卡洛登一战 Culloden.
给苏格兰蒙上了最长的阴影 In Scotland, no other name casts such a long shadow.
1746年 詹姆斯党人扶持邦尼王子查理重登英国王位失败了 The Jacobites' failure to restore Bonnie Prince Charlie
其结果可谓是相当惨烈 to the British throne in 1746 was a catastrophe.
此后 英国其它地方的人都视苏格兰人为遭人恨的卖国贼 While the rest of Britain now saw Scots as hated traitors,
这次的失利使得苏格兰四分五裂 支离破碎 the defeat had left Scotland divided and bankrupt.
但其实还有另一场较不为人知的卡洛登战役 But there was another, less well-known Culloden,
发生在牙买加这里 here in Jamaica.
这个美丽的地方曾经是个糖料种植园 This beautiful place was once a sugar plantation.
这附近大部分土地都为詹姆斯党人所有 Many of them round here were owned by Jacobites
他们在最终溃败之后就离开了苏格兰 who'd fled Scotland after their final defeat.
而他们为何决定了要离开故土 喜迎新生 But why travel all this way to re-invent yourself in a new life,
还与过去斩不断理还乱? while carrying with you all the baggage of the old one?
这是因为卡洛登这个血淋淋的名字提醒着苏格兰人民 Because the very name Culloden was to be a bloody reminder
绝不允许自己再次受辱 that they must never again allow themselves to be so humiliated.
流亡的詹姆斯党人没有留在不列颠 沉浸在失败中无法自拔 But rather than dwell on defeat, on the Britain that might have been,
相反 他们一切从头开始 the exiled Jacobites started afresh.
牙买加这片资源丰富的土地正等待着被开采 Jamaica was a land rich in resources, waiting to be exploited.
从半个地球之遥的地方助苏格兰重建 From halfway across the world they helped rebuild Scotland,
为苏格兰注入了财富与新的机遇 injecting it with wealth and new possibilities.
新时代伊始 苏格兰在世界上崭露头角 It was the dawn of a new era, when Scotland made her mark on the world
对外传输了她最值钱的商品 即她的人民和思想 by exporting her most valuable commodities - her people and ideas,
助于发起革命的思想 ideas that would help start a revolution.
卡洛登战役之后的局面可谓是混乱不堪 After Culloden, there was chaos.
17岁的詹姆士党人约翰·韦德伯恩 17-year-old Jacobite John Wedderburn
幸免于此次的战役 had been lucky to escape the battle with his life,
但是他的父亲被俘 土地被掠夺 并且被判处以绞刑 but his father had been captured, his land seized and sentenced to hang.
此时年轻的韦德伯恩四处逃亡 Now young Wedderburn was on the run.
他需要钱 需要让自己赶快消失于世 He needed money and he needed to disappear, fast.
躲避追踪 风餐露宿 Dodging spies, sleeping in hedges, half-starved,
韦德伯恩踏上了去格拉斯哥的路 Wedderburn found his way to Glasgow.
在那里 他登上了驶向殖民地的船 There, he boarded a ship, destined for the Colonies.
年轻小伙子约翰·韦德伯恩的世界观完全颠覆了 Young John Wedderburn's world had been turned upside down.
毕竟 类似这样的旅行会吓坏这个 A trip like this would've been terrifying for a boy who, after all,
一直没离开过苏格兰生活的小伙子 had spent his whole life living in Scotland.
就算是他熬过了这次艰苦的旅程 And even supposing he survived the harsh voyage,
天知道他又会终归何处? who knew where he would end up?
在海上航行数月后 约翰·韦德伯恩到达了牙买加这里 After months at sea, John Wedderburn arrived here, in Jamaica.
对于韦德伯恩来说 这里真是既陌生又凶残 To Wedderburn, it must have seemed fierce and strange.
和土地一样黑的人在长满大型作物的田地里耕作 Men as black as the earth working in fields filled with giant plants,
田里真是热爆了 the place splitting with heat.
尽管牙买加是个世外桃源 但它毕竟还是英殖民地 In spite of its otherworldliness, it was a British colony,
是一个拥有活力和进取心的年轻人可以开创自己一片新天地的地方 a place where a young man with energy and enterprise could re-invent himself.
但是如何开创呢? But what as?
当约翰·韦德伯恩在国外打拼未来的同时 As John Wedderburn was searching for his future abroad,
另一个苏格兰人在国内也在寻找着自己的未来 another young Scot was hoping to find it at home.
亚当·斯密一直在英格兰求学 Adam Smith had been studying in England
没有经历詹姆士党人的叛乱风波 and missed the upheaval of the Jacobite rebellion.
硝烟平息之后 他回到了这个站在命运分叉路口的国家 As the dust settled, he returned to a country at a crossroads.
对于许多苏格兰人来说 往事不堪回首 To many Scots, the past was a dark place.
是时候该重新开始了 It was time to start again.
这是现代的曙光 This was the dawn of a modern age,
一个准备好迎接新思想和新观念的时代 an age that was ready to embrace new ideas and a new philosophy.
亚当·斯密从孩童时期开始就质疑他周围的一切事物 From childhood, Adam Smith had questioned everything around him,
甚至是上帝的存在 even the existence of God.
现在 他决定要在全新的苏格兰崭露锋芒 Now he was determined to make his mark in this new Scotland,
以一个学者的身份 as an academic.
作为一名牛津学子 亚当·斯密拒绝接受基督教义 Rejecting Christianity as a student at Oxford,
他想要更好地了解人类行为 Smith set out to better understand human behaviour
以及人类行为是如何影响统治社会的法律法规的 and how it impacted upon the codes and laws that governed society.
这在当时是十分激进且近乎禁忌的行为 At the time, it was radical, almost taboo.
亚当·斯密认为 如果在我们认识世界的时候忽略上帝的因素 Smith argued that if God was removed from our understanding of the world,
我们就会发现人类真正的本性了 man's true nature would be revealed.
