YYeTs人人影视纪录片组 翻译：apple0716 anmoer 米亚 校对：anmoer
这是世界上最神秘的 It's one of the most mysterious
地方之一 places in the world.
一群奇异的石头 A strange set of stones,
孤单的矗立在 arranged like no other,
英格兰南部平原上 stands silently above the plains
这就是巨石阵 of souther England. Stonehenge.
几个世纪以来 For centuries,
没人知道是谁建造了它 no one knew who built it.
根据中世纪的传说 According to medieval legend,
它是亚瑟王的宫廷男巫 it was the work of Merlin,
墨林所造 the wizard of King Arthur's court.
在这之后 这座建筑 Later, credit for the construction
被视为罗马人的杰作 went to the Romans,
再后来又被认为异教徒的 and then to an ancient pagan cult,
德鲁伊教团员们所建 the Druids.
只是在最近几年 Only in recent years have archaeologists
考古学家们才最终确定了 finally begun to discover
巨石阵的建立时间和为谁所建 who really built Stonehenge—and when.
科学家们相信 Scientists now believe
这些巨石 that these stones were erected
是大约在4，500年前 almost four thousand,
被竖立起来的 five hundred years ago—
这远早于亚瑟王和罗马人的时代 long before King Arthur or the Romans,
应属石器时代末期 at the end of the Stone Age.
这是个不可思议的成就 It was an amazing achievement.
每一块竖立的巨石 Each of the colossal uprights weighs
都重达五至八万磅 between fifty and eighty thousand pounds.
这些巨石比花岗岩还坚硬 The stones are harder than granite,
但它们却被仔细修整后 but most were carefully shaped
仔细的堆叠在一起 and joined together—
如同堆木头一般 as if they were made of wood.
即使是在 And although the monument
倾斜的地面上 stands on sloping ground,
那些被叫做"横梁"的 the line of the horizontal stones
横向巨石 —called lintels—
也以一种近乎完美的方式置成水平 runs almost perfectly level.
所有这些都是在 All this was done in an age
没有机械 没有文字 without machinery, without writing,
没有任何金属工具的时代完成的 and without any metal tools.
即使是已经对巨石阵 Even after fifteen years
做了15年的研究 of studying the area around Stonehenge,
考古学家朱利安·理查兹 archeologist Julian Richards
依然对这个古代奇迹赞叹不已 is still impressed by this ancient wonder.
这是巨石阵中最大的一块石头 This is the biggest stone at Stonehenge.
它非常大 It's absolutely enormous.
它比我高20英尺 It towers over twenty feet above me,
并且埋在地下 and there's eight feet of it
8英尺 buried in the ground.
我很讨厌 I get really fed up
人们来到这里 when people come to Stonehenge
说它比预想中的要小 and say it's smaller than they expected.
这可是一大块石头 I mean this is a massive stone.
那里曾经也竖着 It used to have a pair standing there
一块跟它一样大的 as well.
但很遗憾 这一块 That one, unfortunately only buried
只埋了4英尺深 four feet in the ground,
已经倒下几个世纪了 fell over a couple of centuries ago.
这两块石头 And these two stones,
这两块巨大的竖石 these two massive uprights
上面架着很大的横梁 with a great lintel on top,
组成巨石牌坊 这也是 form a trilithon, one of the biggest
巨石阵最吸引人的地方之一 and most impressive elements of Stonehenge.
所使用的这些 The use of massive blocks,
重达40吨的巨石 weighing up to 40 tons,
是很不同寻常的 is all the more remarkable,
因为在巨石阵的附近 because there is no natural source
找不到它们的天然来源 for large stones anywhere near Stonehenge.
在中世纪 In the Middle Ages,
有神秘的传说 the mystery inspired reports
说这些岩石是由巨人族的军队 that the rocks were brought from Africa
从非洲运来的 by an army of giants.
现今 考古学家们对巨石来源的解释 Today, archaeologists have come up
虽然少了很多的浪漫成分 with a less romantic,
可依然是令人印象深刻 but still impressive, explanation.
距离巨石阵北方20英里 Twenty miles north of Stonehenge
建有另一座石圈 stands another stone circle,
没有这么复杂 却更大 not as elaborate, but much larger.
它差不多周长一英里 It's nearly a mile in circumference
现在城镇的一部分已经进入其中 and now encloses part of a town.
这是埃夫伯里 This is Avebury,
这个不可思议的巨大石圈 incredibly huge stone circle,
建造要早于巨石阵 built before Stonehenge,
但它与巨石阵 but what it's got in common
相同的特点是 with Stonehenge,
它们都用同一种岩石建成 is some of the rocks that it was made of.
它由一种硬的出奇的砂岩--砂岩漂砾 Sarsens, an incredibly hard sandstone,
与硅石结合而成 cemented together with silica,
它是我们所知的 one of the hardest rocks
英格兰最坚硬的岩石 that we know of in this part of England.
在埃夫伯里四周 Around Avebury,
山谷中到处都是 the valleys are littered
砂岩漂砾 with sarsen boulders.
少数在巨石阵的周围 A few on the scale of Stonehenge
仍然被半埋在地下 still lie half buried in the ground.
显然 建造巨石阵的石头 Obviously, this is where they came
就来源于这里 to get the stones for Stonehenge.
因为只有这里 The only place around here
可以提供 where there's a supply of stones
大小合适的石头 of the right sort of size.
来自马萨诸塞州的 Roger Hopkins is a stonemason
罗杰·霍普金斯是一位专门从事 from Massachusetts who specializes
花岗岩搬运和修整的石匠 in moving and shaping granite.
多年以来 For years,
他都惊奇于 he's been amazed
巨石阵建造者们 by the Stonehenge builders' mastery
对坚硬岩石特性的完美理解 of hard stone.
你看这个地方 You know, looking at this site,
沿途有这么多的碎石 with all these stones in the way,
要把石块放到雪橇上 it must have been a real chore
那可不是件容易的事 to get these on a—a sled
更别说再把它们运出这个地方 and get 'em out of these fields.
我是说他们不必—— I mean, they weren't using it—I mean,
不必去开采石头 it wasn't quarried.
不必去把一块大石头 You didn't have to dig into solid rock
挖出来 to get this out,
应该是在周围的地方 it would have just lain
就可以找到 around all over the place.
那么这两地之间 What's the contour,
地形是什么样子的 the terrain like between here and there?
地形很复杂 It varies quite a lot.
有一个比较平坦的河谷 There's a fairly flat river valley,
还有一座很陡的山 and then a very steep hill
一直延伸到索尔兹伯里平原 to get you up onto Salisbury Plain,
经过微微有些起伏不平的平原 from whereon it just undulates gently
就到达巨石阵了 until you get all the way to Stonehenge.
如果说埃夫伯里就是 If Avebury was the source
巨石的源产地 for the massive sarsens,
那么那些古代的建造者们 how did the ancient builders
又是如何将它们运过20英里 transport them across twenty miles
连绵起伏的山地 再将它们 of rolling hills and erect them
竖起来摆成巨石阵的呢 in the shape of Stonehenge?
经过了几个世纪的争论之后 After centuries of mystery and debate,
朱利安和罗杰决心 Julian and Roger are determined
要找出答案 to find out.
他们的计划是重新组建 Their plan is to reconstruct
巨石阵中的大巨石牌坊 the Great Trilithon of Stonehenge.
但是要实现这一计划 But to pull it off,
还需要一些别人的帮助 they'll need a little help.
