Our point presentation 我们的观点陈述
All right 好吧
so Last week 所以上周
we were talking about conditions and the lower all these hands 我们谈论的是条件和所有这些手的下面
um We're talking about conditions and the the harsh results that sometimes 我们说的是条件和有时的严酷结果
um result from their strict application 嗯是严格应用的结果
and how courts 以及法庭是如何
sometimes look for uh 有时候找呃
ways to 方法
avoid the import 避免进口
of a condition, the harsh uh outcomes 一种情况，恶劣的结果
that result from conditions 是环境造成的
by interpreting provisions as promises rather than conditions, right 通过将规定解释为承诺而不是条件，对
and We discussed restatement 227 我们讨论了重述227
which talks about standards of preference 它谈到了偏好标准
with regard with regard to conditions 关于条件方面
Um 嗯
the The idea is 这个想法是
if a court finds that a term 如果法院发现一个条件
is a promise versus a condition 是承诺还是条件
there is less of a likelihood of forfeiture, right 很少有可能会被没收，对吧
That a contract that was entered into 签订的一份合同
with a serious intent 有着严肃的意图
ah And for the benefit of both parties 为了双方的利益
will essentially be done away due to the non occurrence of an event, particularly 由于事件没有发生，特别是
when those events can oftentimes be left in the hands 当这些事件经常被遗留在手中时
of a particular party to the contract, daniel 是合同的一个特殊的当事人，丹尼尔
you okay there 你还好吧
Sorry 对不起
it looked like It looked like you were mesmerized 看起来好像你被迷住了
It might be my classes so riveting today 可能是我的课太吸引人了
uh that you were left mouth open 你还没张嘴呢
so 所以
let's Let's now talk about um what what do courts do when 让我们现在来谈谈法庭在什么时候
interpret something as a promise 把某事解释为诺言
A term is clearly a condition 术语显然是一种条件
It just doesn't seem right to undo an entire contract 撤销一份完整的合同似乎并不正确
How does the court make that determination 法庭是如何做出判决的
I will tell you very straightforwardly 我会直截了当地告诉你
It depends on a judge 这取决于法官
Every judge is gonna look at every situation in a particular contractual uh relationship 每位法官都会关注特定契约关系中的每种情况
and While it's hard, sometimes particularly 虽然很难，有时尤其
if uh you are formed in the civil law tradition 如果你是在民法传统中形成的
to appreciate the humanity of judges and the fact that 去欣赏法官的人性和事实
there is there is, a lot of 有很多，很多
emotion that goes into the law, right 对法律的感情，对吧
And there's a lot of gut feeling that goes into the law 有很多直觉的东西进入了法律
on the part of a judge 从法官的角度来说
uh The fact of the matter is it's true 事实上，这是真的
Whether in the civil law or in the common law 无论是在民法还是普通法中
judges tend to make up their minds up 法官往往会做出自己的决定
pretty quickly, right 很快的，对吧
And if they're paying attention and they understand the 如果他们注意了并且明白了
story and they see two sides of the story 他们看到了故事的两面
and one side seems more plausible than the other or one size position 其中一方似乎比另一方或某一规模的立场更可信
seems fairer than the other side position 似乎比对方的立场更公平
Then um 嗯
judges tend to 法官倾向于
Take that into account 把这点考虑进去
When they're ruling on a case 当他们裁决一个案子的时候
so Let's talk about how judges uh with the circumstances under which a judge 那么让我们来谈谈法官在这种情况下
or court 或者法庭
can override or leave without effect a condition 可以覆盖或离开而不影响条件
and Generally, we're talking about three different scenarios 总的来说，我们讨论的是三种不同的情况
The first is, um 第一个是，嗯
perhaps the most arbitrary of them, all 可能是最专断的，所有的
And that is the doctrine of excuse 这就是借口原则
which is embodied in the restatement section 229 其体现在重述部分229中
Another statement, which you can see on your screen 另一个你可以在屏幕上看到的语句
basically says that to the extent that a non occurrence of a 基本上说，在某种程度上，不发生
condition would cause disproportionate forfeiture 条件会导致不成比例的没收
a court may excuse the non occurrence of that condition 法院可以原谅不发生这种情况
unless it's a currency with the material part of the debris exchange 除非它是一种货币与物质部分的碎片交换
What does that mean 你这是什么意思
If a judge feels like a condition 如果法官觉得有必要
number one is not does not go to the heart of the contract 第一条不是不能触及合同的核心
right? Does not go to the essence of the contract 对吧？ 不符合合同的实质
And two 两个
um if the judge believes that 如果法官相信的话
the occurrence or the failure of um of the event to occur would be manifestly unfair 事件的发生或未发生将是明显不公平的
The court can basically uh as a matter of justice 法院基本上可以，呃，作为一个司法问题
ah excuse the condition 啊请原谅我的状况
Let me give you a quick example Let me give you a quick example
I've been leasing a property, you know 你知道，我一直在租房子
my office is 我的办公室在
for 5 years 已经5年了
I've made substantial improvements 我做了很大的改进
to the premises 去那个地方
I've advised my landlord that it is my intent to renew 我已通知我的房东我打算续租
uh upon the aspiration of the least because i've already 至少是我的愿望因为我已经
done so much work in these offices 在这些办公室里做了很多工作
I'm happy where I am and I want to stay there 我很高兴我在那里我想呆在那里
uh But the contract provides that in order for the contract to be renewed, I must provide written notice 但是合同规定为了续签合同，我必须提供书面通知
to the landlord by april 15 4月15日前交给房东
and I forget to do that 但我忘了这么做
and then I give notice to them 我就会通知他们
on you know On april 15th, april 15th, I think 你知道，我想是4月15日，4月15日
uh is a thursday 今天是星期四
uh I give notice on april 19th 我在4月19日发出通知
which is a monday when I realized that I was supposed to 那是一个星期一，当我意识到我应该
send us and write it 派我们来写吧
And the landlord then goes and leases the premises to somebody else who's willing to pay a higher price 然后房东把房子租给其他愿意支付更高价格的人
so A condition for renewal was noticed, right 所以我们注意到了更新的条件，对吧
The condition for renewal was noticed 注意到了更新的条件
Written notice by april 15th 4月15日前发出书面通知
and I fail to give that notice 但我没能通知你
but The judge looks at the situation and says, you know 但是法官看着形势说，你知道
you want to make substantial investments in this property 你想在这里做大量的投资
There is evidence 有证据
um that he verbally advisory orally advised the landlord that he intended to renew 他口头上建议房东他打算续租
and This was a mere technicality 这仅仅是技术上的问题
He neglected to give the written notice on the 15th 他忘记在15日发出书面通知
and instead gave written notice on the 19th 而是在19日发出了书面通知
This contract is not about timely notice of renewal 本合同不涉及及时更新通知
This is about the least 这是最起码的了
and you know there's basically been substantial compliance 你知道，基本上都是遵守规定的
here 在这里
and it would be manifestly unfair under the circumstances 在这种情况下显然是不公平的
to let this entire relationship fall apart 让我们的关系破裂
just because elon was technically late in giving the written notice 只是因为埃隆在技术上没有及时发出书面通知
Then the court may decide 法庭就会做出判决
in in an exercise of fairness 为了公平起见
that it will execute. The court will excuse the condition 它将会执行。 法庭会原谅你的条件
You see how that's very subjective 你看这很主观
Yes, go ahead. So Yes, go ahead. 所以
under that understanding, I have a condition at all 在这种理解下，我有个条件
You can only have conditions that are material to the 您只能使用对
to the compliance of the agreement 对协议的遵守
Because if you can if you can go just to excuse you from 因为如果你可以如果你能离开
the condition 条件
then we have it's a very unusual scenario for a court to excuse a condition 我们有一个非常不寻常的情况一个法院原谅一个条件
okay and Usually, what you're encountering is um 好吧，通常你遇到的是
the the beneficiary of the failure of that condition 这个条件失败的受益者
taking advantage of it for reasons that were unforeseen 利用它的原因是无法预料的
so Let's say 所以这么说吧
all of a sudden um 突然之间
between the 15th when i'm supposed to give notice in writing 在15日之前，我应该发出书面通知
in the 19th 在19世纪
There's some event 出了点事
some change in in the market 市场有些变化
makes it a lot more uh profitable 使它更有利可图
you know that where where the landlord can make a lot more money by renting to somebody else 你知道，在那里，房东可以通过出租给其他人来赚更多的钱
Then the court's gonna say what what you're really doing 法庭会告诉你你到底在做什么
here 在这里
is not really You're not looking to enforce the condition 不是真的你不想强制执行条件
What you're trying to do is to speculate over the events that occurred during this weekend 你想做的是推测这个周末发生的事情
Let's say that there's been an announcement 假设已经有了一个公告
that um you know 你知道的
comcast is building a third tower 康卡斯特正在建造第三座塔
because the two largest buildings in philadelphia are not 因为费城最大的两座建筑
enough 够了
it needs it It wants to build a third giant tower 它需要它它想建造第三座巨塔
and that's gonna increase the value of real estate 这将增加房地产的价值
You know in the next 2 years 你知道在接下来的两年里
so What i'm doing is i'm speculating 所以我在做的是推测
It's not likely that this is going to happen. Okay 这种情况不大可能会发生。 好吧
I'm telling you the likelihood that a judge will excuse a condition is very, very low 我告诉你法官原谅一个条件的可能性非常，非常低