他说人的根本动力并非取悦上帝 He said that man's fundamental drive was not to please God,
而是取悦人类自己 but to please himself,
颇有争议的是 正是这只利己主义的手 and, controversially, that this invisible hand of self-interest
创造了这个富庶多产的社会 was what made for a healthy, productive society.
他演讲中包含的思想颠覆了 The ideas contained in his lectures threatened to blow apart a world
以上帝为主宰的世界观 that had always been dominated by God.
然而正当亚当·斯密开始声名大振时 But just as Smith's reputation began to spread,
亚当·斯密和苏格兰的未来被永远地改变了 something happened that would change both Smith's and Scotland's future forever.
欧洲的首次世界性战争 Europe's first world war.
1756年 世界性的贸易战争爆发了 In 1756, a global war broke out, over trade.
直到那时 与美国 加拿大和加勒比海地区殖民地的贸易 Until then, trading with colonies in America, Canada and the Caribbean
已经全面开放了 had been a free-for-all,
但却让许多宝贵的资源危如累卵 but with so many valuable resources at stake,
欧洲的领导力量为了获得资源控制权而战 Europe's leading powers fought to take control.
战争持续了7年 有百万人丧生 The war lasted seven years and a million lives were lost,
但最终不列颠获得胜利 确保了它 but eventually, Britain prevailed, securing a trading empire
横跨大洋两岸近百年的贸易帝国地位 that stretched across the Atlantic for a century to come.
不列颠的胜利极大地影响了苏格兰社会的一部分人 The British victory made a huge impact on one element of Scottish society -
即格拉斯哥的烟草商 Glasgow's tobacco merchants.
突然间 殖民地开放了 Suddenly the Colonies had opened up
克莱德河就是他们通往西方的关口 and the River Clyde was their gateway to the West.
格拉斯哥的商人 The Glasgow merchants
很快变成了不列颠最富有 最成功的商人 rapidly became the wealthiest and most successful businessmen in Britain,
胜过了他们在伦敦和布里斯托的对手 outstripping their rivals in London and Bristol
他们掌控了世界一半的烟草贸易 and gaining 50% of the world trade in tobacco.
他们有统一的金头手杖和绯红色双排扣大衣 With their uniform of gold-topped canes and scarlet frock coats,
他们称自己是国家最先自力更生的人 they announced their presence as the country's first self-made men.
这些烟草主很崇拜亚当·斯密 These Tobacco Lords fascinated Adam Smith.
他们实践了他的思想 They seemed to embody his ideas.
他们就是亚当·斯密认为自私自利 They were the selfish, self-interested men
惠及社会的那类人 he believed would benefit society.
这些人创造的财富 It seemed that the wealth created by these men
是社会取得进步与发展的关键 was the key to generating improvement and progress in society.
但亚当·斯密想要了解得更细 But Smith wanted to get closer.
他想要确切了解 He wanted to learn
这些人是如何赚钱的 又是如何花的 precisely how these men made their money and how they spent it.
你可以想象一下亚当·史密斯在这里下到码头 You can imagine Adam Smith down here at the docks,
看着一切喧嚣噪乱的活动 watching all the frenzied activity.
这是他第一次亲眼看到大宗贸易 This was his first real experience of big business -
一大群劳动力聚在这里卸货 a huge labour force pulling together to unload the ships,
举起木桶 搬运新鲜的物资 heaving barrels, hauling on fresh supplies.
与大学校园的静谧相比 After the secluded cloisters of the university,
这里显得十分喧闹不堪 the atmosphere here must have been overwhelming.
史密斯对这个场景倒是有所共鸣 For Smith, there would have been a resonance to this scene,
因为他不是第一次见航海承包商了 because it wasn't his first experience of seeing seafaring entrepreneurs.
亚当·斯密生长于法夫的柯科迪 那个地方走私猖獗 Smith had grown up in Kirkcaldy in Fife, where smuggling was rampant.
他父亲是当地的海关官员 His father was the local Customs officer
在对抗走私贩的斗争中 并没有很成功 and had fought a losing battle against the smugglers
走私贩找到了十分巧妙的方法逃脱法律的制裁 who found ever more ingenious ways to evade the law.
因此 亚当·斯密总感觉 Adam Smith was left with the feeling
他父亲的干预措施是完全没意义的 that his father's interventions had been pointless,
没什么能阻碍利己之心 that nothing can stand in the way of self-interest.
赚钱并不是人类的天性 Making money was man's natural instinct.
亲眼看到格拉斯哥商人的贸易帝国后 After observing the Glasgow merchants' trading empires at first hand,
亚当·斯密认为推动他们追求贸易成功的动力 Smith concluded that what drove their ambition to succeed in business
就是贪得无厌 毫无顾忌地追求利润 was an insatiable, stop-at-nothing desire to turn a profit.
对于这一点 亚当·斯密很佩服他们 And he admired them for it.
在世界的另一端 牙买加 On the other side of the world, in Jamaica,
苏格兰的企业家逐渐富有起来 约翰·韦德伯恩就是其中一位 Scottish entrepreneurs were also getting rich, John Wedderburn amongst them.
逃亡的詹姆士党人没多久就找到了他的踪迹 It didn't take long for the Jacobite runaway to find his way.
他定居于牙买加西部的蒙特哥湾附近 He settled here in the west of Jamaica near Montego Bay,
并且很快找到了 and quickly set about finding the occupation
可以致富的职业 - 糖 that would make him his fortune - sugar.
胆小的是经营不了糖料种植园的 Running a sugar plantation was not a job for the faint-hearted,
但是不久 韦德伯恩就扩大了他的财产 but before long, Wedderburn was expanding his estates
并且累积了巨大的利润 and amassing huge profits.
约翰·韦德伯恩的房产离卡洛登就几英里远 John Wedderburn's estate lay just a few miles from the town of Culloden
所以他经常走这条路 so he would regularly have passed this way.
短短几十年间 一个总让人想起失败和分裂的名字 Within a couple of decades, a name synonymous with defeat and division
在牙买加对苏格兰人来说有了不同的意义 had come to mean something quite different for the Scots in Jamaica.