这支小的志愿者队伍 This small army of volunteers
将在这项有历史意义的 will provide the labor
实验过程中提供劳力 in an historic attempt to
他们试着使用石器时代的技术 move and raise blocks exactly like those
来模拟巨石阵中 移动和竖起石块的过程 in Stonehenge, using Stone Age technology.
我们要 We'll have to . . .
在我们做这些的时候 We'll have to lift the end
我们要抬起它的末端 when we're going to do it
除了朱利安和罗格 Along with Julian and Roger,
这队人将由 the team will be led
工程师马克·惠特比领导 by engineer Mark Whitby.
要在不使用任何机械的情况下 The reality of taking two forty ton stones
搬运两块40吨重的巨石 and turn them on their ends
并且把他们竖起来 without using any machine power whatsoever,
这是个很 很棘手的工作 it's quite a—quite a daunting task.
我觉得人们从没真的仔细 I don't think people have really stopped
思考过如何竖起巨石 to think about the problem
的实际可行方案 at Stonehenge in a realistic way.
所有提出解释的人 All the theories are put together
都没有实际验证 by people who haven't actually been faced
过他们的答案 with the practical task of doing it.
一种古老的理论是 One of the old theories is that
这些石头 the stones were moved
是通过放在以树干做成的 on top of large rollers—
大滚轴上移动的 made of tree trunks.
当以9吨重的石块来做测试时 And tests performed with concrete blocks
结果显示这种方法 —like this one weighing nine tons—
是起可行的 have shown that rollers can work.
但是巨石阵最大的石块 But the biggest stones at Stonehenge
是它的四倍多重 were more than four times as heavy.
这是古代遗址中 This is a concrete replica of
最大巨石的复制品 the largest stone at the ancient site.
它差不多30英尺长 It's almost thirty feet long
重量超过40吨 and weighs over forty tons.
在如此巨大的重量之下 Mark is convinced that such a huge weight
马可认为即使用最坚硬的木材 would crush and flatten
这种木质滚轴也会被压碎 even the hardest wooden rollers.
我曾经看过人们在海滩上拖船 I've watched people drag a boat
他们也使用滚轴 up a beach, and they had rollers there,
但他们的滚轴是不滚动的 but the rollers didn't rotate.
实际上当把船的龙骨 They actually had grooves in them
放在上面的时候 where the keel of the boat
他们使用导轨 went over the top of them.
你瞧 他们在导轨上 And, lo and behold they were putting grease
涂上油脂 使它可以滑动 on that groove to uh, to uh, make it slide.
很显然 And it's quite obvious things
它会滑动的 would rather slide,
如果你给它涂上润滑油 and if you get it greased,
比起让它滚动来 it's easier to make it slide
让它滑动会更容易一些 than it is to make it roll.
所以为了代替滚轴 So instead of rollers,
马克把两条平行的木料 Mark has constructed a simple track,
安装在地面上 made of two parallel lines of timbers
修建了一条简易轨道 set into the ground.
将40吨重的巨石 The forty ton megalith
放在木质雪橇上 sits on a wooden sled.
雪橇的底部 The bottom of the sled is equipped
还装上了龙骨 with a keel which keeps it centered
以使它在轨道上居中 on the track and prevents it
防止滑脱 from going off course.
为了让石头易于滑动 To make it easier for the stone to slide,
马克在轨道上 Mark has the rails of the track
涂上了厚厚的油脂 slathered with grease.
在古代 In ancient times,
工人们使用应该是 the workers could have used animal fat,
动物脂肪 known as tallow.
团队试着把巨石 The team will attempt to pull the stone
拉上一个小斜坡 up a slight incline,
这种斜坡巨石阵周围的 typical of the terrain
典型地形 surrounding Stonehenge.
把它拉上斜坡 It's going to be very hard work
会是项很艰难的工作 getting up the slope.
我们让所有的人排成一排来拉 We've got everybody lined up here to pull,
如果能拉动 and it's going to be,
这会成为一件 you know, very interesting to see
很令人关注的事情 if they can do it.
这可不是那么容易的 It's not going to be easy.
做为一名工程师 In true engineering fashion,
马克对此计划做了精心的测算 Mark has done some elaborate calculations.
他确信需要 He's determined that it will take
至少220人 a minimum of two hundred and twenty people
才能把这个重量的巨石拉上坡 to pull the weight uphill.
遗憾的是 Unfortunately, only a
只有130名志愿者到场 hundred and thirty volunteers showed up.
尽管他们很努力 Despite their efforts,
巨石还是没有移动 the stone hasn't moved an inch.
涂抹的大量油脂 The liberal application of grease
没有帮上忙 appears to have backfired,
反而让40吨重的巨石 and the forty ton stone
黏在了导轨上 is glued to the track.
拉紧绳子 Take the strain of the rope!
实际上产生了一种叫做 We've got a real, sort of, static friction
静摩擦力的阻力 as they'd call it,
它使巨石和 it's stuck down with
导轨上的油脂紧紧黏在一起了 all the grease underneath it.
要想使石头移动 And you've got to break that first
必须冲破这一阻力 for it to move.
一旦冲破这股静摩擦力 Once you've broken that,
我们就很有希望了 we'll be off—Hopefully.
马克试了很多方法 Mark will try just about anything
来不让石头黏住 to get the stone unstuck.
要有多少人 How many people have we got hanging
在后面推才行啊 around the back here?
我们为什么不 Why don't we all just go on
另辟蹊径呢 the ropes up there?
罗格·霍普金斯 Roger Hopkins is on hand
在现场提供实践意见 to provide practical advice.
他是队里唯一一个 He's the only one on the team
对移动巨石 with any firsthand experience
有直接经验的人 moving large stones.
他建议使用杠杆撬起巨石 He recommends breaking the suction
来消除油脂的吸力 by lifting the stone with levers.
我想这会起作用的 I think this'll work.
我想这会把它撬起来 I think this'll lift it up.
这样就会把它分开 我们得站远点 That'll unstick it and we should be away.
现在的工作 But it's gonna be,
就是把他们分开 it's the job of unsticking it
马上开始 which we've got to do now.
我们得让它更远一点 We need to get it in further.
放下 放下绳子 Drop it! Drop this one here!
这边 放下 This one here! Drop it!
让他们排直一点 Get them to move more in a straight line.
为了让巨石移动 In order to get things moving,
项目经理迈克·奥罗克 project manager Mike O'Rorke has to
使拉绳子的人与撬石头的人 get the pullers and the levers
行动一致 to work together.
突然 石块移动了 Suddenly, the levers do the trick.
太完美了 太帅了 Perfect, absolutely brilliant.
要说有什么和预想的不同的的话 就是太快了 I mean if anything, quite fast.
你想像一下如果按照这个速度 I mean, you think how far that would go
一天能走多远 in a day on that basis.
最后 马克的方法被证明 In the end, Mark's system worked better
甚至比他预想的效果还要好 than even he expected.
但是有任何证据 But is there any evidence
能证明巨石阵的建造者 that the Stonehenge builders
也使用了这样的木质轨道吗 used a wooden trackway like this one?
这个方法看起来是可行的 The method seems to be workable,
但我想知道 but I just wonder, you know,
如果他们也修建了轨道 if they would have bothered to build
那又是从哪里开始的呢 a trackway all the way from...where?
马尔伯勒丘陵 Marlborough Downs?
25英里 Twenty- five miles.
有25英里远 Twenty- five miles?
我觉得你做的这些 Well, I think the effort that you put
确实使 into doing something like this certainly
运输容易了许多 makes it a lot easier.