But it is a possibility where there is only a technical 但它是一种可能性，在那里只有技术
uh failure to meet a condition number one, because 无法满足第一个条件，因为
under the circumstances, david, remember 在这种情况下，大卫，记住
i've already verbally advised my landlord that I intend to renew 我已经口头通知我的房东我打算续租
and I have three witnesses that came in and said yeah we 我有三个证人过来说是的我们
were all standing together in the lobby when they talked about it 我们一起站在大厅里谈论这件事
so It's not lack of evidence that I gave notice 所以我发出通知并不是因为缺乏证据
It's just that I didn't give written notice 只是我没有发出书面通知
It was a technical failure as opposed to a material failure to satisfy the condition 这是一个技术故障，而不是满足条件的材料故障
um But the likelihood this is gonna happen is very slim 但这种事发生的可能性很小
Nevertheless, the possibility exists 然而，这种可能性是存在的
I don't want you to take it very seriously 我不想让你把这件事太当回事
because as I said 因为正如我所说
the likelihood that i'm going to have three witnesses 我可能会有三个证人
they're independent witnesses that were standing with me when I told the landlord 当我告诉房东的时候他们是独立证人和我站在一起
in the lobby that I was renewing my lease 在我续签租约的大厅里
um is is very slim to 嗯是非常苗条的
okay There has to be something compelling to the judge to say i'm going to ignore or excuse the condition 好吧，得有个有力的理由让法官说我会忽略或原谅你的条件
The two more real circumstances um where conditions 两种更真实的情况下条件
the non occurrence of a condition will nevertheless be 但不发生的情况仍然是
ignored by court or can be uh for given by court is in situations of waiver and stop 被法院忽略或可能被法院给予是在弃权和停止的情况下
Okay 好的
Let's talk about waiver. First 我们谈谈弃权吧。 首先
Waiver is a known relinquishment or the intentional relinquishing of a known, right 弃权是已知放弃或故意放弃已知权利
What does that mean 你这是什么意思
That means that I tell you that I am excusing the condition 意思是我可以原谅你的病情
I being the beneficiary of the condition, not the court 我是条件的受益人，不是法庭
So 所以
Let's talk about the case that I decided to add at the last minute 让我们讨论一下我在最后一分钟决定添加的案例
Last week 上个星期
Right? and That was clark v west 对吧？ 那是克拉克五世
Can somebody quickly tell me what clark the west was 有人能告诉我西部克拉克是什么吗
It's easy one to simplify 这很容易简化
Yes, go ahead. Then Yes, go ahead. 然后
uh so In this case 所以在这件事上
there's a contract between plaintiff and defendant and plaintiff is a writer 原告和被告之间有合同原告是作家
and um The agreement was that he would get paid $6 a page unless he was going to um 协议规定他每页6美元，除非他去
to drink why do. I think the contract 为什么要喝呢。 我觉得合同
in which case he would get paid $2 a page 在这种情况下，他将获得每页2美元的报酬
um When he was writing one of his books uh 当他在写他的一本书的时候
the defendant was um 被告当时
made the representation that even if he was going to drink 做出的陈述是即使他要喝酒
he was going to, get $6 a page 他打算，每页6美元
Once the book was finished 一旦书写完了
uh uh the defendant accepted the book without objection 被告毫无异议地接受了这本书
but paid only $2 a page 但每页只付2美元
And so a point of soon 所以很快就会有一点
on the basis that the condition uh of not being of abstinence, I think they called it was waived 基于没有禁欲的条件，我想他们称之为放弃了
and We didn't argue that um 我们没有争论这个，嗯
that provision was actually consideration for the contract and could not be waived. And that was the um 这一规定实际上是对合同的考虑，不能放弃。 刚才就是那个
the debate in the case 关于本案的辩论
And the court found that it was a condition and that uh 法庭认为这是一个条件而且
depending on the facts, it could be waived 根据事实，它可以被放弃
And if defended did actually give representation that uh he was waiting the condition, then 如果辩方能证明他在等待条件，那么
it could be waived 它可以被放弃
Right? So 对吧？ 所以
just just to give you a little context um you know who west 只是想给你提供一点背景你知道谁是韦斯特
publishing is right now that you've been in in an american law school for a while 出版是现在，你已经在一个美国法学院学习了一段时间
and and clark was a 克拉克是个
very famous scholar in the field of corporations 企业领域非常著名的学者
A legal scholar 一位法律学者
All right, he was also aa famous drunk 好吧，他也是个有名的酒鬼
so The condition was there because west was concerned 所以情况是这样的，因为韦斯特很关心
that clark was going to, be so drunk, he was going to 克拉克要去，喝得太醉，他要去
deliver a piece of garbage 送一片垃圾
Turns out clark continued to drink, but he was a 结果克拉克继续喝酒，但他是个
a high functioning alcoholic apparently 显然是个高功能的酒鬼
and deliver a high quality legal treatise 并发表一篇高质量的法律论文
um the The procedural posture of this case is important for 这个案子的程序对.很重要
you to understand 你得明白
because this decision turns only on the allegations of the 因为这个决定只取决于
complaint 投诉
This was addressed only in the context of a motion to dismiss 只有在提出驳回动议的情况下才处理这一问题
okay Okay 好的好的
um So at the motion to dismiss stage 所以在申请解散舞台的时候
the court basically looks at the complaint 法院基本上看的是控诉书
and accepts all the allegations of the complaint as true 并接受投诉的所有指控均属实
and The question then becomes whether based on those 然后问题就变成了是否基于这些
allegations accepting them is true 接受他们的指控是真实的
The plaintiff has stated a case 原告陈述了一个案件
If the answer to that is 如果答案是
yes then the case is allowed to proceed to discovery 是的，那么这个案子就可以继续调查了
and If the facts don't bear out 如果事实证明不了
then the case can be disposed of on summary judgment or later at trial 然后，案件可以在即决审判时处理，或在审判时再处理
But at this point in the proceedings 但在这一过程中
we're only talking about the allegations in the complaint 我们只是在说投诉中的指控
A demmer is a motion to dismiss demmer是一项驳回申请的动议
It's old old legal speak for a motion to dismiss 古老的法律术语要求驳回动议
um And the allegations of the complaint were essentially 对投诉的指控基本上是
uh the agreement was such right 协议说得太对了
I would get paid two I would get paid $2 per page to write a treatise on corporations 如果我写一篇关于企业的论文，每页2美元
and If I abstained from drinking 如果我不喝酒
they were gonna pay me $4 in addition to those $2 per page 除了每页2美元，他们还会给我4美元
I did not abstain from drinking 我没有戒酒
But I met with the publisher 但我见过出版商
you know Maybe I met with him I met with him by chance at a bar and I was drinking 你知道也许我遇见他了我在酒吧偶然遇见他，我当时正在喝酒
and Publisher said, don't worry about it 出版商说，别担心
It's fine as long as you deliver 只要你送货就行了
a good treatise 一篇很好的论文
we're not We're not planning on enforcing that condition 我们不我们不打算强制执行那个条件
We'll pay you the full $6 我们会付你整整6美元
Those are the allegations in the complaint 这些就是起诉书中的指控
and What a quarter says here is that 四分之一所代表的是
if those facts prove to be true 如果这些事实被证明是真的
then 然后
this can this this term this abstinence provision 这个可以这个词这个禁欲的规定
which is a condition 是一种条件
was in fact, waived uh by the publisher 实际上，被出版商放弃了
The publishers contention that this was actually 出版商认为这实际上是
consideration 对价
The court finds that to be a little bit laughable because in the words of the court 法庭认为这有点可笑，因为用法庭的话说
this was a contract 这是一份合同
for uh the writing of a book 为了写一本书
It wasn't a contract 不是合同
to ensure that mister westwood would remain obstinate 以确保韦斯特伍德先生仍然固执
We didn't enter into this contract to make sure that uh i'm 我们签订这个合同不是为了确保我
sorry, mister clark didn't get drunk sorry, mister clark didn't get drunk
We entered into this contract because we wanted to treat us on corporations 我们签订这个合同是因为我们想在公司里待我们
so This was not a part of the consideration 所以这不是考虑的一部分
And the court says on the allegations of the complaint 法庭在指控中说
Then this this case is allowed to go forward despite the admission that mister clark um 尽管克拉克先生承认了这件事，这个案子还是被允许进行下去
did drink during the course of writing the streets 在写作的过程中确实喝了酒
Any questions? About that Any questions? 关于那个
Is the concept of wafer clear 晶圆的概念是否清晰
West publishing knew that there was a condition 西方出版人知道有一个条件
I got you in a second pillow 我让你睡第二个枕头
West publishing knew that there was a condition in this contract 西方出版人知道这份合同有个条件
Up new 全新的
that mister clark was a drinker 克拉克先生是个酒鬼
And nevertheless said don't worry about it 不过，我说了不用担心
We will pay you the full amount meaning it knowingly relinquished the right 我们将支付你的全部金额意味着它故意放弃的权利
that it had to only pay $2 based on the condition 它只需要根据条件支付2美元
Yes, madam 是的，夫人
uh I've seen several agreements with uh clause in the end 我最后看到了几个关于条款的协议
stating that any waiver or any past labor 声明任何弃权或任何过去的劳动
made by body shall not represent aa way for in the future 由团体制作的作品不代表将来的发展方向
So 所以
that means that such section actually works, right 这意味着这样的部分实际上是有效的，对吧
so A best waiver is not a waiver forever in the agreement 因此，最好的弃权并不是协议中永远的弃权
Correct 正确
If this is an ongoing relationship 如果这是一段持续的关系