钱财开始治愈伤口 Money was beginning to heal the wounds
对于许多像韦德伯恩一样的流犯来说 for many exiles like Wedderburn.
跑了大半个地球 Having fled halfway across the globe,
他开始过他在苏格兰的时候想要过的生活 he was starting to live the life he once hoped to inherit in Scotland.
约翰·韦德伯恩变成了拥有土地的乡绅 活得很舒适 John Wedderburn was becoming a comfortable landed gentleman.
我们说的是哪种钱? 你能变得多富有? Just what kind of money are we talking about? How rich could you get?
约翰·韦德伯恩拥有10处地产 Well, John Wedderburn got to own ten...ten properties,
总共有超过1万7千英亩的土地 all totalling over 17,000 acres of land.
归还的16万8千英亩的土地中... Of the 168,000 acres of land which was returned...
-他有10%的 -他有10%的土地 -He had 10% of... -He had 10% of the land
在那个地方 他是最大的地主 and he was the largest land-holder in that part of the world
在这个国家里 他是前五大地主之一 and could be seen as ranking as among the top five landowners in this country.
这是他的遗嘱 We have his will here.
他的遗嘱经过法律认证 一份复印件存在了岛上的档案室中 His will was probated and we have a copy at the Island Records Office.
他的全部财产价值在30万磅 All his entire estate was valued at 300,000 pounds,
牙买加币 Jamaican currency.
换成今天的货币就是2千2百万英镑 In today's money, you are talking about 22 million sterling.
这就是他们全部的财产 That would be the value of their entire estate.
不管怎么看 他都是个富翁啊 By any stretch of the imagination, he was a top dog.
他真的是个富翁 He was. He was.
当苏格兰移居者入侵加勒比海地区时 As Scottish settlers were making inroads into the Caribbean,
格拉斯哥烟草商在美国为自己的成功而打拼 Glasgow tobacco merchants were building on their success in America.
他们的跨洋经营受到了 Their transatlantic operation was tightly controlled
三个黑手党般家族的严密控制 即格拉斯弗德家 斯皮尔家 卡宁汉姆家 by three mafia-like families - the Glassfords, Spiers and Cunninghames.
他们的轻型船队 Their fleets of lightweight ships
横渡大西洋能比之前任何船都快 could cross the Atlantic faster than any vessel had done before.
年轻的威廉·卡宁汉姆是格拉斯哥一家大公司的子嗣 Young William Cunninghame was heir to one of the big Glasgow firms.
他的工作就是监视他父亲船只的急速转向 His job was to supervise the speedy turnaround of his father's ships.
时间就是金钱 因此货船在弗吉尼亚这里一卸完货 Time was money, so as soon as the cargo was unloaded here in Virginia,
就满载着烟草木桶开回苏格兰了 the ship was sent back to Scotland packed with barrels of tobacco.
1750到1770年间 在切萨皮克湾这里 Here in Chesapeake Bay, between 1750 and 1770,
卡宁汉姆家的船一年停靠两次 满载着售给种植园主的货物 The Cunninghame docked twice a year, full of goods to sell to the planters.
年轻威廉的工作就是把与从商店卖出去的皮底椅 It was young William's job to get rid of as many leather-bottomed chairs,
高尔夫球杆 银茶壶 golf clubs, silver teapots,
奶油壶和瓷碟一样多的商品扔掉 cream jugs and china plates as he could sell from the company store.
商店的目的不仅仅是多赚钱 The purpose of the stores was not just to make more money -
还是控制烟草供应和价格的一种手段 they were a means to control the supply and price of tobacco.
卡宁汉姆想找到并说服 Cunninghame was expected to find and persuade
最小最偏远的烟农卖他们的烟草 even the smallest and most far-flung growers to sell their tobacco.
欧洲对烟草的需求超过了供给 Demand for tobacco in Europe was outstripping the supply,
苏格兰商人试图找到每片烟草叶 and Scots traders were out to find every last leaf.
像威廉这样的年轻人是由格拉斯哥的长者精心挑选出来的 Young men like William were hand-picked by the elders back in Glasgow,
因为他们有特殊的品行或资历 because they had specific qualities or qualifications.
他们不能有家室 They had to be single,
这样才能全身心投入到工作中 so they could devote all of their energies to the business.
他们得招人喜欢且值得信赖 They had to be likeable and trustworthy
这样他们才能融入当地的圈子 so they could ingratiate themselves with the local community.
他们永远都背负着扩大生意和赚取利润的压力 They were under constant pressure to expand the business and to raise profits.
因此 他们首先得要冷酷无情 So, above all else, they had to be ruthless.
当地烟草的价格每年都在同一天决定 On the same day every year, the local price of tobacco was decided,
通常是由县法庭决定的 usually at the county courthouse.
那是一年当中最重要的一天 It was the most important day of the year.
当地所有的烟农都会到 然后红红火火地进行交易 All the local growers turned up, and a heated exchange ensued.
市场价是又收成好坏 A market price was set depending on how good the harvest had been
还有欧洲的需求决定的 and what the demand was from Europe.
这是一个君子协议 It was a gentleman's agreement
每个人无论如何都要遵守这个定价 that everyone should stick to this price, no matter what.
但是威廉·卡宁汉姆的公司按规矩来时无法致富的 But William Cunninghame's company didn't get get rich playing by the rules.
他们玩儿阴的 They played dirty.
卡宁汉姆不顾市场价格 Cunninghame was instructed to ignore the market price
直接与农民打交道 and to deal with the farmers directly.
在格拉斯哥的公司怂恿他给农民放贷 The firm back in Glasgow encouraged him to offer credit to farmers
要不然农民每年只在收获时节拿一次钱 who were otherwise paid only once a year, at harvest time.
如今 信贷可以采取借款的形式 Now, the credit could take the form of a loan,
或者也可以选择刚刚从苏格兰进的货 or it could be a choice of the goods just brought in from Scotland.