但是 让我疑惑的是 I mean, the thing that bothers me is,
我们能找到 is having demonstrated that this works,
这项工程(指铺设木轨) you know, would, would we be able
的遗迹吗 to find any trace of it in the ground?
我觉得我们找不出来 I don't think we would.
考虑到英格兰的这一地区 As a result of weather and soil conditions
气候和土壤条件 in this part of England,
加之几个世纪的农业生产 combined with centuries of farming,
几乎不会有 very few of the tools and materials
建造巨石阵使用过的 used in the construction
工具和原料存留下来 of Stonehenge have survived.
但我们知道这里的乡间 But we do know that parts of the countryside
曾经树木繁茂 were once heavily wooded,
这为巨石阵的建造者们 providing plenty of timber
提供了大量的木材 for the Stonehenge builders.
杰克·凯恩花了几年时间 Jake Keen has spent years investigating
来研究石器时代的工具和技术 Stone Age tools and technology.
他相信古代的建造者们 He believes that the ancient builders
一定足智多谋 were extremely resourceful,
他们从森林中开采出的 and exploited the forest
肯定不仅仅是木材 for much more than timber.
只使用石头和木质工具 Using only stone and wooden tools,
杰克小心的在 Jake carefully removes the bark
这一地区最常见的树 from a common tree of the region—
心叶椴上剥取着树皮 the small leaf lime.
然后他把剥下的树皮 He then submerges the strips
浸在附近的小河里 in the nearby stream,
并把他们在泥里埋上 and leaves them there for several weeks.
几个星期 After being in the mud
大约六周之后 for about six weeks,
最后剩下的这个臭烘烘的东西 this is the smelly end product,
就是树皮的内侧部分 which of course is the inner bark.
一层一层的韧皮纤维 And the layers, bast layers,
分离开了 have separated off, uh,
一些细小的微生物 the little microorganisms have nibbled away
将树胶物质腐蚀掉 at the gummy material, and, uh,
最后就只剩下一些 this is broken down into something like
一层一层的10或12根分开的丝带 ten or twelve separate ribbon like layers.
这就成了我们制造绳子的材料 Which is what we make the string from,
如果我们把它们拧在一起 and, uh, if we twist these together,
它们就会很结实 they're very, very strong.
我觉得这是在这个岛上 I don't think there's probably
能找到的最结实的 any stronger plant fiber native
植物纤维 to this island.
结实的绳子是 Strong rope was essential
移动巨石必不可少的用具 for moving heavy stones,
使用这样的纤维 and with fibers like this,
古代建设者们很容易 the ancient builders could easily
造出能够拉动 have made rope capable of pulling
巨大石块的绳子 the giant blocks of Stonehenge.
但他们为什么要费力把石头 But why did they bother to drag the stones
运到这个20英里外的小山谷呢 over twenty miles to this shallow valley?
没人知道选择这里的原因 No one knows why it was chosen,
不过有证据显示 but there's evidence that
在巨石阵建造的几个世纪以前 this site was considered sacred centuries
这里就是受推崇的宗教圣地 before Stonehenge was built.
发掘这一地区后 通过对 After excavating the area and radiocarbon
在这里发现的骨骸和炭进行 dating the pieces of bone
放射性碳素研究 测定它们出现的年代 and charcoal found here,
考古学家追溯出一套 archaeologists have retraced a unique
当时的特别施工方案 sequence of construction.
第一期工程是 The first monument was built over
在五千年以前修建的 five thousand years ago and contained
其中没用一点石头 no stones at all.
这是一个简单的土木围栏 It was a simple earthwork enclosure,
由一圈圆形的沟渠 堤岸 consisting of a circular ditch, a bank,
和五十六根木柱子 and fifty- six wooden posts dug
埋在地里组成 into the ground.
过了400年之后 Over the next four hundred years,
一系列木质建筑 a series of wooden buildings occupied
覆盖了圆圈的中央 the center of this circle.
当年的一些细小碎片至今尚存 Tiny fragments of the foundations remain.
第一批石质建筑是在公元前2600年建成的 The first stones arrived around 2600 BC,
取代了那些木质建筑 when the buildings were replaced
是由两排新月形的叫做青石的 by a double crescent of small pillars,
小柱子组成 called "bluestones".
在这100年以后 Just a hundred years later,
纪念碑最终成型 the monument took on its final form.
30块巨大的砂岩漂砾 Thirty giant sarsens,
每个重约25吨 each weighing about twenty- five tons,
大体上组成了一个指环形 were neatly arranged in a ring,
跨度大约是100英尺 about one hundred feet across.
顶部放置了30根过梁 Along their tops were placed thirty lintels,
组成一个完整的圆圈 forming a true circle,
高度达16英尺 sixteen feet above the ground.
在圆圈中间矗立着最大的石块 Within the circle stood the largest stones.
五个巨石牌坊组成马蹄状 Five massive trilithons formed a horseshoe.
最高的距地面达 The tallest towered twenty-
25英尺 five feet above the ground.
建造者们从来没有试过 The builders had never before attempted
将如此巨大的石块竖起 to raise stones on such a colossal scale.
那他们是如何做到的呢 How did they manage to do it?
当考古学家们挖掘巨石 Archaeologists discovered important clues
周围的土壤时 when they excavated the soil
他们发现一条重要的线索 around the largest stone.
巨石是矗立在一个巨大的坑中 They found that it stood in a giant hole,
几乎1/3都埋在地下 with almost a third of it underground.
坑的一边是斜的 One side of the pit was slanted,
表明巨石是通过一个很陡的斜坡 indicating that the stone had been lowered
竖立起来的 into the ground at a steep angle.
出土的鹿角告诉我们当时人们 Remnants of deer antler revealed
是如何在石灰石里挖坑的 how the hole was dug out of the hard chalk.
用鹿角像这样 It would certainly have been possible
像这样来挖个洞 to have dug a hole
当然是极有可能的 with an antler pick like this.
这可能需要 It would take, perhaps,
大概两个人三天的时间 two people three days, maybe,
去挖这么大的一个坑 to dig a hole of this size.
40吨重的巨石就在 With the forty ton stone poised
坑的上面 over the pit,
这个小队是否能够重现古代时的壮举 can the team replicate the ancient feat
将其竖立起来呢 of standing it upright?
马克·惠特比有一个方案 Mark Whitby has a plan.
我们所要做的就是 What we've got is one of
将这40吨的石柱竖起来 the forty ton uprights.
石块已经被拖至 And it's been dragged to a position
我们事先挖好的 where it's now ready to be toppled
坑的位置 into the hole that we have in the ground.
这个坑的尺寸很精确 And the hole is pretty precise
和在巨石阵 because it's exactly the same as
那里发现的坑是一样的 the hole that they've got at Stonehenge.
我们的基本想法就是 The basic concept is we've put six tons now
通过斜面我们 on the back of the stone
在巨石的背面放上6吨重的石头 by dragging it up these ramps.
我们把石头绑在一起 We've tied it together as a bundle.
我们放了一些 We've put it
起润滑作用的脂肪在这里 on a little greased chariot here,
就像是我们一开始拖动巨石做的一样 rather like we had for the big stone.
石块会通过这个 And that's running on a very simple
简易支撑面滑动 bearing down here.
这不像这块巨石那么沉 It's not nearly as heavy as the big stone,
我们把它 and we've got it tied back
和巨石的后部 with a, with a rope,
用绳索 which is lassoed right
系在一起 around the back here.
这个绳索会使 And that rope's gonna mean that
石块在延巨石滑行一段距离之后 when it travels a certain distance
停下来 along this stone, it's gonna stop.