I can wave certain terms of the agreement, right 我可以提出协议中的某些条款，对吧
It can be a credit agreement. You may be in default 它可以是一个信贷协议。 你可能违约了
There are a ton of rights that the creditor has uh in the event of default 在违约的情况下，债权人有很多权利
You may go to the creditor to say, look 你可以去债权人那里说，看
can we can we refinance this agreement 我们能为这个协议再融资吗
Can we negotiate this term 我们能谈这个条件吗
and then uh And the creditor will say, yes, that's fine 然后呃债权人会说，是的，很好
i'll I'll excuse you this time 这次我原谅你了
But that doesn't mean that i've excused you forever 但这并不意味着我永远原谅了你
It just means that for this event of default 这只是意味着，对于这起违约事件
we've renegotiated we've we've, reached an agreement 我们重新谈判了，达成了协议
But this does not change the term for the future 但这并不会改变未来的说法
Is that clear 明白了吗
In this particular case 在这个特殊的情况下
I would have no application because it was a single project for single delivery 我不会有申请因为这是一个单一的项目为单一的交付
Then the last the last um 最后一个是最后一个
circumstance in which conditions uh courts can refuse to 法院可以拒绝的条件
enforce conditions is an event of a stopble 强制条件是一种停止事件
We've talked about promissory a stopple extensively in the early part of the semester 我们在这学期的前半段已经广泛地讨论过期约中止
But what i'm talking about here is equitable, unstoppable 但我在这里所说的是公平的、不可阻挡的
equitable stopple is a doctrine the provincial party from adopting a position that is contrary 公平原则是省级党政不采取相反立场的一种原则
to um a statement or an earlier position if 对语句或较早位置进行um，如果
the other party reasonably relied on the earlier position and it will result in injury 另一方合理地依赖较早的位置，这将导致伤害
That sounds very technical 听起来很专业
Let me explain this to you in very simple terms through an example 让我通过一个例子用非常简单的术语向你解释一下
Um 嗯
I have 我有过
uh made a representation. We have, let's let's talk about 呃做了个陈述。 我们有，让我们谈谈
um We're talking about an insurance contract 我们在谈保险合同
Let's say, aa fire uh a fire insurance policy for your home 比如说，给你的房子买一份火灾保险
Right 对的
and We talked about conditions proceeding 我们还谈了一些条件
meaning before the insurance has any insurance companies 意思是在保险公司成立之前
and obligation condition has to occur 并且必须出现义务条件
That is you know your home has to catch on fire 你知道你的家要着火了
Until that time, the insurance company has no obligations 在此之前，保险公司没有义务
upon the occurrence of the condition 在条件发生时
Then the obligations arise 就会产生义务
That's the condition per the condition subsequent that we discussed. There was 这就是我们讨论过的每个条件的条件。 曾经有过
the contract contains 合同中包含
a um implementation provision that said Um实施条款中说
any dispute uh in the end of a dispute 任何争端，在争端结束时
any loss you must be filed within a year 你必须在一年内申报的任何损失
Right 对的
and you fail If you fail to file a lawsuit within a year 如果你不能在一年内提起诉讼你就失败了
then you have a condition subsequent that occurred 然后你就有了一个条件
which is your failure to file suit 因为你没能提起诉讼
and That discharges any obligation on the part of the insurance company to pay you anything 这样就解除了保险公司向你支付任何费用的义务
Let's talk about the second example 让我们谈谈第二个例子
The condition subsequent 接下来的情况
you're negotiating with the insurance company 你在和保险公司谈判
which is giving you a hard time over uh reimbursement you for your fire loss 这让你很难偿还你的火灾损失
And 以及
you say in your negotiating in good faith 你在谈判中真诚地说
the insurance company says to you 保险公司对你说
you know I think we're gonna be able to resolve this 你知道，我想我们会解决的
um It's gonna take us a little bit longer than we expected 比我们预想的要多花点时间
we Your fire occurred in, let's say, april of20, 20 你的火灾发生在，比方说，20，4月20日
um I think we'll have a resolution of this by may of20, 21 我想我们会在5月20日或21日解决这个问题
Don't file suit until then 在那之前不要起诉
I think we'll be able to resolve this 我想我们能解决这个问题
Okay 好的
Turns out in may2021 结果是在2021年5月
You're not able to resolve this 你解决不了这个问题
You file suit in may of20, 21 你在5月20日和21日提起诉讼
because you're not able to reach a resolution 因为你无法达成一个决议
and Then the insurance company comes in and says you know what there, is what we have here is 然后保险公司进来说你知道那里有什么，我们这里有什么
the occurrence of a condition subsequent 后续条件的发生
Nate failed to file suit within a year 内特在一年内未能提起诉讼
Then 然后
the insurance company I mean the the insured you come in and say to the court 保险公司我是指你进来对法院说的被保险人
The insurance company has stopped from asserting this condition subsequent 随后，保险公司已停止提出这一条件
because they represented to us that they believe this issue would be resolved 因为他们向我们表明他们相信这个问题会得到解决
that the issue would require more time and would carry over 这个问题需要更多的时间，而且会一直持续下去
into the month of may and requested that we not file suit in the hope that we could resolve this 一直到五月，并要求我们不要提起诉讼，希望我们能解决这个问题
I relied on their statement 我相信了他们的陈述
Right 对的
I trusted their statement that we would be able to resolve this by may 我相信他们所说的我们能够在5月前解决这个问题
and By relying on their statement 依靠他们的陈述
I didn't file a lawsuit within the 1 year limitation period 我没有在1年期限内提出诉讼
If you enforce this condition 如果你执行这个条件
I will be prejudiced 我会有偏见的
Just because I trusted the representation or the position taken by the insurance company 就因为我信任保险公司的代表或立场
That is a stop 停了一下
The company 公司
the beneficiary of the condition takes a position 条件的受益人采取立场
I rely on that to my dad and and 我就指望我爸爸了
Enforcement of the condition would endure to my detriment 强制执行这一条件会对我造成损害
Just because I trusted the other side 就因为我信任另一方
or I took them at their word 或者我相信了他们的话
Is the concept of equitable to stop clear in this context 公平的概念在这种情况下不再清晰
Questions 问题
None 无
Um 嗯
You can see um the 你能看到
such section84 such section84
of the restatement 重述内容
This talks about um 我说的是
do you stop the issue 你停止这个问题了吗
What was I talking about 我说的是什么
Um 嗯
this is This is, the the i'm sorry 这是这是，对不起
i'm going back to 84 for some reason 不知道为什么我又回到84了
This again, talks about um the the notion that courts 这又一次，谈到了法院
are going to try to prefer interpreting contract 会更倾向于解释合同
interpreting promises or terms as promises and not conditions 将承诺或条款解释为承诺而非条件
and um You may excuse 嗯你可以原谅我
before. and and And 在.在.之前
um 嗯
see ii got all confused now 瞧，我现在都糊涂了
Why did I drop this in here 为什么我要把这个放在这里
ok Now I remember why I put this in here 好现在我想起来为什么我把这个放在这里了
Um 嗯
The occurrence 事件发生
uh uh yes it is It is what I was talking about 是的我刚才说的就是这个
the The courts will look to the terms as promises in so far as this is possible 法院将尽可能地把条款看作是承诺
And um 嗯
We'll try in all events to uh find excuses conditions to avoid forfeiture 我们会尽力找借口避免被没收
all right Now let's get to um 好了，现在让我们开始
the meat of rich, right 丰富的肉，对吧
We talked about performance. Let's talk about breach 我们谈到了表演。 我们谈谈突破吧
Courts usually in addition to express conditions 法院通常除了明示条件之外
will read implied constructive conditions in every contract 将在每个合同中阅读隐含的推定条件
Basically, what the court does is make a 基本上，法庭要做的是
uh backward looking inquiry into what the parties intended to do with contract 对合同双方打算如何处理合同的事后调查
to assess whether there is or is not a breach 评估是否存在违约行为
Okay 好的
The court will assume that um 法庭会认为
parties intended to fulfill their promises under contract 当事人意图履行其在合同中的承诺
right This is the the pakistan survived the principle that 对了这是巴方幸存的原则
ii am assuming most of you are familiar with either in the context of 我假设你们中的大多数人都熟悉
civil law, civil contracts civil law, civil contracts
or in the context of international you 或者在国际范围内
know public international law and international treaties 了解国际公法和国际条约
right 对的
The purpose uh contracts are entered into for the purposes of performing and complying with their terms 签订合同的目的是为了履行和遵守合同条款
Um 嗯
When there is a breach 当有漏洞的时候
the traditional effect is the creation of the duty to pay 传统的效果是创造了支付义务
damages under the common law and under most other legal systems 普通法和大多数其他法律制度下的损害赔偿
Now, what happens with a non breaching party 现在，非违约方发生了什么
Right 对的
There is this implied condition that you perform and I perform and and. That's how contracts work 有这个隐含的条件，你表演，我表演，还有. 合同就是这么运作的
When there is a breach 当有漏洞的时候
What happens to the non performing party 不履约一方发生了什么
Are they still under a duty to perform 他们是否仍有义务履行
or their Or their performance excused 或他们或他们的表演被免除
Um 嗯
The whole point here is 关键是
it depends the answer to this is. It depends 这取决于这个问题的答案是。 视情况而定
and It depends on the nature of the breach 这取决于违约的性质
Okay 好的
