翻译：浅 后期：利仔
校对：朝荣
字幕菌团 纪录片
有时候 生活中的挑战不需要巧思 sometimes the solution to a challenge in life isn't clever thinking
莱昂纳德•曼罗迪诺
物理学家与编剧
而需要退一步 it's to step back and look at this
作家
多关注问题本身而不是解决办法 look at the problem not the solution
然后你会发现一些隐藏的假设 and then you'll realize that you had some hidden assumption
或者一些可以使你拓宽思路 or some assumption that you could relax
但你并未意识到这会改变一切的设想 that you didn't realize and that will change everything
比如说这里有一个谜题 for example here's a riddle
玛乔丽和玛吉同父同母 Marjorie and Margie were born of the same mother and father
并且同月同日在同时出生 n the same day of the same month at the same hour
但她们不是双胞胎 And yet they are not twins
这怎么可能呢 how is that possible
这两个同父同母的女孩是同时出生的 so these two girls were born at the same time the same parents
但她们却不是双胞胎 But they're not twins
答案是她们是三胞胎 well the answer is they are triplets
现在你可以开始推理了 now you could you could start reasoning
你想不出来答案的 you're not going to get there
因为你心中已经有一个假设 Because you have an assumption
一个隐含的假设 Implicit assumption
就像你在脑海中画了一幅画 that you're making of a picture in your mind
这也是为什么谜题很难 that's why the riddle is tough
我说玛乔丽和玛吉 I say Marge Marjorie and Margie
你脑海中就出现了两个女孩或是女人的画面 you picturing two girls or two women
一旦你脑中出现了这幅画 once you have that picture in your mind
你就会排除三胞胎 you're excluding the answer which is triplets or quadruplets
或者四胞胎之类的答案 or something else like that
这种情况在生活中也很常见 and that's that happens in life too
有时候一旦你质疑你的假设 that sometimes the answer is easy
解开谜题就很容易了 once you question your assumptions
这是弹性思维的关键 and that's a key to elastic thinking
在无意识层面上人脑是个思想机器 The human brain is an idea machine on the unconscious level
无意识层面就是一种你根本意识不到的状态 a level that you're not even aware of
你的大脑不断思考并想出点子 your brain is constantly making associations and coming up with ideas
如果所有这些想法都出现在你的意识里 now if all these ideas just popped into your consciousness
你会不知所措 you'd be overwhelmed
你会被它们淹没 You would drown in them
你就不能正常地工作生活 you wouldn't be able to function
就像某些拥有某种精神障碍的人一样 as some people with certain mental disorders
想想他们的样子 experienced they
比如说假如你有精神分裂症 If you're schizophrenic for instance
你可能会被太多的感觉和想法淹没 You might be swamped with so many sensations
甚至于你无法与现实联系起来 and ideas that you can't even connect with reality
我们大多数人做得比这更好 most of us do better than that
因为我们的大脑里有认知过滤器 because we have these things called cognitive filters in our brain
它会过滤掉那些不那么常规 that kill the ideas that are less conventional
或者不那么现实的想法 Or less likely to be true less connected to reality
它们让更普通的想法 and they allow the more ordinary ideas
成为你的大脑中的理论 to come through on the theory in your brain
这些理论在大多数情况下最有可能起作用 that those are the ones most likely to work
它们也就是起作用的那些想法 and in most circumstances they are the ones that work
但有时它们不起作用 But sometimes they're not
你需要的是不同的想法 and you need that you need a different idea
当你想要换个角度思考的时候 when you're looking to think differently
你必须学会如何放松脑中的认知过滤器 you have to learn how to relax those cognitive filters
放空自己 when you relax your mind
只有当你放空自己时 only when you relax your mind
打开你的思路 and you open your mind
你打开自我时 and you open yourself
一个新的想法也许会出现在你的脑海里 that a new idea can pop into your mind
嘿我以前都没这样想过呢 that hey may be I'd never thought of this
我从来没有思考过这个问题 I didn't I didn't question that
正因为如此 so because of that
当你练习弹性思维时 When you're exercising elastic thinking
当你试图想一个新点子或质疑一个假设时 When you're trying to get a new idea or to question an assumption
克服你的心理障碍 overcome a mental barrier
以适应条件的变化 to adapt to change
而不是采用一成不变的方法时 rather than applying the same old method