但是这是霸王条款 But it was a deal with the devil.
借了贷或货物 Having taken the loan or the goods,
农民就被商人套牢了 在收获时节 the farmers were shackled to the merchants, and at harvest time,
那些商人对烟草的价格想要多高要多高 those merchants could demand whatever price they wanted for the tobacco.
简直就黑心交易 It was commerce without conscience.
卡宁汉姆和他的公司干得很不错 Cunninghame and company did well.
他们设法把价格杀到比市价低20% They managed to beat the farmers down to 20% less than the market price,
以信贷为诱饵 using the lure of credit.
但终究还是要还的 But there would be a price to pay in the long run.
当地的经济开始衰退 The local economy began to falter
由于烟农在债务过高的泥沼中越陷越深 as the tobacco growers sank further and further into unsustainable levels of debt.
到了18世纪70年代 弗吉尼亚和马里兰州的农民 By the 1770s, the farmers of Virginia and Maryland
欠苏格兰商人超过1百万英镑的钱 owed Scottish merchants over 1 million pounds.
苏格兰的商业蓬勃发展 美国农民却被榨干了 Scottish business was booming, but it was sucking America dry.
一个美国农民这样形容苏格兰贸易商 "卑贱的野草 The Scots traders were described by one American farmer as, "Vile weeds,
"被剪了以后 长势反而更凶猛了" "which if cut down, grow more fiercely".
事实上 他们很抱团 像是黑手党 追逐利润 把道德抛诸脑后 In truth they were clannish, mafia-like, and they put profit before ethics.
亚当·斯密认为他们是 Adam Smith considered them perfect examples
利己主义资本家的典范 of the kind of self-interested capitalists
他认为他们对于致富和发展是至关重要的 he believed were vital to bring forth wealth and progress.
亚当·斯密觉得贪婪没什么不好 Smith thought greed was good,
这些人要不是因为那么那么贪婪会一事无成 and these men were nothing if not very, very greedy.
到了18世纪60年代 格拉斯哥对于一些人来说已经看起来不一样了 By the 1760s, Glasgow was beginning to look very different... for some.
亚当·斯密看着商人致富住大宅 Adam Smith watched as the merchants ploughed fortunes into great houses,
商人区变成了 and the Merchant Quarter became an exclusive community
城市边缘独立的一个社区 on the edge of the city.
他们对自己的豪宅 Not content that their mansions
城里面有史以来最贵的房子还不满意 他们还建别的 were the most expensive houses ever to be built in the city, they went further.
他们帮助当地的自治市修建了圣安德鲁斯教堂 They helped the local burgh to build this church, St Andrew's,
这是仿效伦敦圣马丁教堂而建的 which was modelled on St Martin-in-the-Fields in London.
它完美阐释了他们炫耀卖弄自己的财富 It perfectly sums up their showiness, their conspicuous wealth,
和他们的一己私欲 and their self-serving aspirations.
阳台是用他们从洪都拉斯海运来的桃花心木做的 The balconies were mahogany, imported from Honduras on one of their ships.
在弗吉尼亚仅仅待了6年 After just six years in Virginia,
威廉·卡宁汉姆就从从美国回到了英国 William Cunninghame returned from the New World to the Old.
在他短暂的海外时光里 In his short time overseas,
他就被提拔到掌管整个弗吉尼亚的运营 he'd been promoted to running the entire Virginia operation.
他在那个残酷的世界证明了自己 He'd proved himself in that ruthless world
现在 他回到格拉斯哥 加入了老商人的队伍 and now he returned to Glasgow to join the ranks of older merchants
在家里舒舒服服地监管家族企业 and to oversee the family firm in considerably more comfort, from home.
苏格兰贸易帝国不断壮大的同时 As Scotland's trading empire grew,
苏格兰的启蒙运动也声名鹊起 so did the reputation of the Scottish Enlightenment.
苏格兰教会严酷的压迫管制逐渐减弱 The control of the harsh and repressive Scottish Kirk was waning
and now a generation of intellectuals
人性 made the study of human nature, not God, their new religion.
They made waves which rippled all the way across the Atlantic to America.
殖民地的 本杰明·富兰克林 One of the Colonies' leading lights, Benjamin Franklin,
was keen to meet these radical young thinkers.
During a trip to Scotland, he got the chance.
Franklin's father was English and he had lived on both sides of the Atlantic,
so he was familiar with the politics and the culture
和美国 of both Britain and America.
He had a brilliant mind, he could turn his hand to anything.
出版商 音乐家 科学家 作家 He was a publisher, a musician, a scientist, a writer,
苏格兰 and he was in Scotland to collect an honorary degree in law
圣安德鲁斯大学 from the University of St Andrews.
As both an agent and representative of the Colonies,
富兰克林很想知道盎格鲁是怎么 Franklin was keen to discover how the Anglo-Scottish union worked,
what unity and strength it brought this emerging superpower.
But after touring Scotland,
颠覆了富兰克林对英国的印象 Franklin gained quite a different impression of Great Britain.
在1759年一天晚上 他对苏格兰说 He told Scotland's finest minds one evening in 1759
他看到的全都是不公与贫困 how all he'd seen was inequality and poverty.
亚当·斯密 Among the guests was Adam Smith.
Later, he put his thoughts in a letter to a friend.
"I have lately made a tour through Ireland and Scotland.
"In these countries, a small part of the society are landlords,
"great noblemen and gentlemen,
"extremely opulent, living in the highest affluence and magnificence.
"The bulk of the people, tenants, extremely poor,
"living in the most sordid wretchedness
"in dirty hovels of mud and straw, and clothed only in rags.
"And the effect of this kind of civil society seems only to be,
"the depressing multitudes below the savage state
"that a few may be raised above it."
This trip was to have a profound effect on Franklin.
He was disillusioned by what he saw in Scotland.
Its union with England had not made it a thriving country.
Men had no chance of being equal.
在美国 人们可以通过自己的努力收获成功 At least America was a place where a man could succeed through his own efforts.
