1
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<i>“真正的数学 对战争没有任何影响”
--G·H·哈代《一位数学家的辩白》1940年著</i>

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这位英国数学家名叫Bill Tutte
This is a British mathematician called Bill Tutte.

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估计你从没听说过他
You won't have heard of him.

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然而在1943年 他的辛勤努力
But in 1943, he pulled off what many believe

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造就了二战史上最伟大的战绩
was the greatest intellectual feat of World War Two.

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它缩短了战争进程 拯救了成千上万的生命
It shortened the war and saved millions of lives.

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Bill Tutte逝世于2002年 他的成就
He died in 2002 without ever being officially recognised

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却从未得到官方的认可
for his achievement.

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这位是Tommy Flowers
This is a former GPO engineer

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英国邮政局的一名工程师
called Tommy Flowers.

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1944年 他根据Tutte的数学理论
In 1944, he turned Tutte's mathematical ideas

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发明了世界上第一台计算机
into the world's first computer.

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Tommy Flowers于1998年逝世
He died in 1998.

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他的故事 也许你亦不曾耳闻
Chances are, you won't have heard of him either.

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然而 正因为他们和布莱切利其他人的共同努力
Backed by the brightest talents of Bletchley Park,

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英国才能破译德军最高级的密码
they allowed Britain to break a top secret machine

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它曾被希特勒所用 所向披靡
employed by Hitler to dictate the course of the war.

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这并非大名鼎鼎的Enigma
This machine was NOT Enigma.

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而是一种更隐蔽也更有力的武器...
It was something far more secret and significant...

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你肯定没有听说过它
and you definitely won't have heard of that.

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它就好比希特勒的黑莓手机
It was Hitler's Blackberry really.

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这条情报能让战争提前结束好几年
That intelligence probably shortened the war by a couple of years.

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他们是布莱切利的无名英雄
They were the forgotten heroes of Bletchley Park.

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在暗潮汹涌的情报战争里 两个人改变了世界
This is the story of a secret war and how two men changed the world

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然后消逝在了历史的尘埃中...
and then disappeared from history.

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翻译：statm 女侠阿呆  校对：女侠阿呆

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这里是布莱切利庄园
This is Bletchley Park.

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从1939年起 它成了军情六处的战时总部
In 1939, it became the wartime headquarters of MI6.

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大多数人对这里的了解
If you know anything about what happened here,

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仅限于一位名叫阿兰·图灵的天才
it will be that a man called Alan Turing

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他破解了德国海军的Enigma密码（译注：也称作“谜”密码） 扭转乾坤
broke the German naval code known as Enigma and saved the nation.

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事实确实如此... 但这并非故事的全部
And he did... but that's only half the story.

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布莱切利出了三位大英雄
There were three heroes of Bletchley Park.

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第一位是阿兰·图灵
The first is Alan Turing.

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接下来是Bill Tutte 他破解了Tunny密码
The second was Bill Tutte who broke the Tunny system,

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功不可没
a quite amazing feat.

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第三位是Tommy Flowers
And the third was Tommy Flowers,

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他独立造出了史上第一台计算机
who, with no guidelines, built the first computer ever.

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令人惊讶的是
Amazingly, the story of Tutte and Flowers

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Tutte和Flowers的故事鲜为人知
has never been fully told -

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这并不奇怪
but then again,

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因为布莱切利庄园本就隐藏着英国的无数秘密
Bletchley is Britain's fortress of secrets.

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一直以来 Tunny和Colossus机器都是高度保密的
The secrecy about Tunny and Colossus

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所以 计算机的历史存在着一些严重的错误
has completely distorted the history of computing

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这也给二战时期的密码破译史
and it's also left the story

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留下了一页巨大的空白
of the World War Two codebreaking effort incomplete.

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情报史的舞台上
It's like there's not enough room on the stage

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Enigma光彩无限 占尽风头
because the Enigma story has taken up so much space.

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而毫无疑问 这舞台上还有无数的故事
It's not surprising that there are stories

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至今不为人知
still to be told about this place.

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布莱切利庄园尘封着丘吉尔时代的许多秘密
Bletchley Park was Churchill's house of secrets.

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这儿名不见经传 连地图上都没有标注
It didn't even appear on any map.

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在这座代号为“X电台”的庞大建筑群里
Nicknamed "Station X", this sprawling complex was home

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有一支神秘的部队 他们日以继夜地从事着
to a clandestine army engaged in a shadowy struggle

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军事情报的收集工作
for military intelligence.

