlike ssrs 原理類似，但與機電繼電器不同，
electromechanical relays
it has no moving parts the solid state 它沒有移動部件，固態
relay 繼電器
uses electrical and optical properties 利用固態半導體的電學和光學特性
of solid-state semiconductors
to perform its input and output 來執行其輸入和輸出
isolation as well as switching functions 隔離以及
with this type of device we find an led 使用這種類型的設備的開關功能，我們發現
light on the primary side LED 燈 在初級側，
instead of an electromagnet the led 而不是電磁體
provides optical coupling
by shining a beam of light across a gap ，LED 通過將光束穿過間隙
and into the receiver 並進入
of an adjacent photosensitive transistor 相鄰光敏晶體管的接收器來提供光耦合，
we control the operation of this type of 我們
relay
by simply turning the led on and off 通過簡單地打開和
the photo transistor acts something like 關閉照片來控制這種類型的繼電器的操作 晶體管的作用
an insulator 類似於絕緣體
and doesn't allow current to flow unless ，除非暴露在外，否則不允許電流流動
it's exposed to light o
inside the photo transistor we have 光電晶體管內部的光 我們有
different layers of semiconductor 不同的半導體材料層
materials
there are n-type and p-type which are 有 n 型和 p 型，它們
sandwiched together 夾
the n-type and p-type are both made from 在一起 n 型和 p 型都由矽製成，
silicon
but they have each been mixed with other 但它們都與其他
materials to change their electrical 材料混合以改變 它們的電氣
properties the n-type has been mixed 特性 n 型已
with a material 與一種材料混合
that gives it lots of extra as well as ，從而為其提供了大量額外和
unneeded electrons 不需要的電子
these are free to move around to other 這些可以自由移動到其他
atoms 原子
the p-type has been mixed with a 的材料 p 型已與具有較少電子的不同材料混合，
different material that has fewer
electrons
so this side has lots of empty space 因此這 一側有很多空白空間
where electrons can move too ，
when the materials are joined together 當材料連接在一起時，電子也可以移動，
an electrical barrier develops 形成電勢壘
and prevents electrons from flowing 並阻止電子流動，
however 但是
when the led is turned on it will emit 當 LED 開啟時，它會發射
another particle 另一種
known as a photon the photon hits the 稱為光子的粒子，光子撞擊
p-type material p 型材料
and knocks the electrons pushing them 並敲擊推動它們
across the barrier 穿過勢壘
and into the n-type material the 並進入 n 型材料的
electrons of the first barrier 電子，第一個勢壘
will now be able to also make the jump 的電子現在也能夠進行
and so a current is developed 跳躍等
once the led is turned off the photons 一旦 LED 關閉，電流就會產生，光子
stop knocking the electrons across the 停止撞擊電子越過
barrier 勢壘
and so the current in the secondary side ，因此次級側的電流
stops 停止，
so we can control the secondary circuit 因此我們可以僅通過使用光束來控制次級電路
just by using
a beam of light
there are many types of relays and we're ，繼電器有多種類型，我們
going to now consider 現在將
a few of the main ones as well as some 考慮一些主要的以及
simple examples of how they are used 如何使用它們的一些簡單示例
let me know in the comments section how 在評論部分讓我知道
and where you've seen relays used 您如何以及在哪裡看到繼電器的使用
or even better tell me what ideas you ，甚至更好地告訴我您
have for their application 對它們的應用有什麼想法
or any project you're working on where 或者您正在從事的任何項目
they could be applied 都可以應用它們，
as we have seen earlier in this video we 正如我們在本視頻前面看到的，我們
have the simple 有一個簡單的
normally open relay this means the load 常開繼電器，這意味著
of the secondary side 次級側
is off until the circuit is complete on 的負載關閉，直到初級側的電路完成
the primary
we could use this for example to control 我們可以使用它 例如，
a fan
by using a biometallic strip as a switch 通過使用生物金屬條作為
on the primary side 初級側
