亚历山大大帝是马其顿的国王 Alexander the Great was King of Macedon
也是古代最著名的军事指挥官。 and the most famed military commander in antiquity.
然而他神秘地英年早逝。 And yet he died mysteriously young.
如果你深入研究历史资料， If you delve into the historical sources,
许多古代人物的死亡都被笼罩着 the deaths of many an ancient figure are shrouded
在疯狂的理论、神话和阴谋中。 in wild theories, myth and intrigue.
这是一场令人难以置信的帝国线索游戏。 It's an incredible game of imperial Cluedo going on.
我是苏珊娜·利普斯科姆教授，我的职业生涯 I'm Professor Suzannah Lipscomb, and I've spent my career
调查过去的奥秘， investigating the mysteries of the past,
但现在我正穿越到几千年前 but now I'm travelling thousands of years back in time
来调查一些最伟大的人物 to investigate how some of the greatest figures
古代世界的末日。 of the ancient world met their end.
从图坦卡蒙到亚历山大大帝 From Tutankhamun to Alexander the Great,
成吉思汗写给克利奥帕特拉， Genghis Khan to Cleopatra,
我会在考古中寻找线索， I'll be searching for clues in the archaeology,
在人工制品和古代文献中。 in artefacts and in ancient texts.
这是我们第一次看到他死亡的故事 This is the first time we see a story of his death
他被阉割了。 where he is castrated.
帮我区分事实和虚构 Helping me to unpick fact from fiction
是世界领先的法医病理学家理查德·谢泼德博士 is world-leading forensic pathologist Dr Richard Shepherd.
利用先进的数字解剖台， Using a cutting-edge digital autopsy table,
他将阐明疾病的影响， he will shed light on the impact of disease,
对我们的著名人物的伤害和可能的谋杀。 injury and possible foul play on our famous figures.
它会引起休克。血压下降。 It causes shock. The blood pressure falls.
心率上升。 The heart rate goes up.
这不是干净利落的死亡 This was not the clean death
这在历史书中经常被描述。 that is so often described in the history books.
我会去我的调查中心见专家 I'll be meeting experts at my investigation hub
并且真正地亲历现场。 and getting truly hands-on out in the field.
太好了。看那个。 That's great. Look at that.
他很喜欢咬人。 He's very keen to bite.
我将挖掘出这些古代巨人的最新内幕…… I'll unearth the latest revelations about these titans of antiquity...
这是涂抹毒药的完美表面。 This is a perfect surface to smear some poison.
．．让我更接近揭开他们的死因。 ..leading me closer to revealing just how they died.
名义上和行动上，亚历山大大帝 In name and deed, Alexander the Great
是古代世界上最强大的军事统帅。 was the ancient world's most formidable military commander.
他是一位有远见的领袖和世界的征服者， He was a visionary leader and a conqueror of worlds,
建立了一个帝国 carving out an empire that spanned
三大洲两百万平方英里。 three continents and two million square miles.
他是20多个城市的创始人。 He was the founder of more than 20 cities.
许多城市，如埃及的亚历山大，至今仍以他的名字命名。 Many, like Alexandria in Egypt, still bear his name.
25岁时，他已是希腊人的领袖， By the age of 25, he was the leader of the Greeks,
小亚细亚的统治者 the ruler of Asia Minor,
波斯国王和埃及法老。 King of Persia and Pharaoh of Egypt.
亚历山大出生于公元前356年 Alexander was born in 356 BCE
在马其顿，也就是现在的希腊北部 in Macedonia, in what is now northern Greece...
．．在20岁时继承了马其顿的王位。 ..inheriting the Macedonian crown at the age of 20.
亚历山大对知识非常好奇。 Alexander was immensely intellectually curious.
他年轻时就受过 He had been taught as a young man by
伟大的哲学家亚里士多德 the great philosopher Aristotle,
他对医学艺术和文学很感兴趣。 and he's very interested in medical arts, in literature.
他对征服和荣耀有着无尽的需求。 And he has this endless need for conquest and for glory.
在才智和野心的驱使下， Driven by intellect and ambition,
公元前334年 in 334 BCE,
亚历山大开始征服波斯 Alexander set out to conquer Persia,
世界上最富有，最令人印象深刻的帝国。 the world's richest and most impressive empire.
有战术天才，有巨大的个人魅力 With tactical genius, immense charisma
还有近5万名纪律严明的军队…… and nearly 50,000 highly disciplined troops...
．．亚历山大打败了波斯人 ..Alexander crushed the Persians
然后继续前进。 and then simply kept advancing.
他是一位非常成功的将军。 He was an immensely successful general.
他从未打过败仗。 He never lost a battle.
但也许最重要的是， But probably most important of all,
他控制了这个庞大的帝国。 he took control of the vast empire.
亚历山大的征服使他从希腊远道而来 Alexander's conquests take him all the way from Greece
南至埃及，东至旁遮普。 down to Egypt in the south and to the Punjab in the east.
这几乎是当时所有已知的世界。 And this is really almost all the known world of the time.
他在32岁时完成了这一切。 And he did it all by the age of 32.
亚历山大大帝正值壮年， Alexander the Great was in the prime of his life,
计划下一次竞选 planning his next campaign
在新征服的巴比伦城 in the newly conquered city of Babylon,
突然，莫名其妙地，他死了。 when suddenly and inexplicably, he died.
他的死太突然，太令人震惊了 His death was so abrupt, so shocking
这引发了几个世纪的猜测。 that it spawned centuries of speculation.
如今，近2500年过去了，这个谜团依然未解。 Now, nearly 2,500 years later, the mystery remains.
是什么杀死了亚历山大大帝？ What killed Alexander the Great?
开始调查的最佳地点 The best place to begin any investigation
死因与尸体有关。 into the cause of death is with the body.
但在亚历山大的情况下， But in Alexander's case,
这个关键的证据缺失了。 this crucial piece of evidence is missing.
亚历山大死后，他的遗体被送往亚历山大， After Alexander died, his body was taken to Alexandria,
它在那里呆了很长时间， and it remained there for a long period,
很多有权势的人都去过那里， where it was visited by many powerful people,
包括罗马皇帝。 including Roman emperors.
然后在某个时候，可能是公元200年之后， And then at some point, probably after 200 CE,
它就消失了。 it disappeared.
从那以后，人们一直在尝试 And people have been trying ever since
去找，他们还在找。 to track it down, and they're still looking.
没有尸体，我得专注于亚历山大的死。 With no body, I need to focus on the accounts of Alexander's death.
但神秘的是，几乎没有一个是当代的。 But mysteriously, almost none of them are contemporary.
我们的书面记录来自后来的罗马和希腊学者， The written records we have come from later Roman and Greek scholars,
像普鲁塔克这样的人，在400年后写的 people like Plutarch, writing 400 years later.
这意味着我们需要把书面记录和实物结合起来。 And that means we need to combine the written records with hard stuff.
伦敦的大英博物馆 The British Museum in London
是世界上最大的文物收藏地之一吗 is home to one of the world's largest collections of artefacts
关于亚历山大大帝的。 relating to Alexander the Great.
这些物品让我们得以一窥他的生平和遗产， These objects offer us a fascinating glimpse into his life and legacy,
但它们也突出了围绕着这个人和他的故事的神话。 but they also highlight the myths that surround the man and his story.
古代历史学家特里斯坦·休斯说 Ancient historian Tristan Hughes
研究了亚历山大大帝的生与死。 has studied the life and death of Alexander the Great.
所以这是大英博物馆的一个特殊房间，至少对我来说是这样。 So this is a special room in the British Museum, at least to me.