Whether the breach is minor or trivial 不管是轻微的还是微不足道的
or the breaches material 或者破坏物质
that tells you whether the non breaching party 告诉你非违约方是否
still has an obligation to perform 仍有义务履行
Let's talk about um pretty quickly 让我们很快地谈谈
The taste of kingston be pressed in 把金斯敦的味道挤了进去
There's a pretty old case 有个很老的案子
uh involving 呃涉及
a silk mercer, you know what a silk mercer is 丝绸商人，你知道什么是丝绸商人
Can anybody tell me what a silk mercer is 有谁能告诉我什么是丝绸商人
Somebody made silk 有人做了丝绸
so fabric by hand 所以布料是手工做的
so This case involved a dispute between a silk marker and his apprentice 所以这个案子牵涉到一个丝绸标记和他的学徒之间的纠纷
It's the 1 是1号
700 people are still making everything in their shops 仍有700人在他们的商店里制作所有的东西
People are learning trades through apprenticeship 人们通过当学徒来学习贸易
Can somebody give me a general general sense of uh what the agreement was 有没有人能让我大致了解一下协议的内容
between mister kingston and mister preston 在金斯顿先生和普雷斯顿先生之间
No one remembers 没人记得
So 所以
uh The plaintiff 呃原告
Who was the apprentice 是谁当的学徒
entered into an agreement to serve the defendant who was the owner of his business 签订协议，为被告提供服务，被告是其企业的所有者
uh The master silsir 呃西尔弗大师
for one in 1/4years 每1/4年一次
at wages of￡200 a year 年薪200英镑
um At the end of that term 在学期末的时候
the silk mercer agreed to get plaintive along with his own nephew or somebody else that he would choose 绸缎商同意让他自己的侄子或其他他愿意选择的人一起悲伤
um The business you know they would own they would basically give them half of the business 你知道他们会拥有的生意他们基本上会给他们一半的生意
And in exchange, um 作为交换，嗯
they were to buy that they were to pay for the stock of the business, which is not to say shares of stock 他们要买的是他们要支付的股票的业务这不是说股票的股份
But the stock of materials in the business, right 但是商业中的材料库存，对吧
the The assets of the business 企业的资产
um after they took it over on a monthly basis 嗯，在他们每个月都接手之后
And the plaintiff 以及原告
the apprentice 学徒
was to give good and sufficient security 是为了提供足够的安全保障
So the defendant would have some assurance that his obligation would be met 所以被告有保证他的义务会得到履行
you know Basically, i'm giving the business to somebody 你知道，基本上，我把生意交给别人了
I know, has no money 我知道，没有钱
so I've got to make sure that I have adequate security 所以我必须确保我有足够的安全
Um 嗯
for for this um For this payment 为了这个嗯为了这笔钱
Wanna make sure that he's gonna be able to pay off what he 想确保他有能力偿还他的
owes pursuant to this agreement 根据本协议的债务
which is50%of the value of the stock or the inventory and materials 即存货或存货及物料价值的50%
and equipment of my shop 以及我店里的设备
Plate of suit alleging that um the silk mercer that the 一盘声称是嗯绸商的西服
master silk mercer master silk mercer
I didn't properly refuse to transfer the business 我没有适当地拒绝转移业务
And the defendant alleged that 被告声称
the problem here was that 但问题是
the apprentice had failed to give him adequate security 学徒没有给他足够的安全感
not disputed that um but that the apprentice had failed to give 我不是在争论那个，但是那个学徒没能给我
the security that the master of seltmerce wanted 赛尔塔的主人想要的安全
The argument by the plaintiff was that these were independent commitments, right? That these were independent promises 原告的论点是这些都是独立的承诺，对吗？ 这些都是独立的承诺
And that while yes he may not have agreed to the security that the shop owner wanted 是的，他可能不同意店主所要求的安全性
uh he nevertheless was entitled to his end of the bargain 尽管如此，他还是有权完成他的交易
which was to get 是为了得到
in which was to get a50%interest in the building 其中包括获得50%的建筑物权益
I need in the business 我需要在这行工作
uh The defendant, are you 呃被告，你是
The contrary said, no no no no no, please go hand in hand 相反地说，不不不，请大家携手同行
You don't get give me 1 second i do You don't get give me 1 second i do
You can keep your hand up, but i'll get you in a second 你可以把手举起来，但我马上就来
Um 嗯
these are These are dependent conditions 这些是相互依赖的条件
I don't give you my business and everything in it unless I know that you're gonna pay me for the value 我不会把我的生意和一切都给你除非我知道你会付我钱
of that business 关于那件事
Yes, I know what was your question 是的，我知道你的问题是什么
We'll see if i'll get to it um after 我们看看我能不能在
but ii just want to understand what kind of securities we're talking about 但我只是想知道我们说的是哪种证券
What is that 是什么
I get to keep an ownership 我可以保留所有权
in 年
all of the equipment 所有的设备
Right? I get to keep ownership 对吧？ 我可以保留所有权
in all of the looms that are needed to make the silk 在所有需要用来制造丝绸的织布机中
I get to remain the owner of all of the silk thread 我仍然是所有丝线的主人
I get to remain the owner of 我可以继续拥有
the building 在大楼里
I get to um retain 我可以保留
4%, 10% 4%，10%
8%, 15% 8%，15%
of the proceeds 收益的一部分
um or a percentage of the proceeds 或者是收益的一部分
until the time that you pay the whole thing off 直到你还清了所有的债务
Okay 好的
well I get1%for every1%that you pay if. I get 好吧，你每付1%，我就付1%。 我明白了
to keep100%at the beginning of the proceeds 在收益开始时保持100%
And as you pay off the value of the stock of meaning of the assets 而当你付清了价值意义上的股票资产
I start to relinquish the value that type of security 我开始放弃这种安全的价值
None of this is actually transferred 这些实际上都没有被转移
to um to the apprentice until such time 一直到那个时候才告诉学徒
as there is satisfactory assurance of payment 因为有令人满意的付款保证
Because apprentices tended to have absolutely nothing 因为学徒们什么都没有
and If they mismanage the building 如果他们管理不善
ah or if they mismanage the business, i'm sorry 如果他们搞砸了，我很抱歉
then the silk mercer will have transferred everything 丝绸商人就会把所有东西都转移了
He worked for his entire life and get nothing in return 他一辈子都在工作，却得不到任何回报
which is what he wanted to avoid 这是他想避免的
and so 所以
The question that was presented to the court was whether these obligations were dependent upon each other 向法院提出的问题是，这些义务是否相互依存
or whether they were independent 或者他们是否独立
And the court describes um essentially 3 types of 法庭基本上描述了三种类型的
implied conditions 隐含条件
Tracks right based on the obligations of the parties 以当事人的义务为基础进行权利跟踪
The court identifies uh promises that are mutual and independent 法庭确认了相互独立的承诺
where 其中
one will not be an excuse for the other meaning 一个不会成为另一个意思的借口
They are not 他们不是
intertwined they are, not dependent 它们是相互交织的，而不是相互依赖的
so For instance 所以举例来说
um if 呃如果
the apprentice 学徒
agreed that um he would 我同意他会的
I don't know, put up a plaque 我不知道，挂个牌匾
and forever retain the name of the the the master 并永远记住主人的名字
on the store 在商店里
well Whether he did that immediately or not would have 不管他是不是马上就做了
nothing to do with the shop owners obligation to transfer 与店主的转让义务无关
right 对的
That was not a concern that could be 这并不是一个值得关注的问题
you know You didn't put up the plaques 你知道不是你贴的牌匾
I'm not giving you the business 我不会给你生意的
um Those are in, those are completely independent 那些在里面，那些是完全独立的
That one doesn't hinge on the other 那个人不依靠另一个人
Um 嗯
or It could be something trivial 或者一些琐碎的事情
Like 就像
you know um 你知道，嗯
assuming assuming 假设
this was the case 情况就是这样
The silk mercer 丝绸商人
required that um 我需要那个嗯
that the the apprentice deliver 是学徒送来的
￡20 20英镑
on 开始
Within the first week 在第一周内
of receipt, right? To show 收据，对吧？ 为了展示
good faith and intend to pay for the stock 真诚并打算支付股票
and Instead, he did it on the 10th day 相反，他是在第10天做的
You deliver￡20, but on the 10th day 你交付20英镑，但在第10天
Does that excuse performance? No, because it's not remember 你觉得这能作为表演的借口吗？ 不，因为它不记得了
We're not talking about conditions 我们说的不是条件
We're talking about promises 我们说的是承诺
and That's just a trivial breach 这只是一个微不足道的漏洞
um There's conditions and dependent according to the court 嗯根据法院的规定，有条件也有依赖
meaning where the defendant doesn't have to perform 意思是被告不需要在那里表演
And that's the plaintiff has performed his end of the bargain, too 这就是原告也履行了他的承诺
And then the court describes mutual conditions that are to 然后法庭描述了双方的条件
be performed at the same time 同时进行
such as simple transactions and the ones that are most common 例如简单事务和最常见的事务
You go to a store 你就会去商店
you buy a pack of gum and you pay 99 cents for that pack of gum, right 你买一包口香糖然后花99美分买那包口香糖，对吧
There's no waiting period in between 中间没有等待期
there's no real dependency 不存在真正的依赖
These are like immediate transactions 就像即时交易一样
And the court qualifies this 法庭对此进行了鉴定
uh agreement 呃协议
And certainly the the undertakings and obligations concerning the transfer of the business and the adequate security 以及与业务转让和充分担保有关的承诺和义务
as mutual and dependent 相互依赖
The court says that it can tell the difference because the essence of this agreement was a defendant 法院说，它可以区别，因为这一协议的本质是被告
shouldn't have to trust 你不应该相信别人