不过在这之前 However, before it reaches that point,
石块会首先越过 it will have passed this magic point
巨石的重心 of the center of gravity.
我们就是利用这股力量 We'll be inducing the force
来让巨石 which will make the whole stone
翻下去 start to turn.
这个过程开始会很慢 It will happen slowly to begin with,
然后会在一瞬间完成 and then it will just go.
志愿者们不去移动巨石 Instead of moving the stone,
而是用在巨石首端加以 the volunteers will pull a heavy weight
重压的方法来翘动巨石 that will tip the block.
这算是现代人仿制远古 This is a good example of modern man
科技的一个范例了 trying to over- engineer ancient techniques.
这虽然有点复杂 This is a bit over elaborate,
但我希望这能管用 but it—I'm hoping it works.
这终究会节省 It would save us a lot of work
我们很多力气的 in the long run.
好的 Alright.
我们在等待的重要时刻就是现在 This is what we've been waiting for.
这一刻非常重要 There's one very, very important thing.
当巨石立起来的时候 When that stone starts to stand,
别急着冲过去围观 do not rush to the stone.
都靠后 You must all stay back
得让工程师们确认 until the engineers have checked
是否安全 to see if it's safe.
一旦确认安全了就可以过去 We can crawl all over it once it's safe,
但无论怎样 but you mustn't, under any circumstances,
都不要到你们现在的位置这里 come forward of where you are now.
安全第一 The safety of the workers is foremost
大家都牢记在心 in everyone's mind,
但大家心中依然有着一丝 but there are also fears
挥之不去的惧意 for the stone itself.
巨石可能在移动之中失去控制 The megalith could tumble out of control,
甚至在冲击中被装得粉碎 or even break apart from he force of impact.
我很兴奋 但同时我又希望 I'm excited in one sense and in another sense
答案不会就那么简单 I wish I was a long way away.
那种感觉说起来就是... You know. . .it's. . .we'll see. . .
就是有我们就要发现点什么了 you know. . .something's going to happen.
马克知道他只有一次机会 Mark realizes he's got just one chance
成功 或者就此失败 to get it right. It's now or never.
啊 太棒了 我们一起去看看 Ah! Brilliant! Well, let's have a look.
石头掉落在坑里 It literally just dropped just
和我们预计的一模一样 as we planned it to drop.
唯一稍有不同的地方就是 And the only thing that is slightly different
它是从这里让巨石翻折过来的 is it's kicked out the back here,
不过这反而 but that's, uh, that's just better
比预期的更好了 than we expected.
这意味着巨石竖得更直了 That means it's more upright
我们明天要做的工作 and we've got less work to do,
也就更少了 you know, tomorrow.
这个方案效果真的 Well this really worked a lot better
比我们想的要好得多 than we had hoped for.
比我们预想的都要好 I think better than we both hoped for—
比我预想的都要好 better than I hoped
这可能就是我最期待的了 and I was hoping the most probably.
将一块如此巨大的石块 I think it was probably one of
准确的放置在坑中 the most spectacular ways
我觉得这应该算上是 that one can think of getting a stone
一个奇迹了 this size into a stone hole.
我们可能永远 Whether that was possibly
都不知道这是不是古代人 a way that they did it,
搬动巨石的方法 we shall honestly never know.
我听有人说我们的方案 Um. . . I've heard comments that
在工程上来说有些过于复杂 it was a perhaps an over engineered approach.
对此我难表赞同 Um, I'm not convinced about that.
我认为建造巨石阵的古人 I mean, the people who built Stonehenge
都是非常聪明的 were very sophisticated,
也都很有经验 were obviously capable
他们一定可以想出类似的方案 of thinking out grand schemes like that
并且实施得很好 and carrying them through.
我觉得 And I don't see why, especially after
既然你周围 you'd perhaps had a go
有很多小块的石头 with some smaller stones
你就应该能够想出 that somebody wouldn't have come up
一个像这样的主意 with an idea like this:
"让我们来利用这些小石头 "Let's use the weight of some smaller stones
来翘动大石头" to help us move a bigger one."
所以说我觉得这都是真实可行的 So, I don't find it completely implausible
当然古人的方法真正是什么样子 we shall never know is the answer,
可能我们永远也不会知道 of course.
我们应该回家休息一下了 I think we can all go home to a nice rest
好好休息一下 —and a little relief.
马克选择这个方案 Mark chose this method for tipping the stones
是因为这样所需 because it required the
人力最少 least number of people.
我们不知道在建造巨石阵的时候 No one really knows how many workers
使用的真正人力是多少 were used in the construction of Stonehenge,
我们找不到任何证据记录这一点 because there's so little evidence.
在那个年代 There are no written records
也许还没有文字 from this period.
而当年那些给工人们 The houses and farms that once
供给的农场现在也都已经 supported the workforce have
消失不见 by now completely vanished.
这些工作就只能留给考古学家 All that's left for archaeologists
看看他们能不能找到点什么瓷器 to find and study are pieces of pottery,
骨器 石器之类的东西了 stone tools and bones.
不过这个简陋的残片还是 But this meager evidence can give us
能给我们提供一些英格兰 some idea of what life was like
石器时代的信息 in Stone Age England,
四千五百年前 forty- five hundred years ago.
生活在这里的人们都是农民 The people were farmers,
不断迁徙 moving from place to place
以寻找土地肥沃之地 in search of fertile soil.
他们赶牛牧羊 They herded sheep and cattle
追猎野鹿 and hunted for wild deer.
农业生产技术逐渐进步 Gradually, as farming techniques improved,
人口也随之增长 the population grew,
富余的人口也让 providing the labor force
工程建造成为一种可能 for ambitious construction projects.
在巨石时代 Centuries before Stonehenge,
氏族聚居在一起 communities started coming together
建造了巨大的墓穴 to build large tombs.
最大的一处墓穴超过 One of the most impressive is over
3040英尺长 three hundred and forty feet long
墓穴的入口由巨大的 and has an entrance constructed
砂岩建成 of massive sarsens.
这是我们能够找到的 We've got one of the earliest examples here
用巨石建造的 of the ability to construct
最早的建筑 with huge stones.
无数的砂岩被从周围的 Massive sarsens dragged
丘陵地带拖运至此 from he surrounding downs,
有一些立放 some placed upright,
另一些 就像这块 others—like this one here,
被放在顶端当做横梁 placed on top if it as cap stones,
巨石阵的建造可能就是源自 almost giving an idea of what Stonehenge
同样类似的想法 was going to be like
他同样使用了竖起来的 when it was built with uprights
和横过来的石头 and horizontal lintels.
不过这里的石头组成的是类似于 But here, these massive stones forming,
盒子形的房间 effectively boxes,
而用作独立的墓穴 parts of a chambered tomb.
这很有可能就是墓穴的一部分 It's effectively the house of the dead.
通道的两边 Five stone chambers lie on either side
各有5个石仓 of this passage
这里发现了 and in these were found the remains
跨越25代人的 of forty- seven individuals buried
共47个个体的 over a period of perhaps
人类遗骸埋葬于此 twenty- five generations.
这些尸骨的情况 What's very interesting is the way
并不是完全相同的 that the bodies came into this tomb.
有一些的尸体 Not all of them
是当时新死不久的 as completely fleshed bodies,
但有一些尸体确只剩下一堆骨头了 but some of them just as collections
这意味着这些尸体是 of bones with hints that they might
在别处已经埋葬一段时间的 been buried elsewhere for a while—
尸体上的肉有 they might have been exposed
可能是被动物吃光 for animals and the elements
或者是腐烂干净了 to remove the flesh from the corpses,
这些尸骨在墓穴建成的时候 brought in here as a bundle of bones
被移居至此 when the tomb was opened up.
