大家好 我是奥利弗·斯通 Hello, I'm Oliver Stone.
我的童年是在纽约度过的 When I was a young boy growing up in New York City,
我自以为受到了良好的教育 I thought I received a good education.
我博览历史 尤其是美国史 I studied history extensively, especially American history.
这的确有效 使得我们自以为是世界的中心 It made sense. We were the center of the world.
天命昭彰 我们总是对的 There was a manifest destiny. We were the good guys.
但如今我已踏遍全球 Well, I've traveled the world now.
接受着世界对我的再教育 I continued my education
参加越战 as an infantryman in Vietnam,
执导影片 其中可不乏历史题材 made a lot of movies... Some of them about history.
其中所获远胜于以往所学 And I've learned a lot more than I once knew.
这时再听到孩子们所接受的学校教育 And when I heard from my children what they were learning in school,
我不禁忧虑于他们 I was perturbed to hear that they were not really
对世界的认知还不如我来得客观 getting a more honest view of the world than I did.
我们所有人都生活在一团迷雾之中 We live much of our lives in a fog, all of us.
我希望我的后辈能够摆脱 And I would like my children to have access to something
这种非我所谓 "专制" 二字就能道尽的枷锁 that looks beyond what I would call the tyranny of now.
你所看到的媒体上 You watch the media
每个人都在谈论当天的新闻 and everyone talks about that thing... The news of the day.
而喧闹之下的 真正重要的 And all the subconscious, really important stuff
正在发生的事物反倒被忽略了 that's going on is being neglected.
拿破仑曾道 Napoleon once said that
历史是一系列约定俗成的谎言 "History is a pack of lies agreed upon."
这话我不是很同意 Well, I'm not sure I agree.
我认为历史本身是有其意义和效用的 I believe history does have a meaning, does a have a purpose,
只是对历史的正确认知模式还有待探寻 and there is a pattern to be found.
因此我及我的同事们 没去制作其它类型的影片 And I wanted, with my colleagues, rather than make another feature film,
而是想用一种前所未有的方式来讲述美国历史 to tell the American story in a way that it has never been told before.
或许你会在片中找到很多问题的答案 There are many questions that you may not find answered here,
但同时你也会萌生很多新问题 but you will find questions raised
我希望这能让你更具自主意识 that I hope will help make you more conscious.
我们将会向你介绍的人物有 We are going to propose, among other things,
建功立业而鲜有人知的... a forgotten set of heroes...
坚守信仰而受尽苦难的... People who suffered for their beliefs
穷不思变而泯于史册的... and who have been lost to history because they did not conform.
我们还将会拆穿一些 And we are going to debunk some of
你曾深信不疑的英雄人物 those heroes that you believe in,
这绝无恶意 仅为重申史实 not with malice, but by restating the facts.
正因为我们会怀念已逝的美好事物 Unless we remind ourselves of the good that we have lost,
所以我们才想创造一个更美好的未来 it's not easy to imagine a better future.
通过向你展示那些可能 By showing you the patterns of behavior
你未曾留意的种种行为模式的形成 which have come to be that you perhaps have not noticed before,
我们将会带你重新思考这个国家的意义 we will try to bring you back to the meaning of this country
以及她在二战后翻天覆地的变化 and what so radically changed after World War II.
或许有些错误积重难返 There have been some profound mistakes,
但我始终坚信我们还有机会去修正 but we still have a chance, I strongly believe, to correct them.
不为人知的美国历史
桑格里克利山脉 The Sangre de Cristo,
1945年7月16日 新墨西哥州 阿拉莫戈多
也称 "基督血" 山脉 or "Blood of Christ" Mountain range,
是美国最为偏远和蛮荒的地方之一 is one of the United States' most remote and primitive landscapes.
一座低矮的平房里 In an isolated ranch house,
世界上最杰出的科学家们 其中许多来自欧洲 the world's top scientists, many of them European,
在这略带寒意的清早紧张地齐聚一堂 gather nervously in the chill morning air.
随着夜色渐浓 Nearby in the darkness,
有什么东西被吊上了一座铁塔顶端 something hangs atop a steel tower...
那是一枚炸弹 a bomb.
今天他们将进行一项试验 Today they will test it.
试验代号 "三位一体" The test is code-named Trinity.
曼哈顿计划主要领导者之一 罗伯特·奥本海默
约翰·邓恩的 《启示》 The inspiration... John Donne,
是罗伯特·奥本海默最喜爱的诗篇 Robert Oppenheimer's favorite poet.
作为那个时代的先驱科学家之一 One of the premier scientists of his age,
奥本海默爱好文学和西南部的沙漠 Oppenheimer loved literature and the desert of the Southwest.
他是一位和平主义者 He was a peaceful man,
却偏偏参与研制了 who just happened to have created and coordinated
有史以来最具杀伤性的武器 the most destructive weapon in all history.
仅几公里之外 Only a few miles away,
这一工程的军事指挥官 准将莱斯利·格罗夫斯 the project's military commander, brigadier general Leslie Groves,
美军准将 莱利斯·格罗夫斯
也领导建造了 is the man responsible for building
美国陆军部在弗吉尼亚州的新总部 the war department's gigantic new headquarters in Virginia
即现在的五角大楼 known as the Pentagon.
他一向不看好那些平民科学家 He doesn't like relying on unreliable civilian scientists.
冲锋陷阵才是他的风格 His career is on the line.
来了 格罗夫斯将军 这就是钚 Here it is, general groves... plutonium.
不错 这还是我第一次见到钚 Well, that's the first time I've seen it,
但你要不介意的话 请把这盛在试管下方 but if you don't mind, I wish you'd hold that under it,
毕竟这实验室还值5亿美元 because, after all, there's about $50 million in that test tube.
原子控制器启动了 The automatic control has got it now.
罗布 咱这回玩的可不小啊 Rob, this time the stakes are really high.
放一百个心吧 罗伯特 It's going to work all right, Robert.
我打包票不会有事的 And I'm sure we'll never be sorry for it.
40秒后见分晓 Well, in 40 seconds, we'll know.
倒计时开始后剩几分钟 将军一直保持沉默 In the last few minutes, general silence is observed as the countdown begins.
十 Ten,
九 nine,
八 eight,
七 seven,
六 six,
五 five,
四 four,
三 three,
二 two,
一 one.
5时29分45秒 炸弹起爆 At 5:29 and 45 seconds, the bomb detonates.
发出的光比太阳还要亮 The light is brighter than the sun.
看着这次爆炸 Observing the explosion,
奥本海默不禁回想起《薄伽梵歌》中的一行诗 Oppenheimer recalls a line from the hindu scripture,
生杀予夺执我手 枪烟炮雨遍人髅 "Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds."
这种可怕的武器 This terrifying weapon
将使美国踏上新的征途 would launch the United States on a journey,
昔日国父们的世外桃源 turning the refuge of the founding fathers
如今已然穷兵黩武 into a militarized state.
第01集 第二次世界大战
一代又一代的美国人被灌输 Generations of Americans have been taught that
美国在二战结束前夕投下原子弹实属迫不得已 the United States reluctantly dropped atomic bombs at the end of World War II
那是为了避免成千上万的年轻人 to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of young men
在对日作战中阵亡 poised to die in an invasion of Japan.
而真实的历史要更为复杂 But the story is really more complicated,
更为有趣 more interesting,
也更令人困惑不安 and much more disturbing.
许多美国民回首二战时 Many Americans view World War II
认为那是一场 "好" 的战争 nostalgically as the "good war"
美利坚及其盟友战胜了 in which the United States and its allies triumphed over
德国纳粹 意大利法西斯 German nazism, Italian fascism,
以及日本军国主义 and Japanese militarism.
但除此之外的 可就不太光彩了 Others, not so blessed,
别忘了二战可是人类历史上最为血腥的一场战争 remember World War II as the bloodiest war in human history.
当二战结束时 By the time it was over,
已有6亿至6.5亿人丧命 60 to 65 million people lay dead,
其中约有2.7亿苏联人 including an estimated 27 million Soviets,
1亿至2亿中国人 between 10 and 20 million Chinese,
600万犹太人 six million Jews,
600多万德国人 over six million Germans,
300万非犹太族波兰人 three million non-Jewish poles,
250万日本人 2.5 million Japanese,
150万南斯拉夫人 and 1.5 million yugoslavs.
奥地利 英国 法国 意大利 匈牙利 罗马尼亚 Austria, Britain, France, Italy, Hungary, Romania,
还有美国 and the United States
损失的人口均达到25万至50万 each counted between a quarter million and a half million dead.
与一战不同 Unlike World War I,
二战的发生是缓慢而渐进的 World War II began slowly and incrementally.
日本于1931年打响了二战的第一枪 The opening shots were fired in 1931 when Japan,
其关东军势如破竹 直取满洲 rapidly industrializing, launched its Kwantung army into Manchuria,
横扫中国军队 overwhelming Chinese forces.
而在欧洲 德国在阿道夫·希特勒纳粹主义的影响下 In Europe, Germany, under Nazi leader Adolf Hitler,
正寻思着一雪一战战败之恨 seeking to avenge its own devastating defeat in World War I,
这台德意志战争机器已经开动 was building up the German war machine.
德国人必须自力更生 German people, help yourself!