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1939年 布莱切利庄园开始了密码破译工作
Bletchley Park's codebreaking history began in 1939,

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当时 这里还只是一个隐藏在顶楼的无线电台
with a tiny attic radio station hidden at the top of the house.

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后来 整个庄园也以这个电台的代号命名
It would eventually give its name to the entire estate.

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“X电台”
Station X.

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随着战争的继续 各项行动从主屋
As the war progressed, operations expanded out from the main house

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扩散到周边林林总总的农舍和小楼中
to a haphazard collection of huts and concrete blocks.

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不少天才人物汇集于此
Here, some of the most brilliant minds in the country

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为破解敌人的机密而进行着艰苦的努力
were involved in a constant battle to learn the enemy's secrets.

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而其中最具挑战性 回报最丰厚的一次行动
Arguably, the toughest and most rewarding struggle

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当属Tunny密码的破解任务
was against a code called "Tunny".

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Bill Tutte和Tommy Flowers攻破了这个密码
In defeating it, Bill Tutte and Tommy Flowers

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改变了整个世界
would change the world.

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Jerry Roberts上尉曾与Bill共事
Captain Jerry Roberts worked alongside Bill

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参与了Tunny密码的破译工作
and was involved in the attack on Tunny.

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在这个名叫Testery的译码精英小组中
He is the last surviving codebreaker from an elite group

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他是最后一名在世的成员了
known as "The Testery".

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如今 90岁高龄的他
Now aged 90, this is the first time

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在战争结束后第一次故地重游
he has visited this part of the Park since the war.

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艾森豪威尔说过 Tunny密码的破解
General Eisenhower said Tunny decrypts

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至少让战争缩短了两年时间
shortened the war by at least two years.

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想当年 这里热闹极了
In its heyday, the place was really buzzing.

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成百上千人在这儿拼命工作
Thousands of people working here, hard.

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现在却破败成这样 真叫人难过
Very disappointing to see it in this shape.

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支援Testery小组的 是一个巨大的团队
The Testery were backed by a huge team of people

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他们从破译的电文中 源源不断地收集着各种情报
processing the information gained from the broken codes.

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虽然后人修复了布莱切利庄园的不少地方
And while much of Bletchley has been restored,

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当时的工作场所却已经荒弃
the places that housed those workers are abandoned.

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然而 这里发生过的故事 正在慢慢浮出水面
The secrets they uncovered, though, are still coming to light.

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不为人知的历史

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二战期间 密码技术蓬勃发展
World War Two was a conflict uniquely designed

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各种加密手段层出不穷
to create secret messages and exploit them.

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二战时期 军队的机动性非常强
The rapidity and mobility of armies during the Second World War

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也就是说 快速修建一条安全的通讯线路
meant that you couldn't get your fixed-line communications,

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比以前困难了许多
which are much more secure, up quickly enough.

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因此 无线电技术开始被广泛使用
So increasingly, they came to rely upon radio technology

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当然 无线电信号对所有人都是公开的
and radio technology, of course, is broadcast to the world

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它也会被敌人截获到
and they would, therefore, be able to intercept it.

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这是一个巨大的弱点
It's a considerable weakness.

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如果能破解敌人的加密规则
If you could break into the right encoding system

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胜利便唾手可得
then you could deliver victory.

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这就是布莱切利的战略目标
That was what Bletchley was built to do and their most secret

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其中最精彩的一场胜利
and stunning success came against a code

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就是破译了被他们叫作Tunny
which they nicknamed "Tunny"

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被德军叫作Lorenz的密码
and the Germans called "Lorenz".

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一直以来 这种密码被高度保密
Its existence was a tightly guarded secret.

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即使是现在 它也并不为多数人所知
Even now it's not common knowledge.

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Tunny密码是用一种新的密码机生成的
Tunny was generated by a new top-secret machine,

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希特勒给它取名为“Geheimschreiber”
a device Hitler called his "Geheimschreiber" -

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也就是“密写机”
"The secrets writer".

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要搞清德军为什么需要Tunny密码
To understand its genesis and the need for this super code,

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我们要先了解这套系统的前身
you first have to look at the system that preceded it.

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也就是Enigma密码
Enigma.

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布莱切利早期的大部分工作
Enigma would dominate

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都集中在破译Engima上
the early work of the codebreakers

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它无疑是一个强劲的对手
of Bletchley Park, and it was a formidable opponent.