这是亚历山大世界展厅， This is the World of Alexander room,
这里到处都是令人惊叹的艺术和建筑。 and it's full of this stunning art and architecture.
这很神奇，不是吗，我们现在在伦敦， It's kind of amazing, isn't it, that here we are in London,
离亚历山大出生的地方很远 a very long way from where Alexander was born,
从他征服的地区， from the areas he conquered,
而我们却把整个房间都献给了他？ and yet we've got this whole room dedicated to him?
这可以说是他的遗产。 It kind of speaks to his legacy.
这充分说明了他的遗产。 Oh, it speaks hugely to his legacy.
对我来说，亚历山大的故事中最迷人的部分 And for me, the most fascinating part of Alexander's story
不是他的生活，而是他的死亡和之后发生的事， is not his life, it's his death and what happens afterwards,
因为，我是说，就一种情况 because, I mean, just one case -
他一死，就被神化了。 almost as soon as he dies, he is basically deified.
他被认为是神，他的故事， He's considered divine and his story,
只是随着时间的推移，它被神话化了。 it's just mythologised over time.
这其实很难 It's actually quite difficult
来了解当今真正的亚历山大大帝 to get a sense of the real Alexander the Great today,
因为里面有很多虚构的故事。 because there are so many fictional stories that are added to it.
不过，如果能了解一下亚历山大本人，那就太好了。 It would be nice, though, to get a sense of Alexander the man.
他是谁？ Who was he?
嗯，我们可以看到。 Well, we can see.
这可能是亚历山大大帝的画像。 This probably is a depiction of Alexander the Great.
它是在埃及发现的，那是其中之一 It was found in Egypt, which was one of the
这些王国的中心 great centres of those kingdoms
亚历山大大帝死后出现的 that emerged following Alexander the Great's death.
他很有魅力，但也有点，你知道，有点…… He's very attractive, but also a bit, you know, kind of...
你肯定不想同时得罪他吧。 You wouldn't want to get on the wrong side of him at the same time.
是的。我是说，这太神奇了。 Yeah. I mean, it's amazing.
我是说，显然是理想化的，显然是英俊的。 I mean, obviously idealised, obviously handsome.
而且他不仅性感， And also he's not only hot,
但他还在枕头下放了一本《伊利亚特》。 but he also keeps a copy of The Iliad under his pillow.
是的，有很多关于他的故事 Yes, so there are all of these stories of him
作为一个哲学家国王， as this philosopher king as well,
但在一天结束的时候，这是一个受影响的人 but at the end of the day, this is someone who's influenced
像阿喀琉斯这样的古希腊英雄 by great Ancient Greek heroes like Achilles.
他也声称自己是赫拉克勒斯的后裔。 He also claims descent from Hercules as well.
所以他认为自己是一个战士国王， So he sees himself very much as a warrior king,
他想看看自己能走多远， and he wants to see how far he can go,
他能征服多少土地。 how many lands he can conquer.
亚历山大的野心使他远离家乡 Alexander's ambition took him far from home
到波斯的巴比伦城 to the Persian city of Babylon.
博物馆的宝藏揭示了什么 What can the museum's treasures reveal
关于他在这个遥远城市的神秘死亡？ about his mysterious death in this distant city?
所以我们前面有 So we have in front of us here
在巴比伦发现的一些泥板 a number of clay tablets discovered at Babylon.
在这些泥板中， Now, of these clay tablets,
我们要讨论的是最上面的那个。 the one we want to talk about is the one right at the top.
事实上，最小的那个， The smallest one, in fact,
但在我看来，最不寻常的是， but in my opinion, the most extraordinary of all,
因为它提到了亚历山大。 because it mentions Alexander.
它谈到了国王。 It talks about the King.
它是用楔形文字写的。 The script it's written in is cuneiform.
这是这非凡的一部分 And it's part of this remarkable
日记条目的继续列表， continuing list of diary entries,
天文日记条目。 astronomical diary entries.
它还谈到了气象事件。 It also talks about meteorological events.
但最重要的是，偶尔， But most importantly of all, once in a while,
他们回忆起发生在巴比伦的重大事件。 they recalled big events that happened in Babylon.
在这款平板电脑的一行中， And in one line of this tablet,
它提到天空中有云。 it mentions how there are clouds in the sky.
但最重要的是，在那一天，国王死了。 But most importantly, on that day, the King died.
就这样吗？这就是关于亚历山大的信息吗？ So that's it? That's what it tells us about Alexander?
就是这样。这就是它所说的。 That's it. That's all it says.
这是一个当代的证据， This is a contemporary piece of evidence,
学者们在那天写下了 written down by scholars on that day,
可能是公元前323年6月10日或11日 probably either the 10th or the 11th of June 323 BC,
当他们听到亚历山大大帝的消息 when word reaches them that Alexander the Great
在巴比伦的宫殿里去世了。 has died in his palace at Babylon.
我想这让我们知道了它的重要性 So I guess that gives us some sense of its importance
在当时的世界上， in the world at the time as an event,
因为如果大多数情况下，这只是告诉我们 because if mostly, this is just telling us about
宏大的宇宙事件， grand cosmological events,
从这个角度来看，这证明了他的重要性。 to put this in, it testifies to his importance.
是的，这是一个重要时刻。 Yes, it's a big moment.
是的，因为这是一个如此重要的事件， And yes, because it's such an important event,
他们把它写下来，一直保存到今天。 they write it down and it's been preserved to the present day.
似乎巴比伦学者 And it seems Babylon scholars
不仅记录了亚历山大的死亡 did more than record Alexander's death.
他们预测到了。 They predicted it.
亚历山大被视为巴比伦之王 Alexander was treated as King of Babylon,
他会得到巴比伦学者祭司的建议 and he would have been advised by Babylonian scholar priests,
谁对占卜特别感兴趣 who were particularly concerned with divination
有了占星术和日食， and with astrology and eclipses,
它们被认为支配着国王的生活。 which were considered to govern kings' lives.
当亚历山大回到巴比伦时 When Alexander returns to Babylon
在他的竞选结束时， at the end of his campaigns,
他们意识到他有危险 they were aware that he was in danger
通过他们的占星学。 through their astrology.
他们会告诉他应该进行什么样的仪式 They would have told him what rituals to pursue
为了保住他的生命。 in order to preserve his life.
但如果这是不可避免的， But presumably, if it was inevitable,
他们或他都无能为力。 there was nothing that they or he could have done.
他的死预示着， His death foretold,
亚历山大的命运赶上了他 Alexander's fate caught up with him
公元前323年6月 in June 323 BCE.
据说亚历山大被邀请参加这个宴会 The story goes that Alexander is invited to this banquet
在他的一个将军米第乌斯的家里， at the house of Medius, one of his generals,
他和同伴们一起喝酒， he drinks alongside his comrades,
他病了， he is taken ill,
派对结束后的10到12天， and that for the next 10 to 12 days after this party,
他的发烧忽高忽低。 his fever grows and abates.
有时他感到极度痛苦。 There are times at which he is in terrible agony.
他神志不清。 He's delirious.
发烧逐渐加重。 The fever progressively gets worse.
6月9日 On the 9th of June,
士兵们确信亚历山大已经死了。 the soldiers become convinced that Alexander is dead.
他们已经好几天没在公共场合见到他了， They haven't seen him in public in days,
所以他们最终被允许进入他的卧室看他。 and so they are finally allowed into his bedchamber to see him.