uh the personal security of the plaintiff who was worth nothing 原告的人身安全毫无价值
In the words of the court 用法庭的话说
the court made the seller convey his business without security, and I like this, quote 法院让卖家在没有安全保障的情况下进行交易，我喜欢这句话
It would be the most monstrous case in the world 这将是世界上最可怕的案件
This is how seriously the court took it at the time 这就是当时法庭对待此事的严肃态度
But the court is trying to determine what most parties in those circumstances would assume 但最高法院正在努力确定大多数当事人在这种情况下会怎么想
ah was the purpose of this contract and these provisions and promises in the contract AH是本合同以及合同中的这些条款和承诺的目的
Given the silence of the agreement as to you know one being in an express condition 鉴于协议中的沉默，你知道其中一个人的情况是明确的
So the court 所以法庭
says this is what the parties agree to 双方都同意这么做
We're going to interpret an implied condition in this contract 我们将解释合同中的一个隐含条件
Because 因为
it only makes sense for the silk mercer to transfer 只有丝绸商人可以转让
the business and all of the stock 公司和所有的股票
to a an apprentice that has nothing to pay him for it 对一个没有报酬的学徒来说
If there is adequate security for that transaction 是否有足够交易安全性
in the court basically goes to the policy to the value to the purpose 在法庭上主要是以政策的价值为目的
Why parties would make these promises 为什么各方要做出这些承诺
to try to discern this implied up condition 去发现这个隐含的条件
is This 是这个
Clear, albeit 很清楚，虽然
Somewhat abstract 有点抽象
In terms of 在.方面
the exercise that the court is undertaking to try to make a determination as to whether um 法院所承诺的行使，以确定.是否
there is a material breach here or not 不管这里是否存在实质性漏洞
Is that clear 明白了吗
right I don't see any hands 对，我没看到任何手
so I'm hoping that's a yes 所以我希望你的答案是肯定的
So to make a determination as to whether there there's a material breach or not 所以我们要确定是否有实质性的破坏
the court necessarily has to go look go back in time and 法庭一定要去看看过去的时间和
look at the contract and look at what the intention of the 看看合同，看看合同的意图是什么
contract was 合同是
and basically try to extrapolate what the purpose of this contract was 并试图推断这个合同的目的是什么
from his best understanding 从他最了解的地方
Um 嗯
and And what I want you to keep in mind and I know that 我想让你们记住的是，我知道
this is this is logically intuitive 这是逻辑上的直觉
but Um 但是
Sometimes his lawyers logically intuitive is not does not 有时他的律师在逻辑上并不直观
come naturally to us, right 对我们来说很自然，对吧
And we want some hard and fast rules 我们需要一些严格的规定
or bright line rules 或者明线规则
But then you might argue that this condition is fictitious 但你可能会说这个条件是虚构的
right? Because the contract is silent about this 对吧？ 因为合约上没有写
where the parties may never have considered 双方可能从未考虑过
this to be a condition to the contract 这是合同的一个条件
But the fact that you didn't consciously consider this 但事实上你没有意识到这一点
condition doesn't mean that you didn't make a tacit assumption that this was an essential term of the bargain 条件并不意味着你没有做一个心照不宣的假设，这是一个交易的基本条款
Right 对的
Oftentimes 时常如此
tacit assumptions can be very, very real 心照不宣的假设是非常非常真实的
Right 对的
Just because you don't express 就因为你不能表达
it doesn't mean that that wasn't your very clear intent and assumption when you entered into a contract 这并不意味着当你签订合同时，那不是你非常明确的意图和假设
um determining what most parties would have wanted in 决定大多数派对想要的是什么
similar conditions 类似情况
It's a good way to figure out what these particular parties 这是一个很好的方法来弄清楚这些特殊的派对
would have wanted 会想要
in this contract 在这个合同里
Am I clear here 我说清楚了吗
Again? I know it's an abstract concept 又来了？ 我知道这是个抽象的概念
But what I want you to appreciate is that just because the contract is silent 但我想让你明白的是合同是保密的
on an assumption 假设一下
doesn't mean that. That's not a very serious assumption 不是这个意思。 这不是一个很严肃的假设
Right 对的
There's a very clear 很明显
serious assumption that you're gonna be able to pay for what you agree to buy 严肃的假设你能为你同意买的东西付钱
even though there's no express term saying that you are going to be required to be able to pay 即使没有明确的条款说你将被要求有支付能力
If you agree to a price 如果你同意一个价格
um and the time comes and you don't pay the price 嗯，时间到了，你不需要付出代价
you can't come in and say 你不能进来说
well I just I just didn't have the money 我只是我只是没有钱
well that that That's a tacit assumption, right 那是一个心照不宣的假设，对吧
In every contract 在每一份合同里
so Let's talk about 所以让我们谈谈
this specifically 尤其是这个
The issue of 问题
what is material 什么是物质
versus immaterial or um 与非物质或嗯
or or a aa trivial breach 或者是一个微不足道的漏洞
So all breaches 所以所有的漏洞
as a matter of principle, entitled the innocent party 原则上，无罪的一方有权
to some sort of relief 为了某种解脱
Right? Usually damages and, we'll talk about that next class 对吧？ 一般是损坏的，我们下节课再谈
um But to the extent that the relief 但就我的解脱来说
but the extent of that relief and its implications 但这种缓解的程度及其影响
so the party's obligation to continue performing 因此当事人继续履行的义务
depends highly on whether this breach is a minor breach 很大程度上取决于这一突破是否属于轻微突破
or a, trivial breach 或者是个小破绽
um or whether it's a material breach 嗯，也不知道是不是实质性的破坏
Let me give you a good example of a trivial 让我给你举个小例子
uh or immaterial breach 呃或者非物质的破坏
Okay 好的
I didn't ask you to read this case 我没让你看这个案子
I'm just gonna tell you what the case is about 我只想告诉你这案子是怎么回事
jacob and young's 雅各布和杨的
We can't, which is page 863 of your case book 我们不能，那是你案例手册的863页
Um 嗯
It's a case involving a construction agreement 是个涉及建筑合同的案子
between the builder of a home and the homeowner 在房屋建筑商和房主之间
The contract provided that the builder was going to install 合同规定建造商要进行安装
reading pipe. What is reading pipe? It's particular brand 读数管。 什么是阅读管道？ 是个特别的品牌
okay Running fight throughout the house 好吧在屋子里跑来跑去的
As it turns out 因为事实证明
the builder made a mistake 建造者犯了一个错误
and installed a different kind of pipe 并安装了一种不同的管道
in the house 在房子里
but Finished the house 但是完成了房子
you know you've all lived in the house 你知道你们都住在这房子里
How many of you can see the pipes once you move into your house 你们中有多少人一搬进自己的房子就能看到水管
Let's assume nobody lived in a loft at the time 假设当时没有人住在阁楼里
Lofts were in trendy 阁楼是时髦的
in the 1920s 在20世纪20年代
You don't see the pipes 你看不到管道
Just have no idea 只是不知道
so The homeowner takes possession of the house 所以房主得到了房子
moves into the house 住进房子里
Still hasn't paid 仍未付款
the builder for all the work 所有工程的建造商
or hasn't finished paying the builder for all the work 或者还没付完建筑商的工钱
and After he moves in a month, after he moves in 他搬进来一个月后，搬进来以后
maybe something happened 可能发生了什么事
Maybe they had to lift up the floor to look at something 或许他们得把地板抬起来看看什么东西
And they discovered that not all the pipe that was installed in the house was 他们发现并不是所有安装在房子里的管道都是
reading pipe, meaning it was a different manufacturer 阅读管道，意味着它是不同的制造商
Um 嗯
The plaintiff 原告
Who's the builder 建筑工人是谁
Uh 呃
oh Wait 噢等等
the the The homeowner demands 房主要求
that the builder replaced all the pipe 建筑商把所有的管子都换了
Think about this 想想这个
What would it take to replace all of the pipe 更换所有的管道需要什么
in a recently, but fully constructed home 在一个新的，但完全建造的家
Demolition of 拆除
sometimes you buy it down pretty much pretty much 有时候你会把它买下来
you got to rip the whole house apart 你得把整个房子翻个底朝天
You gotta rip the whole house apart 你得把整个房子翻个底朝天
The plaintiff said 原告说
I mean no, absolutely, not we're not going to 我是说不，当然，我们不会
Rip up this whole house 把整个房子都拆了
to replace the pipe 去更换管子
I installed a different brandepipe 我安装了另一个brandepipe
but it's the exact same type of pipe 但那是完全相同类型的管子
Okay 好的
In fact 实际上
the plaintiff, um the the home, the builder 原告，房屋，建筑商
had evidence 有证据
to show 为了展示
that the pipe that he installed 他安装的管道
even though it wasn't ready, it wasn't made by reading 即使它还没准备好，也不是通过阅读完成的
um It was a identical quality 嗯，这是一个相同的品质
it was an identical appearance 是一样的外表
it was an identical market value, and it was identical cost 这是一个相同的市场价值，也是相同的成本
you know If you go into a store and you pick up pipe 你知道如果你去商店拿烟斗
then you have the stuff that you pick up 然后你就有了你要的东西
It's all maybe the shop owner had it all put together 可能是店主把所有的东西都放在一起了
because it was identical pipe 因为是同一根管子
just a different manufacturer 只是不同的制造商
But you're looking for the exact same thing 但你要找的是完全一样的东西
You pick all this stuff up, you install it in the home 你把这些东西捡起来，装在家里
and You have no idea that half of the pipe or 80% of the 你不知道一半的管道或者80%的管道
pipe that you installed might be a different brand 您安装的管道可能是不同的品牌
because you bought it all from the same place 因为你都是从同一个地方买的
