在第二次世界大战中， NARRATOR: In the Second World War,
国家的命运是由其武器库的实力决定的。 the fate of nations was decided by the strength of their arsenals.
每种武器都是为了满足特定需求而制造的， Every weapon was made to fill a specific need,
为单一目的而设计的 designed for a single purpose -
赢得技术优势的竞赛 to win the race for technological supremacy
越过敌人。 over the enemy.
第二次世界大战是一场争夺火力优势的史诗般的战斗。 World War II is this epic battle for fire superiority.
所以双方都需要赢得这场战斗 So each side needs to win that battle
在前线投入更多的火力 and put more firepower on the front line
比他们的对手。 than their opponent.
从手枪的工艺 From the craft of handguns
坦克的力量， to the strength of tanks,
飞机的精度和射程， the precision and range of aircraft,
巨型船只的绝对力量。 to the sheer power of mega ships.
在战火中锻造的武器 Weapons forged in the fires of a world at war
和以前见过的不一样。 were unlike those ever seen before.
武器装备的最新和最具创造性的进步 The latest and most inventive advances in weaponry
燃料战斗策略 fuelled battle strategies
和确定的胜利和失败。 and determined victories and losses.
第二次世界大战的结果是完全不确定的 The outcome of World War II was completely dependent
关于战时物资的生产。 on production of wartime materials.
这些战争机器被设计成走得更远更快 These machines of war were designed to go further, faster
更精确地执行， and perform with greater precision,
带更多的东西，得到更好的保护 to carry more, and to be better protected
通过更强大的武器。 by stronger armaments.
赌注从未如此之大， The stakes were never greater,
一个国家取胜的能力取决于获取渠道 and a nation's ability to win hinged on access
巨大无比的原材料 to vast and unparalleled raw materials
依靠人民坚定不移的意志。 and on the unwavering will of its people.
这是《战争机器：第二次世界大战》 This is War Machine: World War II.
(警报突然响了) (SIREN BLARES)
对更多资源的无尽追求造就了第二次世界大战。 The endless quest for more resources shaped World War II.
获取资源是一个驱动力 Access to resources was a driving force
这导致了国家间的战争。 that led nations to war.
他们的缺席将有助于决定各国的命运 Their absence would help decide the fate of nations
在战场上。 on the battlefield.
胜利并不取决于谁拥有更先进的技术， Victory is not dependent upon who has the superior technology,
或科学, or science,
甚至是战场战略。 or even battlefield strategy.
他们想知道的是 What they're figuring out is that
你必须比敌人活得更久。 you have to outlast the enemy.
它也可以归结为食物，燃料和药物。 It also comes down to food and to fuel and to medicine.
庞大的军队需要远距离补给。 Vast armies needed to be supplied over sprawling distances.
战场上的士兵需要穿衣服， You have men in battle who actually need to wear clothes,
他们需要腰带来携带枪支， who actually need to have belts that they can carry their guns on,
那真的需要袜子。 that actually need socks.
这些都是必须创造的非常基本的东西， These are very basic things that have to be created,
这是必须的 that have to be made
这样战斗才能继续。 so that the fighting can go on.
战争是在战场上进行的 The war was fought on the battlefield
在工厂里， and in the factory,
也是为了确保这些材料的安全供应 but also for a secure supply of these materials
铁路、公路和海运。 by rail, road and sea.
对战争来说，没有什么资源比石油更重要了。 Few resources were more essential to the war effort than oil.
伴随着战争带来的巨大技术进步 Along with the huge technological advances of the war
随之而来的是对更多燃料日益增长的需求 came an ever-growing need for more fuel
为坦克、飞机和轮船提供动力。 to power tanks, planes and ships.
是否有油 To have oil or not
可以改变一个国家发动战争的能力。 could change a nation's capacity to wage war.
战争爆发，国家被侵略 Battles were fought and nations invaded
夺取或限制敌人获得石油的途径 to gain or limit an enemy's access to oil.
日本军方领导人明白石油的重要性 Japan's military leaders understood the importance of oil
为他们的战争机器提供动力 to power their machinery of war.
这个国家被迫扩张领土 The nation was driven to expand its territory
为了获得更多的资源。 in a bid to gain greater access to resources.
日本在第一次世界大战期间意识到了这一点 Japan realised that around the time of World War I
现代战争将是一场全面战争。 that modern war is going to be a total war.
所以日本必须为未来的全面战争做准备。 So Japan had to prepare for a total war in the future.
1931年，日本入侵中国的满洲 In 1931, Japan invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria
建立了自己的国家满洲国 and established their own state, Manchukuo,
确保对该地区煤炭、石油和页岩的控制， securing control of the region's coal, oil and shale,
可以转化为合成油。 which could be turned into synthetic oil.
但日本正在建立自己的军事和经济实力， But Japan was building their military and economic power,
这一壮举需要更多的资源。 a feat that would need even more resources.
他们在中国的战役耗尽了资源。 Resources that were being drained by their campaign in China.
所以日本人真的无法结束这场战争 So Japanese were really unable to end this war
它起源于中国 that it started in China,
它们用光了 and they were using up
所有的自然资源和人力。 all the natural resources and manpower.
他们不能让步，因为， And they could not back down because, you know,
鲜血和金钱被花在了中国。 blood and money were spent in China.
日本的每日石油消耗量翻了一番， Japan had doubled their daily petroleum consumption,
达到每天10万桶。 reaching 100,000 barrels a day.
他们从美国采购了80%的石油。 They were sourcing 80% of this oil from the United States.
对日本来说，真正的战利品在他们的南方。 For Japan, the real prize was to their south.
荷兰控制的东印度群岛，也就是现在的印度尼西亚， The Dutch-controlled East Indies, now Indonesia,
是一个石油生产大国。 was a massive producer of oil.
他们的油田日产量为17万桶。 Their oilfields were outputting 170,000 barrels a day.
对供应的控制 Control of that supply
可以切断日本对美国的依赖。 could sever Japan's dependency on the US.
1939年4月，希特勒敦促日本加入 In April 1939, Hitler pressed Japan to join them
作为轴心国的军事力量 as a full Axis military power
入侵东印度群岛 to invade the East Indies
控制国家的资源。 and take control of the country's resources.
如果日本要去占领荷兰的油田 If Japan was to go to occupy the Dutch oilfields
荷属东印度群岛，也就是今天的印度尼西亚 in Dutch East Indies, today's Indonesia,
日本人必须确保这条路线 Japanese had to secure the route
位于日本主要岛屿和整个南太平洋之间。 between main islands of Japan and the whole Southern Pacific.
但还有大英帝国。 But there was the British Empire.
因此，日本必须保护香港、新加坡等地 So Japan would have to secure Hong Kong, Singapore and so forth
通过军事手段。 by military means.
这意味着日本将不得不与大英帝国作战。 That means Japan would have to fight with the British Empire.
但日本过于依赖 But Japan was too dependent
依赖英国和美国的原材料 on Britain and the US for raw materials
迈出这样的一步 to take such a step.
相反，他们将其资本化 Instead, they capitalised
1940年5月纳粹入侵荷兰 on the Nazi invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940
提出一系列越来越高的要求 to make a series of increasingly high demands
从东印度群岛获取更多石油 for more oil from the East Indies.
日本也寻求增加石油供应 Japan also sought to increase oil supply
来自世界各地，包括美国。 from sources around the world, including the US.