重要的是不要分心 it's important to keep all distractions away from you
把任何吸引你注意的东西都放在一边 keep anything that would focus your mind away
比如你的手机 for instance your cellphone
即使你不去玩手机 even if you're not checking your cell phone
但是你的手机是开机的 but you know it's on
可能觉得它在震动 You might feel it vibrates
或者你可能想看看又有什么新消息 or you might just think I wonder what's there
这样很差劲 that's bad
频繁的切换任务 changing your task
多重任务同时执行是不好的 multitasking is bad
如果每10分钟你都要重新集中注意力 you're not going to get these really brilliant ideas
你不会想出非常精彩的点子 if every 10 minutes you're going to another focus
思考出答案需要时间 These things take time
所以另一个重点是你必须给自己时间 so another point is you have to give yourself the time
对我来说是不受限制的时间 for me it's unlimited time
如果我研究物理 if I'm doing physics
或者写作 or if I'm writing a book
我会在早上10点开始 and I start at 10 in the morning
如果我下午1点有什么事情要做的话 if I have something to do at 1 in the afternoon
那我早上就废了 that kills the whole morning
我不能这样做 I can't do it
我甚至都不会开始 I won't even start
我只会说我今天不能工作 I'll just say I can't work today
因为我下午1点有事情要做 because I have something to do at 1
现在看来有点极端了 Now that seems a little bit extreme
但这是有原因的 But there's a reason for that
我没那么有想象力 I'm not I'm not as imaginative
如果我知道我的工作有截止时间 I'm not as exploratory with my ideas
我就不会那么有探索力 if I know I have a deadline
因为我有压力 because I have the pressure
我必须解决这个物理问题 that I have to solve this physics problem
或者在一点前 or write this chapter or these pages
写完这一章或者这几页 and be done by one
我知道我一点钟就得走了 I know that at 1 o'clock I can have to leave
我不喜欢这样这样我什么也做不好 and I'm gonna not like it if I didn't get anywhere
而我需要的是想象力 but what I need to be imaginative is to
而不是担心什么都做不好 not worry about not getting anywhere
我需要摆脱束缚放松心灵 I need to get rid of that and relax my mind
点子就会涌现在我的脑海中 and they'll go
这个主意太蠢了 this idea might be really stupid
这种方法可能行不通 This approach might not work
但我还是要试一试 but I'm gonna try it anyway
如果它不起作用猜猜我会怎么做 and if it doesn't work guess what I'm gonna
我会继续换下一个方法 I'm gonna just keep going with another one
如果我要在下午一点出去 I can't do that
我就不能完成这个任务了 if I have to quit at one
如果我在同时处理多个任务我也做不到 and I can't do that if I'm multitasking
所以从一个新的角度来看待事物时 so that's really important in approaching things from a new point of view
最重要的是要有一种轻松的方法 is to have this relaxed approach
培养灵活思维的另一个重要因素 Another important factor in encouraging an elastic thinking
是摆脱对失败的恐惧 is to get rid of that damn fear of failure
大多数人不喜欢犯错 most people don't like to be wrong
你可能会忘记你犯错的次数 you probably tend to forget the times were wrong
甚至不承认你讨厌失败 or not even admit it you don't like to fail
当然 and you certainly
你也不希望你的老板或你的搭档 don't want to have someone who's your boss or your partner
当面批评你 look at you and criticize you
或者因为你的失败而对你做出不好的评价 or judge you or badly of you for failing
好吧让我告诉你 well let me tell you
理论物理学家做的第一件事 the first thing a theoretical physicist does
就是习惯于失败 is get used to failing
习惯于犯错 get used to being wrong
当你和别人讨论一些深层次的问题时 when you're having a discussion with someone about some deep problem
你不能因为不确定你的想法 you can't inhibit yourself
是好的还是坏的或是愚蠢的 by worrying if your idea that you spread out
就不敢表达自己 is good or bad or stupid
大胆地说出你的想法 或者提出问题 you just say it or if you have a question
无论这个问题是否很白痴 you have to ask it whether it's a stupid question or not
你很快就会意识到这些问题并不会让你显得愚蠢 and you soon realize that these things don't make you look stupid
它们反而会让你看起来很聪明 They make you look smart
所以要自信 so self-assured confident
因为只有自信的人才会犯错 because only a confident person can be wrong