It was all laid out in the same place 它们都摆放在同一个地方
and It was the exact same type 是完全相同的类型
You were not reading each item individually to see that it had the reading market 你并不是逐个阅读每一项，以了解它是否有阅读市场
So the plaintiff the the home builder sues the defendant 所以原告住宅建筑商起诉被告
for the outstanding value of his services, right 为了他杰出的服务价值，对吧
For what's outstanding in the contract 为合同中未完成的部分
And the defendant counterclaims 被告提出反诉
for um replacement for um replacement
of all of the pipe in the house 房子里所有的水管
For reading fight 为阅读而战
Because the contract clearly called 因为合同上写得很清楚
for reading pipe 为了阅读管道
Now, the trial court refuses to allow 现在，初审法院不允许
the um 嗯
the plaintiff 原告
to introduce to land, to introduce evidence 介绍土地，介绍证据
concerning the fact 关于事实
that the other pipe 另一根管子
was of identical quality appearance, market value 具有相同的质量外观、市场价值
and cost as running pipe 和运行管道的成本
Why 为什么
Because there was an admission that this was not running pipe. And the trial court said well then 因为有人承认这不是输水管。 初审法院说得很好
all those things are not relevant because basically 所有这些都是无关紧要的，因为
we know that it's not reading pipe regardless 不管怎样，我们知道这不是阅读管道
That's the decision of the trial court 这是初审法院的判决
so of course He loses and damages are awarded 所以他当然会有损失和赔偿
uh I mean relief is awarded to the defendant in the form of you got a tear down this house 我的意思是被告得到了救济你被拆了这间房子
The cost according to uh accounts at the time of replacing the pipe 根据更换管道时的账目计算的费用
was with $77,000 一共七万七千美元
Can somebody tell me how much in today's dollars 有人能告诉我今天的美元是多少吗
um that is This is 1921, so $77 那是这是1921年，所以是77美元
000 in 1921 equals how many dollars today 1921年的000等于今天的美元数
Like 1 million in a, hundred thousand, 1 million, 100,000 就像一百万，一百万，十万，十万
So 所以
The appellate courts 上诉法院
First 首先
um the appellate division and then the court of appeals 先是上诉部门然后是上诉法院
Look at this and say 看着这个，说
this is just stupid 太愚蠢了
Right 对的
You've got identical pipe in there 你的管子和我的一样
and You want him to go to the expense 你还想让他去报销
you know You want him to expand 你知道你想让他扩张
$1.1 million 110万美元
or $1.131 million according to the courtroom 法庭上说是113.1万美元
right You wanted to spend $1 对你想花1美元
1 million to replace pipe for identical pipe 相同管道更换100万根
That's idiotic 太愚蠢了
Yes, this is a breach, but it's absolutely trivial 是的，这是一个漏洞，但绝对是微不足道的
and You know what 你知道吗
This is so idiotic 太愚蠢了
so Such pure fancy 如此纯粹的幻想
This is just you wasting the court's time, defendant 只是你在浪费法庭时间，被告
That number one 一号
we find that the trial court committed an error 我们发现初审法院犯了一个错误
right because this was not a material breach 对，因为这不是实质性的破坏
This was a completely trivial, immaterial 这完全是一件微不足道的小事
accidental breach that had no impact 无影响的意外破裂
On the purpose of this contract 关于本合同的目的
you got exactly what you bargain for 你得到了你想要的
You got the house you wanted with a type of pipe you wanted 你得到了你想要的房子用的是你想用的那种管子
It just happens to be a different brand 只是刚好是不同的品牌
and It was so absurd that we're not even sending it back 太荒谬了，我们甚至没有把它送回去
for the court to try the plaintiff case and allow him to introduce the evidence 以便法院审理原告的案件并允许他介绍证据
No, sir 不，长官
We're just entering judgment for the plaintiff now and awarding him all the money that he was due under the contract 我们现在正在为原告作出判决，并将合同规定的所有款项都给他
Okay 好的
And defend that you get nothing 为你什么也得不到辩护
Because 因为
oh yes, there was a breach 是的，有个漏洞
But it was so trivial 但实在是太微不足道了
A breach that all you get are nominal damages 你得到的只是名义上的损失
you You get a dollar. Ok 你你得到一块钱。 好的
and We'll discount that dollar off the total that you owe 我们会从你所欠的总额中扣除那一美元
Does anybody have any question as to why it's pretty clear to the court that this is a trivial 有没有人有任何疑问，为什么法庭很清楚，这是一个微不足道的
breach, that this is an immaterial breach 违背，这是一个非物质的违背
and that it is absurd to basically undo the contract or relieve the homeowner from having to pay 而且，从根本上取消合同或免除房主的付款是荒谬的
a builder 一个建筑师
over this trivial abridge 在这微不足道的节骨眼上
I just have a question uh for tibet bridge 我有个关于西藏大桥的问题
There is always no uh damages awarded or it depends on situation. No, it depends on the situation. I mean 通常不会有赔偿或视情况而定。 不，这取决于情况。 我是说
it may well be 很有可能是
I'll put it to you this way 我就这么跟你说
if If under the circumstances 如果在这种情况下
the brand had made a big difference, right 品牌带来了很大的改变，对吧
If using a reading brand 如果使用阅读牌
were to increase the value of the home by a substantial amount 会使房子的价值大幅增加
Let's say you know if you're looking at a house today 假如你今天看到的是一所房子
and um you know 你知道的
they tell you that, the house is 他们是这么说的，房子是
completely a pollster in air man's letter 完全是个民意测验专家
Okay 好的
Let her purchase from air mass 让她从气团购买
and You buy a house 你还买了房子
And it turns out that it's a beautiful letter 结果发现这是一封很漂亮的信
but it's not a mess letter 但这不是一封乱七八糟的信
that made. First of all 做出来的。 首先
i'm giving you a disgusting example 我给你举个恶心的例子
For the sake of it 为了这个目的
But it may drop the value of the property very significantly 但是它可能会使财产的价值显著下降
right? It may make a very big difference 对吧？ 可能会有很大的不同
Because 因为
you don't have air mass letter 你没有气团字母
which is the forward facing part of the house that may actually impact the value of the property 它是房屋的前向部分，实际上可能会影响物业的价值
Because you've used something different 因为你用了不同的东西
But it wouldn't be a material breach 但这不会是实质性的破坏
In this case, if that might be a material breach 在这种情况下，如果这可能是一个重大的破坏
and it might not be I mean it may not be 可能不是我的意思是可能不是
you may use 你可以用
top quality the same letter 品质一流的同一封信
But the fact that you didn't use our men's letter might appreciate the home by $100,000 但你没有用我们的人的信可能会让房子升值10万美元
and The court may say you owe $100 法庭可能会说你欠了100美元
000 or you have been credit in $100,000 000美元或你已被记入贷方100,000美元
Because you know what 因为你知道吗
You 你
builder may have bought letter of the same quality 建筑商可能购买了相同质量的信件
but you saved yourself $100 但你为自己省了100美元
000 in the process by buying it from another supplier 从另一个供应商那里购买
so It may not be material 所以可能不是实质性的
court may not seem that this is material 法庭可能不会认为这很重要
Um 嗯
But you may still be entitled to damages 但你仍有权得到赔偿
But there's a big difference between the forward facing part of the house 但是房子前面的部分有很大的区别
and the pipes 以及水管
Using redding pipe doesn't really make a difference versus using the exact same pipe made by another manufacturer 使用redding pipe与使用另一家制造商生产的完全相同的管道并没有什么区别
The court's gonna say this is entirely trivial 法庭会说这完全是小事一桩
and you're not entitled to anything other than nominal damages, right 你除了名义上的赔偿之外没有其他权利，对吧
does that makes does that make sense Does that distinction make sense? yes You can recover damages 这样做有道理吗?这样的区别有意义吗? 是的，你可以赔偿损失
But you have to prove your damages to 但你必须证明你的损失
so The defendant would have 所以被告会
in that case to prove its damages 在这种情况下，以证明其损害
and If it can show that there's $100 如果它能显示有100美元
000 difference in value today 今日价值差千倍
because you chose to use 因为你选择了使用
um one supplier of leather versus another 嗯，一个皮革供应商和另一个
then you may be entitled to recover that damage 你就有权收回你的损失
And those damages you may be entitled to a credit 你可能有权获得赔偿
for instance 例如
if you owe the builder some money, so 如果你欠建筑商一些钱，所以
it's not just nominal damages 不仅仅是名义上的损失
In this particular case, the court said 在这个特殊的案件中，法院说
Cut me a break. It's the pipes 饶了我吧。 是管子的问题
ok You've got the exact same kind of pipes 好你有完全一样的管子
Yes, david 是的，大卫
Yeah, so maybe it's an extreme example question 是啊，也许这是个极端的问题
but what happens to the 但是发生在
the parties 双方当事人
specifically saying the agreement that for them 明确地说协议是为了他们
you know for the in this case 你知道在这种情况下
for the house owner is essential material for the 对于业主来说是必不可少的材料
uh for the constructor to use certain brands 呃对于使用特定品牌的建造商来说
And even the court 就连法庭也是
then the court will recognize and accept that 法庭就会承认并接受
it is It is not infrequent for you to see this is a material term of the contract 你看到这是合同的一个重要条款是很常见的
or as a material term of this contract 或作为本合同的重要条款
And then you put in the covenant in the contract 然后你在契约中加入了契约
because courts will recognize the materiality when the parties acknowledge the materiality 因为当当事人承认重要性时，法院就会承认重要性
Courts are not free to disregard 法院不能随意无视
the agreement of the parties 双方达成的协议
Remember, courts cannot rewrite contracts 记住，法院不能重写合同