他们一个接一个地走过他的床边， They file past his bedside one by one,
他有足够的力量向他们举手， and he is strong enough to raise his hand to them,
有时他会抬起头来看看他们。 and sometimes to raise his head and to look at them.
但他现在还不能说话， But he cannot speak at this point,
第二天晚上他就死了， and he dies on the evening of the following day,
6月10日。 the 10th of June 323.
接下来发生的事情可能更令人费解。 What happened next is perhaps even more perplexing.
嗯，这是一个非常有趣的故事。 Well, it's a really interesting story.
亚历山大大帝于公元前323年6月11日去世。 Alexander the Great dies, 11th of June 323 BC.
在那之后一周左右， A week or so following that,
他们回到了亚历山大大帝的身体里 they come back to Alexander the Great's body
他们发现它应该处于原始状态。 and they find it supposedly in pristine condition.
它一点也没有腐烂，尽管天气很热 It hasn't decayed at all, even though this is the sweltering
美索不达米亚的夏季炎热。 summer heat of Mesopotamia.
这就引出了一个理论，实际上， Now, this has led to a theory to suggest, actually,
也许他不是在6月11日死的。 maybe he didn't die on the 11th of June.
也许他真的进入了昏迷或紧张状态， Maybe he'd actually entered a coma or a catatonic state,
差不多就是这样。 something like that.
这很有趣。 It's interesting.
你会遇到历史上的故事 You come across stories throughout history
他们说尸体不会腐烂 where they talk about the body not decomposing
后来作为圣徒的标志，在这一点上的神性。是。 as a sign of sainthood later, divinity at this point. Yes.
所以这是有宣传目的的，不是吗？ So it has a propaganda purpose, doesn't it?
嗯,当然。如果他当时没死 Well, absolutely. And if he wasn't dead then,
过了一会儿，他确实死了 he certainly was dead a little while later
因为他是木乃伊。 because he's mummified.
严重发烧，身体迅速衰退， A severe fever, a rapid decline,
丧失语言能力，可能会昏迷 the loss of speech and perhaps a coma -
这一切都发生在一个32岁的人身上。 all in a fit 32-year-old.
是什么导致了如此奇怪而突然的死亡？ What could have caused such a strange and sudden death?
有一种疾病会导致瘫痪吗 Is there a disease that can cause paralysis
如果不治疗，会致命吗？ and if untreated, be fatal?
有这么神秘的证据，又没有尸体可以检查， With such cryptic evidence and no body to examine,
我现在请理查德·谢泼德博士。 I'm turning to Dr Richard Shepherd.
他是世界领先的法医病理学家 He's a world-leading forensic pathologist
他进行了23000多次尸检。 who has carried out over 23,000 post-mortem examinations.
使用3D数字解剖台， Using a 3D digital autopsy table,
他可以解剖虚拟人体， he can dissect virtual human bodies,
剥去层层组织，肌肉和骨骼 peeling back layers of tissue, muscle and bone
为了确定死因， to try and identify the causes of death,
在亚历山大的例子中 and in Alexander's case,
找出符合症状的东西 come up with something that could fit the symptoms.
现代研究已经确定了格林-巴利综合征， Modern research has identified Guillain-Barre syndrome,
也被称为GBS， otherwise known as GBS,
作为一种可能有作用的条件 as a condition that may have contributed
直到亚历山大大帝之死 to the death of Alexander the Great.
这是一种免疫系统 It's a condition where the immune system
攻击周围神经。 attacks the peripheral nerves.
这种疾病类似于深度昏迷， This disorder can resemble a deep coma,
这也许可以解释为什么当时的医生误以为是死亡。 which may explain why doctors at the time mistook it for death.
这就解释了那些报告 And that explains the reports
他的身体没有腐烂这么久。 that his body did not decay for such a long time.
如你所见，神经系统 As you can see here, the nervous system
延伸到全身。 extends throughout the body.
它从大脑开始，沿着脊髓向下， It starts in the brain, goes down the spinal cord,
然后它通过神经传递到身体的各个部位， and then it passes out in the nerves that go everywhere in the body,
一直到脚，一直到手。 right down to the feet and right down to the hands.
这些外围的神经 And it's these nerves at the peripheries,
在脚和手， at the feet and the hands,
首先受到格林-巴利综合征的影响。 that are affected first by the Guillain-Barre syndrome.
它们使神经停止工作，肌肉停止工作。 They stop the nerves working, the muscles stop working.
随着病情的发展， And as the disease progresses,
这个动作更集中在手臂上， this moves more centrally up the arms,
腿部向上，躯干向上。 up the legs, up the torso.
如果它到达胸部 And if it reaches the chest
麻痹呼吸肌肉， and paralyses the muscles of respiration,
然后是呼吸衰竭， then respiratory failure,
窒息和死亡会随之而来 asphyxiation and death will follow.
现在，如果GBS扩散到胸部 Nowadays, if the GBS spreads up to the chest
影响呼吸肌肉， and affects the muscles of respiration,
然后我们当然可以给病人戴上呼吸机 then of course we can put the individual on a ventilator
为他们呼吸。 to breathe for them.
但在亚历山大大帝时代 But in the days of Alexander the Great,
如果疾病有那么严重的话 if the disease was that bad
而且传播得那么远， and had spread that far,
他几乎肯定会死。 he almost certainly would have died.
病理证实为格林-巴尔综合征 The pathology proves Guillain Barr Syndrome
是一种科学的可能性…… is a scientific possibility...
．．但这是一种罕见的情况 ..but it's a rare condition,
只有十万分之一的人受到影响。 affecting only about one in 100,000 people.
还有亚历山大的尸体没有腐烂的说法 And the claim that Alexander's body didn't decay
可能不是昏迷的证据… may not be evidence of a coma...
．．但这只是宣传， ..but simply propaganda,
意在传达一种神圣不朽的感觉。 intended to convey a sense of divine immortality.
那么有没有更合理的解释， So is there a more likely explanation,
不是因为亚历山大的死 one rooted not in Alexander's death,
但在他的生活中 but in his life -
在战场上度过一生？ a life spent on the battlefield?
亚历山大大帝英年早逝 Alexander the Great died young,
但事实上，他很幸运能活到32岁。 but in truth, he was lucky to live to 32.
他的一生都在战斗中度过。 His was a life lived in battle.
十多年来，他一直在前线领导他的军队 For over a decade, he led his army from the front
在一连串残酷的战役中。 in a succession of brutal campaigns.
面对数万甚至数十万的军队， Against armies tens or even hundreds of thousands strong,
他经历了围攻、骑兵冲锋和游击队袭击， he endured sieges, cavalry charges and guerrilla attacks,
行军了几千英里 and marched thousands of miles
穿越炙热的沙漠和冰冷的山脉。 across burning deserts and freezing mountains.
我想知道这对亚历山大的身体造成了什么伤害， I want to know what toll this took on Alexander's body,
他那无情的野心和折磨人的生活方式是怎样的 how his relentless ambition and punishing lifestyle
可能导致了他突然的，令人震惊的死亡。 may have contributed to his sudden, shocking death.
在大英博物馆， At the British Museum,
我了解了亚历山大是如何出发的 I learned how Alexander set out
从马其顿征服波斯 from Macedonia to conquer Persia
一直打到北非和亚洲。 and fought on into North Africa and Asia.
对历史学家特里斯坦·休斯来说，就是这些军事行动 For historian Tristan Hughes, it's these military campaigns
掌握着亚历山大之死的关键 that hold the key to Alexander's death.
