This programme contains scenes which some viewers may find disturbing
The Allies are about to win the war in Europe,
but, as documents of confidential wartime meetings reveal, a new fight is just beginning.
What guarantee would there be that there will be an independent Poland?
Behind closed doors,
the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill,
begins to lose his patience over the key question - who will control where?
You are absolutely incapable of facing facts!
Never in my life have I seen such people!
EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE
As the Nazi empire is attacked from east and west, this is the story of an alliance that is falling apart.
EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE
As Stalin's soldiers move
west into the territory of their
enemies, some of them seek revenge.
HE SHOUTS
I was 16, almost 16.
And my sister was 14.
We were just young, very young, and we didn't know what they were doing.
In the summer of 1944, the Allies were advancing through France.
EXPLOSION
The Germans were suffering heavy losses.
The Supreme Allied Commander, General Eisenhower, had made
a bet that the war would be over by Christmas.
And it seemed he might be right.
This is John McVane in Paris.
Those bells you can hear are the bells of Notre Dame cathedral and
they're ringing a chime of thanksgiving that French troops have entered the city.
The Western Allies had allowed a French division to enter Paris first, on 25th August 1944.
The French, under the leadership of General de Gaulle, were to take control of their own country as
soon as they could.
And the Allied
soldiers who paraded in victory down
the Champs Elysees
were clear that they were here only as liberators.
BRASS BAND PLAYS
President Roosevelt was naturally enough pleased with the Allied success.
He wanted American forces to beat the Germans and then get out of Europe as quickly as possible.
Ah, eggs and The Bugle!
He'd already said that American troops shouldn't stay in Europe
for much more than a year after the war ended.
On the Eastern Front, the Red Army was also
making good progress against the Nazis, moving into Poland.
MAN SHOUTS ORDERS IN RUSSIAN
But were these troops liberators or
conquerors?
It was a question that urgently needed to be resolved.
Because by the autumn of 1944, Soviet forces were advancing
not only into Poland, but into Hungary and Romania as well.
So what was going to happen to these countries once the Soviets had occupied them?
Churchill went to Moscow in October 1944 to discuss all this with Stalin.
It is important that you and I understand each other...
Knowing that the Americans planned to leave Europe soon after the war's end, Churchill thought
it was now down to him to try to salvage something from the Red Army's rush into Eastern Europe.
This, erm, is rather...a naughty document.
The, er, Americans would be shocked
if they saw how crudely I have put this.
Churchill wanted to do a secret deal.
I have not consulted my Cabinet or Parliament about this.
Churchill had handed over to Stalin this document, which outlined the percentage of influence that Russia
and Britain should exercise over key eastern countries,
like Romania and Greece.
Stalin made only one change to the document.
He crossed out the percentages for Bulgaria and changed them to
"Russia 90% and the others, 10%".
Might this not be thought rather cynical,
if it seemed we had disposed of
these issues, so fateful to millions of people, in such an off-hand manner?
Let us burn the paper.
Churchill didn't formally agree this
division with Stalin. But what seems
clear is that from
Churchill's point of view, this was a genuine but crude first attempt
to deal with the Soviet advance into
Eastern Europe.
But one country was so important that it was left off Churchill's list - Poland.
The country whose independence Britain had gone to war to protect. The problem here was pressing.
For as each day passed, the soldiers of the Red Army were occupying more Polish territory.
Stalin wanted to con the Poles into believing that this occupation was not what it seemed.
So he made the decision to transform some of the Red Army into another army altogether.
As a result, the whole of the Soviet 6th Air Force Army
received surprising news - in a direct order from Stalin.
TRANSLATION: In October 1944, our Air Force Army
was told that from the next day, we would be called the air force of the Polish army.
It wasn't only me, it was a lot of other people, too, Soviet people
who had overnight become Polish.
Our planes were Polish, the stamps on our documents were Polish, and the documents themselves were in Polish.
Stalin was creating new Poles in an extension of a deception policy he'd begun a year before.
A number of Soviet officers in both the Air Force and the Army had to learn to speak and write Polish,
and develop cover stories about which part of Poland they were to pretend to have come from.
One of the Russian officers ordered to pass himself off as a Pole was Nikolay Brandt.
TRANSLATION: The story was that I came from the town of Rzeszow.