希特勒盟友 意大利法西斯头子 贝尼托·墨索里尼 His ally, Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini,
意大利政府首脑 贝尼托·墨索里尼
于1935年10月入侵埃塞俄比亚 invaded Ethiopia in October, 1935.
而英美法三国 But the United States, Britain, and France
却坐视不管 did little to protest.
结果这让希特勒以为 And as a result, Hitler concluded
同盟国没胆开战 that the allies had no real stomach for war.
1936年3月 In March 1936,
德军占领莱茵兰 German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland.
这是希特勒的一场豪赌 It was Hitler's biggest gamble to date
他押中了 and it worked.
在进军莱茵兰之后的48小时 "The 48 hours after the March
是我一生中神经最紧张的时刻 were the most nerve-wracking in my life,"
他说道 he said.
就凭我们手上那点儿军事力量 "The military resources at our disposal would have been
想稍作抵抗也是有心无力 wholly inadequate for even a moderate resistance.
如果法军也开进莱茵兰 If the French had marched into the Rhineland,
我们就得夹着尾巴撤退了 we would have had to withdraw with our tails between our legs."
派兵进入莱茵兰是我一生最艰难也最大胆的决定 "Sening our troops into the Rhineland was the hardest and most daring decision of my life..."
而各国在西班牙内战时的明哲保身 The feeble international response to the Spanish civil war
更是令人失望 was even more disheartening.
西班牙内战爆发于1936年7月 Fighting erupted in July, 1936,
弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥率兵 when general Francisco Franco's forces
推翻民选的西班牙共和政府 set out to topple the elected Spanish Republic
并建立法西斯政权 and establish a fascist regime.
共和政府并不受美国政界和商界待见 The Republic had made enemies among U.S. officials and corporate leaders
因为其政策过于激进且经济管制过多 with its progressive policies and tight regulation of business.
许多美国天主教徒也支持弗朗哥 Many American Catholics rallied to Franco's support,
而希特勒和墨索里尼不光支持 as did Hitler and Mussolini,
还援助了大量的物资和军队 who sent abundant aid and thousands of troops.
希特勒派遣秃鹰军团轰炸格尔尼卡 Hitler supplied his feared condor legion, whose bombing of Guernica
毕加索的著名壁画 《格尔尼卡》 描绘的就是此事 was depicted by Pablo Picasso in his famous mural.
巴勃罗·毕加索
苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
苏联政府首脑 约瑟夫·斯大林
向共和政府援助了军队和军事顾问 sent arms and advisors to assist the loyalists.
反观法英美三国竟坐视不管 But neither France, England, or the United States did anything to help.
美国总统富兰克林· 德拉诺·罗斯福下令 The U.S., under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
美国第32任总统 富兰克林· 德拉诺·罗斯福
禁止向交战双方输出武器物资 banned the shipment of weapons to either side,
这使原本弱势的政府军雪上加霜 which weakened the outgunned government forces.
而福特 通用 费尔斯通 But Ford, General Motors, Firestone
等美国企业却供应给法西斯 and other U.S. businesses provided the fascists
车辆 轮胎和机械部件 with trucks, tires and machine tools.
由亲法西斯者领导的德士古石油公司 Texaco Oil Company, headed by a pro-fascist,
托基尔德·里伯
承诺弗朗哥其所需全部石油可赊购 promised Franco all the oil he needed on credit.
罗斯福震怒了 Roosevelt was furious
他以禁运石油要挟德士古并对其罚款 and threatened an oil embargo and slapped Texaco with a fine.
但德士古依然故我 无动于衷 But Texaco persisted, undeterred,
甚至还向希特勒供应起了石油 and also supplied oil to Hitler.
这场战火延续了三年 The fighting dragged on for three years.
根据1940年欧内斯特·海明威小说改编 1943年 山姆·伍德导演 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
约有2800名美国志愿者前往西班牙对抗法西斯 Some 2,800 brave Americans snuck into Spain to battle the fascists,
其中多数加入了国际纵队中的亚伯拉罕·林肯旅 most joining the communist-backed Abraham Lincoln brigade.
亚伯拉罕·林肯旅
最终近1000人长眠异乡 Almost 1,000 did not return.
告诉我们 英佬 Tell us, Ingles,
你为何不远万里来为我们的共和而战 why have you come so far to fight for our Republic?
有的人是会为了信仰而战斗的 费南多 A man fights for what he believes in, Fernando.
对 但一般都在自己的国家里吧 Well, but in his own country.
好吧 或许你觉得我多管闲事 Well, maybe you feel that I'm sticking my nose into other people's business,
但我不这么认为 but I don't feel that way.
不仅是西班牙这儿在打仗 对吧 It's not only Spain fighting here, is it?
一边是德国与意大利 一边是俄国 It's Germany and Italy on one side and Russia on the other,
而西班牙正好夹在中间 and the Spanish people right in the middle of it all.
纳粹与法西斯对抗民主主义者 The Nazis and fascists are just as much against democracy
就如民主主义者对抗共产主义者一样 as they are against the communists.
而你们的国家不过是他们新式武器的试验场而已 And they're using your country as a proving ground for their new war machine,
他们的新坦克 新轰炸机等等 their tanks and dive bombers and stuff like that,
这样他们才能凌驾于民主之上 so they can get the jump on the democracies
然后叩关英国 法国 以及我的国家 and knock off England and France and my country
以至于我们都还未来得及拿起武器准备好 before we get armed and ready to fight.
但最终还是弗朗哥得胜 But Franco triumphed
1993年春天 随共和而陨落的 and the Republic fell in the spring of 1939,
不仅有超过10万的共和政府军 burying with it not only over 100,000 republican soldiers
以及5000名外国志愿者 and 5,000 foreign volunteers,
还有许许多多进步的希望与梦想 but the hopes and dreams of many progressives.
1939年 罗斯福对他的内阁说 By 1939, Roosevelt told his cabinet that
他的西班牙政策是个重大失误 his policies in Spain had been a grave mistake
并且警诫他们很快就会自食其果 and warned that they all soon would pay the price.
但这政策使斯大林确信了 But that policy convinced Stalin that
西方政权并无诚心来 the Western powers had no real interest in
英国首相 内维尔·张伯伦
法国总理 爱德华·达拉第
共同行动以减缓纳粹的侵略步伐 a collective action to slow the Nazi advance.
多年来 正是苏联的独裁者在恳求西方 For years, the Soviet dictator had implored the West
团结起来对抗希特勒和墨索里尼 to unite against Hitler and Mussolini,
甚至为此于1934年加入了国际联盟 even joining the league of nations in 1934.
国际联盟
但其请求总是被忽略 But Soviet pleas were repeatedly ignored.
随后到了1937年 And then, in 1937,
中国开始全面抗战 full-scale war erupted in China
强大的日军攻城略地 莫不降下 as the powerful Japanese army captured city after city.
蒋介石的国民党军队节节败退 With Jiang Jieshi's nationalist forces fleeing in retreat,
中国政府主席 总司令 蒋介石
1937年12月 南京遭受到日军兽行的蹂躏 Japanese soldiers brutalized the citizens of nanjing in December, 1937,
20万到30万的市民被屠杀 killing 200,000 to 300,000 civilians
成千上万的妇女被奸淫 and raping tens of thousands of women.
日军很快控制了中国的东部沿海 Japan soon controlled the east coast of China
以及此地区的20亿人口 with its population of 200 million.
1938年 国际形势进一步恶化 The international situation deteriorated further in 1938
德国吞并了奥地利 with German annexation of Austria
同盟国在慕尼黑向希特勒妥协 and the allies' capitulation to Hitler at Munich,
1938年 《慕尼黑协定》
割让捷克斯洛伐克的苏台德地区给德国 dismembering Czechoslovakia and giving Germany the Czech Sudetenland.
英国首相内维尔·张伯伦低劣地声明 British prime minister Neville Chamberlain infamously proclaimed
慕尼黑协定带来了 "整整一代人的和平" that the settlement had brought "Peace in our time."
美国及其盟友官方倒没那么积极 Nor did the U.S. and its allies officially do much
去帮助德国水深火热中的犹太人 to help Germany's desperate Jewish community,
纳粹砸抢烧犹太商店和教堂 直到戈培尔叫停
1938年晚些时候的 when in late 1938
水晶之夜中 暴行肆虐 an orgy of violence was let loose on Kristallnacht...
强奸和杀戮犹太人的现象剧增 rape and murder of the ancient Jewish population escalated.
跟欧洲一样 美国没帮上什么忙 As in Europe, the U.S.A. did little to help,
只是在1933年至1945年间 接收了约20万犹太人 only admitting approximately 200,000 Jews between 1933 and 1945.
希特勒于1939年3月继续出击 Emboldened, Hitler struck again in March '39,
违反承诺去侵略捷克斯洛伐克的剩余领土 breaking his promise and invading the rest of Czechoslovakia.
斯大林看清了真相 Stalin recognized the truth...
他的国家正独自面对最具威胁的敌人 His country was facing its most deadly enemy alone.
他需要争取时间 He needed to buy time,
以防德国与波兰结盟进攻苏联 and fearing a German-Polish alliance to attack the U.S.S.R.,
他与希特勒签订的互不侵犯条约令西方震惊 he shocked the West when he signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler,
东欧只能坐等被苏德瓜分 dividing Eastern Europe between them.