我们还发现 And we get hints as well,
这些尸骨是被从新整理过的 that there was a rearrangement of the bones
头骨放在一个角落 —skulls placed in one corner,
长腿骨放在另一个角落 long bones in another—
其他的骨头整齐的排列在一边 the other bit and bob tidied off to one side.
令我好奇的另一件事是 And one thing I find fascinating
并不是所有的小骨头 is that there are some bits
都在这里 that aren't all there.
大概是因为头骨的数量有点少 There aren't quite enough heads to go around.
到了巨石阵被建造的时代 Around the time that Stonehenge was built,
埋葬风俗已经改变了 burial practices were changing.
重要人物已经不在合葬在公共墓穴中 Abandoning the large communal tombs,
他们都葬在单独的墓穴中 important individuals were buried alone,
位于圆形土丘之下 under circular mounds of earth,
这被称作"圆坟" called round barrows.
在巨石阵两英里内现在仍然 Over three hundred of these tombs still
有300多座这样的坟 remain within two miles of Stonehenge.
这样的坟墓中都是单独埋葬着 Inside each one is a single body,
墓主和他的财物 surrounded by a few prized possessions.
很显然 It's obvious society's changing
在巨石阵建造的时代 at the time that the Stonehenge
社会风俗已经改变 that we know today was built.
那种葬着很多人的 I mean, there aren't the communal burials
公共墓穴 with lots of people
已经消失了 put into one burial mound.
相反 这周围的每个山顶上 Instead, every hill top around here
都有这种独葬墓穴 is covered with individual burial mounds,
既做圆坟 round barrows.
每个圆坟的墓主都是 And each one of those is the burial place
有权有势之人 of somebody rich and powerful.
他们要 They had to be,
葬在接近巨石阵之处 to be buried this close to Stonehenge.
而所有的这些坟墓中 And of all these barrows,
最重要的 the most important,
最富有的人 the richest person of the lot,
则被葬在这里 appears to be buried in this one.
而在189年前 Excavated about
挖掘这座墓穴的时候 one hundred and eighty years ago
他的尸骨依然在这里 —I mean, he's still in there.
那些骨头说明死者生前 The bones were recorded as being
是个高大健壮的人 of a tall and robust man,
但是当时的发掘者们 but the excavators at that time
对这些骨头毫无兴趣 weren't interested in the bones themselves.
这些骨头被从墓穴中扔走 They left the burial where it was.
他们只对那些随葬品感兴趣 What they were interested in was the objects
那些随葬品让我们知道了 and that's what gives us a clue as
这位墓主是多么有权势 to just how powerful this person was.
墓主的随葬品 This person was buried
是做工精巧的 with some absolutely
纯金制品 incredible gold objects.
胸甲 扣带都是纯金的 A breastplate. A belt buckle.
且精雕细刻 十分精美 Pure gold, finely hammered and etched.
另一些墓穴则出土了更多的随葬品 Other graves revealed more treasures:
金耳环 金纽扣 gold earrings and buttons
青铜匕首和叉子 —bronze daggers and spears.
4千年前 Four thousand years ago,
最有权势和最富有的人 these objects adorned the richest
佩戴者这些饰品 and most powerful people.
这些古代的权贵们 And these ancient lords and ladies
精挑细选 只选这一处 chose one location, above all others,
作为他们的安息之所: as their final resting place:
环绕巨石阵的丘陵上 the hills surrounding Stonehenge.
巨石阵就像是 In the midst of this enormous cemetery,
一座坐落在这些巨大的墓穴间 the circle of stones was like
的大教堂 a great cathedral,
静静守护着 standing guard over the graves
这些权贵们的墓穴 of its wealthiest patrons.
在建筑工地的后面 Back at the construction site,
队员们思考着他们的 the crew is contemplating its
下一个任务 next major task.
这块混凝土巨石以 The enormous concrete block is standing
一个陡峭的70度的角 in the hole at a steep angle
立在坑中 of seventy degrees.
队员们需要再让巨石竖起 The team now has to pull it just
30度角以达到垂直 twenty more degrees to vertical.
这可以算是 But this will turn out
马克·维特白经历过的 to be a much greater challenge
最大的挑战了 than Mark Whitby ever expected.
显然 让这些都达到 Well, this would have been a distinct problem
百分百的竖直是个大难题 —getting these things perfectly vertical.
我们没处理过这样的问题 是吧 Well, we've not solved that one, have we?
是的 No.
为了使工人的力量最大化 To maximize the workers' efforts,
马克竖起来两个巨大的木杆 Mark has erected two huge timber poles,
木杆和巨石的顶部系在一起 attached by ropes to the top of the stone.
90个志愿者将会拉紧 The ninety volunteers will pull
系在木杆头部 on another set of ropes
的绳索的另一端 that is tied to the top of the timbers.
在这种方案中 With this arrangement,
马克希望木杆起到 Mark hopes the poles will act
一个巨大杠杆的作用 like giant levers,
使拉力扩大成原来的几倍 multiplying the force of the pull,
这样能让巨石 and making it much easier
更容易的竖起来 to move the stone upright.
马克事先思考了很多 Mark put a lot of thought into his plan,
但显然 他考虑的还是不够周全 but apparently not quite enough.
杠杆木架变得摇摇欲坠 The upright poles are dangerously unstable,
队员们要花很多时间去 and more time and energy is spent struggling
避免木架垮掉 to avoid a catastrophic collapse
巨石几乎没有移动 than actually moving the stone.
麦克 你的组在正面把 Mike, you've got to get your team
木杆松斜下去 to the front to slack it off
其他组在背面 and these teams put it back.
对着我的方向放绳子! Ease off! Ease off towards me!
那一组的的拉力不够 That team's not pulling hard enough
...那一组 ... that team ... that team.
马克不得不承认他的方案 Mark is forced to admit that
有缺陷而他决定接受建议 his plan is flawed and agrees
将木杆绑成"A型架" to tie the poles into a giant A- frame,
那将会更加稳固 a much more stable arrangement.
我觉得换成A型架 I think get it into a bit of an A- frame
我们也许能够搞定它 and we might be able to make something of it,
的确如此 but it proves there's some value in that.
我们就应该构建A型支架 We should have an A- frame.
好的! Perfect!
现在把它绑好 Right, now lash it together.
你为什么要选择A型支架呢? Why have you decided to use an A- frame now?
我们其实一开始就 Because we should have always
应该使用A型支架 had an A- frame, basically.
很明显 A型支架 It's fairly obvious that
更加的牢固 an A- frame is more stable,
而我们的问题恰恰就是 and what we've got is a problem of them
木杆不断的左右倾斜摇晃 all falling down sideways,
我们花费了 and we're having to use too much energy or
太多的力气 effort in terms of these people to hold
用来克服 the thing up on the left
这种晃动 and the right flanks.
这样的话 So we could maybe,
我们就可以通过A型架 by making it an A- frame,
来集中我们的力量去向前拉 concentrate our efforts on pulling it forward.
以前怎么就没想到呢? Why didn't you think of that before?
也许我曾想到过 I probably did,
不过在想法细节化的 but somehow it got lost
过程中我迷糊了 in the translation somewhere.
我们的方案太多了 I know we've had all sorts of ideas,
而这个就是我们应该 and this is one of those ones
盯紧执行的方案 that we should have stuck with,
可我们以为原计划 but we somehow thought that
会比这个A型架 things might be better
方案更好 than they really would be.