They're there to interpret them 他们是来解释的
But in the absence of some 但是在缺少一些
manifest materiality 显化的重要性
the court can say 法庭可以说
you've got exactly what you're working for 你得到了你为之工作的东西
Okay 好的
and If you've got exactly what you bargain for 如果你得到了你所期望的
there is no material breach 不存在实质性违约
Um 嗯
so What does the court look at to see in this particular case 那么法院在这个特殊的案例中看到了什么
Whether there's a material breach, right 不管是否有实质性的破坏，对吧
With the breach frustrate the purpose of the contract 违约破坏了合同的目的
Here it says, no 上面写着，不行
is the default grievously out of proportion to forfeiture 违约与没收严重不成比例
uh That would result in holding that non breaching party need not perform 这将导致认定非违约方不需要履行
So 所以
Does it make sense 有道理吗
To 至
force 力
the builder 建筑商
to basically demolish the house and spend $1 把房子拆了花1美元
1 million to replace 100万英镑可供替换
pipe for identical pipe 相同管道的管道
Not because there's a defect in the pipe that was installed 不是因为安装的管道有缺陷
but because it's a different branch 而是因为它是一个不同的分支
The court says 法庭上说
that to do so would result in a grievous disproportion 这样做会导致严重的不平衡
between 协议双方
the the relief 如释重负
and the breach, right 以及破坏，对吧
So 所以
Obviously, if there's complete lack of proportion 很明显，如果比例太小
if it would completely completely disproportionate to make the breaching party do this 如果它会完全不成比例的让违约方这样做
then 然后
you're probably not talking about a material breach 你说的可能不是实质性的破坏
And then 后来
the last question of course was the breach intentional 最后一个问题当然是故意违约
The evidence should show that it was an accident 证据应该表明那是个意外
you know These guys picked up the wrong pipe 你知道这些家伙拿错管子了
the wrong brand pipe, the right pipe 错误品牌的管道，正确的管道
but the wrong brand pipe 但是错误的品牌管道
I mean if you go on amazon today 我是说如果你今天去亚马逊
you will find the exact same product 你会发现完全相同的产品
It's old under 87 different brands 有87个不同的牌子
Probably manufactured in the exact same facility 很可能是在同一个地方制造的
but just sold by a different under a different brain thing 但却被另一个人卖给了另一个脑子的东西
It doesn't mean the product is any different 这并不意味着产品有什么不同
It's just sold by under a different brand 只是换了个牌子而已
um That was sort of the same situation here with the pipe 呃那个管子的情况也差不多
The answer is a measure of damages 答案是对损失的衡量
the cost of replacement versus a difference in value 重置成本与价值差异
What the court said is when their substantial performance 法院所说的是当他们的实质履行
meaning you really have done everything that's been called for in this contract 意思是你已经做了合同里要求的所有事情
The damage is available or only the difference in value 损坏是可利用的或只在价值上的差异
so If I deliver a house that has 所以如果我送的房子
you know in the forward facing letter that is of the exact 你知道，在这封正面的信里
same quality as a mess 就像一团糟一样
but it's missing that a mess label and that a mess label 但它缺少一个混乱标签和一个混乱的标签
does make a difference to the value 会对价值产生影响
Then you get that difference in the value 然后你就得到了价值上的差别
If it's the pipes that are hidden behind the walls and floors of the house 如果是隐藏在房子墙壁和地板后面的管道
no one can see them. And you've got the exact same thing 没人能看见他们。 你得到了完全一样的东西
The difference in value is zero 数值的差值为零
There is evidence of the difference in value is zero 有证据表明价值差异为零
The damages you can recover are 你能得到的损失是
they complied substantially with the contract 他们基本上遵守了合同
The plane of here is complied with the contract delivered on the contract, perform the contract 本方遵守合同所交付的合同，履行合同
substantially delivered exactly what what, he promised 他承诺过的，到底是什么
except for a brand 只有一个牌子
Right 对的
That's a trivial breach 只是个小漏洞
Um 嗯
The idea again, is to go back in time 我的想法是，回到过去
and look at the nature of the contract 再看看合同的性质
What the court wants to do is to respect 法庭想做的就是尊重
what the parties intended to do 双方的意图是什么
There's no question here 这是毫无疑问的
that when a party gets exactly what they bargain for 当一个派对得到他们想要的东西
they really shouldn't come back and complain over trivial detail 他们真的不应该回来抱怨琐碎的细节
But the courts are also going to look at the future. Okay 但法院也将着眼于未来。 好吧
and The courts are going to, say 而法庭会，比如说
you Know 你知道
Has the breach here undermined all confidence 是这里的漏洞破坏了所有的信任
The parties are going to be able to 各政党将能够
take this contract 接受这份合同
to its reasonable and rational conclusion 得出合理合理的结论
When the answer to that, when the answer here is 当答案是，当答案在这里是
we've lost all confidence 我们失去了所有的信心
for the future 为了未来
You have a material breach 你被严重破坏了
Okay 好的
Now let's take 现在我们拿着
5 minute break 休息5分钟
with prospective non performance 可能不会有什么表现
Any questions before we take a break 休息之前有什么问题吗
I had a question regarding uh payment of damages 我有个关于支付赔偿金的问题
for example, in the 例如，在
in the um s case, yes 在嗯的情况下，是的
Just to say like, for example 就像，举个例子
making the house with the mist weather would cost 用雾天盖房子要花不少钱
10 dollars and 十美元，还有
The letter they used cost seven 他们用的那封信花了七英镑
yeah so In that case, the damages would only be $3 是的，所以如果是那样的话，损失只有3美元
um But 但是
well that that remember 好了，记住了
there's a difference between cost and value 成本和价值之间是有区别的
Okay 好的
Also value two different things 也重视两样不同的东西
Supposing that the 假设那个
the cost, was that not about 代价，不是关于
The difference? I mean the damage will only be for $3 有什么区别吗？ 我是说损失只有3美元
so The buyer of the house wouldn't necessarily be able to change 所以买房子的人不一定能改变
the leather to a mess leather 皮革变成了乱糟糟的皮革
because they wouldn't they would only have the $3 and not the $10 at the air mist 因为他们不会，他们只会有3美元，而不是10美元的空气雾
Yeah 是的
well they they get a difference if if the court finds that's not a material term in the contract 如果法院发现合同中没有实质性条款，他们就会有不同意见
Then because it doesn't have the stamp 因为上面没有邮票
Now 现在
let's say I bought the letter from the same people that are meshed by, the letter 比方说，我从同样的人那里买了这封信，那封信
The only difference is the stamp 唯一的区别是邮票
Okay 好的
and That's the $3 difference. A court might say 这就是三美元的区别。 法庭可能会说
This is not material 这不是实质性的
This is not a material term of the contract 这不是合同的重要条款
and then You only get the $3 然后你只得到3美元
You get the $3, even if it's in material 你得到3美元，即使是在物质上
they get $3, even if it'sa material 他们得到3美元，即使它是物质
yeah if there's a breach 对，如果有漏洞的话
and It's quantified 它被量化了
and You can tell me what the difference in value is 你可以告诉我价值的差别是什么
Then you're entitled to those damages 你就有权得到那些赔偿金
you know You might get a set off from the amount of money you owe the builder 你知道你欠建筑商的钱可能会抵消一笔
That doesn't mean you're not entitled to damages because of the breach breach is a breach 这并不意味着你不能得到赔偿，因为违约就是违约
Question is 但问题是
are you excuse from performing your end of the bargain 你不履行你的承诺是借口吗
Right? Are you excuse from paying 对吧？ 你不付钱是借口吗
uh the value of the services of the builder 建筑商服务的价值
Yes, chen chen 是的，陈辰
Thank you 谢谢大家
I'm wondering uh if the parties agree that the brand of the brand of the pipes is material to the transaction 我想知道，呃，双方是否同意管道品牌对交易很重要
does it require that the constructor needs to demolish the whole house and replace the pipes 施工人员是否需要拆除整个房屋并更换管道
Would that be unfair in active sense 从积极的意义上说是不公平的吗
ah It might be 啊，可能吧
But if it's defined But if it's defined
as you know this is what david brought up earlier 正如你所知，这是大卫早些时候提出来的
If it's defined as a material term 如果它被定义为物质术语
It very well not may not require 很好，可能不需要
the demolition 拆房的事
but it might excuse payment for the services 但它可能会为服务付费开脱
Okay, then 好吧，那么
it'sa more complicated scenario 这是更复杂的情况
but Um 但是
if If the party's determined that it is a material breach and, it's a material term of the contract 如果一方认定这是一次重大违约，则这是合同的一个重要条款
then the court must treat it as a material term 那么法院就必须把它当作一个物质条件
and a fashion remedy that is in accord 以及一致的时尚补救方法
with that um with the parties 在派对上也是如此
Expressed intent 意图明确
the court can't rewrite the contract for the parties 法院不能为当事人改写合同
Okay 好的
All right, guys, let's take um let's take our break 好吧，伙计们，我们休息一下
and We'll reconvene at 4 months 我们4个月后再开会
Losing confidence 失去信心
that your co contracting party will perform 你的合约方将履行的义务
Who can tell me about the case of albert hawks derby 谁能告诉我阿尔伯特霍克斯德比的情况
edgar delatur, very fancy name 埃德加德拉图尔，很好的名字
I can try 我可以试试
Go ahead, garman 去吧，加曼
uh so There was an agreement between monster 所以怪物之间是有协议的
and A girl did not work 一个女孩没有工作
that a girl would 一个女孩会
uh uh It's got with 嗯，呃，它带着
Hi, what's your career 嗨，你的职业是什么