昔日公认的死敌 Here were the admitted arch enemies
如今已握手言和 in a state of apparent friendship.
斯大林首要考虑的是自己国家的安全 Stalin's primary concern was the security of his own nation.
可事实是 苏联的独裁者早就提议过跟英法结盟 In fact, the Soviet dictator had proposed the same alliance with Britain and France,
德国外交部长 约阿希姆·冯·里宾特洛甫
但英法都不同意斯大林在波兰驻扎苏军 but neither would accept Stalin's demand to place Soviet troops on Polish soil
以作为阻挡德军的屏障 as a way of blocking the Germans.
条约签订后不到2周 Less than two weeks after the pact was signed,
1939年9月1日
希特勒从西面入侵波兰 Hitler invaded Poland from the West.
英法两国同波兰结盟 Britain and France, allied with Poland,
共抗希特勒且正式宣战 finally stood up to Hitler and declared war.
2周后的9月17日 Two weeks later, on September 17th,
斯大林也入侵了波兰 Stalin also invaded Poland.
苏联随即宣布控制了 The Soviets soon thereafter asserted control over
波罗的海三国 爱沙尼亚 拉脱维亚 立陶宛 the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,
之后又入侵了芬兰 and invaded Finland.
世界再次卷入大战 The world was at war once again.
第二次世界大战已经打响 World War II has begun.
很快战无不胜的德军就接二连三地 In rapid succession, the invincible German army
攻占了丹麦 挪威 荷兰 比利时 conquered Denmark, Norway, Holland, and Belgium.
而法国军队由于在一战中 The great French army of World War I,
年轻一代早已伤亡惨重 its younger generation decimated in that slaughter,
1940年6月 法国 巴黎
这次只抵抗6周后就于1940年6月沦陷了 collapsed after only six weeks of fighting in June, 1940.
法国政府中有大量官员 The bulk of its ruling class,
十分保守和反犹的 conservative and anti-semitic to the core,
决定与德国纳粹合作 decided on collaboration.
现在希特勒将目光转向了英国 Hitler now turned his attention to England
并且发动了一轮惩罚性的空袭 and launched a punishing air assault
作为跨过海峡入侵的前奏 as precursor to a cross-channel invasion.
但是新的战时领导人 温斯顿·丘吉尔 But a new war leader, Winston Churchill,
1940-1945 1951-1955 英国首相 温斯顿·丘吉尔
凝聚起了整个国家 rallied the nation behind him.
我们将在海滩作战 We shall fight on the beaches,
我们将在陆地作战 we shall fight on the landing grounds,
我们将在田野和街头作战 we shall fight in the fields and in the streets.
我们将在群山间作战 We shall fight in the hills.
我们绝不投降 We shall never surrender.
这简直是个奇迹 And in what seemed a miracle,
弱势的英国空军抵挡住了德军的狂轰滥炸 the battered air force held the Germans at bay
不列颠之战就此载入史册 in the historic battle of Britain.
丘吉尔称这是他们最光辉的时刻 Churchill called it their finest hour.
带领着英国人民的 Leading the British people,
丘吉尔已然是个现世神话 Churchill became a living legend.
大多数美国人都希望英法两国能赢得战争 Although most Americans wanted Britain and France to win the war,
我们不支持美国参战
1939年10月进行过民意调查 according to a gallup poll in October '39,
美国民意研究中心
95%的被访者希望美国置身事外 95% percent wanted the U.S. to stay out,
他们担心英国再次像1917年一样 fearing essentially that Britain was again, as in 1917,
将美国拖入一场无意义的世界大战 drawing the U.S. into a futile World War.
再来一场战争 我可不要 Another war? Not for me.
美国这次应该置身事外 反正我不会管那摊子事儿 This time America should keep out, and I know I will.
让欧洲人自己收拾他们的战争 Let Europe fight her own battles.
不要跟外国纠缠
我们与之毫无关系 They mean nothing to us.
没门儿 不行 - By all means, no.
不 不 不 - No! - No. - No.
罗斯福在1940年的竞选中承诺过 Roosevelt promised in the 1940 election that
不会让任何一个美国人去参加别国的战争 "No American boys would go to a foreign war."
而今他确信希特勒意在统治全球 Yet he now believed that Hitler was intent on world domination.
尽管中立法白纸黑字 And with neutrality legislation on the books
战备又极不充分 and military preparedness at a low level,
美国军队 13万6千
罗斯福还是采取了些果敢的措施 Roosevelt nonetheless made several bold moves.
折中那些条条框框后 Bending the rules,
他派遣了50艘旧驱逐舰支援英国 he unilaterally sent 50 old destroyers to Britain.
为了将日本赶出中国 And in order to drive Japan out of China,
他有针对性地限制对日本出口重要的军工原材料 he imposed select embargoes on the flow of vital raw materials critical to the Japanese war machine.
煤炭
铁渣
1940年9月27日 《德意日三国同盟条约》
1940年9月 In September, 1940,
日本 德国 意大利及一些仆从国 Japan retaliated and established, with Germany and Italy and others,
签订三国公约 the tripartite pact.
东京
现在这三个轴心国家肯定会联手对付我们 It was clear now that the three axis countries definitely stood against us,
柏林
罗马
并摧毁我们所赖以生息的一切准则 organized to smash the very principles which made us the people we are.
随着战争疑云越发波诡云谲 With war clouds growing darker,
罗斯福迈出了最为大胆的一步 Roosevelt now made his boldest move yet.
他突破了乔治·华盛顿的孤立主义原则 Breaking the famous precedent of George Washington,
那是他1940年争取连任三届总统时还赞成的 he declared for a third term in 1940.
当时他的那种支持率可谓空前 The stakes have rarely been higher in a presidential election.
在这种劲头下 罗斯福 And Roosevelt, in this spirit,
选择了富有争议的农业部长 now chose his controversial secretary of agriculture,
农业部长 亨利·阿加德·华莱士
亨利·阿加德·华莱士作为他的竞选搭档 Henry A. Wallace, as his running mate.
华莱士这名得力干曾帮罗斯福成功地 Wallace had been at the nerve center of Roosevelt's successes
熬过了经济大萧条 in stalling off the perils of the great depression,
他让政府给农民发放补贴 easing the way with government subsidies for farmers
以应对减耕减产并恢复农贸 to stay in business by cutting back on production.
对于城市里的贫困人口 For the urban poor,
华莱士推出了食品券和学校午餐的政策 Wallace had provided food stamps and school lunches.
他还制定了土地利用规划和保护政策 He instituted programs for land-use planning and soil conservation.
他与科学界联系密切 Considered the scientific community's best ally,
华莱士高声呼吁反对错误的种族理论 Wallace spoke out strongly against the building up of false racial theories
并批评希特勒在德国的政策 in rebuke of the Hitler policies in Germany.
乔治·卡弗 出生在奴隶制下 George Carver, born into slavery,
现在是塔斯基吉大学专攻植物学的化学家 now a chemist at Tuskegee University specializing in botany,
美国科学家 乔治·华盛顿·卡弗
是他将我引入了植物受精这个神奇的领域 first introduced me to the mysteries of plant fertilization.
我耗费了很多年来繁育玉米 I spent a good many years breeding corn
因为这位科学家使我对植物的热爱更为深沉 because this scientist deepened my appreciation of plants
可以说 我永生难忘 in a way I could never forget.
能力再大也无权奴役任何一个种族或任何一个阶级 Superior ability is not the exclusive possession of any one race or any one class,
每个人都应得到平等的机会 provided men are given the right opportunities.
华莱士的观点令民主党的领袖不安 Democratic party bosses feared Wallace's views,
他的提名看似就此泡汤了 and it looked like the Wallace nomination would go up in flames,
罗斯福在愤怒与沮丧之间 when Roosevelt, angry and frustrated,
给会议代表们写了一封意义非凡的信 wrote a remarkable letter to the assembled delegates
他直接拒绝了总统提名 in which he flatly turned down the presidential nomination.
民主党的竞选已经失利了 The Democratic party has failed
因为它受制于 置私利于人类价值之上的人 when it has fallen to the control of those who think in terms of dollars instead of human values.
只有民主党完全摆脱了那些镣铐的束缚 Until the Democratic party shakes off all the shackles of control fastened upon it
不再保守 不再倒退 不再苟安 by the forces of conservatism, reaction, and appeasement,
它才可能走向胜利 it will not continue its March to victory.
民主党无法同时应付除弊和竞选这两件事 The party cannot face in both directions at the same time.
因此我拒绝总统提名 Therefore, I decline the honor of the nomination for the presidency.
美国第一夫人 埃莉诺·罗斯福
幸好他的妻子 埃莉诺·罗斯福 挽救了危局 His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, saved the day.
总统夫人在大会上发表讲话尚属首次 The first president's wife ever to address a convention,
她对不满的代表们说 she told disgruntled delegates that
我们正面临着一个极其严峻的局势 "We face now a grave situation."
你们不能把这次提名看做 You cannot treat it as you would treat
平常时期的平常提名 an ordinary nomination in an ordinary time.
党魁们屈服了并在选票上写上了华莱士 The party bosses buckled and put Wallace on the ticket.