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瞧 这就是Enigma密码机
Well, this is an Enigma machine, a type of cipher machine

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在二战期间 它被德军广泛使用
that was used throughout the Second World War by the Germans.

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当时 他们相信这种机器生成的密码
Throughout the Second World War, they believed that the ciphers

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是不可能被破译的
that were made on this machine could not be broken.

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如果我按下字母N 那么字母W会发光
If I press the key for letter "N", lamp "W" lights up on this occasion.

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也就是说 N被加密为W
So "N" would be enciphered into "W".

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假如我松开 然后再次按下字母N
If I release my finger and press "N" a second time,

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那么这次 发光的字母变成了M
on this occasion, lamp "M" lights up,

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这是因为 机器内部有一组马达
and the reason for that is the rotors at the back of the machine have moved

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每当我按键时 马达就会转动 改变内部电路
each time I press a key and that changes the internal wiring.

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Enigma密码保护着德军的无线电通讯
Enigma masked Germany's wireless traffic.

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当时负责监听莫尔斯电码通讯的
The Morse code transmissions that were monitored

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是英国的“Y电台”
back in Britain by "Y Stations",

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它是一个监听与记录电台
monitoring and recording stations,

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其操作员几乎全部是女性
operated almost exclusively by women.

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自从一战以来 我们下大力气
From the First World War, there was considerable emphasis put on

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提高了接收机的质量
the quality of wireless receivers.

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也许你会认为 对于无线电通讯来说
You might think that the most important thing in wireless

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最重要的是发报机 或是传输信号的媒介
is the transmitter or the medium, the ether through which messages travel,

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但对于译码者来说
but for the cryptographers,

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关键在于接收机的灵敏度
the main thing was the quality of the receiver,

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在于对最细微信号的捕捉
being able to pick up the last lingering trace of a message,

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在这方面 英国的无线电专家
and that was where the British radio engineers

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要远远超过德国的同行
were considerably more advanced than their German counterparts,

135
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德国人根本不相信 他们的信息
and the Germans simply didn't believe that their messages

136
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居然能在如此遥远的距离之外被截获到
could be picked up as far away as they were.

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比如 他们不相信来自苏联的无线电信息
They didn't believe that messages from Russia, for example,

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能在英国上空捕捉到
could be picked up in Britain.

139
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最初的几年里 这些监听电台
For the first years of the war those listening posts

140
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全都用于收集和记录Enigma的密码通信
were dedicated to picking up Enigma traffic.

141
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1941年时 他们开始收到一种
Then, in 1941, a new and strange sound

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奇特的新信号
began to be picked out from the ether.

143
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英国人第一次听到这种信号时
"A new kind of music", it was described as

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他们称它为“全新的音乐”
by the British listeners when they first heard it.

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演奏这音乐的 是一种新式密码机
This strange music was a new coding machine delivering messages

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它不再使用莫尔斯电码 换成了电传打字
not by Morse, but by teleprinter.

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这场没有硝烟的信息战
The information war

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即将在全新的领域继续蔓延
was about to move into new territory.

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“密写机”

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电传密码的出现 给布莱切利带来了直接的影响
The advent of machine-made codes had one immediate effect

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那就是
on Bletchley Park -

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他们开始招募数学家
they began to recruit mathematicians.

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数学家给人们的印象 往往是一群不可理喻的怪人
Mathematicians were regarded as weird, incomprehensible people

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那时 他们还没有意识到 数学家将为译码工作
and it just wasn't really understood what contribution

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作出巨大的贡献
they could make to code-breaking.

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崭露头角的密码机 包括Enigma等等
These machine ciphers that were introduced, Enigma and so on,

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还有其他种类的密码
and there were others as well,

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都是极其复杂的数学问题
are incredibly complex mathematically.

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英国的译码人员大多是语言专家
the British code-breakers were wordsmiths,

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比如说 古文字破译家什么的
people who translated ancient documents for example,

161
00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:41,200
因为密码毕竟跟语言有关系
cos it was all about words,

162
00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:44,440
但到二战时 译码工作开始更多地依赖数学
but in the Second World War it was much more about mathematics.

163
00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:47,400
数学家们走到了前台
The mathematicians were thrown into the front line

164
00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:50,200
着手破解这种新的谜团
against this new mystery system.

165
00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:53,240
虽然纳粹认为 Enigma已是坚不可摧
Even though the Nazis believed Enigma was unbreakable,

166
00:10:53,240 --> 00:10:56,000
希特勒仍然要求提高密码的安全性
Hitler demanded more security.