I said, "How can I be from Rzeszow if I have never been in that town?
"At least I should go and have a look at it."
And they said, "Don't worry,
it doesn't exist any more, it was
completely destroyed by the Germans."
HE SPEAKS IN RUSSIAN
I felt satisfaction when the Poles themselves
took me for a real Pole.
These officers cast aside their Red Army uniforms and were kitted out in the dress of Polish officers.
Genuine Poles were outraged.
TRANSLATION: It was a terrible sight. They were unruly, they weren't elegant.
They had no discipline, they looked more like riff-raff, that's the way it was.
And he's to pretend he's a captain, a major or a colonel.
And they would address themselves as "comrade".
Imagine someone in the British Army in a British uniform who turns out to be
a staunch enemy of the British. Just imagine such a person.
Stalin had ordered this deception because he wanted to create Polish armed forces totally loyal to
the Soviet Union. He'd always been suspicious of real Polish officers.
So suspicious that four years before, Stalin had signed a secret document,
which had led to the mass murder of thousands of Polish officers.
Many Poles suspected the Soviets of committing
the crime, something which added to the strained atmosphere between the two countries.
HE SPEAKS IN RUSSIAN
Stalin had even broken off relations with the Polish Government in exile.
HE SPEAKS IN RUSSIAN
In spite of this, Churchill managed to get Stalin to meet with them in Moscow.
What guarantee would there be that there will be an independent Poland?
Amid this atmosphere of mutual distrust,
Churchill tried to put pressure on the Poles to make a deal.
In the course of this war, we have been a hair's breadth from defeat.
A sword hung over our heads.
Therefore we have the right to ask the Poles for a great gesture
in the interest of European peace.
BELL TOLLS
The great gesture Churchill had in mind was the sacrifice of this land in Eastern Poland.
BELL TOLLS
Territory which included the cultural centre of Lvov.
BELL TOLLS
It was an area Stalin already knew well.
MAN SPEAKS IN GERMAN
Because in 1939, before the Germans had invaded
the Soviet Union, the Soviets had carved up Poland with the Nazis.
And Eastern Poland had been taken by the Soviet Union.
Now Stalin wanted the Western Allies to let the Soviets keep this land.
Churchill agreed that Stalin could have Eastern Poland, but he wanted
to compensate the Poles with German territory to make up for their loss.
This massive shift in Poland's borders would radically change the lives of many millions of people.
Among the worst affected were thousands of Poles who were fighting in the British forces.
Many had already sacrificed their lives, notably here at the site of their most famous battle,
Monte Cassino in Italy.
The Polish Government in exile knew that many of these Poles came from
the very part of Poland Churchill now wanted them to give up to Stalin.
TRANSLATION: Stalin was playing the tune, and the rest were dancing to that tune.
We lost for ever a piece of Poland that was occupied and annexed by Stalin.
The majority of the soldiers were from those lands so it was a parody -
they had no homeland to go back to.
In Moscow, Churchill waited to hear the decision of the Polish Government in exile.
Would they agree to make what he'd called
a great gesture and give up Eastern
Poland in exchange for
a promise of land in the west?
The Polish Government cannot agree to the loss of
nearly half of the Polish territory in the east without hearing the opinion of the Polish people.
It is decisive for the government.
You are no government if you are incapable of taking any decision.
You are callous people who want to wreck Europe.
I shall leave you to your own troubles.
Churchill was exasperated, partly because he thought that Stalin would never co-operate with these Poles
if they didn't give him Eastern Poland.
If you want to conquer Russia, we shall leave you to do it.
I feel as if I were in a lunatic asylum.
I don't know whether the British Government will continue to recognise you.
But the Poles still refused to do what Churchill wanted, leading to this last outburst...
In this war, what is your contribution to the Allied effort?
What did you throw into the common pool?
You may withdraw your divisions if you like.
You are absolutely incapable of facing facts.
Never in my life have I seen such people!
The Polish issue remained unresolved.
The war wasn't going well for the Western Allies on the battlefield, either.
In the autumn of 1944, American, British and other Allied soldiers
had not managed to advance as quickly as planned.
Then in December 1944, the Germans counter-attacked.
In the forest of the Ardennes in Belgium.
EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE
During this Battle of the Bulge, the Americans lost 80,000 killed or wounded.
EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE
It was clear that this war would not be over by Christmas.
EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE
The Western Allies were not going to penetrate as far into Europe as they had hoped.
While the Western Allies were held up in the Ardennes, fighting the Battle of the Bulge,
on the Eastern Front, the Red Army was making good progress.
They entered Warsaw on the 17th January 1945.
MILITARY BAND PLAYS
The locals cheered as the Polish units in the Red Army passed by.
They did not know that some of the officers they applauded were from
the Soviet Union and were only pretending to be Poles.
TRANSLATION: I went to Warsaw and I was walking on the streets there
when a Polish lady ran to me.
In the end she said, "Oh, at last. I can see a real Polish officer. How wonderful that is."
We started to talk and then I saw she looked somehow disappointed.
She asked me, "But why is your accent so bad? You must be from Krakow."
I said, "No, I come from Rzeszow."
I didn't want to admit I was Russian.
It would look bad.
A Russian officer in the Polish Army. It would look like a fake army.
I felt that if I had undertaken to be a Polish commanding officer,
let everyone continue thinking that I was Polish.
Stalin hadn't just created new Polish officers, he'd created an entire new Polish Government.
Unlike the Polish Government in exile, this group of tame Poles
would do just what Stalin told them to.
Stalin gave an insight into the way he liked to manage those who worked for him at a Kremlin banquet.
One which was given for visiting French politicians.
Marshal Novikov was arrested just over a year later and forced by the secret police
to make a false confession.
He then served more than five years in prison.
The Red Army continued to push forward, further into Eastern Europe, capturing Budapest,
the capital of Hungary, in February 1945.
The Hungarians had been allies of the Nazis.
Together with the Germans, they had fought fiercely against the Red Army.
Now they would pay for it.
Soviet forces paid a special visit to the Hungarian General Credit Bank.
They opened every safe and strong box.
"They took away 113 million pengo
"in cash, as well as about 800 suitcases and other
"containers deposited by clients, and emptied 1,400 safe-deposit boxes."
Nearby, other Soviets took paintings and other works of art
worth billions of pounds, including works by Renoir, El Greco and Goya.
An estimated 99% of these art works have never been recovered.
As well as the wealth of the city, the population was also at the mercy of the Soviet occupiers.
And what happened to them in the aftermath of the Soviet victory in Budapest was to become infamous.
Agnes Karlik was just one of the Hungarian women who suffered at the hands of Soviet forces.
Agnes had been hiding in a cellar with her family during the siege.
But then evening came, early evening,
and all of a sudden these rough...
..type of soldiers entered the building.
They started to pull women out
with the excuse to come and help us peel potatoes
and my sister and myself were dragged away.
And my grandmother came with us.
For myself, I felt absolutely so frightened that
I was just rigid...from fright.
So they pushed us into this tent type of arrangement and
they raped us.
It was...
We were just young, very young. And we didn't know what they were doing.
It was that time - children were
brought up differently than nowadays,
not so aware.
And...
It was such a...
I still got nightmares about it.
Though the Red Army soldiers who committed rape during the war were
guilty of a crime under Soviet law, only a small minority of the perpetrators were ever charged.
TRANSLATION: Soldiers gossiped about it.
They said they were proud, they felt like heroes because they slept with a woman.
I feel hurt because our army earned itself such a reputation.
Also I feel angry about the people that acted this way.
So bad was the situation in Hungary, that a group of Hungarian Communists
sent a letter of complaint to the Soviet authorities.
"In January," so the report says, "When the Red Army arrived, they committed
"a series of sexual crimes in an outbreak of savage hatred.
"Drunken soldiers raped mothers in front of their children and husbands, girls as young as 12
"were dragged from their fathers and mothers and raped in succession by
"10 to 15 soldiers, from whom many of them caught venereal diseases."
A clue to what Stalin thought about the way some of the Red Army soldiers were acting
can be seen from his attitude at a banquet in the winter of 1944.
The Yugoslavian communist Milovan Djilas and his wife were among the guests.
Djilas had previously criticised the behaviour of the Red Army as they advanced into Yugoslavia.
Just like the communists in Hungary,
Djilas had been concerned by reports
of rape and had complained to
the Red Army authorities - something
that was clearly on Stalin's mind
on the night of the banquet.