在六个月的时间里， Over a six-month period,
日本进口了230万桶 Japan imported 2.3 million barrels
来自美国的航空和汽车燃料， of aviation and motor fuel from the US,
三次以上 more than three times
他们一年前进口的东西。 what they had imported a year earlier.
美国只能得出一个结论。 There was only one conclusion the US could reach.
日本正在准备战争。 Japan was preparing for war.
使用制裁来限制这些准备工作 Using sanctions to limit those preparations
这将是一个艰难的平衡。 would be a difficult balance.
经济制裁很难实现 Economic sanctions are very difficult to means
控制敌对势力。 to control the hostile power.
如果成功了，目标可能会屈服于压力。 If it works, the target might succumb to the pressure.
但是像日本这样顽固的国家 But the stubborn ones like Japan
拒绝屈服于压力 refused to succumb to the pressure
而是反击。 and rather to fight back.
1941年7月，日本入侵法属印度支那， In July 1941, Japan invaded French Indochina,
现在是南越。 now South Vietnam.
美国不得不做出回应 The United States had to respond
冻结日本在美国的金融资产， by freezing Japan's financial assets in America,
此举几乎终结了日本进口石油的能力。 a move which all but ended Japan's ability to import oil.
随后，英国和荷兰也实施了石油禁运。 Britain and the Netherlands followed with their own oil embargoes.
一系列切断日本的行动 A series of actions that cut off Japan
放弃了94%的石油供应。 from 94% of its oil supply.
由于石油储备不足两年， With less than a two-year supply of oil stockpiled,
日本领导人必须决定前进的道路。 Japan's leaders had to decide on a path forward.
他们选择征服东南亚。 They chose conquest in South-East Asia.
但是日本认为 But Japan assumed that
如果日本进攻大英帝国 if Japan attacked the British Empire,
美国将对日本宣战 the United States would declare war on Japan.
所以日本人的想法是， So Japanese thinking was,
“不妨先从美国开始。” "Might as well start with the United States first."
所以他们的疯狂想法， And so their crazy idea,
比如袭击珍珠港 like going to attack Pearl Harbour,
变成了现实。 became reality.
1941年12月7日， On the 7 December, 1941,
日本同时发动了进攻 Japan launched a simultaneous offensive
在太平洋。 in the Pacific.
在夏威夷珍珠港的美国海军基地， At the US naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii,
日本飞机的突然袭击 a surprise attack by Japanese aircraft
袭击了美国太平洋舰队 targeted America's Pacific fleet.
当一切结束的时候， By the time it was over,
这次袭击击沉或损坏了18艘美国军舰， the attack had sunk or damaged 18 US warships,
188架飞机, 188 aircraft,
导致2300多人丧生。 and led to the loss of more than 2,300 lives.
日本偷袭珍珠港 The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour
使美国舰队瘫痪 crippled the American fleet.
珍珠港的八艘战舰中， Of the eight battleships in Pearl Harbour,
其中五艘已经沉没， five of them had been sunk,
另有三人受损， three others damaged,
这意味着美国的主要战线 meaning that the US main battle line
已经不存在了。 was no longer in existence.
这迫使美国人提升了航空母舰， This forced the Americans to elevate the aircraft carriers,
他们有三个， of which they had three,
加入他们的主力舰队。 into their main striking fleets.
其目标是使美国海军能力瘫痪足够长的时间 The goal was to disable US naval capability long enough
日本实施其东南亚战略 for Japan to enact its South-East Asia strategy -
入侵：入侵、获得控制并深入挖掘 to invade, gain control, and dig in
反对任何报复的威胁。 against any threat of retaliation.
一个又一个领土落入日本人的猛攻之下。 One territory after another fell to the Japanese onslaught.
首先是美国控制的关岛、威克岛和菲律宾， First were US-controlled Guam, Wake Island and the Philippines,
以及英属马来亚和香港。 as well as British Malaya and Hong Kong.
日军的进攻一直持续到1942年的头几个月， The Japanese advance continued into the early months of 1942,
沿着马来半岛进入新加坡 moving down the Malay Peninsula into Singapore,
2月15日落入日本控制。 which fell to Japanese control on the 15 February.
有一段时间，日本的战略似乎无懈可击。 For a time, Japan's strategy seemed unassailable.
1942年5月初， Then, in early May 1942,
由于珊瑚海战役中燃料供应不足， with fuel supplies running low in the Battle of the Coral Sea,
日本不得不取消在莫尔兹比港的入侵。 Japan had to call off their invasion at Port Moresby.
11月， Again in November,
日军未能夺取瓜达尔卡纳尔岛 Japanese forces failed to take Guadalcanal
不受美国控制。 from US control.
失败的原因被归咎于供应的减少 A failure blamed on dwindling supplies
食物和弹药。 of food and ammunition.
日本可能已经控制了东南亚的一些油田， Japan may have controlled some of South-East Asia's oilfields,
但由于他们的船只受到盟军的攻击， but with their ships under Allied attack,
他们为获得石油供应而苦苦挣扎 they struggled to get those oil supplies
回到日本本土。 back to the Japanese mainland.
然后，在菲律宾海海战中战败 Then, defeat in the Battle of the Philippine Sea
1944年6月 in June 1944
有效地切断了与日本之间的联系 effectively cut off access between Japan
以及他们控制的南部油田。 and the oilfields they controlled to the south.
日本的石油供应持续下降， Japan's oil supply continued to decline,
石油对军队来说就像鲜血 and oil was really like blood for the military's
飞机，军舰，油轮，坦克。 planes, warships, tankers, tanks.
石油短缺确实造成了一个严重的问题。 Shortage of oil really created a serious problem.
他们试图制造一种合成油 They tried to create a synthetic oil
作为石油，汽油等的替代品， and alternative to oil, gasoline and so forth,
但它们都不够有效。 but none of them were effective enough.
即使在太平洋， Even in the Pacific,
日本战俘知道战争失败了 Japanese prisoners knew the war was lost
当他们看到美国人有这么多石油时 when they saw that the Americans had so much oil
他们可以在机场撒上这种药来控制灰尘， they could afford to spread it on airfields to control the dust,
而日本自己 while Japan itself
节约每一加仑石油。 was conserving every last gallon of petroleum.
1945年，日本没有进口石油。 In 1945, Japan imported no oil.
燃料和食品短缺在日本很普遍。 Fuel and food shortages in Japan were widespread.
日本海军 The Japanese navy
用酒精给船加油 resorted to fuelling ships with alcohol.
新闻播音员：不久之前，一架美国飞机 NEWSREADER: A short time ago, an American aeroplane
在广岛投下一颗原子弹 dropped one bomb on Hiroshima
摧毁了它对敌人的用处。 and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy.
那枚炸弹的威力超过两万吨TNT炸药。 That bomb has more power than 20,000 tonnes of TNT.
1945年9月，日本投降。 In September 1945, Japan surrendered.
一家日本报纸说 One Japanese newspaper stated that
这场战争最初是为了争夺石油， it was a war begun as a fight for oil,
最后却没有了它。 and ended by the lack of it.
一些历史学家认为， According to some historians,
到1945年夏天日本投降时， by the time Japan surrendered in the summer of 1945,
日本只有3个月的石油储备。 Japan had only three months' oil reserve.