167
00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:03,040
他的指挥风格 需要一种更加直接的新型通信网
His style of command called for a new and more direct

168
00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:07,280
它必须能传输更多信息
communications network. It would carry more information

169
00:11:07,280 --> 00:11:11,440
并取代现有的莫尔斯电码通讯
and supersede the tangle of Morse traffic which his forces generated.

170
00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:14,000
当战争开始的时候
Enigma was really out of date technology

171
00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:15,800
Enigma密码已经有些过时了
by the time the war started.

172
00:11:15,800 --> 00:11:18,080
它需要三名操作员协作
Three operators were required

173
00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:20,920
而接收方也要有三名操作员
and then another three operators at the receiving end.

174
00:11:20,920 --> 00:11:24,960
其中一个人在键盘上敲字母
There'd be the guy who actually typed the message,

175
00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:29,200
而他的搭档必须耐心地把亮起的字母
the operator would have an assistant who would painstakingly note down

176
00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:31,280
一个个抄写下来
the letters as they lit up,

177
00:11:31,280 --> 00:11:34,720
然后再把手写的密文交给发报员
and then that would be handed over to a radio operator

178
00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,760
把它变成莫尔斯电码 “嘀嘀嗒”
who would translate that into the "dit-dit-da" of Morse code.

179
00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:43,040
另一方需要进行相反的操作
And then the process was reversed at the other end.

180
00:11:43,040 --> 00:11:46,120
这么算来 每使用Enigma传递一条信息
So you had six people co-operating in the transmission

181
00:11:46,120 --> 00:11:48,760
都得由六个人来协作 过程笨拙而低效
of a single message with Enigma. Very slow, very clumsy.

182
00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:54,200
所以 现代战争中所需的海量信息
So the vast volumes of information needed to fight a modern war

183
00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:58,680
已经远远超出了Enigma系统的处理能力
at that time would simply have overwhelmed a system

184
00:11:58,680 --> 00:12:02,160
因此 他们要发明一种全新的方法
based upon using an Enigma machine, so they needed something which would

185
00:12:02,160 --> 00:12:04,920
来应对巨大的信息吞吐量
cope with the throughput of information required.

186
00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:11,640
这就是希特勒理想中的机器
And this is it. The machine Hitler had dreamed of.

187
00:12:11,640 --> 00:12:14,320
Lorenz SZ40
The Lorenz SZ40.

188
00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:16,520
盟军把它叫做Tunny
Or as the Allies called it, "Tunny".

189
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,440
这是为数不多的样例机之一
This is an example, quite a rare example,

190
00:12:22,440 --> 00:12:25,880
让我向您展示Lorenz的加密过程
of what is called a Lorenz enciphering attachment.

191
00:12:25,880 --> 00:12:28,280
这台机器相当复杂
Quite a complicated machine.

192
00:12:28,280 --> 00:12:32,000
我打开盖子 你可以看看里面的组成
If I lift up the cover and show you the interior.

193
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,480
这台密码机一共有12个转子
If you count up, you'll find that this device has got 12 wheels in it.

194
00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:40,600
和Enigma相比 Lorenz要复杂得多
The Lorenz was much more sophisticated than Enigma.

195
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:43,280
发送方的操作员只需输入明文
The operator at one end typed in plaintext

196
00:12:43,280 --> 00:12:46,440
而接收方就能直接收到明文
and the operator at the other end received the plaintext

197
00:12:46,440 --> 00:12:49,240
它会自动打印下来 不需要人工干预
on his teleprinter without any intervention on his part.

198
00:12:51,320 --> 00:12:54,880
当Lorenz密码机工作时 它会将输入的信息
The way in which this Lorenz cipher machine worked was it would apply

199
00:12:54,880 --> 00:12:57,080
用两个密钥进行两次加密
two layers, two keys, to your message,

200
00:12:57,080 --> 00:13:00,440
也就是说 它不只是进行了一轮加密 而是两轮
so it wouldn't encipher it once, it would encipher it twice.

201
00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:07,360
第一轮加密用到了5个转子
The first encipher used five wheels.

202
00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:09,680
然后 第二轮加密
Then they would apply a second key

203
00:13:09,680 --> 00:13:13,600
用到了类似的另外5个转子 剩下2个转子
and this used similar five wheels and they had another two wheels

204
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:17,320
被我们称作“口吃码”
that were called, what we called "stutters" in the key.