ALL CHEER
In February 1945, Stalin travelled here, to Yalta on the Black Sea
in the south of the Soviet Union, to attend what would become the most famous meeting of the war.
The discussions with Churchill and Roosevelt were to be held
in the Livadia Palace, the former holiday home of the Imperial Family.
By the time of the conference here, prospects for a swift end to the war in Europe looked good once again.
Red Army soldiers were encamped fewer than 50 miles from Berlin and the Western Allies
had recovered from the German counter-attack and were just crossing into the Rhineland.
BAND PLAYS US NATIONAL ANTHEM
But the pressures of the war had clearly taken their toll on one of the leaders of the Alliance.
Churchill looked at Roosevelt sort of very solicitously.
Churchill, I suppose, had no surprise, as I had and anyone else
who had seen Roosevelt previously, to see this gaunt, very thin figure.
His face was waxen, to sort of yellow
and waxen and
very drawn, very thin.
And a lot of the time he was sort of sitting, sitting there
with his mouth open, sort of staring ahead.
So that was quite a shock to see him in that state.
And the contrast between Roosevelt and Stalin was striking.
Stalin was full of beans.
He was smiling, he was genial to everybody,
and I mean really everybody, even to junior ranks like myself.
At the conference, the
one question that was discussed more
than any other was, predictably,
the future of Poland.
It was a problem made more urgent by the fact that Poland currently
had two different governments -
one in exile in London recognised by
Britain and America and
one in Warsaw recognised by the Soviet Union.
If we accept that each recognise separate governments,
this will be interpreted all over the world
as a sign of cleavage between the Soviet Government on the one hand
and the USA and British governments on the other.
How long before elections could be held?
MAN TRANSLATES INTO RUSSIAN
LAUGHTER
It looked as if Stalin would cooperate with the West.
And at Yalta, much was finally settled between the Allies.
The future boundaries of the new Poland were agreed, and as a result those of the new, smaller Germany.
The Allies also decided on the formation of the United Nations after the war.
The newsreel coverage was decidedly optimistic.
NEWSREEL: This meeting crystallises the Allied resolve that Germany shall be beaten unconditionally and that
lasting peace shall prevail throughout the world.
The optimism didn't last long.
Here in Poland on 28th March 1945,
a few weeks after signing the Yalta agreement, the Soviets showed
how sincere they were about Polish political independence.
16 leading independent political and military figures in Poland
arrived for what
they had been told was to be a
lunch with senior Soviet officials.
But they weren't just going on a short journey, and they weren't just going for lunch.
In fact, they were all transported over 700 miles, to here, the Lubyanka prison in Moscow.
The Polish leaders made a big mistake.
They'd trusted the Soviet authorities.
Each of them was imprisoned and interrogated.
And then they waited to see the final fate Stalin had in store for them.
Churchill was outraged by Stalin's actions in Poland after Yalta,
writing to Roosevelt on 13th March 1945 that "Poland has lost her frontier.
"Is she now to lose her freedom?"
Roosevelt was more relaxed about the whole dispute with Stalin.
Just before Yalta he'd even remarked that, apart from matters concerning Germany, he wanted to stay out of
disputes in Europe as far as possible.
He wrote to Churchill in early April that,
"I would minimise the general Soviet problem as much as possible
"because these problems, in one form or another, seem to arise every day and most of them straighten out."
Roosevelt was still keen to get on with Stalin, partly because the Soviet leader had offered to help
with what was happening here, in the Far East, in the war against Japan.
Americans made up the bulk of the Allied forces who were engaged in
the Pacific in what was known as island-hopping - the struggle to wrest each island from the Japanese.
It was a brutal and bloody war.
Just eight days after the Yalta Agreement, the Americans had launched one of
their fiercest assaults here, on the island of Iwo Jima, 750 miles south of Tokyo.
Just after nine o'clock in the morning on 19th February 1945,
the first wave
of US marines landed on the island.
EXPLOSIONS
The battle for this piece of rock, less than eight miles square, would be horrific - for both sides.
ROCKETS EXPLODE
Of the 21,000 Japanese defenders, 20,000 would die in the struggle.
EXPLOSION
The total American casualties on Iwo Jima, including wounded,
were over 25,000 - more than the Allies suffered on D-Day.