日本基本上不能再继续发动战争了。 Japan basically could no longer continue waging war.
日本不会是唯一这样做的国家 Japan would not be the only country
在寻求更多资源的驱使下， motivated by a quest for more resources,
他们也不会是唯一被这一野心摧毁的国家。 nor would they be the only country undone by that ambition.
德国的战争机器同样把注意力集中在获取石油上。 The German war machine was equally focused on access to oil.
1939年，德国国内生产石油 In 1939, Germany's domestic oil production
只占他们消耗石油的三分之一， only represented about one third of the oil they consumed,
这个数字包括了合成油， a figure that included synthetic oil,
这是一个更昂贵的选择。 a far more costly alternative.
他们必须放眼国外 They had to look beyond their borders
确保他们的石油供应。 to secure their oil supply.
为了制造机器，坦克和武器， In order to make machines and tanks and weaponry,
你需要能量。 you need energy.
你需要油。 You need oil.
德国人向来如此 And the Germans always have
石油供应非常非常不稳定， a very, very shaky supply of petroleum,
通常来自罗马尼亚。 which typically comes from Romania.
即使这些努力也远远不能满足德国的需要。 Even these efforts fell well short of Germany's needs.
到1940年底， By the end of 1940,
德国控制生产 Germany controlled production
在每天近23.5万桶石油中， of almost 235,000 barrels of oil a day,
还不到他们消费的一半 less than half of what they were consuming
在战争之前。 before the war.
德国军方的领导人知道这是一场持久战 Leaders within the German military knew a protracted war
可能导致石油短缺。 could lead to oil shortages.
希特勒决定解决德国的石油问题 Hitler decided to solve Germany's oil problems
随着苏联的入侵 with the invasion of the Soviet Union.
石油是一个重要因素 Oil was a significant factor
东线的战斗 of the fighting in the Eastern Front,
因为两军的机械化部队 because the mechanised parts of both armies
扮演了极其重要的角色 played extremely important roles
在任何突破行动中。 in any kind of breakthrough operations.
他们需要大量的燃料来发动这样的入侵。 They would need huge amounts of fuel to power such an invasion.
德国实施了严格的节油措施 Germany imposed strict fuel-saving measures
在大后方。 on the home front.
被占领的领土，比如法国，比利时， Occupied territories like France, Belgium,
卢森堡和荷兰 Luxembourg and the Netherlands
甚至更糟。 fared even worse.
他们只被允许 They were only allowed
每天总共开采6万桶石油， a total of 60,000 barrels of oil a day,
巨大的下降 a huge drop
从他们在和平时期的集体消费 from their collective consumption in peacetime
每天20万桶。 of 200,000 barrels a day.
巴巴罗萨行动 Operation Barbarossa -
纳粹对苏联的入侵 the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union -
开始于1941年6月22日。 began on the 22 June, 1941.
侵略军大约有三百万人。 The invading force included around three million men...
．．3000辆坦克, ..3,000 tanks,
2500架飞机。 and 2,500 aircraft.
希特勒认为入侵会在几个月内结束。 Hitler believed the invasion would be over in a few months.
它需要迅速而果断。 It needed to be fast and decisive.
如果入侵失败， If the invasion faltered,
入侵所消耗的燃料将超过任何收益 the fuel consumed in the invasion would outpace any gains
控制了俄罗斯的石油储备 when taking control of Russia's oil reserves.
残酷的现实呼应了这些恐惧， The grim reality echoed those fears,
导致一场旷日持久的竞选。 leading to a drawn-out campaign.
入侵开始近一年后， Almost a year after the invasion began,
希特勒决定分割德国军队 Hitler made the decision to divide the German forces
在两个目标之间。 between two objectives.
第一次是攻占斯大林格勒。 The first was to take Stalingrad.
第二个目标是进军高加索地区 The second was to move into the Caucasus
并控制那里丰富的油田。 and take control of the rich oilfields there.
如果德国能控制高加索油田 If Germany could take control of the Caucasus oilfields,
这将切断苏联的石油供应 this would cut the Soviets off from their oil supply
也助长了德国对英国和美国的战争。 and also fuel Germany's war against Britain and the US.
但是苏联人不打算放弃 But the Soviets weren't going to give up
他们的石油资源不战而降。 their oil resources without a fight.
有人企图摧毁石油设施 There's a concerted attempt to destroy the oil installations
如果德国人到达那里。 if the Germans get there.
于是斯大林指示石油工业部长 So Stalin instructs the minister for the oil industry
去那里摧毁石油设施 to go down there and destroy oil installations
如果德国人成功了 if the Germans make it.
所以他的话是这样的， So his words are something along the lines,
“如果德国人得到我们的石油，我们就毙了你们。 "If the Germans get any of our oil, we'll shoot you.
“但是如果你摧毁石油设施 "But if you destroy the oil installations
“如果德国人到不了那里，我们也会杀了你。” "and the Germans don't get there, we'll shoot you as well."
这概括了斯大林经常是如何指挥战争的。 Which encapsulates how Stalin often ran the war effort.
1942年8月，德军占领迈科普油田时， When the Germans took over the Maikop oilfields in August 1942,
他们发现了苏联焦土政策的程度。 they discovered the extent of the Soviet scorched-earth policy.
水井里填满了混凝土 Wells were filled with concrete
设备被拆除， and equipment was demolished,
甚至是手持工具。 down to hand-held tools.
Maikop恢复生产的工作需要时间，而且收效甚微。 Work to restore production at Maikop took time and made little gains.
到1943年1月，日产量仅为70桶。 By January 1943, production was only up to 70 barrels a day.
他们对石油的追求并没有在迈科普结束。 Their quest for oil didn't end at Maikop.
德军向格罗兹尼的油田进发， German forces were headed for the oilfields at Grozny,
那里的石油年产量超过了德国的总供应量。 where annual production of oil outstripped Germany's entire supply.
但他们永远也达不到这个目标。 But they would never reach that objective.
军队分裂，希特勒重新部署军队 With forces divided and Hitler redirecting army groups
在一场又一场的战斗中， between one fight and the other,
斯大林格勒和高加索都输了。 both Stalingrad and the Caucasus were lost.
1943年1月18日， On the 18 January, 1943,
命令发布了 the order was issued
德国军队从高加索撤退 for German forces to retreat from the Caucasus,
结束了德国夺取控制权的企图 bringing an end to Germany's attempt to gain control
苏联的一些石油财富 of some of the Soviet Union's oil riches.
在石油供应方面，它肯定会帮助德国人 It would certainly have helped the Germans in terms of oil supplies
为了他们自己的军队。 for their own armies.
我不认为这是苏联抵抗运动的终结。 I don't think it would have been the end of the Soviet resistance.
他们在乌拉尔还有其他油田， They had other oilfields in the Urals,
而且他们还有补给 and they would still have had supplies
从西方盟国那里 from the Western Allies.
战争机器需要石油作为燃料 Oil was needed to fuel the machinery of war,
但第二次世界大战是人类打的，而不仅仅是机器。 but World War II was fought by people, not just machines.
数以百万计的男人和女人在战场上， Millions of men and women on the battlefield,
在军事基地， in army bases,
在医院, at hospitals,
在大后方。 and on the home front.
那些急需食物和药品的人。 People who needed to be supplied with critical food and medicine.