the biometallic strip will bend as it 的開關來控制風扇，生物金屬條會
increases in temperature 隨著溫度升高而彎曲，
at a certain temperature it will 在一定溫度下它將
complete the circuit 完成電路
and turn the fan on to provide some 並轉動 風扇打開以提供一些
cooling 冷卻
we also find normally closed relays this 我們還發現常閉繼電器 這
means the load on the secondary side 意味著次級側的負載
is normally on we could for example 通常是打開的 我們可以例如
control a simple pump system to maintain 控制一個簡單的泵系統以
a certain water level
in the storage tank when the water level 在水位低時保持儲罐中的一定水位
is low
the pump is on but once it reaches the 泵開啟，但一旦達到
limit we require 極限，我們要求
it completes the primary circuit and 它完成初級電路並
pulls the contactor away 拉開接觸器，一旦初級電路斷電，該接觸器就會
which cuts the power to the pump
in a standard normally open relay once 在標準常開繼電器中切斷泵的電源，
the primary circuit is de-energized the
electromagnetic field disappears 電磁場消失
and the spring pulls the contactor back ，彈簧拉動 接觸器
to its original position 回到原來的位置，
but sometimes we want the secondary 但有時我們希望在
circuit to remain
live after the primary circuit is 初級電路重新打開後次級電路仍然帶電
reopened
for that we can use a latching relay for ，因為我們可以使用閉鎖繼電器，
example 例如
when we press the call button on an 當我們按下電梯上的呼叫按鈕時，
elevator we want the light on the button 我們希望按鈕上的燈亮起
to remain 保持
on so that the user knows the elevator 開啟，以便用戶知道電梯
is coming 即將到來，
so we can use latching relays to do this 因此我們可以使用閉鎖繼電器來做到這一點
there are many different designs for 對於這種類型的繼電器有許多不同的設計
this type of relay
but in this very simplified example we 但在這個非常簡單的例子中，我們
had three 有三個
separated circuits and a piston which 獨立的電路和一個
sits between them 位於它們之間
the first circuit is the call button the 的活塞，第一個電路是呼叫按鈕，
second is the lamp 第二個是燈
and the third is the reset circuit when ，第三個是複位電路，
the call button is pressed 當按下呼叫按鈕時，
it completes the circuit and powers the 它完成了電路並為電路供電
electromagnet
this pulls the piston and completes the 電磁鐵拉動活塞並完成
circuit to turn the lamp on 電路以打開燈
a signal is also sent to the elevator 一個信號也被發送到電梯
controller 控制器
to send the elevator down the button 以將電梯送
is released this cuts the power to the 下釋放按鈕這會切斷初始電路的電源
initial circuit
but as the piston isn't spring-loaded it 但因為活塞不是彈簧加載的
stays in position
and the lamp remains on
once the elevator car reaches the lower 一旦電梯轎廂到達較低
floor 樓層
it makes contact with the off switch ，它就保持在原位並且燈保持亮起它與關閉開關接觸，
this powers the second electromagnet 這會為第二個電磁體供電
and pulls the piston away cutting the 並拉動活塞，切斷
power to the lamp 燈
latching relays therefore have the 鎖定繼電器的電源，因此
benefit of having positional memory 具有位置記憶的好處
once activated they will remain in the 一旦激活，它們將保持在
last position 最後一個位置
without the need for any further input ，無需任何進一步的輸入
or current 或電流
relays can have single or double poles 繼電器可以有單極或雙極
the term pole refers to the number of 術語極點是指
contacts switched when the relay is 繼電器通電時切換的觸點數量
energized
this allows more than one secondary 這允許一個以上的次級
circuit to be energized 電路
from a primary circuit we could for 從初級電路通電 我們可以例如
example
use a double pole relay to control a 使用雙極繼電器來控製
cooling fan 冷卻風扇
as well as a warning light both the fan 以及警告燈 風扇
and the lamp are normally off 和燈通常是關閉的，
but when the biometallic strip on the 但是當初級電路上的生物金屬條
primary circuit gets too hot 變得太熱時，