然而他们不会善罢甘休 They would, however, come back for their vengeance.
我听说了关于我的提名的新闻 I've just heard the news of my nomination,
在这里我只想说的是 and there is just one thing I want to say.
在罗斯福总统的带领下 我十分有信心 I am confident that under the leadership of president Roosevelt
我们民主党应该团结起来 we shall have a united Democratic party,
共同取得11月大选的胜利 victory in November,
并维护美国人民的安生 and security for the American people.
1939年 弗兰克·卡普拉导演 《史密斯先生到华盛顿》
但针对华莱士的批评仍不绝于耳 But the crisis over Wallace never went away.
第32任美国副总统 约翰·南斯·加纳
前副总统 绰号 "仙人掌杰克" 的加纳 The previous vice president, "Cactus Jack" garner,
这个和蔼健谈的德克萨斯人说道 an affable outgoing texan had said...
这职位还不值得招致这么多告诫 This job ain't worth a barrel of warm piss.
尽管如此 华莱士还是在国会中站住了脚 Nonetheless Wallace stuck out like a sore thumb on Capitol Hill.
他是个思想深沉的人 He was a spiritual man,
既着迷于纳瓦霍部落的信仰 fascinated by Navajo tribal religion.
还研究过佛教和拜火教 He studied Buddhism and Zoroastrianism.
华府的鸡尾酒会 The Washington scene with its cocktail dives
以及烟友会并不适合他 and smoky members' clubs didn't suit him.
他不抽烟也不喝酒 He didn't drink or smoke.
他最喜欢网球和拳击 He preferred to play tennis and box.
在晚上则喜欢读书 He liked to spend evenings reading
或到托波马克河边扔回旋镖 and throwing boomerangs on the potomac.
他的极大自信 In a sign of his great confidence,
使罗斯福任命其为经济作战局局长 Roosevelt made Wallace chairman of the board of economic warfare
主管国家经济 in charge of the national economy.
此时华莱士对华府的影响力如日中天 Wallace was at the height of his influence in Washington.
1941年是个历史性的转折点 1941 would be a year of epic change.
德国进一步实现了对德国民众的承诺 The fuhrer of Germany had fulfilled his promise to the German people
逆转了第一次世界大战之耻 and reversed the shame of World War I.
不是国家支配着我们 是我们在支配这个国家 "The State doesn't command us! We command the State!"
德国人正在兴头上 The Germans now were at their height.
他们的食物来自法国 荷兰 丹麦 挪威 Foodstuffs from France, Holland, Denmark, Norway,
奢侈品泛滥 工业一片繁荣 luxury goods, industries thriving...
德意志帝国的千年未来似乎触手可及 the thousand-year reich of the future looked like it might come true after all.
但正如历史反复上演的那样 But, as history repeatedly shows,
其致命处不在外部 the fatal flaw arises not from without,
而出现在了内部 but from within.
希特勒的自信达到了极点 And Hitler, at the zenith of his arrogance,
他开始进犯苏联 attacked the Soviet Union.
他首创的 "生存空间" 的概念 The concept of lebensraum, or "living space" was described first by him
生存空间
出自他于1925年6月出版的自传下册 in his 1925-6 two volume autobiography,
当我们今天谈到欧洲的新领土的时候 我们主要必须想到俄国和它周围的附庸国家
《我的奋斗》 "Mein Kampf"... My fight.
他主张德国人民的未来应当在东欧 He stated that the future of the German peoples lay in the east
所以需要除掉苏联 and would need to be carved out of the U.S.S.R.
地球表面积的1/6 One-sixth of the earth's surface,
从东到西几乎能绕地球半圈 reaching from east to west, nearly halfway around the world,
北至北极 南抵印度 and Southward from the North Pole to the borders of India.
一个拥有2330万平方千米领土的国家 One country of nine million square miles.
是我们国家的三倍大 That's our own country three times over,
或者相当于整个北美再加上100万平方千米 or all of North America and a million square miles to boot.
数不胜数的原材料 Raw materials... unlimited.
高达1.93亿的人口 Man power... 193 million.
而它的斯拉夫民族和犹太民族 And it was going to be the Slavic and Jewish peoples
即将被铲除来为日益增多的德国人腾出空间 who were going to be eliminated to make room for the ascendant German race.
德国人和斯拉夫人在东欧的积怨 The clash between Germans and Slavs over Eastern Europe
可追溯到13世纪的北方十字军战役 dated back to the Baltic Crusades of the 13th century,
那时德国骑士已开始进犯俄国人 in which German knights had fought the Russians...
1939年 谢尔盖·爱森斯坦导演 《亚历山大·涅夫斯基》
而后随着民族国家的兴起 双方矛盾与日俱增 And later intensified with the rise of nation states.
如今希特勒准备完成这项未竟的事业 Now Hitler was prepared to finish the job,
他坚信优等的德意志民族终将 believing that racially pure Germany was destined
征服劣等的 混血的斯拉夫民族 to vanquish the decadent, racially-mixed Slavs.
照他的解释 种族融合会导致文明衰亡 Racial mixing, he reasoned, caused the collapse of civilization.
他在祖国首次见证了这一理论应验于 He had witnessed it firsthand in his native country
一战爆发前多民族的维也纳 in the multi-national city of Vienna before the first World War,
而现在同样应验于衰颓的英国和美国 and now saw it also occurring in a decadent Britain and the United States.
西边英国的威胁不再 With England no longer a threat in the West,
希特勒现已准备夺取最大的战果 Hitler was now ready to go after the biggest prize of all.
和斯大林签订互不侵犯条约不到2年 Less than two years after he had signed the peace pact with Stalin,
他便发动攻击了 he attacked.
1941年6月 巴巴罗萨行动
他发兵300万以闪电战的攻势 Three million men he sent in a Blitzkrieg movement
向苏联推进 战线长达3220千米 cutting deep into Soviet territory along a 2,000-mile front,
从北冰洋一直往南到黑海 from the arctic all the way down to the Black Sea.
德军迅速摧毁了2/3的苏联空军 The Germans quickly destroyed two-thirds of the Soviet Air Force.
以及部分坦克和火炮 With the added loss of tanks and artillery,
斯大林于1939年兴建的大量据点损毁殆尽 Stalin's massive post-1939 buildup had been useless.
由于担心英国用假情报 Fearing that Britain was planting disinformation
煽动德国和苏联开战 to incite war between Germany and the U.S.S.R.,
斯大林不相信情报人员关于侵略迫近的报告 Stalin disbelieved his own intelligence reports about the imminence of the invasion.
斯大林在30年代的大清洗运动中 In the 1930s' purges, Stalin
处决或监禁了大部分高级将领 had killed or imprisoned most of the Soviet High Command...
及约4.3万军官 Some 43,000 officers...
这些人被指控忠于 because of their alleged loyalty
苏联红军之父 列夫·托洛茨基 to the Red Army founder Leon Trotsky,
外交和军事委员 列夫·托洛茨基
而此人早在流亡墨西哥期间就被斯大林暗杀了 whom Stalin had had assassinated the year before in his exile in Mexico city.
斯大林十分多疑 也正因如此 Stalin was equally paranoid, and rightly so,
战前几年在苏联人的忠诚问题上 他极其严酷 about the loyalty of local Soviet populations which he'd brutalized in the pre-war years.
然而希特勒不是在那些心怀不满的人中寻找合作者 But Hitler, instead of seeking the alliance of this restive population,
而是采取了比斯大林更为冷酷的做法 was even more ruthless than Stalin,
以便达到歼灭苏联 intending the annihilation of the Soviets
普斯科夫
这一比西线战事或反犹更大的目标 on a scale far larger than his war in the West or even against the Jews.
诺夫哥罗德
布列斯特—立托夫斯克
明斯克
莫吉廖夫
1941年夏天 乌克兰沦陷 The Ukraine fell in the summer of 1941,
维捷布斯克
在苏联最古老的主要城市基辅的战斗中 and the battle for Kiev, the oldest major city in the Soviet Union,
基辅
50万苏联人丧命 cost half a million Soviet lives.
市民们不是被处死就是沦为劳工 Civilians were either executed or condemned to slave labor ranks,
乌克兰的沦陷还使苏联失去了一个工业核心 and with the fall of the Ukraine came the loss of the Soviet industrial heartland.
煤炭 钢材 油气 矿物 全部落入德国之手 The coal, the steel, the gas, and the mineral ores of the Soviet Union were stolen by the Germans,
1941年秋天 德军正逼近莫斯科 who were moving towards Moscow in the fall of 1941.
美英军事领导人预计 American and British military leaders estimated the
苏联将撑不了3个月 U.S.S.R. Would hold on for no more than three months
甚至连4周都坚持不了 and might even fold in four weeks.
他们害怕斯大林会与德国缔结和约 They feared that Stalin would conclude a separate peace.
事态刻不容缓 The prospects were so devastating that
丘吉尔搁置下长期以来对共产主义的厌恶 Churchill swallowed his longstanding loathing of communism
准备向苏联提供援助 and pledged support for the Soviet Union.
斯大林请求英国提供军工原料 Stalin begged Britain for military material
并立即登陆欧洲向希特勒开辟第二战线 and to land immediately in Europe and engage Hitler on a second front.