食品和药品的供应成为另一条战线 Supply of food and medicine became another front
去战斗和征服， to be fought and conquered,
制造和分销都面临挑战 a challenge of both manufacturing and distribution
跨越广袤的领土 across the vast expanse of territories
武装部队正在那里作战。 on which armed forces were fighting.
这是一个挑战，如果能成功， It was a challenge that, if met,
可能会带来不可思议的创新， could lead to incredible innovation,
否则，灾难就来了。 if not, to disaster.
受伤和疾病的威胁是挥之不去的阴影 The threat of injury and disease was a constant shadow
在一个国家的武装力量之上。 over a nation's armed forces.
历史上，在第一次世界大战之前， Historically, before the First World War,
士兵死亡的主要原因是疾病。 the primary cause of soldier death is disease.
斑疹伤寒。痢疾。 Typhus. Dysentery.
疟疾。 Malaria.
霍乱。 Cholera.
到第一次世界大战，20世纪初， By the First World War, the beginning of the 20th century,
他们找到了对抗这些疾病的方法 they figured out how to combat these diseases
以及如何预防它们。 and how to prevent them.
但剩下的是细菌感染。 But what remains is bacterial infection.
这是军事医学的下一个主要障碍。 And that's the next major hurdle for military medicine.
战场上的伤口可能导致感染。 Wounds inflicted on the battlefield could lead to infection.
一些疾病也是如此 So too could some diseases
如果任其发展。 if left to take hold.
这是我们看到这种优势的原因之一 This is one of the reasons why we see the preponderance
在南北战争和第一次世界大战中截肢 of amputation in the Civil War and in the First World War.
如果感染开始了 If infection has set in
复合性骨折或枪伤， to a compound fracture or a bullet wound,
这是防止感染蔓延的最好方法 the best way to prevent that infection from spreading
就是截肢。 is just to amputate the limb.
1928年， Then, in 1928,
苏格兰科学家亚历山大·弗莱明有了一个偶然的发现。 Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming made a chance discovery.
培养皿中的葡萄球菌样本 Samples of staphylococci bacteria in a petri dish
长出了一种特殊的霉菌， had grown a particular type of mould,
有抗菌作用的东西 one that had an antibacterial effect.
这种霉菌就是青霉菌。 This mould was Penicillium.
所以他开始尝试，并与之一起成长。 So he begins to kind of experiment with it and grow with it.
在他种植的过程中 And as he's growing it,
他认为这是霉菌文化的副产品之一 he sees that one of the by-products of this mould culture
这是一种薄薄的薄膜状液体。 is this thin, filmy fluid.
他把这种薄而薄膜状的液体称为绒毛霉菌下面的液体 And he calls that thin, filmy fluid underneath the fuzzy mould
青霉素。 penicillin.
他写了关于它的论文，在期刊上发表， He writes papers about it, publishes it in it in journals,
但它哪儿也去不了。 but it doesn't go anywhere.
1939年9月希特勒入侵波兰时， By the time Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939,
大规模生产青霉素的解决方案 the solution to mass producing penicillin
十多年来一直没有解决。 had remained unsolved for over a decade.
但在牛津大学， But at the University of Oxford,
由霍华德·弗洛里领导的团队 a team led by Howard Florey
已经在研究青霉素的生长和提纯了。 was already working on growing and purifying penicillin.
1939年5月25日， On the 25 May, 1939,
他们开始测试， they began their tests,
给8只小鼠注射链球菌， injecting eight mice with streptococcus,
然后用他们生产的青霉素治疗四个人。 then treating four with the penicillin they produced.
到第二天，四只未经治疗的老鼠都死了 By the next day, the four untreated mice were dead
接受青霉素治疗的4名患者仍然活着。 and the four treated with penicillin were still alive.
从实验室的实验到大规模生产 From experiments in the lab to mass production
是一个巨大而富有挑战性的过程。 is a huge and challenging process.
弗洛里知道你需要什么 Florey figures out that you need
2000升青霉素液体 2,000 litres of this penicillin fluid
为了蒸馏和分散足够的纯青霉素 in order to distil and distract enough pure penicillin
对待一个人。 to treat a person.
所以他们在实验室里到处种植。 And so they're growing it everywhere in their labs.
但你不可能生产 But you can't possibly produce
你所需要的大量 the massive quantities that you would need
为了实验 in order to experiment
还有完美的青霉素 and perfect penicillin
变成一种可行的药物。 into a form of medicine that's viable.
弗洛里需要资源 Florey needed resources
这是战时英国不需要提供的 that wartime Britain didn't have to offer.
因此，到了1941年夏天， And so, by the summer of 1941,
他和他的团队飞到美国， he and his team fly over to the United States,
确信他们所要做的一切 convinced that all they have to do
是美国制药工业吗 is get the American pharmaceutical industry
对生产药物感兴趣。 interested in producing the drug.
这比他预期的要花费更多的工作和时间。 That takes far more work and time than he could have anticipated.
然后，弗洛里和他的团队会见了研究人员 Then, Florey and his team met with researchers
来自伊利诺伊州的美国农业部。 from the US Department of Agriculture in Illinois.
他们提出了一种青霉菌的替代菌株。 They proposed an alternate strain of Penicillium.
经过测试，它能够产生 When tested, it was capable of producing
比原来的品种多六倍。 six times more than the original strain.
利用玉米糖浆副产品的深层发酵， Using submerged fermentation in a corn syrup by-product,
他们还发现他们可以生产 they also discovered they could produce
更多的青霉素， significantly more penicillin,
但大规模制造业需要基础设施 but large-scale manufacturing needed the infrastructure
制药行业的。 of the pharmaceutical industry.
制药行业 The pharmaceutical industry
对青霉素很感兴趣 is certainly interested in penicillin,
但他们仍在权衡成本和平衡。 but they're still weighing the costs and balances.
除了1941年12月， Except in December 1941,
美国在珍珠港遭到袭击 America is attacked at Pearl Harbour
突然间，环境发生了变化。 and suddenly the environment has changed.
现在美国政府对一种药物很感兴趣 Now the US Government is interested in a drug
有望治愈感染。 which promises to cure infection.
1941年，美国没有足够的青霉素 In 1941, the US didn't have enough penicillin
治疗单个病人。 to treat a single patient.
当年12月，两家制药公司—— In December of that year, two pharmaceutical companies -
默克和施贵宝 Merck and Squibb -
签约领导美国的制作。 signed on to lead production in the US.
1944年，辉瑞公司也加入了这一行列， By 1944, Pfizer joined the effort,
贡献了美国一半的青霉素产量 contributing half of America's penicillin production.
20多家美国公司在战争期间参与了青霉素的生产， Over 20 US companies participated in making penicillin during the war,
广泛的信息共享提供了便利 facilitated by extensive information sharing
以及与英国同行的合作。 and collaboration with British counterparts.
随着生产规模扩大，毒品进入部队， As production scaled and the drug reached troops,
青霉素在田间的功效很快就显现出来了。 penicillin's efficacy in the field quickly became evident.
1943年，它可以投入使用。 So, in 1943, it's ready for use.
他们派来了美国医生 They're sending it with American doctors
转到北非。 over to North Africa.
他们在开罗使用它。 They're using it in Cairo.
他们甚至为盟军的入侵做好了准备 They even have it ready for the Allied invasion
在1943年夏天。 in the summer of '43.