别太在意对错 and not care about it right
但他们能做的更好的是 But what they do even better than that
让新的想法出现在你的面前 Is they allow new ideas to come to you
因为你越不想失败 because the more you focus on not wanting to fail
你头脑中存在的过滤器越多 The more the filters in your that exists in your head
好主意就越难出现 that are keeping the good ideas from coming out
你应该集中精力排除那些 will focus and will beat down those
不好的想法或不寻常的想法 bad ideas or those unusual ideas
不寻常的想法往往是不好的的想法 the unusual ideas are often bad ideas
或是是错误的想法 are often wrong ideas
但是如果你把它们都排除了 but if you beat them all down
你就没有办法在它们之中找到那个 you're not gonna get the minority of them
从来没有人想到的最好的想法了 that are great ideas that no one else would have thought of
因为其他人都是传统的思考者 because all those other people are conventional thinkers
他们害怕失败 and they're afraid of failing
假设科学家们通过实验发现 if scientists have found through experiments with people solving problems that
在一个光线明亮的封闭空间里 people in a very enclosed space that's brightly lit
人们往往会有更集中的注意力 tend to have more focus
和更强的认知过滤器 and flipside stronger cognitive filters
所以他们没有这些不寻常的想法 so they don't have these more unusual ideas
但是他们更注重逻辑思维 but they focus very much more in their logical thinking
如果你在一个光线不好的房间 if you're in a less well-lit room
一个没有外部噪音的安静房间 A quiet room without external noises
一个天花板很高的房间 A room with high ceilings
你的思想可能会更加分散 you your mind can be more unfocused
让更广泛的思维发挥作用 and allow abroader range of thinking to come into play
另一种方法是通过毒品和酒精 another way which I'm not saying
我没在推荐这个方法 I recommend is through drugs and alcohol
不过艺术家音乐家 which artists and musicians and
和从事各种创造性活动的人一直在谈论 people of various creative pursuits
至少可以追溯到希腊人 have talked about for all the way back at least to the Greeks
酒精抑制你的认知过滤器 alcohol inhibits your cognitive filters
也抑制你的执行功能 and also inhibits your executive function
因此你的大脑也有一种控制功能 so your brain also has a control function
它控制逻辑理性思维 which controls logical rational thought
但也能引导你的弹性思维 but also guides your elastic thinking
从某种意义上说这似乎是有用的 in a way that's meant seems useful
如果你放松下来 if you relax that too much
你就会有这些想法 you're going to have you're going to have these ideas
但你不可能把它们集中在一致的东西上 but you're not going to be able to focus them into something coherent
所以酒精可以解决这个问题 so alcohol can help that issue
大麻也能放松你的认知过滤器 marijuana also relaxes your cognitive filters
它还有其他的效果 it has other effects just like
就像大麻有副作用一样 marijuana has secondary effects just like
不该说是副作用 shouldn't say secondary
但是就像酒精一样的其他影响 but other effects just like alcohol does
比如说 for instance
它妨碍了你的记忆 it impedes your working memory
所以你可能想出这些点子 so you might be getting all these ideas
但你却忘记了你想要做的事情 you're forgetting what you're trying to do
或者那些主意可能转瞬即逝 Or they might be fleeting memories
还可能会对你有很多其他的影响 And has many other effects on you
死藤水作为一种致幻剂 ayahuasca as a hallucinogen
有些人曾经使用过产生了多种效果 that some people have used which has a multitude of effects
那实际上是非常恶心和不好的体验 and can be very actually very nasty and a bad experience
但它也会影响认知过滤器 but it also acts on the cognitive filter
因此许多种类的药物都可以 so drugs of many types can be used
用来放松你的认知过滤器 to loosen or relax your cognitive filters
但是你要小心 but you have to be careful
因为它们都有很多副作用 because they each have a multitude of other effects
如果你想获得新的想法“if you if you want to get new ideas
你想要克服你的心理障碍 and you want to overcome your mental blocks
你必须把自己从那些分心的事情 You have to free yourself from
和其他注意点中解放出来 Those distractions and from other focuses
放松你的精神过滤器 it's and and relax your mental filters
让灵感迸发出来吧 That will let the ideas through