you know What a career is 你知道什么是职业
uh Exactly 呃完全正确
But I tell you i'll tell you what a career it was in the 19th century 但我告诉你我会告诉你在19世纪它是一个怎样的职业
A courier was basically um in the era when there was no means of quick communication 信使基本上是在那个没有快速沟通手段的时代
They were basically the travel agent 他们基本上就是旅行社
They would run ahead of the person that hired them to make 他们会抢在雇佣他们的人之前
sure that these people who were fancy wealthy people would have 我敢肯定这些超级富豪会有
proper accommodations and food upon their arrival at their next destination 到达下一个目的地时提供适当的住宿和食物
Right? You couldn't call up and reserve a hotel 对吧？ 你不能打电话预定旅馆
You couldn't email them or go online to make a reservation 你不能给他们发电子邮件或者上网预订
So the careers responsibility was to basically 所以事业上的责任基本上是
run ahead of the person who hired them to make sure that 抢在雇佣他们的人之前确保
they were adequate provisions and um and and accommodations for them 他们有足够的给养和食宿
at their next stop 在他们的下一站
To go ahead now To go ahead now
yeah so uh They were to hire monster as a career for a 3 month to worship you to begin on 1st of june 是啊，所以他们打算雇Monster做一个为期3个月的职业，从6月1日开始崇拜你
Now on may 11th 现在是5月11日
edgar uh wrote to what's sure that 埃德加写了一些可以肯定的东西
they had changed their mind and they did not need services and they even refused to pay 他们改变了主意，他们不需要服务，甚至拒绝付款
uh start uh any of the salaries 先从薪水开始吧
So on may 22nd 所以在5月22日
A star suit 一件明星套装
So for breach of contract 所以是因为违约
now 现在
uh edgar said that how is it possible to claim a breach of contract when the performance had to begin on? 1st of june 呃edgar说，当演出必须在6月1日开始时，怎么可能要求违约呢
so It was held that there was a clear repudiation of the agreement 因此，人们认为，协议显然遭到了拒绝
and It would have been futile for what started to actually wait 而真正开始等待的却是徒劳
and make preparation for uh 为.做准备
preparation until the date of performance 直至演出之日的准备工作
so Because the performance would never happen. So 因为表演永远不会发生。 所以
um and that's how it was had that history is still eligible to bring an action 历史还是有资格提起诉讼的事实就是如此
uh Before 1st of june 6月1日前
Right 对的
What the court basically does here 法庭在这里主要做什么
is um does everybody understand the factual scenario 嗯，每个人都了解事实的情况
Plaintiff was supposed to perform services 原告应该提供服务的
for the defendant beginning in june 从6月开始给被告
um In may 五月的时候
he is advised that his services will no longer be required after he's done a lot of things to get himself ready to 他被告知，他的服务将不再需要后，他做了很多事情，让自己做好准备
go on, basically travel for 3 months 继续，基本上旅行3个月
And then on the eve of that trip 在那次旅行的前夜
these advice were no longer gonna need your services 这些建议不再需要你的帮助了
so He goes and files a lawsuit 所以他去打官司
and The defendant says 被告说
how can you file a lawsuit on may 20th for breach of 你怎么能在5月20号以违反
contract where the contract wasn't scheduled to begin until june 1st 合同原定于6月1日开始执行的合同
And the court basically says 法庭基本上是说
come on 别这样
that's That's 就这样，就这样
An absurd position to take 可笑的立场
You can certainly 你当然可以
anticipatory engage in conduct 预期从事行为
that results in a breach of contract 那将导致违反合同
and What the court basically goes through is a very similar 而法院基本上经历的是一个非常相似的
analysis to the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing that we've been discussing 对我们所讨论的善意和公平交易的默示义务的分析
um over certainly the last week 嗯，当然是上个星期
What the court says is that when aa contract to do it 法院所说的是当机管局签约这样做的时候
when there's a contract to do an act 当有一份表演合同的时候
in the future 在未来
there isn't but there there arises an implied obligation to not do anything in the interim that will prejudice 没有，但有一个隐含的义务，在过渡期间不做任何事情，将偏见
the ability to perform this contract 履行合同的能力
So 所以
Or to frustrate the intention of this contract 或破坏本合同的意图
So that when mister delitt were cancelled to contract anticipatory 所以当delitt先生被取消合同时
repudiated the contract before it was scheduled to begin 在合同预定开始前就取消了合同
is essentially engaging in a breach of that implied 实质上违背了这一暗示
uh covenant to act in good faith and not frustrate the contract 呃，承诺诚信行事，不破坏合同
Otherwise 否则
a non breaching party is wasting wasting its time and 非违约方在浪费时间，并且
wasting its money in preparation or in lead up for that contract 在准备或准备那个合同时浪费钱
I'll give you an example and aaa different perhaps more 我会给你一个例子，也许更多
current example 当前示例
If you enter into a contract for somebody to begin manufacturing 如果你与某人签订合同开始生产
a particular component part for your technology company 技术公司的特殊部件
uh beginning on uh beginning on
may 1st 5月1日
Right 对的
and They've invested time and money 他们投入了时间和金钱
preparing their equipment to manufacture that part 准备他们的设备来制造那个零件
and Then on april 然后是四月
20th, you say, guys, i'm sorry, we're not going to 你们说，伙计们，对不起，我们不去了
Start that contract on me first 先跟我签约吧
You've essentially frustrated the expectations maybe that party gave up 你让大家失望了也许那个派对放弃了
30 other contracts that he could have taken 30个他本可以接受的其他合同
to do the work and said no to 30 other potential clients 对其他30个潜在客户说不
Because i'd already agreed to begin doing work for you 因为我已经同意为你工作了
Right 对的
uh What the court says is obviously 法庭上说的很明显
there's waste associated with not allowing the party to 有浪费与不允许党
file suit immediately upon an anticipatory repudiation 在预期拒付后立即提起诉讼
When this situation arises 当这种情况发生时
the innocent party has to be able to seek alternative 无辜方必须能够寻求替代方案
employment which would have the additional benefit of mitigating damages 具有减轻损害额外好处的就业
If the court were to buy the argument of mister del 如果法庭相信戴尔先生的话
by going and finding alternative employment 通过寻找替代工作
mister huston would be the one that's preaching the contract 赫斯顿先生会是那个在宣传合同的人
right 对的
Because he's not leaving himself available to begin work on june 1st 因为他不让自己在6月1日上班
which is absurd 太荒谬了
What the court says is that the innocent party has the option to sue anticipatory 法院所说的是无辜的一方有权选择起诉预期
meaning before the contract is scheduled to begin 意思是在合同开始之前
or the service is scheduled to begin 或者计划开始服务
or after the act that was scheduled to be done 或者在预定要做的事之后
The purpose here is there remains a duty to mitigate damages 这样做的目的是为了减轻损害
which means 意思是
you cancel the contract with me and i'm able to find alternative employment 你取消了和我的合同，我就能找到其他工作了
Then you may only know damages at 那么你可能只知道损害赔偿
all right I may get a better deal all right I may get a better deal
I may get a better contract for a better period of time 我可能会在更长的时间里得到一份更好的合同
make more money 赚更多的钱
I may not, but we'll never know if i'm not allowed to go 我可能不去，但如果不让我去，我们永远也不会知道
Do that, right 就这么做，对吧
The whole 整个
of anticipatory repudiation and considering that material breach 预期拒付和考虑实质违约
is Um 是嗯
That i'm allowed to go and find alternative 我被允许去寻找其他的选择
employment 就业
I'm allowed to mitigate the damages and and mitigate my damages and mitigate 我被允许减轻损害并且减轻我的损害和减轻
the defendant damages as well 被告也有损失
Do you understand that concept? Plus 你理解这个概念吗？ 加上
It's very clear based on this anticipatory repudiation that 很明显基于这种预期的否认
there is no trust left that the contract is going to be performed in the future, right 没有人相信合同会在将来履行，对吧
Remember how we were talking about 别忘了我们说过的
the forward looking piece of of of an analysis concerning breach 关于违约的前瞻性分析
When the court sees the evidence and the evidence is 当法庭看到证据并且证据
that mister delittz says I'm not going to perform under this contract 戴尔茨先生说我不会履行合同
ah It is absurd to believe that the innocent party 啊,相信无辜的一方是荒谬的
the plaintiff has to wait until June 1st to do anything 原告必须等到6月1日才能采取行动
including file suit, because 包括诉讼，因为
he already knows and has no confidence. He already knows of 他已经知道了也没有信心了。 他已经知道了
The reputation has no confidence that the other side is going to perform 外界对对方的表现没有信心
Questions 问题
No, good 不，很好
Under the UCC 统一协调委员会下
however 但是
uh anticipatory repudiation 预期抵赖
can be retracted 可以收回
I can say 我可以说
I am no longer going to be 我再也不会这样了
you know I agree to supply you certain parts 你知道，我同意为你提供某些零件
and You say 你说
and then I tell you know what I'm not gonna be able to supply you these parts 我告诉你我不能给你提供这些零件的原因
I'm supposed to begin 我应该开始了
on July on June 1st 六月一日七月一日
On April uh you know April 12th, I tell you 在四月十二号，我告诉你
I'm not gonna be able to deliver those parts 我就不能把这些零件送过去了
Maybe 可能吧
the reason I say that is I don't have uh the the the product 我之所以这么说是因为我没有那个产品