他们逐渐发现，把它转移到前沿医院， They gradually figure out that moving it to forward hospitals,
培训医务人员如何使用它。 training medics in how to use it.
同时， At the same time,
他们不断提高产量。 they're constantly ramping up production.
它在战场上越有用， The more useful it proves to be in the battlefields,
美国制药公司就越兴奋、越有动力。 the more excited and incentivised US pharmaceutical companies are.
诺曼底登陆时， For the D-Day landings,
盟军部队获得了230万剂青霉素。 Allied troops were supplied with 2.3 million doses of penicillin.
而其他国家，比如德国和日本 While other countries like Germany and Japan
尝试大规模生产青霉素， attempted mass production of penicillin,
没有任何其他国家能够与英国和美国共同取得的成就相提并论。 no-one else was able to match what Britain and the US did together.
除了战争，青霉素的巨大影响 Beyond the war, the incredible impact of penicillin
会继续被感觉到。 would continue to be felt.
所以，今天，我们认为青霉素是理所当然的。 So, today, we take penicillin for granted.
但在第二次世界大战之前，情况并非如此。 But until the Second World War, that wasn't the case.
这种独特的因素组合使它在三年内成为可能 This unique combination of factors made it possible in three years
创造一种全新的药物——抗生素 to create a whole new kind of drug - an antibiotic -
可以杀死细菌，防止感染的东西。 something that could kill bacteria and prevent infection.
青霉素仍然是最伟大的发现之一 Penicillin remains one of the great discoveries
20世纪的。 of the 20th century.
改变世界的医学进步 A world-altering medical advance
这是由于战争的需要。 that was driven by the necessities of war.
虽然医疗和供应是一项复杂的挑战， While medical treatment and supply was a complex challenge,
食物的供应也是如此。 so too was the supply of food.
这是一个全球性的问题。 This was a problem on a global scale.
据估计，在第二次世界大战期间 During World War II, it is estimated
至少有2000万人死于饥饿和营养不良， that at least 20 million people died from starvation and malnutrition,
这个数字与军人死亡人数相当。 a number on a similar scale to military deaths.
230万日本士兵阵亡， Out of 2.3 million Japanese soldiers who died,
三分之二的人真的死了 two-thirds of them actually died
饥饿或疾病 of either starvation or illness
因为食物没有到达那里， because food didn't get there,
或药物。 or medication.
在两次世界大战之间的岁月里， In the years between the world wars,
科学家们开始发现维生素， scientists were starting to discover vitamins,
缺乏这些维生素会影响人体健康。 and that lack of these vitamins could affect human health.
他们在制造人造版本方面也取得了突破 They were also making breakthroughs in manufacturing artificial versions
作为食物来源的补充物 to use as a supplement for food sources.
随着事态的发展， As this was unfolding,
美国陆军开始彻底改革野战配给方法。 the US Army began overhauling their approach to field rations.
从这个过程中产生的产品之一 One of the products that emerged from this process
是c口粮包。 was the C-ration pack.
它的设计初衷是稳定、美味、营养丰富， Designed to be stable, tasty and nutritionally dense,
每包相当于三顿饱饭。 each pack was the equivalent of three full meals.
在战争的过程中 Over the course of the war,
适口性成为口粮设计的主要因素。 palatability became a driving factor in the design of the rations.
营养物质只能起到它们的作用 Nutrients could only serve their purpose
如果士兵们把它们吃掉。 if the soldiers consumed them.
在1941年, In 1941,
在美国正式加入二战后 after the US formally joined World War II,
m&m是作为合作伙伴关系的一部分而开发的 M&Ms were developed as a part of a partnership
通过玛氏好时公司 through the Mars and Hershey Corporation,
它们成为了c口粮的一部分 and they became a part of the C-rations
由海外服役人员消费。 consumed by service members abroad.
所以在二战期间， So throughout World War II,
服役人员可以访问 service members had access
敬这可爱的，硬壳巧克力糖 to this delightful, hard shell-coated chocolate candy
他们真的对她产生了感情。 that they really developed an affection for.
所以当战争结束，他们回家时， So when the war ended and they came home,
他们找到了这种熟悉的食物。 they sought out this familiar treat.
世界不同地区的战争和不稳定 Fighting and instability in different regions around the world
不可避免地影响了全球食品供应链， inevitably affected the global supply chain of food,
导致常见主食的获取和配给减少。 leading to reduced access and rationing of common food staples.
糖是第一个实行定量配给的食物 Sugar was the first food that ended up being rationed
在美国。 in the United States.
这就是结果 This was a result
日本入侵菲律宾的历史 of Japan's invasion of the Philippines.
所以当日本入侵并征服菲律宾时， So when Japan invaded and conquered the Philippines,
美国失去了一条主要的糖供应线。 the United States lost a major supply line of sugar.
而且，夏威夷也是糖的另一个来源， And also, Hawaii was another source of sugar,
而是因为有这么多船 but because so many boats
在夏威夷和美国之间穿梭 moving between Hawaii and the United States
被怀疑， fell under suspicion,
许多补给线被直接关闭 many of the supply lines were simply shut down
在战争期间。 during the duration of the war.
此外，货船 In addition, cargo ships
将这些商品转移到美国 that would have moved such goods to the US
在战争期间被转移使用。 were diverted for use during the war.
美国和战争期间的许多国家一样， The US, like many nations during the war,
面对养活士兵的竞争需求 faced the competing needs of feeding their soldiers
而不是供应大后方。 versus supplying the home front.
罐头食品是主要的焦点。 Canned goods was a major point of focus.
加工食品行业想要引导自己的努力 The processed food industries wanted to direct its efforts
支持海外服役人员。 to support service members abroad.
在家的美国人被要求自己制作食品罐头 Americans at home were expected to can their own foods
然后去消费。 and consume that instead.
所以购买和获取加工过的罐头食品 So purchasing and accessing processed canned foods
在配给制时期就没那么好选择了。 became less of an option during this rationing period.
美国也投入了制造业资源 The US also put their manufacturing resources
开发新的食物选择。 towards developing new food options.
在整个太平洋战争中 Throughout the fighting in the Pacific,
美国军方与荷美尔公司合作 the US military worked with the Hormel Company
生产这种以猪肉为原料的罐头肉制品，叫做Spam， to produce this pork-based canned meat product called Spam,
它是发给在太平洋对岸作战的军人的。 and it was issued to service members fighting across the Pacific.
而且它不仅用于供应服役人员的口粮 And it was not only used to supply the rations of service members
他们在战斗， who were fighting,
但午餐肉帮助填补了受灾地区的粮食缺口 but Spam helped fill food gaps in areas that were affected
菲律宾的战争 by the fighting in the Philippines,
在日本, in Japan,
在夏威夷。 in Hawaii.
在获得食物变得有限的地区 In areas where access to food became limited
因为战争， because of the war,
午餐肉进入市场，成为一种重要的食物来源 Spam came in and became a vital source of food
对于生活在那个地区的人们来说。 for people living in that part of the world.
其中一些新食品开发出来了 Some of these new foods developed
对美国饮食文化产生了持久的影响 had a lasting effect on American food culture,
在美国仍然是一种常见的罐头主食。 remaining a common canned staple around the US.
在夏威夷，Spam继续被整合 In Hawaii, Spam continues to be integrated
融入到他们多样的美食中。 into their diverse cuisine.