关于亚历山大大帝的死因有很多说法， There are many theories as to what Alexander the Great died of,
我认为这是一个关键因素 and I think one of the key contributing factors
在他竞选期间 is that during his campaigns,
他的角色，他领导人们的方式 his role, his way that he leads the men
他经常在前线作战。 is that he's usually fighting at the front.
这是一种非常有魅力的领导风格， It's a very charismatic style of leadership,
在前线领导，但也很冒险。 leading from the front, but it's also very risky.
我们知道亚历山大大帝有时也很鲁莽。 And we know that Alexander the Great is pretty reckless at times, too.
在他的竞选过程中， And over the course of his campaigns,
他身上有几处战伤。 he sustains a number of war wounds.
我们知道他受了哪些战争创伤？ So what war wounds do we know that he sustained?
在他临死前有一段精彩的演讲， There is a fascinating speech near his death,
他正在对他的士兵们的兵变发表演说。 where he's addressing a mutiny by his soldiers.
他说：“我身上有很多伤口和战斗伤疤 And he says, "On my body, I have got wounds and battle scars
“全身都是，除了背部。” "all across my body, except my back."
他总是面对敌人，对吧？ This idea that he's always facing the enemy, right?
所以他说他背上没有伤。 That's why he says he's got no wounds on his back.
他说：“我受过各种武器的伤害。 And he says, "I've suffered wounds from every type of weapon.
“凡是你说得出来的——剑、矛、箭 "You name it - swords, spears, arrows -
“我已经为你养活了他们。” "I've sustained them all for you."
亚历山大几乎在整个统治时期都在战斗 Alexander is fighting for nearly the entirety of his reign,
他在前线领跑 and he is leading from the front
在所有这些战斗中。 at all of these battles.
我们的线人给了我们这样一串 And our sources give us this litany
他所受的严重创伤。 of terrible wounds that he sustains.
在他的第一次伟大战役中， In the course of one of his first great battles,
他的头部受到了重击 he receives a blow to his head so hard
从战斧或弯刀上砍下来 from a battle-axe or a scimitar
它打掉了他头盔的一部分。 that it knocks off part of his helmet.
在另一场战斗中，弹弓射出一箭 At another battle, a bolt from a catapult
穿透了他的盾牌和胸甲。 goes through both his shield and his breastplate.
我们有时会关注， We sometimes focus on,
“亚历山大大帝，哦，他英年早逝。 "Alexander the Great, oh, he died so young.
“要是他活得久一点呢？”他会征服更多吗？” "What if he had lived longer? Would he have conquered more?"
我想的正好相反。 I think of the opposite way around.
以他的领导风格 With his style of leadership,
他能活这么久已经很幸运了。 he was lucky to survive as long as he did.
最后，公元325年，他参加了一场战斗 Finally, in 325, he is engaged in a battle
旁遮普的马利部落 with the Malli tribe in the Punjab,
马其顿人正试图袭击他们的要塞。 and the Macedonians are trying to storm their stronghold.
亚历山大变得非常沮丧，因为他觉得 Alexander becomes incredibly frustrated because he feels
他的士兵爬上城垛的速度不够快， that his soldiers are not scaling the battlements quickly enough,
据说他抓住了他们的攻城梯 so it's said that he grabs one of their siege ladders
然后自己开始往上爬。 and begins to climb it himself.
他胸部中枪 And he is shot in the chest
箭直接穿过了他的盔甲。 and the arrow goes right through his armour.
他在大量流血。 He's bleeding profusely.
可以听到空气随着血液从伤口流出。 Air could be heard coming out of the wound alongside the blood.
所以听起来他的肺部确实被击中了。 So it does sound as though he was hit in the lung.
会不会就是这个伤害死了亚历山大大帝？ Could it be this injury that killed Alexander the Great?
你好,凯文。你好。 Hello, Kevin. Hello.
凯文·古德曼是古代医学和外科专家。 Kevin Goodman is an expert on ancient medicine and surgery.
凯文，如果你在亚历山大的军队里， Kevin, if you were in Alexander's army,
你能告诉我使用的武器是什么吗 can you tell me about the sort of weapons that were in use
他们可能受到的伤害呢？ and the potential injuries they might have sustained?
所以我们知道有剑 So we know there are swords
因为亚历山大一度被一把弯刀所伤 because Alexander, at one point, was wounded by a scimitar.
会有人使用弹弓 There would be people using slingshots
因为他被石头砸中了。 because he was hit by a stone.
我们知道有箭头 We know there were arrows
因为他被箭射中了好几次， because he was hit by arrows several times,
矛和弩也会被使用。 and also spears and crossbows would have been used too.
所以实际上有各种各样的武器被使用。 So you've actually got a wide variety of weapons being used.
我是说，他听起来有点像针垫。 I mean, he sounds a bit like a pincushion.
所以当他受了像箭一样的伤， So when he sustained wounds like an arrow shot,
他们在战场上是怎么对付他们的？ how would they actually deal with them on the battlefield?
我带来的是一件乐器 What I've brought is an instrument
是由一个叫迪奥克利斯的医生发明的。 created by a physician called Diocles.
我相信，我自己的理论是 And I believe, my own theory is
其中一个可能在马里使用过。 one of these may have been used in Malli.
在亚历山大吗?是的，这是我自己的理论。 On Alexander? Yeah, that's my own theory.
这是戴克勒斯的勺子。 So this is the spoon of Diocles.
如果你想象箭头上有倒钩。 If you imagine the arrow has got a barb on it.
此外，轴总是留在。 Also, shafts are always left in.
如果你把轴拔出来， If you pull the shaft out,
你的身体里飘着一支箭。 you've got an arrow floating around in the body.
轴告诉你箭头的位置。 The shaft tells you where the arrow is.
好的。所以伤口是被刀切开的。 OK. So the wound would have been expanded with a knife.
勺子顺着轴转动。 The spoon follows the shaft.
你在箭头下面， You get under the arrow,
确保它盖住了倒钩， make sure it is covering the barb,
然后去掉箭头。 and then you remove the arrow.
它非常优雅。 It's very elegant.
它非常优雅。 It's exceedingly elegant.
有趣的是，他们知道他们有 Well, that's interesting that they knew that they had
把箭头取出来。 to get the head of the arrow out.
他们知道把它留在里面很危险。是的。 They knew that leaving that in was dangerous. Yeah.
好的，让我们考虑一下这个的时机。 OK, so let's think about the timing of this.
如果那支箭射中了马里， If that arrow wound at Malli happened,
不是在他死前 it's not immediately before his death,
但有没有可能是旧伤 but is it possible that an old wound
发炎感染 gets inflamed, gets infected,
导致了他的死亡？ that does lead to his death?
想想发生了什么 Think about what's going in
当你被箭射穿的时候。 when you're actually penetrated by an arrow.
这可能会引起一些感染。 This could have taken in a fair bit of infection.
他可能会接触到这些东西。 He may be exposed to these things.
所以把这些加在一起，就能导致他的死亡。是的。 So add them all together, and it can lead to his death. Yeah.
但亚历山大在战斗结束至少两年后去世。 But Alexander died at least two years after the battle.
会不会这样的伤害和感染 Could such an injury and infection
真的花了那么长时间才杀了他吗？ really take that long to kill him?
为了找到答案，法医病理学家理查德·谢泼德博士 To find out, forensic pathologist Dr Richard Shepherd
正在使用3D技术窥视人体内部 is using 3D technology to peer inside the body
并检查箭伤的影响。 and examine the effects of an arrow injury.
胸口上的箭伤确实是 An arrow wound to the chest really is
潜在的灾难性伤害， a potentially catastrophic injury,
尤其是左胸， particularly the left side of the chest,
因为胸腔的左侧是肺， because the left side of the chest has the lung,
但它也有心脏。 but it also has the heart.