他们已经浪费了一天的时间 But an entire day has been lost.
马克和他的队伍将会 Mark and the team will have to wait
在明天来观察A型架的实际效果 until tomorrow to see if the A- frame works.
巨石阵的原建造者们 The original builders of Stonehenge
一定也经历过类似的困境 experienced their own share of setbacks.
考虑到需要移动和升起 Along with moving and raising the stones,
每一块石头都需要仔细打磨成型 every block had to be carefully shaped.
横梁巨石和立柱巨石 The horizontal lintels were secured
是由特殊的榫眼和凸榫 to the supporting stones
固定在一起的 by unusual mortise- and- tenon joints.
每个立柱顶上的凸起 A large projection on top of each upright
都必须和横梁下面的 had to fit precisely into a hole
凹洞精确吻合 on the underside of the lintel.
如果只用石器 With only stone tools,
在巨石上凿洞一定是 pounding out the holes must have been
个其缓慢和艰苦的过程 an excruciatingly slow and tedious job.
我觉得立柱巨石 I think it's likely
在横梁装上之前 that the uprights would have been in place
一定已经上面 with the tenons worked on the top of them
凿好凸起 before the fine work took place
立在这里了 on the lintel.
那些凿出那些巨大的榫洞 That would have involved pounding out
一定就和这个类似 these massive mortise holes.
我能想象的到 I mean,this would
凿这个 have taken weeks to do,
会花费几周的时间 I would imagine.
最大的榫洞能承下 The biggest of them holds about
18加仑的水 eighteen gallons of water.
但显然他们不是总能凿得很精确 But clearly they didn't always get it right
因为在这面你会发现 because on this side,
这里有几个榫洞刚 there is the start of a couple of
开凿的痕迹 other mortise holes.
这就说明 他们在这面开凿 So, clearly, they started here,
把它翻转过来然后在这边凿孔 turned it over and worked them on this side.
监工要告诉工人 And I would have hated to be the person
"你凿错了 who told the workers that they got it wrong
你得翻过来 and they've got to turn it over
从新来凿" and start all over again.
我觉得他一定不受工人欢迎 I don't think he'd have been very popular.
1 2 3 拉! One, two, three, pull!
抓紧 我们使劲儿 Hold it—let's just leave it.
开始吗 We let it go?
开始吧 Yeah. Let it go.
叫它就立在那里 It seems a shame to
可是不行 let it go now that it's up there.
明白 明白 I know. I know.
好吧 It's all right. . .
经历了昨天的挫败之后 After yesterday's disappointments,
马克的威信似乎也有一点受到质疑 Mark's own popularity is suffering a bit.
跟将木杆竖起相比我更愿意 I'd like to try putting stones up,
将巨石竖起 not timbers up.
是啊 石头简单些 Yeah. Stones are a lot easier.
就在今天 他希望 Today, he's hoping to
通过这个改进的A型架 redeem himself with a new
挽回他的面子 and improved A- frame.
我计算过我们得用其他的方法 I reckon that we should really just
来让这个架子立起来 get another means of getting these poles up,
否则人们会... otherwise people get . . .
他使用了一个模型来 He uses a model to
计算最终需要多少人来 calculate how many people will be needed
把巨石立起来 to finally get the stone vertical.
我们已经把巨石 I've got the stone to
立成了70度角 而现在 seventy degrees as far as
我考虑的就是最难的部分 I'm concerned is the most difficult bit.
我们现在要做的就是 All we've got to do now is just get it
让巨石再移动20度角达到竖直 through the next twenty degrees to vertical.
我要做的就是 And what I'm going to do
使用这个A型架 is gonna use this A- frame.
我们制做了这个A型架 We made the A- frame
让它在这个方向上足够强韧 so it's strong in this direction.
它不会在这个方向上倾倒 It's not going to fall over this way.
我们使A型架 But we've made it so it's an A- frame
成了一个大杠杆 which is a lever,
它以地面的这点 a great big lever and it's pivoting
为支点轴 in a point of the ground here—
我们会尽全力去拉 we're pulling with all we've got on
架子的顶部 the top of the frame here.
用绳子 Attach the ropes that are pulling from
将巨石的顶端 the stone to the A- frame to the point
系到A型架 about a quarter of the way up—the height,
1/4高的位置上 the over- all height of the lever.
这样做的结果是 The effect of that is that
人们拉住这里时 when the people pull here,
其拉力被放大为 I can multiply the pulling force that
实际拉力的四倍 they achieve by a factor of four.
我们来看看需要 Now, let's just look at how many people
多少人来完成这项工作 may be required to do the job.
我在这端挂上了砝码 I've got weights on the end of here.
这是50克的砝码 This is a fifty gram weight-
大约相当于 that's approximately equivalent
50人产生的拉力 to 50 people pulling.
我要给这一组 And now I am going to add
加上20人 加到70 another twenty to this team—that's seventy.
再加5个 And then another five to
现在一共75人 that—that seventy- five in total.
这样石块就立起来了 And I've got my stone to vertical.
但是如果那时没有A字支架怎么办 But what if there were no A- frame?
好的 Okay.
想象我们只能 Let's imagine we were to
依靠人力 do the brute force approach.
假设我们不用 Let's imagine we're to
A字支架帮助 pull this thing to vertical
要立起石块 without the A- frame.
现在是75个人 I've got seventy- five on here.
再加一些人来 Let's just add a few people to this.
增加200个人 Let's just add two hundred more people
到这一组 to this team
事实上我并没有200个人 I haven't got two hundred people,
但是 想像一下 let's just add them,
想象我们加上200个人 though, let's imagine we've got them,
看看用275个人 and see if we can do the job with
能不能完成这项工作 two hundred and seventy- five—
不行 做不到 no,we can't.
再加50个 Let's add another fifty.
现在是325个人 This is three hundred
在拉石块 and twenty- five people pulling now.
石块还是纹丝不动 They're still not managing.
再加10个人 Let's add another ten to that,
现在是335个人 that's three hundred and thirty- five people—
石块立起来了 and away it goes.
这是要立起石块所需的总人数 That's the amount we would have needed to
但是我没有这么多人 pull and we just haven't got them.
符合需要的A字支架 The full- size A- frame
已经搭好准备投入使用 is up and ready to go.
同往常一样 But as usual,
罗格·哈肯斯对支架 Roger Hopkins isn't satisfied with
并不满意 the construction.
合适的支架应该是 A proper A- frame should be
在距地面三分之一处 built with a cross member
钉上一条横梁 at one third of the way up lashed
以防止倾斜 in securely to keep it from racking.
我认为木头 Uh, I don't think you're out of
还没用完 the woods yet.
而且我觉得支架应当 And I think the A- frame,
你看 you know,
应当离石块更近一些 probably should be in a lot closer
这样我们就能更 so that we have a little bit
充分的发挥杠杆作用 more leverage with it.
然后把绳子从顶端穿过 And then we would just run the rope right
就能把石块拉起来 over the top and pull the sucker over.
这是工程学在野外试验中 I think this is a great example of
学到的很好的一课 engineering learning some field experience.
没错 你说的很对 I think you're absolutely right.
毫无疑问 There's no doubt
昨天很多事上都出了差错 we did a lot of things wrong yesterday.
我们要把A字支架好好设计 We should have planned the A- frame
然后才能继续 to begin with
可笑的是我们没能做到这一点 - - it's absolutely absurd that we haven't.