该州人均消费的垃圾邮件最多 The state consumes the most Spam per person
在美国任何地方 of anywhere in the US,
每年700万罐。 at seven million cans per year.
而美国能够补充他们的食物供应 While the US was able to supplement their supply of food
随着新的发展， with new developments,
不是每个国家都能单独做到这一点。 not every country could do this alone.
从1941年到1945年， Between 1941 and 1945,
根据租借安排， under a Lend-Lease arrangement,
美国出口了相当于1800亿美元的商品 America sent the equivalent of $180 billion of goods
给苏联 to the Soviet Union.
这些货物中有450万吨食物， Among these goods was 4.5 million tonnes of food,
包括一个值得注意的项目——垃圾邮件。 including one notable item - Spam.
多年来，在苏联，获得食物一直是个问题 Access to food in the Soviet Union was a problem for years
在美国供应开始涌入之前 before American supplies started rolling in.
在战争爆发前，苏联管理着粮食供应 In the lead up to the war, the Soviet Union managed food supply
粮食产量也很差。 and food production poorly.
农业制度并没有真正达到目的。 The agricultural system was not really fit for purpose.
它基本上是建立起来的 It was largely set up
为了没收农民的粮食。 in order to confiscate grain from the peasantry.
它并没有产生很多激励 It did not create a lot of incentives
为了生产粮食， to produce grain,
这导致了收获期间的大量浪费 and it led to enormous amount of waste during harvest
以及储存和运输。 and storage and transportation.
随着战争的发展，形势变得更加严峻。 And as the war progressed, the situation became even more dire.
随着1941年6月德国入侵苏联， With the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941,
主要粮食产区受到威胁。 key food-producing regions were under threat.
苏联的粮食形势并不好 The food situation in the Soviet Union was not great
在战争开始时，情况急剧恶化。 at the start of the war, but it became dramatically worse.
铁路负荷过重， The train lines were overburdened,
所以分发食物很困难。 so food distribution was difficult.
德国人很快就占领了这里 The Germans very quickly took over
主要粮食产区，尤其是乌克兰。 the main grain-producing areas, particularly Ukraine.
村庄里没有男人，所以劳动力变得更少了。 Villages were emptied of men, so labour power became smaller.
所有这些都发生在农业系统的背景下 All of this happens in the context of an agricultural system
这在一开始并不是很有效。 that is not really very productive in the first instance.
为入侵的德国军队提供口粮的方法 The approach to rations for the invading German forces
假设它们会觅食并以农产品为生 assumed that they would forage and live off the produce
他们所声称的苏联领土 of the Soviet land they had claimed.
精心策划的策略 A strategy that was intentionally directed
让当地居民挨饿。 at leaving the local population to starve.
德国侵略军 The German invading force
从苏联掠夺了大量的食物 stripped massive amounts of food from the Soviet Union
在两年半的时间里。 in a two-and-a-half year period.
其中包括700万吨粮食 This included seven million tonnes of grain
还有60万吨肉 and 600,000 tonnes of meat
从苏联人口中夺走并送回德国 taken from the Soviet population and sent back to Germany.
虽然苏联红军也要去觅食， While the Soviet Red Army were also expected to forage,
它们被优先用于提供营养更丰富的食物 they were prioritised for supply of more nutrient dense foods
而不是普通人群。 than the general population.
在很多方面，就营养而言，可能是 In many ways, in terms of nutrition, it was probably
红军是一个比较好的地方 the Red Army was one of the better places to be
在精英阶层之外。 outside of the very elite.
精英阶层吃得很好， The very elite kept eating very well,
即使在列宁格勒， even in Leningrad,
其他人都饿死了 where everybody else starved to death.
列宁格勒之围从1941年9月8日 The siege of Leningrad stretched between September 8, 1941,
1944年1月27日。 and 27 January, 1944.
城市的供给几乎被轴心国军队切断 Supply to the city was all but cut off by Axis forces,
封锁导致了大规模的饥荒， a blockade that led to large-scale starvation,
这座城市有65万人死亡 with 650,000 people dying in the city
就在1942年。 just in 1942.
而列宁格勒的人民和苏联军队驻扎在那里 While the people of Leningrad and the Soviet forces stationed there
我们最终战胜了重重困难， were able to ultimately prevail against all odds,
情况并非总是如此。 this wasn't always the case.
一场战役的命运可能取决于能否获得食物 The fate of a battle could be decided on access to food
以及其他重要物资。 and other critical supplies.
日本在战争初期的成功和德国很像 Japan's early success in the war, much like Germany,
依靠快速和决定性的胜利 relied on fast and decisive victory
还有一个准备不足的敌人。 and a less-prepared enemy.
但随着战争的持续 But as the war dragged on,
胜利不再是快速和果断的行动 victory became less about fast and decisive action
更重要的是装备精良 and more about being well-equipped
有正常的供应物流。 with functioning supply logistics.
1942年8月，美国在瓜达尔卡纳尔岛登陆， When the US landed at Guadalcanal in August of 1942,
这确实证明了供应的重要性 this really demonstrated the importance of supply
以及盟军对抗日军的能力 and the ability of the Allies versus the Japanese
来维持他们的力量。 to sustain their forces.
日本努力维持供应线 Japan's struggle to maintain supply lines
他们在瓜达尔卡纳尔岛的武装部队 to their armed forces at Guadalcanal,
导致了太平洋战争的关键转折点 led to a critical turning point in the Pacific War.
1942年8月，日本正在运营一条补给线 In August, 1942, Japan was operating a supply line
盟军称之为“东京快车” that the Allies labelled the Tokyo Express,
主要由战舰组成 comprising mainly warships
运送部队、食物和弹药。 that transported troops, food and ammunition.
他们晚上从拉包尔出发， They travelled at night from Rabaul,
穿过新几内亚和圣伊莎贝尔之间的海峡 down through a channel between New Guinea and Santa Isabel,
并继续为瓜达尔卡纳尔岛的日军提供补给。 and on to resupply the Japanese forces at Guadalcanal.
盟军以攻击战舰作为回应， The Allies responded by targeting the warships,
这是日本无法承受的损失 which Japan could not afford to lose.
美国人更擅长拦截东京快车， The Americans became even more adept at intercepting the Tokyo Express,
这样到竞选结束时， so that by the end of the campaign,
日本驱逐舰只是在倾倒油桶 Japanese destroyers were just dumping barrels
装满了设备，食物和补给 loaded with equipment and food and supplies
下水 into the water
希望它们能漂上岸补给日军 and hoping they drift ashore to supply the Japanese.
到12月，超过100名日本士兵 By December, more than 100 Japanese soldiers
我们每天都饿死。 were dying from starvation each day.
到今年1月，这一数字翻了一番。 By January, that figure had doubled.
他们别无选择，只能撤离。 They had no choice but to evacuate.
瓜达尔卡纳尔岛的战斗结束后， When the fighting on Guadalcanal was done,
据估计约有5000名日本士兵 it was estimated that around 5,000 Japanese soldiers
战死沙场。 were killed in battle.
死于饥饿的人数大约是这个数字的三倍。 Around three times that many died of starvation.
日本人决定从瓜达尔卡纳尔岛撤退 The Japanese decided to withdraw from Guadalcanal
因为他们无法再为军队提供后勤支持。 because they could no longer logistically support their forces.
甚至在日本本土也感受到了供应的匮乏。 This lack of supply was felt even on Japan's home front.