如果箭射中心脏， And if the arrow hits the heart,
这很可能是瞬间致命的。 that's likely to be instantaneously fatal.
但我们知道亚历山大大帝幸免于此伤 But we know Alexander the Great survived this injury,
但他的伤口在流血， but he was bleeding from the wounds,
肺部充满了血管， and the lungs are full of blood vessels,
任何伤害都会导致他们大量流血。 and any damage causes them to bleed heavily.
血液在胸腔中积聚， And the blood accumulates in the chest cavity,
肺塌陷， collapsing the lung,
结果使人非常喘不过气来。 making the person very breathless as a result.
现在，可能会发生两件事。 Now, two things can happen.
他们可能会因为胸部出血而死亡， They can die as a result of this bleeding into the chest,
或者如果他们足够强壮，他们也能活下来。 or maybe they can survive that if they're strong.
但这样就有很大的感染风险 But then there's a major risk of getting an infection
胸腔里有血 in the chest cavity with the blood
还有伤口和脏箭。 and the damage and the dirty arrows.
如果有感染， And if there's an infection,
这可能会扩散成败血症 that can spread to become a septicaemia
有时这可能会导致死亡 and that can cause the death some days
或者甚至几周之后。 or maybe even weeks later.
但几年后就不是这样了。 But not years later.
这就是这个理论的问题…… And that's the problem with this theory...
．．因为亚历山大在公元前325年胸部受伤。 ..because Alexander sustained the chest injury in 325 BCE.
那是在他死前的两三年。 That was about two or three years before he died.
在这之后，他确实继续竞选。 He did go on campaigning after this.
在他死前的那个冬天， And in the winter before he died,
他的确领导了一次军事行动 he did lead a military campaign
在伊朗的山区 in the mountains of Iran.
我想他在死前的冬天会很好 I think he is well enough in the winter before he dies
来说明他之前所受的伤 to suggest that any wounds that he'd picked up earlier
已经基本痊愈了。 had largely healed.
虽然他们可能会让他更容易受到影响 And although they might have made him more susceptible
与其他死因相比 to other causes of death,
我不认为，单靠它们自己，它们真的会起作用。 I don't think that, on their own, they would really work.
亚历山大无疑是一位令人敬畏的军事领袖 Alexander was undeniably a formidable military leader,
他的战争创伤似乎是解释他死亡的一个诱人的理论。 and his war wounds seem a tempting theory to explain his death.
其中，箭射向他的胸膛 Among them, the arrow to his thorax
作为一个潜在的诱人的原因， is potentially enticing as a cause,
因为那会很严重的。 because it would have been so serious.
然而，时机有问题。 And yet, there is a problem with the timing.
消息来源表明他在那之后还活着。 The sources suggest that he was alive after that.
事实上，他参加了一个酩酊大醉的派对。 In fact, he attended a booze-soaked party.
这听起来可不像一个临终之人。 This doesn't sound like a man on his deathbed.
其他一些来源也提到发烧。 And several other sources mention fever.
所以我想知道我是否需要改变我的调查方向。 So I'm wondering whether I need to shift my line of inquiry.
我对亚历山大大帝之死的了解越多， The more I uncover about Alexander the Great's death,
故事就越令人费解。 the more puzzling the story becomes.
有消息称他有多处重伤， The sources indicate he sustained multiple serious battle wounds,
病理学上也特别认同这一点 and the pathology agrees that one in particular
应该是致命的。 should have proved fatal.
然而，关于他最后几天的记载却只字未提 Yet the accounts of his final days make no mention
如此严重的伤害。 of such a catastrophic injury.
结果亚历山大死在床上 Instead, Alexander dies in his bed,
他的声音哑了，他的身体瘫痪了。 his voice silenced, his body paralysed.
在我看来，也许 It seems to me that perhaps
古代世界最伟大的军事领袖 the ancient world's greatest military leader
不是死于刀剑或长矛， was brought down not by a sword or a spear,
而是更阴险的东西。 but by something more insidious.
亚历山大大帝死于公元前323年 Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE,
年仅32岁。 aged just 32.
他在计划下一次竞选活动 He was planning his next campaign
在被征服的波斯城市巴比伦举行派对 and partying in the conquered Persian city of Babylon,
当他生病发烧的时候 when he fell ill with a fever
11或12天后就去世了。 and died just 11 or 12 days later.
对我来说，这种发烧是拼图的关键部分。 To me, this fever is a key piece of the puzzle.
发烧一般是由感染或疾病引起的。 Fevers are generally caused by infection or disease.
前者似乎不太可能。 The former seems unlikely.
从他胸口被箭射中的时间 The time between the arrow wound to his chest
他在巴比伦的死亡时间太长了 and his death in Babylon is simply too long.
剩下的就是疾病。 So that leaves disease.
但是什么病呢？ But what disease?
他可能是在哪里，怎么感染的？ And where and how might he have caught it?
在亚历山大生病的前几天， In the days preceding Alexander's illness,
我们知道他曾在巴比伦的沼泽中划船， we know that he has been out boating in the Babylonian swamps,
这是一个众所周知的疟疾多发地区。 which is an area that is known to be malarial.
这也是世界的一部分，其中有 This is also a part of the world in which there are
还有其他一些可能致命的发烧。 a number of other potentially deadly fevers.
有伤寒，有西尼罗病毒。 There is typhoid, there is West Nile virus.
亚历山大一直在移动。 Alexander's constantly on the move.
所以控制有限 So with limited control over
他什么时候搬家 what time of year he's moving,
如果他不经常生病就好了。 it would be amazing if he didn't get ill quite a lot.
汤姆·所罗门教授是 Professor Tom Solomon is director of
利物浦大学流行病研究所。 Liverpool University's Pandemic Institute.
你们在这里研究哪些传染病？ What sort of infectious diseases do you explore here?
嗯，流行病研究所 Well, the Pandemic Institute
对新兴病毒特别感兴趣， is especially interested in emerging viruses,
包括一些蚊子传播的病毒。 including some of the mosquito-borne viruses.
所以你在研究新出现的疾病， So you're working on diseases that are emerging,
但我也想了解历史上的疾病。 but I also want to know about diseases that are historic.
那么我们对传染病了解多少呢 So what do we know about infectious diseases
在公元前330年左右？ in around 330 BCE?
历史上，公元前300年， Historically, 300 years BC,
很难确切地知道周围有什么。 it's difficult to know exactly what was around.
但我们解决问题的方法是看历史记录 But the way we work things out is by looking at historical records
然后试图弄清楚这些疾病可能是什么。 and then trying to make sense of what the diseases might have been.
据我所知，亚历山大大帝病了 As I understand it, Alexander the Great was ill
在发烧和瘫痪的12天里， for about 12 days with a fever and paralysis,
然后其他事情也随之而来。 and then other things followed.
我们今天研究的一些疾病就是这样。 And some of the diseases we study today do exactly that.
西尼罗河病毒可以做到这一点。 West Nile virus can do that.
日本脑炎病毒可以做到这一点。 Japanese encephalitis virus can do that.
这些是蚊子传播的病毒。 These are mosquito-borne viruses.
这些病毒进入人体， These are viruses that get into the body,
进入脊髓导致四肢瘫痪， get into the spinal cord to cause paralysis of the limbs,
然后再到大脑 and then go up to the brain
引起混乱和精神错乱。 and cause confusion and delirium.
也许会在那一刻停止讲话？ Perhaps would stop speech at that point?