..injured are carried to the rear.
So Roosevelt was grateful that Stalin had promised the Soviet Union
would help the Western Allies and enter the war against Japan, once Germany was defeated.
The wreckage along the beach was only a small part of the cost of 26 days of fighting.
What happened on Iwo Jima was a stark reminder of the determination
of the Japanese to resist - at all costs.
We were taxiing in to Iwo Jima, and the runways had just been built.
I passed right by a graveyard.
Indescribable number
of crosses, of markers. Er...
I...couldn't look any longer.
Somehow I became traumatised with the effect of what price had been paid
for that island and the reason they took it was so I could have a runway.
I couldn't describe to you how I was, erm, affected by that.
And when I came to realise that they were just kids like myself,
that wouldn't be going home...
Sorry.
I, erm, I just couldn't make it any more.
It just took something out of me that I didn't know was there.
I thought I was pretty tough.
I wasn't tough.
It seemed as if the war in the Pacific had many months, if not years to go, before Allied victory.
But over 5,000 miles away, the war in Europe was about to reach a conclusion.
In Moscow, Stalin ordered two of his best military commanders, Marshal Zhukov and Marshal Konev,
to attend a meeting at the Kremlin on 2nd April 1945.
They would now plan the assault on Berlin.
Stalin was in a hurry.
Stalin had hit on a novel idea to speed the capture of Berlin - a race between these two marshals.
Soldiers of Zhukov's 1st Belarusian Front crossed the Oder River and prepared to launch a massive attack
on the Seelow Heights in front of Berlin - the last major defensive position.
ROCKET SHELL EXPLODES
But while Stalin's idea of the race between the two marshals may have increased
the speed of the assault, it also increased the chance of Red Army soldiers dying from friendly fire.
TRANSLATION: They were rivals.
There was rivalry between the two fronts.
It was such a big chaos.
In that chaos, it's very easy to kill someone else!
Despite the confusion, Stalin's plan worked.
Within a few days, the Red Army was in the centre of Berlin and shelling Hitler's subterranean refuge -
the Fuhrerbunker.
But that spring, here in a remote part of Georgia, in the United States,
the leadership of the Alliance was also about to change.
President Roosevelt's illness had grown still more serious and
he had travelled to Warm Springs, his traditional health retreat.
On 12th April, as he posed for a portrait in this room, he suffered a cerebral haemorrhage and died.
Franklin Roosevelt, President of America for 12 years, did not live to see victory over the Nazis.
Just over two weeks later, on 30th April, Adolf Hitler
took his own life, and shortly afterwards Germany surrendered.
For four years, the Red Army had borne the brunt of the German aggression. In helping to defeat
the Nazis, the Soviets had liberated camps like Auschwitz, which revealed the true horror of Hitler's regime.
The human cost for the Red Army in this war had been immense - 11 million military dead.
But now, the war in Europe was over.
"Many thoughts passed through mind in those happy minutes - the difficult battle for Moscow where
"our soldiers had been fighting to the death
"while not letting the enemy enter our capital.
"Stalingrad in its ruins, thousands of destroyed towns and villages, millions and millions of victims
"of the Soviet nation that survived and won. So here it was. The final destruction of fascist Germany,
"the goal for which we had sacrificed ourselves for the last four years."
But in Berlin and the rest of Germany, there were some Soviet soldiers
who now celebrated victory just as they had in Budapest.
TRANSLATION: Suddenly, my sister-in-law came round.
She'd been raped several times that night.
Parents had told her that life is over, who knows where your husband is or whether he's even coming back.
So they all went up to the attic to hang themselves.
Both the parents died immediately, but my sister-in-law was saved by
neighbours and since they knew where we lived they brought her to us.
She was completely worn out.
You could even still see the rope marks on her neck.
TRIUMPHANT SINGING IN RUSSIAN
Those horror stories didn't fit the propaganda picture of the time, which was one of optimism and joy.
TRIUMPHANT SINGING IN RUSSIAN
In April the Western Allies had finally joined up with the Red Army.
In scenes acted out for the newsreel, the soldiers from
the different systems of government appeared to have much in common.
TRIUMPHANT SINGING IN RUSSIAN
But behind the scenes it was another story.