205
00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:20,160
它会随机产生重复的字符
And then that would generate a repeat character

206
00:13:20,160 --> 00:13:21,800
这样做的目的
and this was in order to try

207
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:24,840
是为了向密钥中引入更多的随机性
and introduce this apparent randomness into the key.

208
00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:29,560
在12个转子的作用下 这台无比强大的密码机
The 12 wheels made the machine an awesome generator of code

209
00:13:29,560 --> 00:13:32,280
能够产生的密钥序列
and the number of potential ciphering possibilities

210
00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:33,720
一共有...
multiplied out as...

211
00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:53,040
1600万亿种不同的组合
which equalled 1.6 million billion combinations.

212
00:13:55,680 --> 00:13:57,520
Lorenz的另一项创新在于
Another innovation saw the Lorenz

213
00:13:57,520 --> 00:14:02,360
它将电传打字的编码 作为设计的基础
incorporate the natural code of the teleprinter into its basic design.

214
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,804
它非常类似于现代的二进制编码 内容只有0和1
It's kind of modern binary code really. It's zeroes and ones

215
00:14:07,805 --> 00:14:10,626
Lorenz密码机以这种编码为基础
and they just took the teleprinter code

216
00:14:10,627 --> 00:14:12,080
对它进行直接加密
and they encrypted that.

217
00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:18,600
在Lorenz密码机里 明文字母A
With the Lorenz enciphering device, the plain text letter "A"

218
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:23,200
会和另一个随机字母
was changed by a machine which actually added to it

219
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,760
进行加法操作 比如说和K相加
a pseudo-random character, for example, the letter "K"

220
00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:31,360
它在电传打字机里的编码是...
might have been used, for which the teleprinter code was this -

221
00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:37,120
4个x和一个点 然后 两个字母要进行一种
four crosses and a dot and these two characters were then combined

222
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:41,160
名叫“加法”的操作（译注：实际操作叫做“异或”）
together by a process which is sometimes called "addition".

223
00:14:41,160 --> 00:14:45,600
规则是 如果两个符号相同 那么结果是一个点
If the two elements were the same then the result was always a dot.

224
00:14:47,320 --> 00:14:51,280
如果两个符号不同 那么结果是一个x
But if they were different, the answer was a cross.

225
00:14:51,280 --> 00:14:54,040
这一位相同 所以是点
And here, they're the same so it's a dot.

226
00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:56,400
我们把这一组符号
And if you looked at that set of impulses in terms of

227
00:14:56,400 --> 00:14:59,040
在国际电传代码表中对照
the standard international teleprinter code,

228
00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:01,680
就会查到它们对应着字母N
you would find that that was, in fact, the letter "N".

229
00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:04,880
这样 A就被加密成了N
The letter "A" has been enciphered to "N"

230
00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:08,200
使用的密钥是K
by adding this random character "K" to it.

231
00:15:08,200 --> 00:15:11,480
现在 假设我们是接收消息的电台
Now, at the receiving station, of course,

232
00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:13,480
我们收到了加密的信息N
the letter "N" is the cipher message

233
00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:18,800
它的编码是这样的...
and we already know that that's going to come in, in terms of this pattern.

234
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:20,800
接下来的过程很有趣
And now, a little bit of magic...

235
00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:24,840
如果接收方使用相同的密钥
If at the receiving station the same random character that was used

236
00:15:24,840 --> 00:15:28,680
对密文进行完全相同的操作
by the sender was combined with it, in the same way...

237
00:15:31,360 --> 00:15:36,840
也就是“加法”... 这两位不相同 结果是x
Adding up... Two, these are different so the result's a cross.

238
00:15:36,840 --> 00:15:39,520
不相同 结果是x 相同 结果是点
They're different, the result's a cross. Same, a dot.

239
00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:43,120
相同 点 这两位也相同 也是点
These two are the same, a dot. And these two are the same, a dot.

240
00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:46,200
结果就是这样 如果我们看看上面
The result would be that. And if we look back,

241
00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:49,040
会发现这正是字母A
that of course is the old character "A"

242
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:51,640
于是我们便得到了原文
which was the original plaintext.

243
00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:55,320
当时 使用这种新型密码机的电台
The actual number of teleprinters using this code

244
00:15:55,320 --> 00:15:58,360
连30个都不到
in the new network was less than 30.

245
00:15:58,360 --> 00:16:01,760
但它们构筑了德军的指挥中枢
But they were the lifeblood of the German command,

246
00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:03,880
源源不断地将作战命令
feeding out to the furthest fingertips

247
00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:05,640
送往第三帝国的疆界
of the Third Reich's reach.