但对于西方来说 当下之急是 And for the West, it was now crucial to
让苏联陷于战争而无法自拔 keep the Soviet Union in the war
以避纳粹战争机器之锋芒 to absorb the main thrust of the Nazi war machine.
罗斯福于8月份下令向苏联提供首批100架战斗机 In August, Roosevelt ordered delivery of the first 100 fighter planes to the U.S.S.R.
但美国军事领导执意用其来加强本国防务 But American military leaders, intent upon building up U.S. defenses,
罗斯福的努力付之东流 impeded Roosevelt's efforts.
而英国对斯大林愈发不信任 And the British, reinforcing Stalin's mistrust,
遂也拒绝兑现援助 also objected to diversion of their supplies.
在西方仍有许多国家 There were still many in the West who
打从心眼里乐于见到苏联虎落平阳 frankly were glad to see the Soviet Union finally on her knees.
密苏里州议员 哈里·杜鲁门 Missouri senator Harry Truman
密苏里州议员 1935-1945 哈里·S·杜鲁门
于1941年在参议院声称 declared on the floor of the senate in 1941...
如果德国将要赢了 If we see that Germany is winning,
苏联红军难以抵抗德军
那我们应该去帮助苏联 we ought to help Russia.
要是苏联即将赢了 那就该帮助德国 And if Russia is winning, we ought to help Germany.
苏联红军死守莫斯科
那样才能让他们尽可能互相残杀 And that way, let them kill as many as possible.
好在罗斯福无视此种建议 在1941年11月 Ignoring such advice, Roosevelt, in November, 1941,
他宣布美国会增加对苏联的援助 announced that the U.S. would extend aid to the Soviets.
同年3月份 罗斯福 In March of that year, Roosevelt
在不情愿的国会中通过了租借法案 had managed to get a lend-lease act through a reluctant congress.
之后他向英国提供了320亿美元援助中的首批70亿 He then sent the first $7 billion of what would eventually become $32 billion to Britain.
苏联最终总共接收了110亿美元 The Soviets, in the end, would receive $11 billion.
1941年8月 In August 1941,
罗斯福与丘吉尔在纽芬兰秘密会晤 Roosevelt met secretly with Churchill in Newfoundland.
一艘船穿破雾霾 与奥古斯塔号并排停泊 A ship came out of the mist, mooring side by side with the Augusta.
那是威尔士亲王号 It was the H.M.S. Prince of Wales.
英国首相此趟前来只为说服美国参战 The prime minister had come solely to convince the United States to join the war now.
美国空军上尉 艾略特·罗斯福
艾略特·罗斯福是罗斯福的儿子 Elliott Roosevelt, one of Franklin's sons
他现在的身份是驻外使馆武官 who was there as a military attache,
他书中记述过丘吉尔与之午夜邂逅的开诚布公 described in his book a late-night encounter where Churchill made a naked appeal.
这是你们的唯一机会 It's your only chance.
你们应该和我们并肩作战 You've got to come in beside us.
艾略特随后搀扶着他父亲进了屋内 Elliott later helped his father on his leg braces walk to his cabin.
他就是个老保守派 对吧 A real old Tory, isn't he?
他是位完美的战时首相 He's a perfect wartime prime minister.
他的首要任务是让英国挺过这场战争 His one big job is to see that Britain survives this war.
但战后的英国还归他管吗 But Winston Churchill lead England after the war?
这可没个准儿 It'd never work.
我们得一开始就跟英国讲清楚 We've got to make clear to the British from the very outset
我们不会傻乎乎地做个乐天派 that we don't intend simply to be a good-time Charlie
去帮大英帝国走出困境 who can be used to help the British Empire out of a tight spot
然后就此被遗忘 and then be forgotten forever.
大英帝国现在危如累卵 The British Empire is at stake here.
有些事情无需明说 It's something that is not generally known,
但英德两国的银行家在国际贸易中辅牙相倚 but British bankers and German bankers have had world trade pretty well
钱袋子可连在一起挺久了的 sewn up in their pockets for a long time.
那一晚 罗斯福开始勾勒新世界的蓝图 That night, Roosevelt began to spell out his vision for a new world.
我认为我是站在美国总统的立场上 I think I speak as America's president
宣布美国不会帮助英国 when I say that America won't help England
继续欺压殖民地的人民 to continue to ride roughshod over colonial peoples.
罗斯福蓝图的核心是 At the heart of Roosevelt's vision was that
政治的自由就意味着经济的自由 political freedom meant economic freedom,
与之形成鲜明对比的是英国总想 which was in sharp contrast to the British Empire's rationale that
让殖民地保持贫穷和对伦敦的依赖 kept the colonies poor and dependent on London.
罗斯福对世界的新想法将创造出一个 Roosevelt's global new deal would create a
使殖民地获得大发展的金融信用体系 financial credit system that would allow the colonies to develop.
罗斯福提醒丘吉尔 Roosevelt reminded Churchill that
美国和菲律宾的殖民关系将于1946年终止 the U.S.'s colonial relationship with the Philippines was to be terminated in 1946,
菲律宾独立是长期目标
并劝说英国也效仿此做法 and urged the British to do the same with their empire,
不过许多美国人倒不是非常情愿 which offended so many American sensibilities.
丘吉尔意识到罗斯福的慷慨是有条件的 Churchill realized there were limits to Roosevelt's generosity,
接受美国援助的代价就是 and that the price of American aid
将战后的世界拱手相让 would be the world after the peace.
我们期待的是一个植根于 We look forward to a world founded
四项人类基本自由的世界 upon four essential human freedoms.
第一是 The first
言论和表达的自由 is freedom of speech and expression
全世界任何地方都不能例外 everywhere in the world.
第二是 The second is
以自己的方式崇拜上帝的自由 freedom of every person to worship God in his own way
全世界任何地方都不能例外 everywhere in the world.
第三是 The third
不虞匮乏的自由 is freedom from want
全世界任何地方都不能例外 everywhere in the world.
第四是 The fourth
免除恐惧的自由 is freedom from fear
全世界任何地方都不能例外 anywhere in the world.
这都是些豪言壮语 These were big words,
但签订《大西洋宪章》着实高屋建瓴 but the Atlantic charter was a truly visionary document
它随后成为了《联合国家宣言》的草本 that later became the guiding manifesto of the united nations...
它是继法俄两国革命后的第一份世界性的 a universal statement, not heard since the French or Russian revolution,
着眼于全世界人类的权利的宣言 on the rights of men and women everywhere.
为防罗斯福玩文字游戏 Fearing Roosevelt's proposed wording,
丘吉尔加了项条款讲明了 Churchill added a clause stipulating
平等竞争世界财富的前提是 that equal access to international wealth would be guaranteed
"尊重现有的义务" "only with due respect for existing obligations."
但正如艾略特·罗斯福写的那样 But, as Elliott Roosevelt wrote...
不知不觉间 Gradually, very gradually, and very quietly,
全球领袖的权杖已由英国移向了美国 the mantle of leadership was slipping from British shoulders to American.
次日 威尔士亲王号便返回英国了 The next day, the Prince of Wales headed "back to the wars"...
这两位政治家就此分别 the two statesmen parting ways for now.
丘吉尔后来跟内阁讲 Churchill later told his cabinet that
罗斯福说他会参战但不宣战 Roosevelt said he would wage war but not declare it.
万事俱备 只欠东风 Everything was to be done to force an incident.
两人都没想到的是 那最后一根稻草 Neither man would have then predicted this path to war
不是来自德国 而是日本 would lead through Japan, not Germany.
日本原已避免了同宿敌俄罗斯的战争 Japan had avoided the Nazi war against their old Russian antagonists,
且在1939年苏德结盟后 实际上已被柏林疏远 and in fact had been alienated from Berlin by the Soviet-German alliance of 1939.
不可一世的希特勒 In his arrogance, Hitler, who
认为日本人是低劣种族 considered the Japanese racially inferior,
他的灭苏大计中实在没什么可以托付给他们的 had made no attempt whatever to confide his Soviet plans to them
也没想从他们手上获得任何远东的疆土 or offer any new territory for their support in the far east.
事后证明若非如此 世界的命运将更为多舛 In hindsight, this had enormous consequences for the fate of the world.
假如日本当初参战对抗斯大林 If the Japanese had entered the war against Stalin,
那几乎可以肯定 苏联将遭覆灭 it is almost certain the Soviet Union would have been crushed.
但日本想要的是像英国 德国 意大利一样 But Japan wanted, like Britain, Germany and Italy,
建立自己的殖民帝国 a colonial empire of its own.
日本利用了德国征服 And taking advantage of the vacuum created
法国和荷兰留下的殖民地真空 by the German conquest of France and Holland,
以及英国霸权的衰落 and the neutralization of British power,
日军于1941年7月南进侵略印度支那 it drove South into Indochina in July, 1941,
以寻找资源和据点 seeking resources and military bases.
此时美国生产了世界上半数的石油 The United States, which now produced half of the oil supplies of the world,
对日本的全面禁运制裁中也包括了石油 responded by completely embargoing all trade to Japan, including oil.
由于物资消耗迅速 Its supplies dwindling fast,
日本决定攫取荷属东印度群岛的石油资源 Japan determined to secure its oil from the Dutch East Indies,
但驻扎在珍珠港的美国军舰 but the American fleet at Pearl Harbor
对该计划无疑是个隐患 could significantly interfere with those plans.