Churchill was so concerned about Stalin's behaviour after Yalta that he'd asked his military planners to
consider a possible worst-case scenario - a British military attack on the Soviet Union.
Called, aptly enough, Operation Unthinkable, and headed "Russia - threat to western civilisation",
the final report was completed on 22nd May 1945.
The conclusion of the report was that "the result of a total war with Russia is not
"possible to forecast, but the one thing certain is that to win it would take us a very long time."
The Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Sir Alan Brooke, wrote in his diary...
HE SPEAKS RUSSIAN
The atmosphere was so strained between the Western Allies and the Soviet leadership in Moscow
that the new president, Harry
Truman, turned to one of Roosevelt's
most trusted former aides to help sort it out - Harry Hopkins.
Marshal Stalin.
He met Stalin in the Kremlin on 27th May 1945, fewer than three weeks after the war in Europe had ended.
There were major problems. Stalin still hadn't held the promised free elections in Poland and
the British and Americans wouldn't recognise his tame Polish Government.
But Stalin
denied he was doing anything wrong.
STALIN SPEAKS RUSSIAN
And instead went on the attack.
Hopkins did his best to respond reasonably to Stalin's insults.
Marshal Stalin, the question of Poland per se is not as important as the fact that
it has become a symbol for how we work out and solve problems that arise with the Soviet Union.
HE TRANSLATES INTO RUSSIAN
We have no special interest in Poland, and no special desire to see
any particular form of government.
INTERPRETER TRANSLATES INTO RUSSIAN
Of course we'll accept any government that the Polish people choose, one that is friendly to the Soviet Union.
And it is the desire of the United States Government that
the Polish should be friendly to the Soviet Union.
Hopkins did manage to reach a compromise with Stalin.
Until any elections took place, Poland would be
ruled by a government that now included a few of the Poles favoured by the West.
But it was Stalin who had really won this long fight, since his own tame politicians remained in a majority.
And the promised free elections in Poland never took place.
Those of us who worked and lived in Moscow
knew that there was not a chance in hell that Stalin
would allow free elections in those countries when he didn't allow them in the Soviet Union.
As for the 16 independent Poles tricked into meeting the Soviet authorities by an offer of lunch,
they were all put on trial.
THEY SPEAK IN RUSSIAN
Of the 16, 13 were sentenced to various terms in Soviet prisons.
In Moscow, Stalin was about to turn on some of those who had helped him win the war.
Preparations were made for a massive victory parade and Stalin had asked
Marshal Zhukov to prepare to take a mounted salute.
But when Zhukov met Stalin's son, Vasily, at stables outside Moscow,
he discovered that he hadn't exactly been first choice for the task.
CANNON FIRE ECHOES
SOVIET NATIONAL ANTHEM PLAYS
The victory parade was held in Moscow on 24th June 1945.
SOVIET NATIONAL ANTHEM PLAYS
This celebration didn't just represent the final Soviet success against the Nazi invaders,
it symbolised the triumph of the Red Army across Eastern Europe.
And this mighty army, once in place, was going to prove almost impossible to dislodge.
MILITARY BAND PLAYS
TRANSLATION: The victory parade was a brilliant event in the life of the Soviet Union.
I can still see it in my mind's eye.
It was a summer's day, it was raining but the Red Square
was decorated with red banners.
People were wearing medals and orders and they were shining so much that the light
reflected on the whole of Red Square.
As the hands of the clock moved close to ten, everyone stood to attention.
There were the Kremlin chimes, and at that moment Georgy Zhukov,
three times hero of the Soviet Union,
rode into the square
on a white horse.
THEY CHEER
He sat on the horse so elegantly, as if he were a junior lieutenant.
I think that when Stalin himself saw those two army commanders and their horses, he felt jealous.
Of course, he should have inspected the parade or commanded the parade but
he couldn't do it.
I think that's how the jealousy of Zhukov started.
The war in Europe was over but, as far as Stalin was concerned, there was still unfinished business.
Zhukov experiences firsthand the consequences of Stalin's jealousy.
Conflict grows in the wake of the Nazis' defeat, as the Western Allies still try to ensure
the independence of the countries occupied by the Soviet Union.
With regards to Romania...
And Churchill fears the division of Europe.
An iron fence has come down around them.
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