248
00:16:06,920 --> 00:16:08,560
更重要的是
More importantly,

249
00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:11,760
前线的德国将军需要随时了解全局的战情
as many of the generals needed information about other campaigns

250
00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:15,400
也就是说 只要破解了任何一条通讯线路
as well as their own, one line of traffic could produce an insight

251
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:18,880
就能掌握德军的全盘动向
into the entire German war effort.

252
00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:21,640
这份诱人的回报 摆在译码者的面前
This was the prize awaiting the codebreakers.

253
00:16:24,760 --> 00:16:25,928
为实现这个目标
To get to it,

254
00:16:25,929 --> 00:16:28,120
他们必须破译这种无人理解的密码
they had to crack a code no-one understood,

255
00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:31,800
它来自于不知名的密码机
produced by a machine no-one had seen,

256
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:35,120
而可能的密钥数量
and with a range of possible encryptions

257
00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:37,320
远远超过任何人的想象
that were utterly unimaginable.

258
00:16:44,716 --> 00:16:51,313
蓄势待发

259
00:16:54,480 --> 00:16:58,000
这个不可能完成的任务
To defeat the impossible machine, Bletchley would turn to

260
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:01,320
落在了一位24岁的数学家Bill Tutte肩上
a 24-year-old mathematician called Bill Tutte.

261
00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:15,760
1917年 Bill生于纽马克特
Bill was born in Newmarket in 1917, the son of a gardener

262
00:17:15,760 --> 00:17:18,600
父亲在当地的马场Fitzroy House当园丁
at Fitzroy House, a local racing stable.

263
00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:31,200
他从小就展露出过人的才智
As a child, his keen intelligence soon showed itself.

264
00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,440
获得了剑桥郡中学的奖学金
He gained a scholarship to Cambridge and County High School.

265
00:17:36,280 --> 00:17:39,240
拿到奖学金后 Bill叔叔
After winning the scholarship, Uncle Bill faced

266
00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:41,960
克服了更大的困难 上学的路途很遥远
the even greater feat of getting to and from the school,

267
00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:47,440
来回都要走将近20公里的路
which was roughly a 12-mile journey there and then 12 miles back again.

268
00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:50,240
没毅力的人可坚持不下来
So he definitely had a lot of determination.

269
00:17:50,240 --> 00:17:52,320
在这里 他成绩优异
At his new school he excelled,

270
00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:54,960
每一门课程都名列前茅
winning prizes in every subject.

271
00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:59,920
我猜 他肯定觉得学校无趣透顶
I imagine he might have been frustrated at the school itself

272
00:17:59,920 --> 00:18:04,360
因为他比其他同学强太多了
in that he was apparently so much ahead of all the other pupils

273
00:18:04,360 --> 00:18:07,280
也许会和大家有些格格不入
so he would've been a bit isolated in that respect, I imagine.

274
00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:18,520
1935年 他进入剑桥的三一学院
In 1935, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge

275
00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:21,320
学习化学 后来钻研数学
where he studied chemistry and then mathematics.

276
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:26,080
布莱切利庄园向来善于招收各类顶尖人才
Bletchley's habit of raiding the best academic talent

277
00:18:26,080 --> 00:18:28,520
1941年 Bill也应邀加入这里
meant that Bill was sent to the Park in 1941,

278
00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:32,160
但并非每个人都注意到了他的潜力
although not everyone recognised his potential.

279
00:18:32,160 --> 00:18:34,960
阿兰·图灵首先面试了他
He first was interviewed by Alan Turing

280
00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:39,040
结果 他没被选入Enigma破译组
and was not chosen to work on the Enigma project.

281
00:18:39,040 --> 00:18:43,520
不过 对于Bill来说 这算是一件好事
However, that was the best thing that could have happened to Bill.

282
00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:46,320
他被John Tileman看中
Instead, he was chosen by John Tiltman

283
00:18:46,320 --> 00:18:48,960
加入了研究小组
to be part of the research group.

284
00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:52,880
他们都是密码界的精英
They were the cream of the cryptographic people.

285
00:18:54,680 --> 00:18:57,520
而且Bill加入的时机也正合适
Bill found himself in the right place at the right time.

286
00:18:57,520 --> 00:18:59,760
因为在毫无头绪的几个月后
Because after months of fruitless examination,

287
00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,760
这个研究Tunny密码的小组
the team working on the invincible Tunny code

288
00:19:02,760 --> 00:19:04,960
突然收到了一份大礼
were about to be gifted a way in.