1941年12月7日 珍珠港
1941年12月7日 December 7th, 1941,
一个遗臭万年的日子 a date which will live in infamy.
日本出人意料地发动了一场对 Thus, the Japanese launched an all-out surprise
美国海军的夏威夷珍珠港基地的偷袭 attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii...
结果是日本2500人阵亡 Leaving almost 2,500 dead
美国不少军舰遭到重创 and disabling much of the American fleet.
美国之前已获悉日本将发动袭击 The Americans knew an attack was coming,
但误认为袭击目标是菲律宾 but thought it would be in the Philippines.
不论要用多长的时间才能 No matter how long it may take us
战胜这次蓄谋已久的入侵 to overcome this premeditated invasion,
美国人民以自己的正义力量 the American people in their righteous might
一定要赢得绝对的胜利 will win through to absolute victory.
次日 美国和英国共同对日宣战 The next day, the U.S. and Britain declared war on Japan.
日本盟友甚至还未通报珍珠港事件 Although he had not even been told about Pearl Harbor by his Japanese allies,
希特勒就无谓地向美国宣战了 Hitler now unnecessarily declared war on the United States,
这是一个可与进犯苏联相提并论的错误 a mistake nearly equivalent to invading the Soviet Union.
罗斯福对日宣战是民心所向 Roosevelt could declare a popular war on Japan,
但现在却多了个烫手山芋 but was now relieved of the enormous burden
不得不违背他当初对美国选民的承诺 of breaking his word to the American electorate.
他最终也对德宣战了 He could finally declare war on Germany.
现在混战是全球范围的了 The chaos was now global.
美国的策略是巩固太平洋阵线并逐步取得优势 The U.S. strategy was to build up and advance gradually in the Pacific,
同时也专注对抗德国 while focusing its major effort against the Germans.
罗斯福相信 击败日本并不会让德国也战败 Defeating Japan, Roosevelt argued, would not defeat Germany,
但击败了德国 日本也就时日不多了 but the defeat of Germany would mean the defeat of Japan.
正当美国集中精力于欧洲时 And with the U.S. focused in Europe,
日本的征服进程畅通无阻 the Japanese conquest proceeded largely unimpeded.
他们仅用6个月就占领了地球表面1/6的疆域 They captured one-sixth of the earth's surface in only six months...
泰国 马来亚 爪哇 婆罗洲 Thailand, Malaya, Java, Borneo,
菲律宾 香港 印度尼西亚 缅甸 the Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Burma.
这些国家的人民欢迎日军并视之为 Citizens of those countries often greeted the Japanese
赶走欧洲殖民压迫者的民族救星 as liberators from European colonial oppressors...
显然这种结论下得过早了 a judgment that would prove short-lived.
罗斯福总统私下说过 President Roosevelt said privately...
永远不要认为美国在太平洋失势了 Don't think for a minute that Americans would be dying in the Pacific
不能贪于眼前法英荷留下的小利 if it hadn't been for the short-sighted greed of the French and the British and the Dutch.
对同盟国的另一场打击不期而至 In another great blow to the allied cause,
1942年早些时候 日军在新加坡给大英帝国将了一军 Japan stunned the British Empire at Singapore in early 1942.
1942年1月 新加坡
当时守卫新加坡的军队比守卫英国本土的还多 The British had more troops defending Singapore than England itself.
总计8万的联军士兵 80,000 commonwealth soldiers,
当中多为澳大利亚人 全部被俘 many of them Australian, were taken prisoner.
但殖民地人民的真实想法 But in a sign of the true feelings of colonized peoples,
从被俘的5.5万印度籍英军身上可见一斑 of the 55,000 British Indian troops taken prisoner by the Japanese,
他们中有4万人反戈去帮日本作战 40,000 changed sides to fight for the Japanese.
新加坡沦陷
新加坡是迫不得已才陷入日军之手的 Port of Singapore was forced to surrender to the Japanese forces in...
如果日本进攻东印度以配合 If the Japanese had attacked Eastern India and coordinated it
德军对中东的入侵 with the German advances in the middle east
且德国也未与苏联开战的情况下 before their invasion of the Soviet Union,
那么大英帝国在印度可就命悬一线了 the British Empire would have been severely threatened in India.
所幸日德在整个战争中就从未有个亲密盟友的样儿 But Japan and Germany, throughout the war, never behaved as if close allies.
日本最不该的就是偷袭了珍珠港 Japan crucially failed to deliver the knockout blow at Pearl Harbor.
同盟国开始反击了 领头的是 And the allies began a counteroffensive led by
上将道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟和舰队司令切斯特·尼米兹 general Douglas Macarthur and admiral Chester Nimitz.
美国远东军司令 道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军
美国太平洋舰队总司令 海军五星上将 切斯特·威廉·尼米兹
1942年6月 And in June, 1942,
美军与日本海军在中途岛开战 U.S. forces defeated the Japanese Navy at Midway
并开启了此后3年多的跨岛作战策略 and began an island-hopping strategy that would continue for more than three years.
日军则是拼死抵抗 The Japanese would fight fiercely,
意图让美军的每次胜利都代价不菲 ensuring that victory would come at a great cost to American soldiers.
但到了1943年 But by 1943,
美国年产近10万架飞机 the U.S. was churning out almost 100,000 planes a year,
相形见绌的是日本在整个战争期间只造了7万架飞机 dwarfing the 70,000 Japan produced for the entire war.
1944年夏天 By the summer of '44,
美国在太平洋部署了近100艘航空母舰 the U.S. had deployed almost 100 aircraft carriers in the Pacific,
远胜于日本25艘的全部家当 far more than Japan's total of 25.
而同盟国的科学家在各条战线上总是举足轻重的 Allied science figured prominently on every front.
雷达和近炸引信的发展加速了战争的胜利 Development of radar and the proximity fuse contributed to victory,
但原子弹的出现却改变了历史的进程 but it was the atomic bomb that would change the course of history.
弗里茨·斯特拉斯曼
1938年12月 In December, 1938,
两位德国物理学家震惊了科学界 two German physicists stunned the scientific world,
奥托·哈恩
他们分离出了铀原子 splitting the uranium atom,
使得制造原子弹在理论上可行了 making development of atomic bombs a theoretical possibility.
在美国最惊恐于这一技术的是 Those in the U.S. most alarmed by this development
那些逃离了纳粹统治的欧洲科学家 were the scientists who had escaped from Nazi-occupied Europe,
其中有不少犹太人 many of them Jewish,
他们担心希特勒得到这种武器 who feared the consequences should Hitler get his hands on such a weapon.
这些逃难的科学家也曾尝试过但还是没能 The emigre scientists had tried but failed
引起美国当局对这一武器的关注 to arouse interest on the part of American authorities.
对于海军部门来说 这些实验室的项目 To the Navy department, these laboratory experiments
似乎没什么迫切的重要性 seemed to be of no immediate importance.
这挺有意思的 博士 再联系了 Very interesting, doctor. Keep us informed.
1939年7月 孤注一掷的 Desperate, in July 1939,
利奥·西拉德
利奥·西拉德向阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦求援 Leo Szilard solicited the help of Albert Einstein,
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
爱因斯坦同意写信给罗斯福总统 who agreed to write to president Roosevelt
劝其批准开展美国的原子弹研究项目 urging him to authorize a U.S. atomic research program.
爱因斯坦后来说过 Einstein later said...
我的人生犯了一个极大的错误 I made one great mistake in my life
我不该写信给罗斯福总统提议制造原子弹 when I signed the letter to president Roosevelt recommending that the atom bombs be made.
起初这还只是个小项目 At first the project was small,
但在1942年9月 but in September, 1942,
曼哈顿计划正式成为一个军事项目 the "Manhattan Project" was turned over to the military.
格罗夫斯将军被上级任命来做出成果 General Groves was told by his superiors to get results.
密切关注科技发展的副总统华莱士 Vice president Wallace, who tracked scientific development closely,
瞧不上格罗夫斯 认为他是 had a low opinion of Groves, believing him
一个病怏怏的 反犹的 "a slightly pathological, anti-semitic
不满罗斯福的彻底的法西斯 Roosevelt-hater and outright fascist."
令人惊讶的是 为了洛斯阿拉莫斯实验室的这个项目 Amazingly, to head up the project's Los Alamos lab,
格罗夫斯选了罗伯特·奥本海默 the man groves chose, Robert Oppenheimer,
奥本海默这个死硬左派 was an unapologetic leftist
还参加了西海岸的每个共产党外围组织 who admitted to being a member of every communist party front organization on the West Coast,
他一度还捐出自己每月工资的10% at one point, giving 10% of his monthly salary
去支持西班牙的共和军 to support the republican forces in Spain.
虽然二人志趣格格不入 Though completely opposite in temperament,
但格罗夫斯在奥本海默的帮助下 groves, with Oppenheimer's help, a
还是不可思议地凑起了一批国际科学家 ssembled an incredible coterie of international scientists,
包括了恩利克·费米和利奥·西拉德 including Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard,
恩利克·费米
他们成功进行过人类第一次核链式反应 who achieved the first nuclear chain reaction in an atomic pile,
地点是芝加哥大学一个有围墙的网球场 constructed in a university of Chicago squash court.