首先，在昏迷中 To begin with, in coma
或者当人们精神错乱时，他们会说些废话。 or when people are delirious, they talk nonsense.
当他们陷入昏迷时，他们根本不会说话。 And then when they slip into coma, they don't talk at all.
我们提到这些疾病 We refer to these diseases
标题中有地名西尼罗河病毒 with a place name in the title, West Nile virus.
这是否意味着它只发生在西尼罗河地区？ Does that mean it's only in the region of West Nile?
该病毒于20世纪50年代首次被发现 The virus was first detected in the 1950s
在乌干达的西尼罗河地区。 in the West Nile region of Uganda.
这是一种全新的病毒 It was a completely new virus.
于是他们说：“我们就叫它西尼罗河病毒吧。” So they said, "Let's call it West Nile virus."
但西尼罗河病毒近年来也在传播。 But West Nile virus has also spread in recent years.
事实上，当它到达美洲时， In fact, when it arrived in the Americas,
它于1999年抵达纽约。 it arrived in New York in 1999.
那里第一次爆发了大规模疫情 There were big outbreaks there for the first time,
当病毒到达一个新地方时 and when the virus arrives in a new place,
比如来到美国 like arriving in America,
这些成年人是第一次接触病毒并生病。 these adults are meeting the virus for the first time and getting sick.
如果我们以一个人为例，比如亚历山大大帝， So if we take a person, say, Alexander the Great,
带他到巴比伦那样的新地方， and take him to a new place like Babylon,
他可能会遇到吗 is he going to likely encounter
一种他在别处没见过的病毒？ a virus that he hasn't met elsewhere?
是。如果你从一个地区带走一个成年人 Yes. If you take an adult from an area
在病毒没有传播的地方 where the virus is not circulating,
把它们放在有病毒的地方 stick them somewhere where the virus is,
那么他们就处于危险之中。 then they are at risk.
你的免疫系统就像个孩子 Your immune system is that of a child
说到这些病毒。 when it comes to these viruses.
以及亚历山大大帝的免疫系统 And the immune system of Alexander the Great
很可能是他搬到巴比伦时的一个孩子 may well have been that of a child when he moved to Babylon
并且潜在地暴露于 and potentially became exposed to
第一次发现这些病毒中的一种。 one of these viruses for the first time.
我们知道西尼罗河病毒在整个中东地区都有发现。 And we know West Nile virus is found all across the Middle East.
以及它的症状 And the symptoms it presents with
与我们对亚历山大大帝的了解相符 match what we know about Alexander the Great.
根据故事，发烧，瘫痪，昏迷， Based on the story, the fever, the paralysis, the coma,
我们可以说这是 we can pretty well say this is
完全符合感染的症状。 strongly consistent with an infection.
但除此之外，要说明是什么病毒引起的 But beyond that, to say what the virus was that caused it
真的很难。 is really difficult.
即使在我自己的研究生涯中，我们也在研究越南的病人。 Even in my own research career, we were studying patients in Vietnam.
我们以为是小儿麻痹症，因为他们四肢瘫痪。 We thought it was polio because they had paralysis of the limbs.
实际上，当我们做病毒学研究时， And actually when we did the virology,
原来是一种蚊子传播的病毒， it turned out to be one of these mosquito-borne viruses,
日本脑炎病毒。 Japanese encephalitis virus.
所以如果我们今天还纠结于此， So if we struggle with it today,
我们得到这个信息的机会有多大 what chance do we have with this information
有2000多年的历史？ that's over 2,000 years old?
但你能赌一把吗 But would you put your money on it
是某种传染病吗？ being some sort of infectious disease?
这取决于我们谈的是多少钱。他们笑了 It depends how much money we're talking about. THEY LAUGH
但是我会的。 But I would, yeah.
完全符合感染的症状。 It totally fits with an infection.
它当然符合西尼罗病毒 It certainly fits with West Nile virus,
但它也适用于其他导致瘫痪综合症的病毒。 but it also fits with other viruses that cause a paralysis syndrome.
我想，这差不多就是， And that, I think, is about as much,
我们可以说，2000年后。 2,000 years later, as we can say.
为了找出像西尼罗河病毒这样的疾病 To find out how a disease like West Nile virus
可以杀死亚历山大大帝 could have killed Alexander the Great...
．．法医病理学家Richard Shepherd博士 ..forensic pathologist Dr Richard Shepherd
正在使用3D解剖技术 is using 3D anatomic technology
追踪病毒在体内的路径 to trace the virus' path through the body.
其中一种疾病 One of the diseases
亚历山大大帝可能会抓住的 that Alexander the Great could have caught
是西尼罗河脑炎。 is something called West Nile encephalitis.
这是神经系统的炎症， And that's an inflammation of the nervous system,
尤其是大脑本身。 but in particular of the brain itself.
现在，身体的所有组织，如果你伤害它们， Now, all tissues in the body, if you injure them,
不管是外伤还是感染， whether it's from trauma or whether it's from infection,
将会膨胀。 will swell.
这很好 And that's fine
因为肝脏可以毫无问题地膨胀。 because the liver can swell without any problems.
心脏可以毫无问题地膨胀。 The heart can swell without any problems.
手指肿起来没有任何问题。 A finger can swell without any problems.
但是大脑是不同的 But the brain is different
因为它被限制在一个坚固的盒子里 because it's confined in a solid box
它的膨胀空间非常非常小。 and its room for swelling is very, very minimal indeed.
如果它到达头骨的内缘， And if it reaches that inner edge of the skull,
它无处可去。 it's got nowhere else to go.
然后发生的是压强 And what happens then is the pressure
颅骨内部增加。 inside the skull increases.
如果压强更高 And if that pressure is higher
比从心脏流出血液的压力， than the pressure of the blood coming out of the heart,
血压下降，不再有血液进入大脑 the blood pressure, no more blood enters the brain
大脑就会死亡。 and the brain will die.
所以亚历山大大帝如果他得了这种病 So, Alexander the Great, if he got this disease,
会有混乱，头痛， would have suffered from confusion, from headache,
逐渐丧失意识， from increasing loss of consciousness,
然后他就死了。 and then he would have died.
这是一个苦涩的讽刺，在击败了庞大的军队之后 It's a bitter irony that after defeating vast armies
即使是最强壮的人也会因此丧命。 and defying injuries that would have killed even the strongest man...
．．亚历山大大帝可能是被什么东西击倒的 ..Alexander the Great may have been felled by something
像蚊子一样小的，看起来微不足道的 as small and seemingly insignificant as a mosquito.
死于在这个地区很常见的发烧 To die of a fever that is so common in the area
从某种意义上说，这是不是一个反高潮的结局 is, in a sense, an anti-climactic end
对于一个征服了半个世界的人来说。 for a man who had conquered half the world.
传染病的案例当然是令人信服的。 The case for an infectious disease is certainly compelling.
但还有另一种更令人不安的理论 But there's another, even more unsettling theory
关于亚历山大之死 about Alexander's death
我还需要去探索 that I still need to explore.
我对亚历山大大帝之死的调查 My investigation into Alexander the Great's death
已经确定了三个潜在的杀手 has identified three potential killers -
一种神经紊乱， a neurological disorder,
战争创伤和传染病 battle wounds and an infectious disease.
但还有一种情况我需要考虑。 But there's one other scenario I need to consider.
32岁时， By the age of just 32,
亚历山大获得了难以想象的权力。 Alexander had acquired unimaginable power.
权力带来嫉妒， And with power came envy,
助长了他身边那些人无声的野心。 fuelling the silent ambitions of those closest to him.