289
00:19:11,488 --> 00:19:17,793
拨云见日

290
00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:24,960
刚开始的时候 德国人很大意
At the beginning, the Germans were very sloppy.

291
00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:28,560
显然 这是因为他们非常相信新型密码机
They obviously had so much confidence in the machine,

292
00:19:28,560 --> 00:19:31,240
他们太过自信了
they were over-confident.

293
00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:35,480
凭着这一点 我们才有所突破
In fact, this is how we came to break the system.

294
00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:39,560
要破译密码 需要积累足够的深度
You need depth to break any cipher.

295
00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:44,200
所谓“深度” 指的是多条信息
By depth, I mean a number of messages sent using the same key

296
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:45,520
用完全一致的密钥和方法进行加密
or the same system.

297
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,520
1941年8月30日
30th August, 1941.

298
00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:54,120
一位德国发报员把一封长达4000字的电文
A German operator had a long message of 4,000 characters

299
00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:56,080
从雅典发往维也纳
to be sent from Athens to Vienna.

300
00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:04,360
电文发出后 他们收到了回应
What happened is they sent the message

301
00:20:04,360 --> 00:20:07,960
对方说 “我好像没有收到
and the person at the end said, "Well, I didn't quite get that.

302
00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:09,560
“请再发一次？”
"Can you send it again?"

303
00:20:23,640 --> 00:20:26,920
这位发报员把电文又发了一遍
The German operator went and sent it again,

304
00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:29,400
但他没有更换密钥
but he didn't change the wheel settings,

305
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:33,280
于是 我们就得到了一组“深度”
and so we got what we called the depth,

306
00:20:33,280 --> 00:20:36,640
也就是用相同密钥加密的两条不同的电文
two messages with exactly the same encryption.

307
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:43,920
他用完全相同的加密方法
So he sends the same message

308
00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:45,000
发送了两次相同的信息
on the same setting,

309
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,640
但当他第二次发送电文时
and the trouble is then that when he resends it,

310
00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:53,120
和上一次有些细微的不同
he makes slight differences in the punctuation,

311
00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:56,160
所以 两份电文并非完全一致
so the message isn't quite the same as it was.

312
00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:01,806
他把“Nummer” 也就是德语的“数字”
He abbreviated Nummer, the German word for "number",

313
00:21:01,807 --> 00:21:02,840
缩写成“Nr”
to "Nr",

314
00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:06,800
这样可以少打“umme”几个字母
so he didn't have to type in the U-M-M-E every time,

315
00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:09,920
总之 只要能用缩写的地方 他全都用了缩写
and anything he could abbreviate, he'd abbreviate it.

316
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:15,640
一个电台截获了这些电文
An intercept station picked up these messages.

317
00:21:20,920 --> 00:21:24,320
发现它们来自电传打字机
They realised that they were radio teleprinter.

318
00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:33,080
一名信差把电文送到了布莱切利庄园
The message was sent to Bletchley via a despatch rider.

319
00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:34,280
在获取电文后
When it got there,

320
00:21:34,280 --> 00:21:36,676
第一个着手研究它的
the first person to attack it

321
00:21:36,677 --> 00:21:39,200
是著名的译码员John Tiltman
was legendary codebreaker John Tiltman.

322
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,040
一战时 他曾是一名普通的士兵
A former frontline soldier in World War One,

323
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:44,240
获得过军功十字章
Tiltman was awarded the Military Cross.

324
00:21:44,240 --> 00:21:46,080
他凭借过人的语言天赋
But it was his talent for languages

325
00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:50,560
成为了一名高级情报人员
that saw him rise through the ranks in intelligence work.

326
00:21:50,560 --> 00:21:52,800
人们普遍认为
He's generally recognised

327
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:56,160
他是二战期间 英国最优秀的译码员之一
as one of Britain's best codebreakers in the Second World war.

328
00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:59,480
在破解日本密码时 他立下了汗马功劳
He did achieve quite a lot on Japanese codes, for example.

329
00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:02,280
他自学日语只用了几个星期
He taught himself Japanese in just a few weeks.

330
00:22:02,280 --> 00:22:06,920
当他研究Lorenz密码后 意识到
But he looked at this Lorenz cipher and he was the first to realise

331
00:22:06,920 --> 00:22:10,040
这种密码是有办法破解的
that there was a method of breaking through this code.

332
00:22:16,360 --> 00:22:19,440
Lorenz密码有这样一个弱点
The Lorenz machine had a particular weakness.