从1944年到1945年， Over the course of 1944 to 1945,
盟军将日本包围得越来越紧 the Allies drew a tighter and tighter net around Japan,
使他们几乎不可能运来补给 making it almost impossible for them to bring in supplies
来自被征服的国家。 from conquered nations.
食物短缺是一个严重的问题， Shortage of food was a serious issue,
对军队来说都是如此 both for the military
对国内的平民来说也是如此。 and for the civilian population at home.
食物短缺很可能是原因之一 Shortage of food really probably contributed
日本军队的失败 to the defeat of Japanese military.
日本的供应问题， Japan's supply issues,
首先是油 first with oil
然后是食物和其他必需品， then later with food and other essential goods,
帮助决定了他们在第二次世界大战中的命运 helped seal their fate in World War II.
随着军队推进到敌人的领土 As armies pushed forward into enemy territory
在多个方面， on multiple fronts,
供应线必须变得更加复杂和高效 supply lines had to grow ever more complex and efficient
为了跟上。 to keep up.
能够扩大生产规模 Being able to scale up production
以满足日益增长的战争需求 to meet the growing demands of war
是重要的。 was important.
但各国必须解决如何分配这些物资的问题， But nations had to then work out how to distribute those supplies,
经常穿越危险的战场。 often across treacherous theatres of war.
当盟军在诺曼底登陆时 When the Allies landed on the beaches at Normandy
1944年6月6日 on the 6 June, 1944,
或诺曼底登陆, or D-Day,
这是有史以来规模最大的单日两栖登陆 it was the largest one-day amphibious landing
在历史上。 in history.
当我们考虑诺曼底登陆时， When we consider the Normandy invasion,
我们很容易说出这句话， it's easy for us to say the words,
“这是世界历史上规模最大的两栖入侵，” "It was the largest amphibious invasion in world history,"
然后跨过这一关。 and kind of move past that.
但诺曼底海滩上发生的事情的规模 But the scale of what happened on the beaches of Normandy
仍然让人难以置信。 still boggles the mind.
为了做好准备，美国进行了运输 In preparation, the US had transported
1700万吨军事装备运往英国 17 million tonnes of military equipment to Britain
在入侵前的六个月里。 in the six months before the invasion.
如此庞大的部队登陆的复杂后勤， The complex logistics of landing such a large force,
所有与之配套的机械、工具和物资， and all of the machinery, tools and supplies that went along with it,
当他们向内陆移动时，这种影响才被放大。 was only amplified as they moved inland.
诺曼底登陆和所有的两栖登陆一样， The Normandy landing, like all amphibious landings,
是一个后勤障碍。 was a logistics hurdle.
问题不只是把你的部队送到海滩上， The issue is not just getting your troops onto the beach,
但一旦它们到了海滩上， but once they're on the beach,
你必须能够加强它们，维持它们， you have to be able to reinforce them, sustain them,
保持货物和材料的流通。 and keep the flow of goods and material going.
整个目标就是向内陆推进 The whole goal was to push in, push inland,
因为如果你不向内陆推进 because if you don't push inland,
你不能守住那些海滩 you don't hold on to those beaches
入侵不会成功。 and the invasion won't succeed.
大约有28个师计划从诺曼底向内陆进军， Roughly 28 divisions were planning to move inland from Normandy,
每一个都需要700到750吨的补给 each needing around 700 to 750 tonnes of supplies
每一天。 each day.
1944年8月1日， On the 1 August, 1944,
盟军成功地越过了诺曼底。 the Allies managed to push beyond Normandy.
巴顿将军奋勇向前， General Patton forged ahead,
两周内占领了100公里的领土。 gaining 100km of territory in two weeks.
到8月31日，他的燃料耗尽了。 By the 31 August, he had run out of fuel.
超过90%的补给在诺曼底登陆 More than 90% of supplies landed at Normandy
留在海滩上。 remained on the beach.
一旦盟军开始进攻， And once the Allied forces were pushing in,
突然间，它们的移动速度比预期的要快得多 suddenly they're moving much faster than they anticipated
以及他们的计划。 and what they planned for.
这给供应线带来了巨大的压力。 And this is putting a huge strain on supply lines.
因此，盟军指挥官必须想出一些办法 And so, the Allied commanders have to come up with some way
他们可以为这些前进的部队提供补给， that they can run supplies to these advancing forces,
当他们向法国推进时 as they're pushing into France.
为了保证部队的稳定供应， To maintain a steady supply to the troops,
盟军司令部设计了一个有效的 Allied command devised an effective
但高风险的优先运输系统。 but high-risk priority trucking system.
它将被称为红球快车， It would be known as the Red Ball Express,
之后的红点用来表示优先特快列车 after the red dots used to indicate priority express trains
在美国的地图上 on maps in the US.
所以这个系统本质上是由 So the system was essentially comprised
大约6000辆卡车 of about 6,000 trucks
这是一个单向循环 that ran in a one-direction loop
从瑟堡一路赶来 all the way from Cherbourg
直到沙特尔。 down to Chartres.
1944年8月下旬开始行动。 And it began an operation in late August 1944.
在任何给定的时间 And at any given time
这条赛道上大约有900辆卡车。 there was about 900 trucks on this circuit.
红球快车的主要目标 The main objective of the Red Ball Express
就是运送食物，燃料和弹药。 was to carry food, fuel and ammunition.
实际上，他们几乎带着所有的东西 In reality, they carried almost anything and everything
到前面去。 to the front.
快车在任何天气和任何条件下都能行驶。 The Express ran in any weather and in all conditions.
这是一次极其危险和危险的行动。 This was an incredibly dangerous and treacherous operation.
这些是正在行驶的卡车 These are trucks that were running
这里离前线很近， fairly close to front lines of fighting,
当这种情况发生时，他们不得不全面停电， and when that happened, they had to go full blackout,
所以如果外面很黑他们就不能开大灯 so they couldn't run headlights if it was in any way dark outside
或者太阳正在落山。 or if the sun was setting.
不出所料，事故很常见。 Unsurprisingly, accidents were very common.
尽管危险重重， Despite the dangers,
红球快车非常成功 the Red Ball Express was incredibly successful
为前线提供补给， at maintaining supplies to the front line,
帮助盟军将法国从纳粹的控制下解放出来。 helping the Allies to liberate France from Nazi control.
基本完成的一项成就 An accomplishment that was largely achieved
非裔美国士兵， by African-American soldiers,
谁代表了75%的卡车司机 who represented 75% of truck drivers
在红球快车上 on the Red Ball Express.
对于许多参军的美国黑人来说， For many Black American men who joined the military,
他们被剥夺了参加战斗部队的机会， they were denied the opportunity to participate in combat units,
但红球快车是一种重要的方式 but the Red Ball Express was a significant way
这是美国黑人能够保证的 that Black American men were able to ensure
盟军可以夺回法国 the Allied forces could retake France,
可以在欧洲开辟第二条战线 could open up that second front in the war in Europe,
遗憾的是，它成了一个被遗忘的部分 and it became a regrettably forgotten part
第二次世界大战的历史。 of this history of World War II.
但这绝对是一次必要的手术 But it was an absolutely essential operation
以确保诺曼底登陆的成功 to ensure that the Normandy invasion would be a success.