所以有没有可能在史诗般的战斗中幸存下来 So is it possible that after surviving epic battles
克服了无情的困难， and overcoming relentless hardships,
杀害亚历山大的凶手来自他自己的王室？ Alexander's killer came from within his own royal court?
在他死的时候大约2500年前 At the time of his death, nearly 2,500 years ago,
亚历山大住在波斯皇宫里 Alexander was living in the Persian royal palace
在巴比伦城 in the city of Babylon,
牧师曾预言他会死在那里。 where priests had prophesied he would die.
他被他的高级将领包围， He was surrounded by his senior generals,
顾问和庞大的皇室随从。 advisers and a vast royal entourage.
总会有人有作案动机的 There's always going to be people who would have a motive
杀了亚历山大。 for killing Alexander.
为了管理他的帝国 In order to run his empire,
亚历山大依靠很多其他人。 Alexander relied on a lot of other people.
他有一个法庭， He had a court,
这个法庭会有很多对手 and this court would have been full of rivals
他们互相嫉妒，想要权力。 who were jealous of each other, who wanted power.
他们很容易被冒犯， And it was quite easy for them to get offended,
比如，如果亚历山大有意降职 if, for example, Alexander appeared to be demoting them
或者没有给予他们足够的尊重。 or not giving them sufficient honour.
我们当然听说了针对他的阴谋 We certainly hear about plots against him
在他统治的早期。 earlier on in his reign.
所以我认为这将是非常令人惊讶的 So I think it would be very surprising
如果没有这样的人 if there weren't people who felt that
他们必须除掉亚历山大 they had to get rid of Alexander.
有一种说法是他被安提帕特下毒了， There is a theory that he is poisoned by Antipater,
他在马其顿的摄政王 who is his regent back in Macedon,
一些消息来源称他与亚历山大不和 and who some of the sources claim has fallen out with Alexander
在他死前的几个月里 in the months preceding his death.
在这盛大的宴会上， And that at this great feast,
亚历山大喝下了一杯酒里的毒药 Alexander is given this poison in a cup of wine
他是为了向赫拉克勒斯敬酒而喝的 that he is drinking as part of a toast to Heracles.
他喝下酒，突然痛苦地大叫， He downs the wine and he suddenly cries out in pain,
还得有人帮他离开宴会 and has to be helped from the banquet
10或12天后死亡。 and dies 10 or 12 days later.
如果消息来源可信， If the source is to be believed,
安提帕特有动机也有机会。 Antipater had the motive and the opportunity.
但他有办法吗？ But did he have the means?
关于中毒的可能性，病理检查能揭示什么？ What can the pathology reveal about the possibility of poisoning?
当然，现代法医毒理学可以检测出许多毒药， Modern forensic toxicology could, of course, detect many poisons,
但你需要样本才能做到这一点， but you need samples to be able to do that,
而亚历山大大帝却没有。 and we don't have any for Alexander the Great.
但我们确实有书面资料描述了一种突发疾病， But we do have written sources who describe a sudden illness,
开始发烧，聚会后身体虚弱， onset of fever, decline after a party,
这表明凶手使用了毒药。 and that points to the use of a poison.
流行的古代毒药，如砷或士的宁， Popular ancient poisons, such as arsenic or strychnine,
会在几小时内杀死亚历山大 would have killed Alexander in a few hours...
．．但有消息称他逗留了11或12天。 ..but the sources agree he lingered on for 11 or 12 days.
所以如果他是被下毒的，那一定是被某种作用缓慢的东西下的毒。 +So if he was poisoned, it would have been by something slow-acting.
一种物质被提出 One substance that's been suggested
毒药是从白色嚏根草中提取的吗， is the poison derived from the white hellebore plant,
或veratrum。 or veratrum.
但它的效果符合亚历山大的症状吗？ But do its effects match Alexander's symptoms?
Veratrum是一种常用的混合毒药 Veratrum was a poison that was commonly mixed
当时我喝了酒 with alcohol at the time,
veratrum对身体的神经有影响。 and the effects of veratrum are on the nerves in the body.
它们会改变新陈代谢 They change the metabolism
并使神经放电 and make the nerves discharge to fire
比平时更频繁。 more frequently than they would normally do.
这一点非常重要 And this is really important
当涉及到控制心脏的神经时 when it comes to the nerves that control the heart -
从大脑到心脏的两条迷走神经。 the two vagus nerves that run from the brain into the heart.
如果他们比正常情况下更频繁地开火， If they fire more often than they should do,
它们会使心脏变慢，并可能使心跳不规律。 they will make the heart slow and potentially beat irregularly.
如果他们继续这样做，可能会导致心脏停止跳动。 And if they carry on doing that, they may cause the heart to stop.
所以veratrum中毒会导致突然死亡 So veratrum poisoning could cause death suddenly
让心脏停止跳动。 by making the heart stop.
或者它可能是一种长期有效的东西， Or it could be something that worked over time,
导致心力衰竭，心脏不规则， causing heart failure, heart irregularities,
呼吸困难, breathing difficulties,
最终导致死亡 leading ultimately to death.
但是如何下毒呢 But how could a poison be administered
对这么有权势的人来说 to someone so powerful,
谁应该一直受到监视？ who was presumably under constant guard?
你好,你好。你好! Hello, hello. Hello!
你好吗？很高兴见到你。很高兴见到你。 How are you doing? Good to see you. It's nice to see you.
劳埃德·卢埃林-琼斯教授 Professor Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones
专攻古波斯、埃及和希腊的历史。 specialises in the history of Ancient Persia, Egypt and Greece.
劳埃德，你能给我描绘一下亚历山大的世界吗 Lloyd, can you paint a picture for me of Alexander's world -
他身边的人，关键人物？ the people around him, the key figures?
显然有些人很有野心 There were clearly people who were ambitious
保住最高职位。 to hold the top job.
在这个时期，有些人刚刚开始， And there were those who'd simply began, by this period,
鄙视他。 to despise him.
他的一些马其顿伙伴 Some of his Macedonian buddies
被亚历山大的方式激怒了 were getting exasperated with the way in which Alexander
试图以波斯国王的身份示人 was trying to present himself as a Persian king.
可以说，他到东方去了 He'd gone oriental, as it were -
要求他们向他鞠躬， demanding them to bow down before him,
穿着波斯服装——他们觉得这是不可容忍的。 wearing Persian costume - and they found this intolerable.
你知道，一个马其顿人 You know, a Macedonian man
不应该做这种东方学的事情。 should not be doing this kind of orientalist stuff.
但也有波斯本土的精英。 But then there was also indigenous Persian elite as well.
亚历山大摧毁了波斯帝国。 Alexander brought down the Persian Empire.
他摧毁了最后一个土著家庭。 He destroyed the last indigenous family.
所以他的宫廷里肯定有核心人物 So there would have been a core in his court
谁不能超越 who could not get beyond
亚历山大大帝带来的毁灭 the destruction that Alexander had brought with him.
所以他可能会受到各方的憎恨。 So he's hated on all sides, potentially.
是啊，我觉得气氛很紧张， Yeah, I think there's a lot of tension,
他周围充满了焦虑。 a lot of anxiety around him.
人们也被他搞得筋疲力尽 People are also exhausted by him
还有他的竞选活动。 and his campaigns as well.
你知道，尤其是马其顿军队 You know, the Macedonian troops in particular
我们迫不及待地想回家。 were chomping at the bit to get home.