这些科学家们在沙漠中夜以继日地工作 Scientists worked long hours in the desert,
生怕落后一步使德国抢先拥有原子弹 fearing a last-minute German victory in the atomic race.
但真相于1944年浮出 But the truth came out in late 1944
德国在1942年就中止了原子弹的研究 that Germany had actually abandoned the bomb research in '42,
转而将人力物力投入到 opting instead to throw their top scientists and resources
V1和V2火箭的研发 into developing V1 and V2 rocketry.
但美国的科学家马不停蹄 But America's scientists continued on.
东线的苏联已处于惨败边缘 In the east, the Soviet Union lay on the brink of catastrophe,
纳粹即将拿下莫斯科 the Nazis about to take Moscow.
1941年9月 斯大林喜于英国 In September, '41, Stalin pleaded with the British
将派遣25到30个师登陆欧洲大陆 to send 25 to 30 divisions to the motherland
以在法国南部开辟第二战场 and once again pressed for a second front in northern France.
次年5月 罗斯福承认道 The following May, Roosevelt acknowledged that
苏联军队歼灭了更多的轴心国兵员 "the Russian armies are killing more axis personnel
摧毁了更多的轴心国装备 and destroying more axis material
其它所有25个同盟国加起来也难以企及 than all the other 25 united nations put together."
他公开宣布 He publicly announced
美国将于1942年底在欧洲开辟第二战场 the U.S. would open a second front in Europe by the end of 1942.
美军参谋长乔治·马歇尔 And army chief of staff George Marshall
美军参谋长 乔治·马歇尔
命令他的欧洲总司令德怀特·艾森豪威尔 instructed his European commander general Dwight eisenhower
欧洲盟军最高司令 德怀特·戴维·艾森豪威尔
起草一个最迟于1943年春天进攻欧洲的计划 to draw up plans for an invasion of Europe in the spring of '43 at the latest.
苏联这下高兴了 The Soviets were elated.
但丘吉尔在北非正遇上了大麻烦 But Churchill was facing a huge crisis in North Africa.
30万英军部队可耻地向 30,000 British troops had just surrendered humiliatingly
只有自身半数规模的纳粹缴械 to a Nazi force half their size.
不想英军在法国海滩被痛宰 Fearing a bloodbath on the shores of France,
他说英国无法凑齐足够的船只 he said the British could not muster enough ships to
来运送登陆部队穿过海峡 transport invading forces across the channel,
他说服罗斯福延缓开辟第二战场 and convinced Roosevelt to postpone the second front
而先组织对北非的进攻 and instead mount an invasion of North Africa.
当美国同意时 艾森豪威尔就预言 When the U.S. agreed to this, Eisenhower predicted
这将是史上最黑暗的一天 that this would be the blackest day in history.
美军登陆非洲
更早的时候他曾说过 He had said previously,
我们应该记住我们要的是 "we should not forget that the prize we seek is
让8百万苏联军队陷于战争而无法自拔 to keep eight million Russians in the war."
而乔治·马歇尔 To George Marshall,
则不认为进攻非洲只是隔靴搔痒 who dismissed the invasion of Africa as "periphery pecking,"
这体现了英国有别于苏联 it appeared that the British, unlike the Soviets,
英国不敢挑战德国 were afraid to take on the Germans.
一战的阴影仍然深深地烙在 The shadows of World War I still hung too heavily over
丘吉尔政府的想法中 the imagination of Churchill's government.
不过英国采取了不同的策略 But the British had a different strategy.
依靠海洋优势攻击希特勒 Relying on sea power and attacking Hitler's
较弱的意大利南部阵线 softer Southern front in Italy,
丘吉尔不想直接挑战德国这台战争机器 Churchill wanted to avoid directly taking on the German war machine,
而想夺取北非 instead seeking to secure North Africa
以及直布罗陀周围的地中海区域 and the Mediterranean around Gibraltar,
进而攻下中东以保证石油储备 and then the middle east, in order to hold on to their oil reserves,
及保卫印度的通道 and well as maintaining access to India
还可通过苏伊士运河控制东边的殖民地 and the rest of their eastern empire through the Suez Canal.
结果这大大加深了苏联的疑虑 The resulting paranoia of the Soviets cannot be underestimated.
英俄两国从19世纪起就是冤家 Britain and Russia had been rivals since the 19th century.
斯大林尤其不信任英国 Stalin mistrusted especially the British,
他也不相信美国 but also the Americans,
因为他们20年前在俄罗斯内战时 because of their intervention against the communists
参与过对抗共产主义 20 years earlier in the Russian civil war.
1917-1922 俄国内战
丘吉尔就曾承诺过 "将布尔什维克主义扼杀在摇篮中" Churchill had then promised to "strangle Bolshevism in its cradle."
直到跟希特勒签订互不侵犯条约后 And up until his non-aggression pact with Hitler,
斯大林还是担心 Stalin even harbored the fear that
丘吉尔会让英国跟纳粹德国结盟 Churchill and the British Empire might ally with Nazi Germany
然后大举进攻苏联 and launch a grand crusade against the Soviet Union.
让一切德国侵略者灭亡 DEATH! To The German Invaders!
1943年 弗兰克·卡普拉 系列宣传片 沃尔特·休斯顿解说 《我们为何而战: 俄国战役》
战斗机已就绪 Fighter command ready.
轰炸机已就绪 Bomber command ready.
炮兵已就位 Artillery in position.
坦克就绪 Tanks manned.
骑兵就绪 Cavalry in position.
步兵就绪 Infantry ready.
敌人就在山后 Beyond those hills is the enemy.
历尽千辛万苦 Yet against all odds
而又令世界为之称奇的是 and to the shock of much of the world,
苏联红军靠自己 it was to be the Red Army itself
逆转了战争的结局 that would reverse the course of the war.
恐怕只有托尔斯泰才能写好 It would need a Tolstoy to describe the
苏联人民那种英雄般的忍耐力 heroic endurance of Soviet men and women who made this possible.
几乎没人看到其中的意义 Few saw its meaning then,
但正如1812年冬天 拿破仑在莫斯科的遭遇一样 but as it happened to Napoleon in the winter of 1812 at Moscow,
德国这台战争机器受创 the crack German war machine was,
并首次停下了 for the very first time, stopped.
由于日军已向南开进 But because the Japanese had marched South,
斯大林得以召回朱可夫元帅的 Stalin was able to bring back Marshal Zhukov's
40支西伯利亚师到莫斯科 40 Siberian divisions to Moscow.
朱可夫四两拨千斤 Zhukov made the difference.
德国在那个冬季损兵折将约40万 German losses that winter were around 400,000.
列宁格勒
同时 首都列宁格勒 Meanwhile, at the capital of Leningrad,
旧称圣彼得堡 once called St. Petersburg,
被德军围困了900个昼夜 the Germans besieged the city over 900 consecutive days
度过了1941年和1942年的两个冬天 that included the two winters of '41 and '42.
这座城市在1941年的人口达250万 The population of the city in 1941 was 2.5 million people.
最后有1/3罹难 One out of three would die.
轰炸 寒冷 饥饿 Bombs, the cold, starvation,
喝了用墙纸和老鼠做的汤 eating soups made of glue from wallpaper, or rats,
或死于同类之手... or fellow human beings...
这种事发生的次数 This went on in far greater proportion
远多于官方所承认的 than has ever been officially admitted.
但其可贵之处是即便有机会 Such was their pride that many civilians refused
市民也不愿放弃这座城市 to evacuate the city when given the chance.
作曲家迪米特里·肖斯塔科维奇创作了第七交响曲 Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his great seventh symphony
以纪念这些牺牲 in honor of this sacrifice,
管弦乐队在整个围困期间一直演奏此曲 the orchestra continuing to play throughout the siege
直至大多数成员都因饥饿而离世 until most of its members had dropped from starvation.
德军一直未攻下列宁格勒 The Germans never took Leningrad.
苏联则损失了超过100万的部队 Soviet losses were over a million.
来自赫米蒂奇的众多艺术收藏 Much of the art collection from the famous Hermitage
都被转移进了乌拉尔山脉 was shipped to the Ural Mountains.
苏联人尽其所能抢救一切 The Soviets were salvaging what they could.
然后烧掉剩下的 不留任何东西给德军 Much was burned to deny the Germans anything.
没靠西方开辟第二战场或送来更多援助 Not relying on the West to open a second front or to send much more in aid,
斯大林现在开始了人类有史以来最大规模的强制迁徙 Stalin now began the greatest forced migration in known human history...
他疏散了约1000万人口到 Evacuating some 10 million people to the east
乌拉尔山脉以东的中亚和西伯利亚地区 of the Ural Mountains in central Asia and Siberia,
以及往南的哈萨克斯坦 and to the South to Kazakhstan,
借以重建苏联 也赶上了 to rebuild the U.S.S.R. in a second industrial
20世纪20 30年代的第二次工业革命 revolution that matched that of the 1920s and '30s.
为了对抗德国的战争机器 To fight the German war machine,
近2000座新工厂建成了 almost 2,000 new factories were built.
随后还有房屋 Housing followed.