it bends to complete the circuit this 它會彎曲以完成電路，這
creates the electromagnetic field 會產生電磁場
and closes both contactors on the 並關閉
secondary side 次級
this provides power to the cooling fan 側的兩個接觸器，從而為冷卻風扇
as well as the warning light 以及
when dealing with relays you'll often 處理繼電器時的警告燈，您經常會
hear the term 聽到術語“
throws this refers to the number of 投擲”這是指
contacts or connection points 觸點或連接點
a double throw relay combines a normally 的數量雙擲繼電器結合了常
open and a normally closed circuit 開和常閉
a double throw relay is also called a 電路雙擲繼電器也稱為
changeover relay 轉換繼電器，
as it alternates or changes between two 因為它交替進行 或
secondary circuits
in this example when the primary circuit 在此示例中，當初級電路打開時，在兩個次級電路之間發生變化，
is open
the spring on the secondary side pulls 次級側的彈簧會
the contactor to terminal b 拉動觸點 ctor 到端子 b
powering the lamp the fan remains off 為燈供電 風扇保持關閉，
because the circuit is not complete 因為
when the primary side is energized the 當初級側通電時電路不完整
electromagnet pulls the contactor 電磁鐵將接觸器
to terminal a and diverts electricity 拉到端子 a 並轉移電力，
this time powering the fan and turning 這次為風扇供電並
the lamp off 關閉燈，
so we can use this type of relay to 因此我們可以使用這種類型 繼電器
control different circuits
depending on an event 根據事件控制不同
a double pole double throw relay or dpdt 的電路 雙刀雙擲繼電器或
is used to control two states on two dpdt 用於控制兩個獨立電路上的兩種狀態 在
separate circuits
here we can see a dpdt relay 這裡我們可以看到
when the primary circuit is not complete 當初級電路不完整時的 dpdt 繼電器
terminals t1 端子 t1
and t2 are connected to terminals b and 和 t2 連接到端子 b 和
d d
respectively the red led and the 分別在
indicator light
are energized when the primary circuit 初級電路閉合時紅色 LED 和指示燈通電，
is closed
then t1 and t2 connect to terminals a 然後 t1 和 t2 連接到端子 a
and c the fan turns on and the green led 和 c 風扇打開，綠色 LED
is also energized 也通電
something we need to consider when
working with electromagnets 使用電磁鐵時我們需要考慮的事情
is the back emf or electromotive force 是
when we power the coil the 當我們為線圈供電時的反電動勢或
electromagnetic field 電動勢 電磁場
builds up to a maximum point the 建立到
magnetic field
is storing energy when we cut the power 磁場存儲的最大值 當我們切斷電源時
the electromagnetic field collapses and ，電磁場崩潰，
this releases the stored energy 這會非常迅速地釋放存儲的能量，
very quickly this collapsing field 這個崩潰的場
continues to push the electrons 繼續推動電子
and this is why we get the back emf ，這就是為什麼我們得到反電動勢
this is not a good thing because it can 這不是一件好事，因為它會
produce very large 產生非常大的
voltage spikes which damage our circuit 電壓尖峰 損壞我們的電路
to overcome this we can use something 來克服這個我們可以使用
like a diode to suppress this 像二極管這樣的東西來抑制
the diode only allows current to flow in 這個二極管只允許電流流向
one direction 一個方向
so in normal operation the current flows 所以在正常操作中電流
to the coil 流向線圈
but when we cut the power the back emf 但是當我們切斷電源時反
is going to push the electrons 電動勢將推動 電子
and so the diode will now provide a path ，因此二極管現在將為線圈提供一條路徑
for the coil to dissipate its energy 以安全地耗散其能量
safely so that it doesn't damage our ，從而不會損壞我們的
circuit 電路
okay that's it for this video but to
continue your learning on electrical
engineering then check out one of the
videos on screen now 現在
and i'll catch you there for the next ，我會在下一
lesson don't forget to follow us on 堂課上找到你 不要忘記在 facebook 上關注我們，
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