你知道，他们一直在去印度的路上 You know, they'd been right the way over to India
我想他们中的很多人只想回家 and I think a lot of them just wanted to go home
把他们赚的钱，还给他们的家人 with the wealth that they've made, you know, back to their families
有时他们已经10年，15年没见了。 who they hadn't seen for 10, 15 years sometimes.
所有这些都表明 So all of that suggests that
这是一种富有成效的背景 there's a sort of fruitful context
想象一下他的死背后有什么谋杀。 in which to imagine foul play at work in his death.
是的。 Yeah.
这是一个不可思议的游戏 It's an incredible game of
我想这是帝国的秘密。 imperial Cluedo going on there, I think.
有很多这样的候选人 There are all of these candidates out there
因为有可能中毒。 for the possibility of poison.
例如，他的一个将军，他最好的朋友之一。 For instance, one of his generals, one of his best friends.
可能是他的一个贴身仆人，或者一个波斯人。 It could have been one of his body servants, or a Persian.
可能是他的妻子 It could have been his wife,
对他最了解的人。 who had the most intimate knowledge of him.
宴会可能是最安全的地方 A banquet is probably the safest place
如果你要引入毒药。 if you're going to introduce poison.
显然发生了很多事情。 There's obviously a lot going on.
他喜欢喝酒。 He loves a drink.
他喜欢盛大的聚会和娱乐活动 He loves a great party and the entertainments
他在这方面的表现是传奇的。 that he puts on in that respect are legendary.
话虽如此， That being said,
国王总是担心自己可能被下毒。 kings are always concerned about potentially being poisoned.
在此之前就有过谋害亚历山大的阴谋 There have been plots against Alexander's life before this,
所以皇家宴会总是如此 and so a royal banquet is always going to be
在试毒师的陪同下， attended by poison tasters,
由保镖负责监视可疑情况。 by bodyguards on the lookout for anything suspicious.
所以我觉得虽然宴会是个不错的选择， So I think even though a banquet is a good option,
这当然不安全。 it is certainly not a safe one.
所以他身边最信任的人之一 So one of these most trusted people around him
可能给他下了毒。 may have delivered poison to him.
给我描绘一下那是怎么发生的。 Paint me a picture of how that would have happened.
这是一个波斯的饮水器。 So this is a Persian drinking vessel.
我们称之为押韵。 We call it a rhyton.
现在，你不能这样喝， Now, you don't drink it this way,
但实际上，这里有一个小洞， but actually, there's a little hole pierced here,
这是喷口， and that's the pouring spout,
这意味着喝酒和倒酒 which means that drinking and pouring wine
必须是两个人的工作。 had to be a two-person job.
好的，让我来解释一下。 OK, so let me explain.
我要你把这个装满。 I'm going to ask you to fill this up.
现在，饮酒者会选择押韵 Now, the drinker would take the rhyton
把手指放在洞上，好吗？好的。 and place his finger over the hole, OK? OK.
杯子用三根手指平衡。 The cup is balanced on three fingers.
礼仪感。是的,当然。 A sense of etiquette. Yes, absolutely.
在波斯宫廷里，做正确的事是非常重要的。 Doing the right thing was very important in the Persian court.
这是你拥有力量的时刻 And this is the moment where you have power
生死攸关 over life or death.
你本可以往酒里倒点什么， You could have administered a little draught of something into that wine,
然后亚历山大就会这么做 and then Alexander would have done this.
这都是关于喝酒的戏剧表演。 And it's all about the theatrical display of wine drinking.
然后他就会一饮而尽。 And then he would have drunk down the quaff.
所以如果那是有人加的，伤害就已经造成了。 So if that had been laced, the damage was then done.
这是迷人的。是。 That's fascinating. Yes.
我喜欢这个声音…是的。 And I love the fact that that sound... Yeah.
．．这有点像今天拔掉软木塞。 ..it's a bit like pulling a cork out today.
是的，这本身就是一种戏剧性的体验。 Yeah, it's a theatrical experience in itself.
好了。 And there you go.
一杯死亡之酒。 A cup of death.
他们笑了 THEY LAUGH
干杯!干杯! Cheers! Cheers!
所以能接触到亚历山大酒的人 So whoever had access to Alexander's wine
一定是一个值得信任的亲密的人。 must have been a trusted, close individual.
但我还是想建议一下前景 But I do want to suggest the prospect
当然，这可能是一种安乐死。 that this could have been, of course, a mercy killing.
我们知道亚历山大正处于衰退期， We know that Alexander is in this decaying state,
所以我想我们不得不质疑这是不是真的 and so I suppose we have to question whether this wasn't
能让他摆脱痛苦的东西。 actually something to put him out of his agony.
所以，与其说这是对信任的背叛， So that actually, rather than being a betrayal of trust,
这是一种关心的行为。 it's something that is an act of care.
绝对的。我的意思是，没有任何古代资料说， Absolutely. I mean, no ancient source says that,
但我只是在想，你知道，就在最后， but I'm just thinking, you know, right at the end,
有人对他表示了一点怜悯。 somebody showed a bit of mercy on him.
是什么让你觉得更有可能 And what makes you think it's more likely
是中毒还是传染病？ to be poisoning than infectious disease?
此时的亚历山大在战争中受了重伤 Alexander, by this time, he suffered a terrible war wound,
这永远不会真正愈合。 which never really heals.
他脑子里有一种迷信 There's all this superstition going on in his mind -
巴比伦将是所有事情都出错的地方。 Babylon is going to be the place where all things go wrong.
他有点发烧。 He's got some kind of fever.
我想，在这一切之中，他一定是如此的软弱 And I think within all of that, he therefore must have been so weak
像这样的事，要么是想杀了他 that something like this, either with the intention of killing him
或者作为一种药，让他有尊严地死去。 or as a medicine to let him die some kind of dignified death.
所以我认为可能是 So I think it probably is
说实话，什么都懂一点。 a little bit of everything, to tell you the truth.
可能是对已经虚弱的亚历山大下毒， Poisoning, possibly of an already weakened Alexander,
是一个有趣的理论， is an intriguing theory,
但还不足以宣布结案。 but not quite enough to declare this case closed.
一位评论家这样评价亚历山大大帝 One commentator says of Alexander the Great
他一生嗜酒，毫不留情。 that he drank as he lived, sparing nothing.
在巴比伦，有关于他死亡的预言， In Babylon, there were prophecies made about his death,
随着他病得越来越重，命运似乎追上了他。 and as he grew ill, fate seemed to catch up with him.
但是什么杀死了他？ But what killed him?
是战争的创伤，日积月累吗？ Was it the war wounds, cumulative over time?
他是不是精神紧张了？ Did he go into a catatonic state?
这是不可能确定的。 It's impossible to be certain.
传染病呢？ How about infectious disease?
这很难说。 It's hard to say.
还是毒药? Or poison?
肯定有很多人想让他死。 There were certainly a lot of people who wanted him dead.
最后，也许我们看到的是一种组合。 In the end, perhaps what we're looking at is a combination.
由于多年的战争， Weakened by years of war,
他要么在疾病面前倒下， he was ready either to fall in the face of disease,
或者虚弱到在酒中加入几滴毒药， or so weak that as drops of poison were added to his wine,
他的身体逐渐衰弱。 he went into a slow decline.
但如果我必须选择， But if I had to choose,
我得说疾病是最大的嫌疑。 I'd say disease is the strongest suspect.
一种不尊重等级和荣誉的微生物病毒 A microbial virus that respected no rank or glory,
提醒我们亚历山大也许很伟大 reminding us that Alexander may have been great,
但归根结底，他也是凡人。 but ultimately, he was also mortal.
字幕由红蜂传媒制作 Subtitles by Red Bee Media