现在也没做到 We still haven't—
对 就是这样 I agree with you—
这并不是世上最好的支架 it's not the best A- frame in the world,
但是我们有一个支架 but we've got something of an A- frame
我相信它会起作用的 and I believe that's going to work.
好吧 祝你好运 Well, I wish you luck.
我认为这个支架 I just don't think that
没法起到它应该 A- frame's going to hold together
起到的作用 the way she's rigged.
一二三 拉 One, two, three, pull!
继续拉 继续 Keep going! Keep going!
好 停 Okay. Stop!
继续 坚持住 Go on! Keep it up!
确实是在继续 Yeah. It's all right
他们正用力 to say "go on"—
拉着呢 they're pulling!
从一开始 The proper way
正确的做法就是 to have done this right from the beginning
用手势告诉他们 was that when we had the motion
保持住向后拉 to just keep on pulling.
当要竖起大石块时 Whenever we tipped up large stones,
我们总是要让动力保持在那里 we always try to keep the momentum going
因为总有许多事要做 because it's a lot of work any other way.
我觉得 I have a feeling
新石器时期的人们 these neolithical people
使用这些工具要比 were probably a lot handier
我们使用的更顺手 with these tools than we are.
我也这么认为 I am sure of that.
是这样 A型架 Certainly, A- frames.
提醒我给你带本童军手册 Remind me to get you the boy scout manual—
你可能想读一下 you might want to read it.
尽管罗格对结果很担心 Despite Roger's concerns,
马克仍然继续着实验 Mark forges ahead with the operation.
罗格在一旁无事可做 And Roger has nothing to do,
只能站在一旁观望 but retreat to the sidelines.
一二三 拉 One, two, three, pull!
起作用了 It's going!
A字支架虽然 The A- frame—
有些不稳 although a bit precarious—
但是确实发挥了作用 makes a difference,
大石碑一点一点的 and the monolith inches
竖了起来 its way to vertical.
四千年前 Four thousand years ago,
巨石阵的建造者必须 the Stonehenge builders had to raise
竖起并精确定位 and precisely position
四十块这样的石块 forty of these huge blocks.
所有石块被对称的 The whole monument was symmetrically arranged
摆放在中轴线的四周 around a central axis
而中轴线贯穿了石阵入口 that runs through the entrance
以及入口外的大道中央 and down the middle of a processional avenue.
直指向6月21日夏至日时 It points directly to the spot on the horizon
太阳刚刚从地平线 where the sun first appears
升起来的那一点 on June twenty- first, the summer solstice.
每年的这一天 Every year on this day,
太阳升起在入口处 the sun rises above the Heel Stone,
一块叫做足跟石的 a sarsen boulder that stands
砂岩上方 near the entrance.
六个月后 Six months later,
每年日照最短的 on December 21st,
12月21日 the shortest day of the year,
夕阳在石圈另一面 the sun sets on
现已倒塌的中央石碑的 the opposite side of the circle,
两个支柱之间 between two uprights
没入地平线 of the now- fallen central trilithon.
有人相信巨石阵 Some people believe that Stonehenge
同样也和月亮星星 is also aligned with
对齐 而且可以 the moon and the stars,
帮助人们预测日食 and can help predict eclipses,
但是这些说法都未经证实 but none of these theories are proven.
巨石阵有可能 It is possible that
是一种原始的日历 the circle of stones served
用来提醒农民们 as a kind of crude calendar,
每年种植期内的 alerting farmers to important events
重要事件 in the annual growing season.
最有可能的是 But most likely,
巨石阵是寺庙 Stonehenge was built as a temple,
用于召集人民 a special place for the community to gather,
举行神圣的仪式 to perform sacred rituals,
或是祭祀神灵 and to honor their gods.
20世纪时 In the 20th century,
德鲁伊教将石阵 a modern cult of Druids
当做自己的寺庙 adopted the temple as their own,
在此举行 and used it as a stage for
至日仪式 elaborate solstice ceremonies.
但是到了20世纪七八十年代 But in the 1970's and 80's,
他们的信仰逐渐被 their pagan services were
嬉皮士 毒品和国际新闻 gradually overwhelmed by hippies,
所取代 drugs, and the international press.
为了保护巨石阵 To protect the monument,
每年夏至日时 British authorities now
英国政府都要关闭这一景点 close Stonehenge on the summer solstice.
铁丝网和全副武装的警卫 Barbed wire and armed guards keep everyone
将人群和古老的石块隔开 away from the ancient stones,
即使是考古学家也不例外 including archaeologists.
6月21日 It's June 21st,
夏至日 the summer solstice,
我认为 which should,
应该是一个 I suppose,
太阳升起在足跟石上时 be a beautiful day with the sun rising up
应该是十分漂亮的 over the heel stone,
可惜却在下雨 but it's raining.
现在确实是很冷很痛苦 It's actually quite cold and miserable now.
我希望是仲夏时 It's, it's a place that
到这个地方来 I wanted to be at the midsummer.
我觉得一些人确实应该来这里 I feel somebody really ought to be here,
但是这并不是灵魂的洗礼 but it's not a very spiritual experience.
对于巨石阵的 I think it could be
建造者来说 and it obviously was to the people
或许确实是精神上的洗礼 who built it.
我是指不考虑那些工程上的因素 I mean, forget all the engineering
不考虑那些计算 and forget the calculations
和那些巨石 and the big stones.
巨石阵是那些所有 I mean, this is the
努力所达到的顶峰 culmination of all that effort.
这就是人们那么辛苦的 This is why people dragged those stones
拖动那些巨石并把它们搭建起来的原因 those great distances and put them up.
他们是在建造一座寺庙 They were building a temple
这对他们来说 and they were building a temple
十分重要 that is important,
在一年中的这个时侯 certainly at this time of the year,
或者是另一个时期 possibly at another time of the year
冬天的时候 in the winter.
很明显 大多数人都 Clearly, there was a tremendous amount of
对此有着强烈的感受 feeling on most peoples' part. . .
古时候的建筑者们需要动力 The ancient builders needed this motivation
帮助他们面对最终的挑战 when they faced their final challenge:
那就是将重达九吨的横梁 raising the nine ton lintel twenty-
抬到23英尺高的支柱上 three feet to the top of the uprights.
传统观点认为 The traditional idea
会利用大型木制杠杆 is that the smaller stone
和木垛支架将小一些的石块 was raised slowly with large wooden levers
缓慢抬升 and a timber crib.
罗格急切的想展示 Roger is eager to show
这种方案是如何运作的 how well this can work.
每抬升一次 With each lift,
人们就将厚木条 thick pieces of timber
塞到石块下面 are slid underneath the stone.
穿过来 放下(石块) Comin through. Ease off.
就这样 木垛被 Little by little,
一点一点的搭起来 the pile of timber grows,
根据传统的说法 and, accordingly to the theory,
石块逐渐会被升到 will gradually lift the stone
支柱上方 to the top of the uprights.
很明显 I think it's clear
要搭建横梁 it would be a perfectly feasible way of
这是一个完美而且可行的方法 getting the lintel up
这方法很奇妙 which is the nice thing about it.
我是说 实际上这是 I mean, when it really—
教科书一样的方法 this is the text book way
大一些的木垛可能更好用 and bigger timbers would be useful,
而且可能木条的 and maybe they wouldn't
形状不是如此规则 have been quite so regular in size,
那可能带来一些其他问题 which might have been a bit of a problem.
马克认为工程进度太慢了 Mark thinks the operation is too slow and,
而且在升到20英尺时 at a height of twenty feet,
就会很危险 would become too precarious.