腐败 America was unfettered by centuries of class division and corruption.
这个地方是一个新的开始 It was a place of new beginnings,
十分可能变成一个真正文明开化 的社会 where there was real potential to create a civilised and fair society.
苏格兰的贫富两极分化现象愈演愈烈 Scotland was becoming more polarised than ever.
烟草像是富了 Tobacco Lords like William Cunninghame were getting rich,
然而普通劳动人民却依然贫困 but ordinary working people were not.
Dr John Witherspoon was the minister of a church in Paisley
担心苏格兰 and he worried that Scotland was now a place where his congregation
struggled both materially and spiritually.
As their moral guide, he was hard-pressed to show them anything
that was good or fair about the society they lived in.
但他不仅是位 But he was more than just a minister.
还是党的领袖之一 Witherspoon was also one of the leaders of the Popular Party,
教堂内部 a movement within the Church
一个反对苏格兰上层专横的运动 opposed to the imperious influence of Scotland's elite classes.
尽管他 Although he was an educated man,
他的软弱 he hated what he regarded as the louche, soft world of the Edinburgh intellectuals,
who were hand-picked by the same rich patrons
以一只无形的手操控着这个国家 who controlled the country with an unseen hand.
他因为写的讽刺文学而出名 He had become well-known for writing a satire
lampooning the system of patronage amongst intellectuals.
对于来说 亚当·史密斯的思想 For Witherspoon, the ideas of Adam Smith
以及启蒙运动 and other leading lights of the Enlightenment
were the ideas of the privileged few.
They could afford to intellectual game-play
and debate concepts as profound as the significance of God.
In writing it, Witherspoon raised an uncomfortable question.
我们将会用迎来怎样的社会呢 But what kind of society will we have
我们的责任是人定 而非天定? if our responsibilities are set by man, and not by God?
这样的社会就在牙买加那里扎根了 Out in Jamaica, just such a society had put down roots.
不仅是没有上帝 简直是直落地狱 Not only had it lost God, but it was fast descending into hell.
这就是苏格兰现代化个进程的阴暗面 This was the dark side of Scotland's progress to the modern age,
驱使烟草和糖料业发展的正是奴隶制 because the engine driving both the tobacco and sugar industries was slavery.
约翰·韦德伯恩虽然是个基督徒 John Wedderburn, although a Christian man,
但是他知道他不能 knew that he could not plant, weed and tend his sugar canes
奴隶 and manage his acres of plantation without slaves.
18世纪 牙买加每个口岸都有 Every port in Jamaica in the 18th century had something called a "scramble".
当船只停泊在码头非洲新进的奴隶 When ships docked bringing the newly enslaved from Africa,
there was a rush to inspect them
为自己的种植园挑选最好最强壮的奴隶 and pick the best and strongest for your plantation.
It was much like farmers sizing up the best animals at an agricultural auction.
难以面对 John Wedderburn found such scrambles hard to face.
Human beings were on display like cattle.
一半的人死在了旅途中 Half had already died during the journey and many others,
其他好多人感染了疾病 in the tight confines of the ship, had contracted diseases.
But all of that was as nothing compared to the lives they were about to face,
of backbreaking physical labour and soul-destroying confinement.
For all of his career as a sugar planter, Wedderburn had tried to turn a blind eye.
But he did attend one scramble, in the spring of 1762.
And in amongst the sorry crowd,
he saw a young boy, only 12 or 13, that he found he couldn't ignore.
他被以 He was called Joseph Knight, after the captain of the ship
that had been his prison on the three-month journey from Guinea.
He was now a commodity, for sale to the highest bidder.
私人奴隶 Joseph became Wedderburn's personal servant.
Something about him appealed to Wedderburn.
So, he spared Joseph the hard labour in the fields
and had him brought inside instead, to be trained up as a houseboy.
He learned to speak English, to read and write.
Wedderburn even allowed him to be baptised.
对抗奴隶制的个人努力 Knight became the focus for Wedderburn's personal struggle with slavery.
Perhaps having one indoors that he treated well, almost humanly,
allowed Wedderburn to ignore the hundreds
that were no better than animals, whipped and chained in his cane fields.
When Wedderburn was finally rich enough to return to his beloved Scotland,
he took Joseph with him.
He'd grown into a fine-looking man, and was a Christian by then as well,
equal to any man in the eyes of God.
But he was still Wedderburn's slave.
Although John Wedderburn had returned to a country he had never stopped loving,
Joseph Knight was arriving in yet another place
that reminded him how far he was from home.
In Wedderburn's Perthshire mansion, Knight did odd jobs around the house.
He took his meals and slept below stairs along with the domestic staff.
But apart from his colour, there was one other crucial difference
that separated him from the rest of the servants.
They were paid.
Knight felt lost.
He drew some comfort from a friendship with a housemaid called Annie Thomson,
but it was his only consolation.
He was now 24, educated and restless.
他问能不能学 He asked his master if he could learn a trade,
同意了 perhaps shaving and cutting hair, and Wedderburn agreed.
一个星期几个小时 在当地的 Knight was released for a few hours a week for training in the local town.
偶然看到一份报纸 It was probably on one of those trips that he came across a newspaper
伦敦 headlining a fascinating drama that was the talk of London.
叫的奴法庭 An African slave named Somerset had taken his master to court
获得自由 in a bid to gain his freedom.
住在英格兰的任何一个人都是英国人 He had argued that anyone living in England was British,
所有的英国公民都应该享有自由之身 and that all British citizens should be free men.
The Lords of the King's Bench were up in arms
and Knight, reading carefully as he'd been taught to by his master,
would have been amazed to discover that Somerset had won.
As Knight dreamt of a new life as a free man,
the Reverend John Witherspoon gave up his old life in Scotland.
He'd been offered a fresh start in America,
teaching at Princeton College, New Jersey.
But his wife thought he'd lost his mind.
For her, this wasn't a new life.
11 weeks at sea was more like a death sentence.
But Witherspoon knew it was time to go.