为穿越危险地带的军队提供补给 Supplying armies across dangerous terrain
这是一个挑战，但海上供应也是一个挑战。 was one challenge, but so too was supply by sea.
在诺曼底登陆成功之前， Before the landings at Normandy could succeed,
很多军队和物资 many of those troops and supplies
必须完成横渡大西洋的旅程 had to make the journey across the Atlantic Ocean.
从第二次世界大战初期开始， From the early days of World War II,
英国从美国制造商那里购买了许多供应品。 Britain bought many of their supplies from US manufacturers.
然后，随着他们自己的资源开始枯竭， Then, as their own resources started to run dry,
英国签订了著名的租借协议 Britain entered into the famous Lend-Lease arrangement
与美国在1941年初 with the US in early 1941,
美国将在哪里向英国借出或租赁战争物资 where the US would lend or lease war supplies to Britain
还有其他国家。 and other nations.
1940年12月，富兰克林·D·罗斯福总统 In December 1940, President Franklin D Roosevelt
向美国人民发表讲话 addressed the American people with
号召武装起来支持在欧洲的盟军 a call to arms to support the Allies in Europe.
因此，我们的国家将成为我们的人民所宣称的那样。 So our country is going to be what our people have proclaimed.
它一定是民主的兵工厂。 It must be the arsenal of democracy.
如果没有安全运输的能力，这个目标就无法实现 A goal that could not be achieved without the ability to safely ship
大量的货物跨越大西洋到达英国。 large quantities of goods across the Atlantic Ocean to Britain.
货船的保护存在一个巨大的问题。 There is a huge problem with the protecting cargo ships.
所以在战争初期， So in the early part of the war,
德国u型潜艇正在沉没 the German U-boats were sinking
数十艘盟军货船 dozens and dozens of Allied cargo ships.
这就意味着 And that meant essentially
整个战争都受到了威胁。 that the whole war effort was threatened.
这些德国潜艇将在大西洋巡逻 These German U-boats would patrol the Atlantic
寻找可以攻击的盟军车队 looking for Allied convoys to attack,
一开始是在单人任务中，后来是在狼群中。 first on solo missions and later in wolfpacks.
有一段时间，他们取得了令人难以置信的成功。 For a time, they were incredibly successful.
在海军上将卡尔·邓尼茨的指挥下， Under the command of Admiral Karl Donitz,
德国u型潜艇击沉了3500多艘盟军船只。 German U-boats sank more than 3,500 Allied ships.
邓尼茨在大西洋的战争本质上是吨位战。 The nature of Donitz's war in the Atlantic is a tonnage war.
这是一张资产负债表。 It's a balance sheet.
你需要沉没更多的商船吨位 You need to sink more merchant tonnage
比协约国可用的还要多。 than is available to the Allies.
这也是邓尼茨吨位战的答案之一 And one of the answers to Donitz's tonnage war
潜在的商业损失 and potential merchant losses
是自由船计划的策动者 was the instigation of the Liberty Ship program.
美国需要建造比u型潜艇所能击沉的更多的船只。 America needed to build more ships than the U-boats could sink.
自由船将是答案。 Liberty ships would be the answer.
美国实业家亨利·J·凯泽登场， Enter American industrialist Henry J Kaiser,
他在1940年之前从未造过船。 who had never built a ship before 1940.
他采用大规模生产的方法来确保自由号船 He applied mass production methods to ensure Liberty ships
又快又便宜。 could be made fast and cheap.
这些方法不仅在他的造船厂采用， Methods that were not only adopted at his shipyards,
但其他人也负责建造自由号船， but others also responsible for building Liberty ships,
他们会继续提高生产速度， and they would continue to refine the speed of production,
随着美国造船商的竞争 as American shipbuilders raced
以在大西洋上击败德军的进攻 to outpace German attacks in the Atlantic.
亨利·凯泽和其他自由号造船商 Henry Kaiser and the other Liberty shipbuilders
经营这些大型造船厂，生产这些自由号船 would run these big shipyards and turn out these Liberty ships
在越来越快的时间里。 in increasingly rapid time.
所以在1942年， And so, in 1942,
200天内造出一艘自由号。 200 days to turn out a Liberty ship.
但几年后， But a couple of years later,
他们每个人只用了40到50天就生产出来了。 they were turning them out in just 40 or 50 days each.
在一个案例中，甚至在凯撒广场有一个特技表演， And in one case, there was even a stunt at one of the Kaiser Yards,
他们在不到一周的时间里组装了一艘船。 in which they put together a ship in less than a week.
凯撒和其他人推行了一种不同的造船方式 Kaiser and others pushed a different kind of shipbuilding
它使用了预制的部分 that used prefabricated sections
它们将被焊接在一起，而不是铆接， that would be welded together instead of riveted,
这是相当新的。 and that was fairly new.
突然之间，你就可以造船了 All of a sudden, you're able to produce ships
以更快的速度 at a much faster rate
引进非技术工人， and bring in unskilled workers,
对他们进行快速的焊接培训， train them very quickly in welding,
然后你就开始造船了。 and then you're building ships.
自由号也是用模块化部件建造的 Liberty ships were also constructed from modular parts
内置子组件 built in subassemblies
在被添加到船上之前。 before being added to the ship.
通过这些新技术， Through these new techniques,
建造了2700多艘自由号船 more than 2,700 Liberty ships were built
并负责交付 and were responsible for delivering
大约占盟军全部货物的三分之二 roughly two thirds of all Allied cargo.
美国造船厂 The United States shipyards
产生了大量的后勤保障机制 produced an enormous amount of logistical support mechanisms
这是我们需要的—— that were needed -
油轮，弹药船， tankers, ammunition ships,
那些不上头条的事情， the things that don't make headlines,
但如果没有这些，我们就不可能 but without those, we would not have been able
把力量投射到海外需要的地方。 to project power overseas to where it needed to go.
船只生产的绝对数量 The sheer volume of ships produced
帮助消除了德国u型潜艇的威胁 helped bring an end to the threat of German U-boats,
1943年3月从大西洋撤军 which were withdrawn from the Atlantic in March 1943...
．．确保关键供应 ..assuring the crucial supply
武器和其他货物运往英国。 of weapons and other goods to Britain.
自由之船的成功 The success of Liberty Ships
是一个关于战争制造创新的故事， is both a tale of innovation in war manufacturing,
以及供应链的重要作用 and of the essential role of supply chains
为战争的结果干杯。 to the outcome of the war.
第二次世界大战在陆地、海上和空中进行， World War II was fought on land, at sea and in the air,
在遥远的距离和不同的地形上， over vast distances and varying landscapes,
数以百万计的男人和女人。 and by millions of men and women.
人们不仅在战场上， People who were not only on the field of battle,
但在工厂和医院里 but in the factory, the hospital,
或者在世界各地的航线上。 or on shipping routes around the world.
这是一场真正的全球战争 This was a truly global war
为获取资源而战， fought for access to resources,
在公路、铁路和航运上。 on roads, rail and shipping lines.
在哪里建造战争机器 Where building the machinery of war
这只是挑战的开始， was only the beginning of the challenge,
一个国家安全运输这些货物的能力在哪里 where a nation's ability to securely transport those goods
去最需要他们的地方 to where they were needed most
可能会改变战争的结果。 could change the outcome of the war.
说明文字由红蜂传媒(c) SBS澳大利亚2025 Captions by Red Bee Media (c) SBS Australia 2025