他想利用一端埋在地上的 He wanted to raise
木制斜坡来抬升横梁 the lintel up a large ramp made out of earth,
可惜的是 but unfortunately,
英国安全官员坚持让他 British safety officers insisted that
使用钢制脚手架保证安全 he use steel scaffolding instead.
脚手架下方立着 Underneath all the scaffolding,
40吨重的石块 stands the forty ton stone.
另一块相同的支柱 The second identical upright
紧挨着它 has been raised beside it,
立在一旁 and together,
这两块巨石 the two stones will
将作为巨石牌坊的支柱 form the base of the trilithon.
你认为当年 Is this how you think that
建造巨石阵时 they did it then at the time
人们就是这样做的吗 they built Stonehenge?
朱利安 Well, Julian,
很简单 it's quite simple.
看那里 If you look over there,
你能看到大堆的土 you will see my big pile of earth—
看到了吗 you know,do you see it?
到处都是白灰的地方 Chalk everywhere?
那是一个土堆 It's a pile of earth.
在那儿已经架好了支架 I've just put some timbers on it
我们沿着土堆走上去 and we're walking up the pile of earth,
就能把石块拉起来 we're dragging the stone up
拉到土堆上 the pile of earth.
所以说 So, you know,
这就是那时候的方法 朱利安 that's what it is Julian, it's . . .
你知道 you know . . .
这是古代技术 it's ancient technology—
你不觉得吗 can't you see:
可能是那些支架 Perhaps it's the scaffolding
让我觉得困惑 that confuses me a bit.
在这一点上 Well, you've got
你已经戴着 to put your blinkers on
有色眼镜了 朱利安 at this point, Julian.
我必须承认 I must admit,
我认为这是一个20世纪工程师 I find this a twentieth century engineer's
所能采取的方法 approach to how to get the lintel up.
我是说 以我的观点看来 I mean, personally,
很高兴能利用木垛支架 I am happier with a timber crib.
这看起来像是 It seems less intrusive into,
当时的建造技术 into the monument at the time.
看起来比这种方法 And it seems a lot less elaborate
更为原始 than this somehow.
你知道 You know,
可能在四千年前 perhaps four thousand years ago—yes,
在工程开始前 I still there's a lot of
确实需要精心准备 preparation went into things—
但是必须让人们 but there would have been a willingness
自愿接受才行 to accept that,
可能石块需要一周 perhaps, that stone would have inched
才能一寸一寸的立起来 it's way up over a period of a week.
我们已经试过那种方法 We tried one method,
我们看到结果如何了 we can see that.
现在试试另一种方法 Let's try another method
看看结果如何 and see how it goes.
预备 拉 Ready . . . rope!
因为A字支架在竖起石块时 Since the A-frame worked so well
发挥了巨大的作用 in raising the stone to vertical,
马克在抬升横梁时 Mark will use it again
又一次使用了它 to drag the lintel up the ramp.
一二三 拉 One, two, three, pull!
为了让志愿者们 To allow the volunteers
在工作间隙能够休息 to rest between pulls,
斜坡顶端配备了 the top of the ramp is equipped with
一根起刹车作用的圆木 a log that's supposed to act as a brake,
用来防止横梁滑回地面 preventing the lintel from sliding backwards.
几次拉动过后 But after a couple of big pulls,
发现刹车并未发挥作用 it's clear that the brake is not working.
好 拉住 Okay, hold it!
拉住别动 Hold it there.
我们要把圆木解下来 Right. We've got to release these back down.
它根本不起作用 This isn't working,at all.
马上把这些绳子解下来 Look, just let these ropes right off,
行吗 okay?
志愿者们刚一停手 As soon as the volunteers stop pulling,
横梁立刻滑到了 the lintel descends
斜坡底部 to the bottom of the ramp.
这说明工人们 It turns out that the riggers
绑圆木的方法 have wound the rope the wrong way
不正确 around the log.
谢天谢地 Thankfully,
这个问题很容易就解决了 the problem is easily fixed.
当志愿者们 And when the volunteers
重新开始努力时 renew their efforts,
横梁又慢慢的 the lintel starts
向斜坡上方爬去 to make its way up the ramp.
向古时候的石头一样 Like the ancient stones,
横梁底部同样被 the bottom of the lintel
打了两个用于接合的榫眼 is equipped with two large mortise holes,
必须将榫眼准确无误的 which must fit exactly over
安放在两根支柱 the projections—or tenons—on top of
顶部的榫舌上 the uprights.
为了保证石块 To ensure that the stones
精确的对齐 are properly aligned,
工程的最后一步 the final phase of the operation
要进行的缓慢而精确 must be performed slowly and precisely.
很容易 Nice and easy.
太容易了 Nice and easy.
太吓人了 That was quite frightening.
我的心还在扑通扑通的跳呢 My heart is still pumping!
志愿者们激动地欢呼 The volunteers are thrilled,
但是马克没心情庆祝 but Mark is in no mood to celebrate.
正如他所担心的 As he feared,
榫舌和榫眼没有对齐 the mortises and tenons are not lined up.
横梁得重新放置 The lintel must somehow be repositioned.
幸运的是 Luckily,
罗格带来了杠杆 Roger brought along his levers.
抬起来 Keep that up,
我们要塞木条 and we'll, you know,
慢一点 我们能做到 slowly but surely we'll make it.
这花了点时间 It takes some time,
但是最终 but finally,
横梁被放到了准确的位置上 the lintel slides down into position.
巨石牌坊终于建成了 The trilithon is complete.
石器时期的人们 I think these Stone Age men
实在是很聪明 were pretty ingenious.
在将两块四十吨的石块 We learned an awful lot of respect
立起来 for them as a result of
把另一块九吨重的石块 being handed two forty ton stones
架在它们顶端 and one nine ton stone
的过程中 and asked to sort of stand them
我们对古人更加的敬佩 on their ends and put the nine ton on top.
和其他任何人比起来 And I think I probably got nearer
在思维方式上 to thinking like he might have
我可能更像是 thought at the time
当时的人们一样 than anybody has for a long time
这很不错 and that's very nice.
这种感觉很不错 It's a very nice feeling
让你触及到 that gives you to enter into the,
他人的 sort of,
灵魂深处 soul of somebody
而这是看到 as the result of seeing
他们的建筑成果所得到的 what they've built.
他们推动了 They were pushing
技术的发展 the envelope of their technology.
他们学习到了 They were taking things that
成功的经验 they had seen work
并把这些经验应用到大量的工作中 and applying them to a massive job
并通过这种方法 that was advancing their technology and,
提高了自己的技术 by doing so,
或许同时提高了他们在 probably advancing their status
社会中的地位 in their community.
我们没有得到最终的答案 We haven't got the final answer.
你知道 You know,
我们并不能说这就是他们当时所作的 we can't say "this is how it was done".
我们证明的是 What we've demonstrated is
巨石阵可能是这样建成的 how it could be done.
我们尽可能的 And we've tried to be as real
将技术还原到 to the time that Stonehenge
建巨石阵时的样子 was built as possible.
考古学家可以回答一些 Archaeology can answer some questions
关于巨石阵的问题 about Stonehenge,
例如它是何时建成的 when it was built,
当时的社会是什么样子 something about the society that built it.
这也能回答一些工程上的问题 And this has answered some of the questions
例如工程学方面 about the task—the engineering,
是如何激励工人们 how you motivate people,
如何组织人民 how you organize people,
但是巨石阵 but there is always going to be a mystique
始终是一个谜团 about Stonehenge.