苏联经济的转移中最突出的是 The transfer of the greatest part of the Soviet economy
竟然只用两年就完成了 was accomplished in two incredible years,
到1943年 苏联的工业力量 and by 1943, the U.S.S.R. Was the equal
已不亚于欧洲任何一个国家 of any industrial power in Europe
并一举超过了德国 and was now able to out-produce Germany itself.
4万辆T34坦克 40,000 T-34 tanks...
比德国现有的坦克更为先进 Superior to the German Panzers... were built.
5万架著名的伊尔2强击机 50,000 Ilyushin planes, the famous IL-2,
也比德国空军的有实战优势 were superior in fact to the German Luftwaffe.
钢铁 小麦 矿物 所有1941年在乌克兰失去的 The steel, wheat, and ores that were lost in the Ukraine in 1941
都逐步被其它地方的所替代 were gradually replaced.
社会生产完全由女人和小孩完成 An entire society made up mostly of women and children
为了生存 她们每12到18小时轮一次班 labored 12 to 18 hour shifts to survive.
一切都是为了俄罗斯母亲 All was for Mother Russia.
苏联人民的爱国精神是伟大的 The patriotism of the people was extraordinary.
他们贡献出自己的财物去支持战争 They gave their personal treasures to finance the war...
传家宝 珠宝等任何东西 Heirlooms, jewelry, anything.
整个社会都面临着被希特勒灭绝的危险 An entire society facing extermination from Hitler
他们别无选择 只能拼尽最后一滴血 had no choice but to fight with every last drop of blood
1943年 弗兰克·卡普拉 系列宣传片 《我们为何而战: 俄国战役》
去保卫自己和国家的生命 for their own lives and for their country.
为了被焚毁的城市和村庄
为了我们死难的孩子和母亲
为了我们同胞的苦难和羞辱
我誓要向敌人复仇
我誓要和敌人战死
也绝不投降
我的同胞
我的祖国
定要让法西斯侵略者
血债血偿
有死无生
1942年晚些时候 By late 1942,
美国虽然受到不少阻扰 the United States was, despite early setbacks,
但还是借由租借法案拿出了 coming through with lend-lease...
将近200万吨的补给 Almost two million tons of supplies...
约40万辆的卡车 Approximately 400,000 trucks,
5万2千辆吉普车 52,000 jeeps,
7千辆坦克 7,000 tanks,
炮弹 战车 artillery, combat vehicles,
1万5千架飞机 15,000 aircraft,
1万8千门高射炮 18,000 anti-aircraft guns,
8000节火车及食物 and 8,000 railway cars and food.
在德占区 Behind German lines,
俄罗斯 乌克兰 白俄罗斯的游击队 Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian partisans
从森林和洞穴中发动袭击 were attacking from forests and caves,
炸毁火车 破坏铁路运输 blowing up trains, interfering with transportation,
不遗余力地骚扰德国战争机器 and in any way possible tampering with the German war machine
吸引了德占区10%的兵力 and engaging up to 10% of the German occupation forces.
游击队成为苏联军队最后取胜的 The partisans became an indispensable factor
不可或缺的重要因素 in the ultimate victory of the Soviet troops.
但战争总是灾难性的 But the consequences were devastating,
德国采取了越来越多的恐怖手段 the Germans behaving with more and more terrorism,
他们吊死游击队员 甚至滥杀无辜 hanging partisans and innocents alike.
没人知道确切数字 但粗略估计 No one knows how many, but estimates range
有400到800万乌克兰人死于这场战争 from four to eight million Ukrainians killed in the war.
白俄罗斯失去了1/4的人口 And it is estimated that Belorussia lost a quarter of its population...
至少是250万 at least 2.5 million dead.
约有200座城市和9000座村庄被付之一炬 Approximately 200 cities and 9,000 villages were burned to the ground.
死亡或失踪的游击队员至少有10万 It is estimated that at least 100,000 partisans were killed or missing.
将军们提醒过希特勒 这场消耗战现将更加持久 Hitler's generals warned him that a longer war of attrition was now a reality.
苏联似乎承受得住巨大损失 The Soviets seemed able to with stand huge losses.
希特勒的胜利不光要靠斯拉夫人留下的地盘 The only victory for Hitler lay not in wiping out the Slavic peoples,
还需要攫取苏联的资源 but in now acquiring the resources of the Soviet Union.
弗里德里希·保卢斯将军
因此弗里德里希·保卢斯率领德军 Thus, the Germans, under general Friedrich Paulus,
准备南下占领石油丰富的巴库港口 now drove South toward the oil-rich port of Baku.
格奥尔吉·朱可夫元帅统领的苏军 The Soviets, under Marshal Georgy Zhukov,
格奥尔吉·朱可夫元帅
决心不惜一切代价组织德军 were determined to stop them at all costs.
没有了石油 苏军就无从抵抗 Without oil, the Soviet army would not be able to fight.
巴库的沦陷将使斯大林不得不投降 The loss of Baku would force Stalin to surrender.
但斯大林格勒挡在了去往巴库的路上 One city barred the road to Baku... stalingrad.
1942年冬天 And in the winter of 1942,
德军终于见到了其敌人 the German army finally met its match.
在这场史上规模最大的战役中 In the single greatest battle in history,
苏联损失的兵力比 the Soviets lost more men than
英美在整个二战中损失的都要多 the British or Americans in the entire war.
苏联方面近50万人阵亡 An estimated half a million men were killed.
德国则至少损失了20万最优秀的部队 The Germans lost at least 200,000 of their best troops,
也许还要更多 but likely far more.
市民的伤亡情况不明 The civilian dead, unknown.
德军能摧毁斯大林格勒 Germans could destroy Stalingrad,
但永远无法将其攻占 but they could never take it.
斯大林有严令 Under Stalin's strict orders,
任何人撤退或投降 anyone retreating or surrendering
即以叛国罪论处 was to be treated as a traitor,
而其家属也将被监禁 his family subject to imprisonment.
这便是他令人生畏的 "寸步不退" 政策 It was his feared "not one step back" policy.
在斯大林格勒 超过1万3千名苏军被己方处决 At Stalingrad, more than 13,000 Soviet soldiers were shot by their own side.
整个战争期间 During the course of the war,
这样死去的将士有13万5千名 135,000 were killed in this manner.
40万人被移入惩戒营 400,000 served in punishment battalions.
同年还有4百万囚犯在古拉格劳改营 In that year, there were still four million prisoners in gulags.
虽然如此 不管出于爱国还是恐惧 Nonetheless, with motives ranging from patriotism to terror,
苏军背靠伏尔加河 Soviet soldiers, with their backs against the Volga river,
在严冬中展开巷战 fought from street corner to street corner in that cruelest of winters.
到了1943年1月 战争结束 By January, 1943, the end finally came when
保卢斯率第6集团军残部投降 general Von Paulus surrendered the remainder of his sixth army.
他原先的30万大军 He had started with 300,000 men,
到投降时只剩下了9万1千人 and 91,000 now surrendered,
其中约有9千人在战后活着回到了德国 of whom approximately 9,000 returned alive after the war to Germany.
据说希特勒痛惜不已 Hitler is said to have lamented...
战争的天平已经倾向敌方 The God of war has gone to the other side.
经过战争史上最激烈的162天的战斗 After 162 days of the heaviest fighting in the history of warfare,
最后一颗子弹出膛了 the last shot was fired.
和平重回斯大林格勒 Peace came to stalingrad.
随着资源的重新投入 And with their resources kicking in...
又有了新的飞机 新的炮弹... New aircraft, new artillery...
现在苏联开始反击了 The Soviets now took the offensive.
在库尔斯克爆发了史上规模最大的坦克战 At Kursk, the greatest tank battle in history,
他们再次痛击德军 they beat the Germans again...
7万德军阵亡 70,000 German dead
苏军的阵亡人数则数倍于德军 and several times that number Soviet dead.
巨大受挫后的 After their colossal defeat,
德军开始了从东线的完全规模的撤退 the German army began a full-scale retreat on the eastern front.
纳粹不可战胜的神话 The whole legend of Nazi invincibility
被彻底粉碎了 has been shattered.
德军也有撤退的时候 German armies could retreat too.
德军也有被击败的时候 German armies could be defeated.
德军也有被俘虏的时候 German troops could be captured.
在这关键的几年中 Throughout these pivotal years,
苏联长期对抗着 the Soviets were regularly battling
德军的200多个师 more than 200 German divisions.
反观美国和英国 In contrast, the Americans and British
在地中海地区的作战中 fighting in the Mediterranean
正面接触的德军都很少超过10个师 rarely confronted more than 10 German divisions.
德国在对苏作战中的损失超过6百万人 Germany lost over six million men fighting the Soviets
而在西线作战的损失约1百万人 and approximately one million fighting on the Western front.
虽然美国赢得二战的神话颇有市场 Though the myth lives on that the United States won World War II,
但严谨的史学家都会同意 serious historians agree that
真正的功臣是苏联及其整个社会 it was the Soviet Union and its entire society,
包括其严酷的独裁者 约瑟夫·斯大林 including its brutal dictator Joseph Stalin, who
从万念俱灰到石破天惊 through sheer desperation and incredibly stoic heroism
他创作了二战中最伟大的篇章 forged the great narrative of World War II...
击败了庞大的德国战争机器 The defeat of the monster German war machine.
第2集 罗斯福 杜鲁门 华莱士