苏格兰宗教 Scotland had gone soft on religion.
教堂的逐渐减弱 The influence of the Church was waning here,
and Scotland was going to hell in a handcart.
It was becoming a country
where commerce seemed to matter more than Christianity.
失去它的道德准则了 The place had lost its moral compass.
He had a point.
Witherspoon wasn't alone in starting a new life.
Scotland's rural communities were leaving en masse,
after years of hardship and poverty.
著名的文学 The famous literary figures Boswell and Johnson
日记 wrote a diary of their Highland travels.
They remarked on seeing a whole village celebrating
on the eve of their emigration, dancing a jig they called "America".
Johnson was later to describe the empty villages and broken communities
as "an epidemical fury of migration".
While the Colonies represented a new beginning for Witherspoon
and thousands of other rural Scots,
the bonds that tied America to Britain were beginning to look like shackles.
America viewed her British master with growing frustration.
Lack of representation at Westminster,
coupled with increasing taxes on tobacco and imported goods,
fuelled resentment and talk of rebellion,
as Witherspoon would soon find out.
In spite of the darkening mood across America,
in the hallowed community of Princeton,
Dr Witherspoon could not have received a warmer welcome.
所有的学生 All the students turned out to light up Nassau Hall,
the college's central building.
这是他事业辉煌的开始 It was a glorious beginning to his career.
In that moment, he fell in love with the place, with its seriousness,
its sense of community and its beauty.
It was a place where the New World could be shaped.
If there was one thing Witherspoon could be relied on to do,
it was to bring his boundless energy and enthusiasm to the job.
He lived up to his magnificent welcome,
and straight away set about spring-cleaning the place,
airing it and opening it up to new ideas.
他最大的问题就是钱 His big obstacle was money.
他的时候 When he arrived, the college was in debt,
and, keen to keep the place independent and away from the meddling of patrons,
he set out as a one-man band to raise the funds himself.
Using all the charismatic charms he could muster,
he set out on an open-air preaching tour.
Witherspoon's style was unusual -
he spoke from the heart rather than the page
and he drew people in with a rare mix of emotion, common sense and great oratory.
In Williamsburg, Virginia,
Witherspoon raised the equivalent of ?,500 with just one sermon.
扩建图书馆 He quickly secured Princeton's future by expanding the library
增加学生数量 and by funding new places for increasing numbers of students.
筹措资金 自身的 As well as raising money, he also unintentionally raised his own profile.
Beyond Princeton, his reputation grew,
both as a man of the people and as an eloquent future leader.
Witherspoon had two ambitions for Princeton.
The first was to be a cutting-edge centre of learning.
He brought with him
the Scottish Enlightenment's thirst for knowledge and understanding,
and he created a curriculum where students would read widely
and open their minds to all points of view.
The second was to rid his students of any false sense of entitlement.
Once a week he opened the place up for meetings,
inviting townsfolk to mix with students for lively debating sessions
that inspired camaraderie and democracy, and blew away the cobwebs of elitism.
教育 In Witherspoon's new America, it would be education,
not social standing, that elevated men to great things.
In Perthshire,
John Wedderburn's only ambition was to live the life of an aristocrat.
His sugar fortune had brought him Ballindean House
and had ensured him a comfortable retirement.
在他所有的中 他尤其中意 Of all his staff, he was particularly pleased with Joseph Knight.
他觉得救了这个男孩 He felt that it had been an act of charity to rescue the boy.
But below stairs, all was not well.
Joseph Knight could not settle.
He didn't want to spend the rest of his life in domestic service.
In fact, he had already staked his claim to a different future.
Annie Thomson was pregnant with his child.
He wanted to be free to marry her and have a family.
Knight broke the news to his master.
Uppermost in his mind was the case of Somerset, another African slave.
He was hopeful that Wedderburn would at least consider his liberty,
或许还能还他自由 perhaps even give him his freedom.
But Wedderburn was horrified.
这些年 Despite all the privileges and help he'd given Knight over the years,
all the skills that had endowed him with his independence of mind and spirit,
Wedderburn refused to let him go.
Somerset had been freed in London,
but Knight didn't know that the law was different in Scotland.
没过奴隶 No slave had ever been freed here.
But he was so enraged by Wedderburn's refusal
that he made his mind up to leave.
He would elope with Annie Thomson, the housemaid,
who had already been dismissed over her relationship with Knight.
Wedderburn found Knight packing his bags and summoned the magistrate.
He was arrested and taken to Perth Gaol,
and no doubt the chains and confinement
reminded Knight of the earliest days of his slavery.
John Wedderburn, when pushed, had proved to be the kind of man
who was more interested in enjoying his own wealth and liberty
than offering it to others.
He had his limits, and Joseph Knight had pushed him to the very edge.
Joseph Knight had no money, no influence, nothing to win him his freedom.
Or so he thought.
But the Lord Advocate of Scotland, Henry Dundas,
was outraged by his case and offered to represent him.
The case went to the Court of Session in Edinburgh,
the highest court in Scotland.
For Dundas, it was the case of the century.
The rights and liberties of the British subject -
it was the most controversial issue of the day.
England had just freed her first slave.
The Colonies were agitating for release from their British master.
Increasingly in Scotland, fundamental human rights were being acknowledged.
But what haunted liberal philosophers and thinkers
was the knowledge that Scotland's success and wealth depended on slavery.
The documents of the case have survived.
Both John Wedderburn and Joseph Knight recorded lengthy memorials,
stating their grievances in their own words,
to be used by the advocates and judges as evidence in court.
What details, what insights come out of this record?
A great amount of detail about the facts of the case.
Not only that,
but the feelings that were involved
and I think John Wedderburn's hurt feelings.
He sees himself as a good master
and that Joseph Knight is somehow betraying
the good treatment that he was given.
但是 On the other hand,
自己强烈的 Knight's own strong feelings of wanting to be emancipated from his status.
NEIL OLIVER: That's an amazing irony from our 21 st-century perspective,
that the slave owner would be indignant about his behaviour being questioned.
Yes, that's right. He obviously felt he had strong rights in the case
and that he'd done the decent thing, if you like.
NEIL OLIVER: What aspects of that could you show me in the paperwork?
DR TRISTRAM CLARKE: Well, I think one thing that we can pick out here
is where Wedderburn talks about the time
when Joseph Knight had read in the newspapers
about the famous case decided by Lord Mansfield in England in 1772,
which had appeared in the newspapers
and it gave him an idea that he was now free,
so Wedderburn claims that after this time, Knight becomes discontented and sullen,
and is wishing to pack up and leave.
- Discontented and sullen? - That's right. Presumably not speaking.
Taking the huff, if you like.
For having the temerity to want to be free.
That's right, exactly. Exactly.
There are other parts we can perhaps pick out here.
This is Wedderburn referring to Knight's claim about his clothing
and that, "He was clothed as well as the rest of Sir John's servants,
"but his stockings were generally coarse, except four pairs,
"and that he got no regular pocket money."
- 零花钱 - Pocket money! For a grown man. - Yes. Yes. Nothing for wages.
NEIL OLIVER: It's quite interesting in a way, isn't it,
that given that it was a society that still accepted slavery at that time,
and yet his words are recorded in just as much detail
as Wedderburn's.
There's a demonstration that the court was recognising him already.
Yes, as an individual with perfect rights to come before the court and make a claim.
This is where the drama unfolded.
The case was called from that little window.
The judges sat in the alcoves.
The advocates took the floor and everybody else stood and watched,
Wedderburn and Knight included.
The case, as predicted, provoked passionate debate.
Counsel for Knight argued that he did not consent
to give up his liberty in the first place
and that stepping on to British soil
should give him the constitutional right to liberty
that is offered to every man in any free country.
Pandering to the pockets of Scotland's elite,
Wedderburn's lawyers made an argument they believed few could reject.
"Make a choice," they said. "Choose between liberty and money."
They asserted that Scotland was "the first commercial nation in the world"
and that we had "interwoven our interests
"with those of our settlements in the New World",
and that therefore "the institution of slavery is absolutely necessary".
But the judges' decision took everyone by surprise.
In spite of Wedderburn's appeal to collective greed,
Scotland's top judges ruled for freedom.
The Knight case sent a strong message across the Atlantic.
Britain had ruled to free a lowly slave,
yet it continued to deny America
an equal relationship with its colonial master.
本杰明·富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin described the storm that was coming
if America's grievances weren't recognised.
他写道 He wrote, "Every act of oppression will sour their tempers,
"lessen, if not annihilate the profits of your commerce with them,
"and hasten their final revolt.
"For the seeds of liberty are universally sown there,
"and nothing can eradicate them."
This was the warning bell.
America had had enough.
In Princeton,
Dr Witherspoon couldn't help himself but get involved in the increasing unrest.
他认为这件事是个深刻的宗教道德问题 He saw the matter as a deeply moral and religious one,
and was convinced that it was in God's plan to free America from Britain.
He wrote a public letter
to all the Presbyterian churches in the Colonies,
urging ordinary people to come together to reject Britain's shackles,
with its crippling regime of taxation and control.
每个从到的教民 Every parishioner from Georgia to Maine would have heard it read out in church.
He urged all of Christian America to listen carefully.
"We must think of America as a nation," he said, "and assert our rights as such."
He knew that this wouldn't happen without a fight,
but he argued that he preferred "war, with all its horrors, even extermination,
"to slavery, riveted on us and on our posterity."
在1775年的4月份 英国军队驶进马赛诸塞州的莱克星顿 In April 1775, British troops marched in to Lexington, Massachusetts,
to control crowds demonstrating against British rule.
Shots were fired and eight men were killed.
这是的开 It was the start of the American Revolution.
已经他的战争 Witherspoon had got the war he wanted.
And so had William Cunninghame.
Back in Glasgow, many Scottish merchants
would never recover the debts owed to them by the American tobacco planters,
but war with the Colonies just made Cunninghame wealthier.
In the build-up to the conflict,
Cunninghame had stockpiled as much tobacco as he could lay his hands on.
切断了攻击 Now fighting had cut off the supply,
he started selling it at an astronomical price.
Cunninghame might have been the talk of the merchant gentleman's club,
but to Adam Smith, this was shameless war-profiteering.
美国战争爆发 As the American Revolution broke out,
Smith was working on a book about commerce.
和美国的 It was the sum of all his observations on Scotland's trade with America.
But the war proved to be a turning point for him.
The merchants' greed and William Cunninghame's profiteering
began to sow doubts in Smith's mind.
Cunninghame's behaviour appalled Smith.
尽管 Despite his friendship with them,
he began to paint an unflattering picture of the Glasgow merchants
and their questionable moral practices.
He attacked their monopolising spirit and even went so far as to say
that if the government were composed entirely of merchants,
"it would be the worst of all governments for any country whatsoever".
The rest of society had not benefited as much as Smith had hoped.
The money had gone into the bricks and mortar of great houses.
Greed and vanity had blinded the merchants
to any real self-regulation or social responsibility.
Maybe it was more than just government taxation
了美国独立战争 that provoked the American War of Independence.
If the merchants hadn't displayed such rapacious greed for profit,
if they hadn't pushed the tobacco growers into such huge debt,
then perhaps America wouldn't have felt aggrieved enough to go to war.
In Princeton,
John Witherspoon believed that America was waging not only a just war,
but a war that had God's providence.
His stirring views and increasingly popular sermons
drew the attention of the British.
The college became known as "the seedbed of revolution"
and British forces stormed Princeton, destroying everything in their path.
Witherspoon evacuated the university just in time, and no-one was hurt.
Cannon-fire wrecked many of the buildings.
But to his horror,
英国军队毁了他最在意的图书馆 British troops damaged the one thing he cared most about - his library.
But this setback only served to strengthen Witherspoon's religious faith
and his resolve to fight for liberty and bring democracy to America.
Everything Witherspoon had been working for
was to culminate in one tightly-worded document
that declared a new set of liberties for this new nation.
独立宣言 It was called the Declaration of Independence.
The wording was argued over to the finest detail.
This was going to be a country
whose very beginning was based on democracy and equality.
Not everyone involved could agree to the revolutionary ideas held in it.
But Witherspoon was there, behind the scenes, urging the process along.
独立和民主自由 Witherspoon didn't just argue for independence and democratic freedom,
he brought the pulpit onto the floor of Congress.
The only clergyman present,
Witherspoon argued that many Americans would hesitate to join the revolution
unless their cause was seen to be just in the eyes of God.
上帝一定会保佑美国 God must bless America.
It was almost certainly Witherspoon who championed the line
that forms the very last sentence in the document, which states,
"And for the support of this declaration,
"with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence,
"we mutually pledge to each other our lives,
"our fortunes and our sacred honour."
Now the Declaration not only proclaimed independence,
it was a visible demonstration to the American people
是上帝的旨意 that it was God's will to back the revolution
将美国从英国残暴的魔爪中解救出来 and free America from British tyranny.
Witherspoon persuaded any remaining doubters to sign the Declaration,
saying, "There is a tide in the affairs of men, a nick of time.
"We perceive it now before us.
"To hesitate is to consent to our own slavery."
又持续了7年 The fighting continued for another seven years,
到了最后 but in the end,
还是 the British conceded defeat.
To Witherspoon, it seemed that divine providence had turned the tide.
In 1783, a peace treaty was signed and America secured her independence.
The ideas of John Witherspoon and Adam Smith
点燃了革命之火 had lit the fires of revolution.
Both men were products of the Scottish Enlightenment
都新的 and both had given the world a new moral philosophy by which to live.
宗教与政治 John Witherspoon had combined religion and politics
美国自由 to help bring intellectual and constitutional freedom to America.
普林斯顿的任期 In his tenure at Princeton,
他还招了和黑人学生 he had introduced to his campus Native American and black students.
他教育了下一代许多美国领导人选 He educated many of the next generation of American leaders.
They included one future president,
副 one vice-president, 39 congressmen and three Supreme Court judges.
And here lies the man who chose Princeton over Paisley.
他认为美国是 He decided on America
自由和民主 as the best place to fight for the principles of liberty and democracy,
backing the country he believed had the best chance of delivering them.
He continued as head of the college for another decade after independence,
埋于此 and he's buried here, in the cemetery at Princeton.
John Wedderburn was a bundle of contradictions.
A Christian man, whose past had taught him to look at the world
from the position of the underdog,
and yet he could not find it in his heart to give Knight his freedom.
在度过余生 Wedderburn spent the rest of his life in Perthshire,
living on the fortune that he built on the exploitation of others.
He also achieved the long-held ambition of laying his Jacobite past to rest
and restoring the good name of the Wedderburn family.
He reinstated himself as the sixth baronet of Blackness.
But it's a title that serves only to remind us of a much more shameful past,
namely the blackness of Wedderburn's slaves
and one slave boy in particular - Joseph Knight.
再也没有见过 Knight never saw Wedderburn again.
有着自由身 与结了婚 As a free man, he married his sweetheart, Annie Thomson,
and then simply disappeared.
There's no record of him after the trial.
But there's some speculation that he became a miner,
where, amidst the coal dust that clung to everything,
the colour of his skin no longer marked him out as different.
In 1778, William Cunninghame got to build the house of his dreams,
the ultimate symbol of his wealth and vanity,
and paid for with the spoils of war and slavery.
At ?10,000, this was the most expensive house ever built in Glasgow,
格拉斯哥美术 and now lives on as Glasgow's Gallery of Modern Art.
In the same year as American independence,
Adam Smith finally finished his book.
In writing it,
his theories about self-interest as a force of good had fallen apart.
William Cunninghame's profiteering
taught Smith that economics isn't just about making money,
it's about the social responsibility that comes with it.
国富论中 In The Wealth Of Nations, Smith gave the world its first study
of the moral and political dimensions of a country's economy.
Its success was to mark Adam Smith
最有影响力的之一 as one of the Enlightenment's most influential thinkers,
之父 and the father of modern economics.
在这本书的最后一页 他写道 On the last page of the book, he wrote,
"It is surely time that Great Britain should free herself
"from the expense of defending those provinces in time of war
"and of supporting any part of their establishments in time of peace."
He was right, of course. It was time to let America go.
It reads like a diary of the build-up to the American Revolution,
and it's every bit as much about a country's struggle
for self-determination as it is about economics.
In the end, there were no winners or losers.
The new American Constitution
made good its promises of rights and freedom for all,
从没有想过 but it never occurred to the founding fathers
让奴隶也享有同样的自由 to extend those same freedoms to slaves.
美国经过内战才废除了奴隶制 It took a civil war to rid America of slavery,
and it's struggled with the legacy ever since.
And while Britain's vision of liberty
未来几十年 remained bereft of democratic principle for decades to come,
废除了奴隶制 供其他欧洲国家效仿 it abolished slavery and paved the way for other European nations to follow.
苏格兰? And what of Scotland?
美国独立 In the wake of American independence,
there was a feeling in the air of anticlimax, of dissatisfaction.
美国和苏格兰 Parallels were drawn between America and Scotland.
这看起来就好像 It seemed as though
all the best intellectual efforts of the Scottish Enlightenment
美国自由 had gone to providing America with the blueprint for liberty.
虽然想出和提出这些想法的是苏格兰 But while Scotland thought and talked,
将他们付诸于实践的却是美国 it was America that had put those ideas into action.
事实上 美国改变 In truth, America had changed everything for Scotland.
She had helped to lay the foundation stones
为世界上民主国家打下最夯实的基础 for one of the first and most influential democracies in the world.
作为英国的一部分 As part of Great Britain,
她已迈出了世界的第一步 she had taken her first faltering steps on to the world stage,
并且绝不会回头 and she would never look back.