333
00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:22,680
如果两条不同的消息使用相同的密钥加密
If two messages were sent with the same key sequence,

334
00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:26,280
那么 就有可能将它们还原出来
then there was a way in which the signals could be recovered.

335
00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:27,440
我来演示一下
Let me show you.

336
00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:33,160
刚才我们把一个明文A
We had a message earlier where the plaintext was letter A

337
00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:36,720
加上机器生成的密钥K
and the pseudo-random character generated by the machine was K,

338
00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:39,320
结果得到了密文N
and the result turned out to be the letter N.

339
00:22:39,320 --> 00:22:43,560
假如我们将另一份明文B
Now, suppose another plaintext message B was sent

340
00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:45,200
用同样的密钥进行加密
using the same key.

341
00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:50,880
于是会得到密文P
Then on this occasion the answer to that in fact turns out to be P.

342
00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:52,320
过程我就不写了
I'm not going to show that,

343
00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:54,720
和刚才的做法是一样的
but it's the same procedure as we used before.

344
00:22:54,720 --> 00:22:56,680
之前我讲过
Now, we saw previously

345
00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:00,640
只要把密钥K和密文进行相加 就能还原出明文
that if you add K to this message you recover the plaintext.

346
00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:04,720
那么 如果我们把两个等式相加
Suppose you add those up,

347
00:23:04,720 --> 00:23:09,400
左边就变成了A+B+K+K
so that on the left-hand side you've got A + B + K + K.

348
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:13,040
根据运算规则 如果两个元素相同
Now, the elements of those two in each case will be identical,

349
00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:14,680
它们会互相抵消
they'll cancel each other out,

350
00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:18,320
这样 我们就消去了K
and in effect the K disappears from the equation.

351
00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:21,600
当然 右边是N+P
And of course, on the right-hand side we've got N + P.

352
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:26,240
在电码表里 N+P的结果是字母G
N + P, from the teleprinter code, is in fact the letter G.

353
00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:29,320
那么 我们现在又得到了
And so we can say that this is what we've got.

354
00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:33,160
两条密文的和 字母G
We've got G, the sum of the two pieces of cipher text,

355
00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:37,640
现在的问题是 有没有办法把它
and the question is, is it possible to decompose that

356
00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:42,800
拆分成原始的消息 也就是A和B呢？
back into the original messages, which were of course A and B?

357
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:44,960
这样 我们的目的就能达到了
That was what we would like to do.

358
00:23:44,960 --> 00:23:47,760
从数学上讲 这是无法做到的
Well, there's no mathematical way of doing it,

359
00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:50,440
不过 还是有一种可行的方法
but one way in which it CAN be done

360
00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:54,480
那就是通过常识去猜测可能的答案
is to make an inspired guess for one of those answers.

361
00:23:54,480 --> 00:23:57,120
假设我们猜测
Suppose, for example, we made a lucky guess

362
00:23:57,120 --> 00:24:00,800
第一条消息的内容是A
that the first message was just the letter A.

363
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:05,120
那么我们把G和A相加
Then if you take the G we've got and add A to it,

364
00:24:05,120 --> 00:24:08,280
根据电传码表 G和A相加的结果
then from the teleprinter code, if you add G and A together

365
00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:11,560
恰好是B 也就是第二条消息
you discover that you do get B, the second one.

366
00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:15,840
如果两条消息都能说通 就说明我们猜对了
And so if this make sense, that makes sense, and you've got a result.

367
00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:19,640
我再举一个更有意义的例子
A second, more convincing example, perhaps, is this one,

368
00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:22,120
这次的消息有六个字母
which is based upon six letters.

369
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:30,120
如果这六个字母
..is the sum of, in teleprinter world,

370
00:24:30,120 --> 00:24:34,080
是英国的两座大城市名称的和
the names of two principal cities in the United Kingdom.

371
00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:36,480
那么 我们怎样才能知道
Now, the question is, could we resolve that

372
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:38,800
这两座城市的名称呢？
into the actual names of these cities?

373
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:41,400
布莱切利的译码员使用的方法
And the method they used at Bletchley was based upon

374
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,880
就是灵感和耐心
intuition and perseverance.

375
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:48,720
如果它代表着两座大城市
For example, if you've got two important towns here,

376
00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:51,920
我们不妨假设其中的一个是伦敦
it's conceivable that one of them might well be London.

377
00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:53,760
不妨试一下...
And so a good try...

378
00:24:56,400 --> 00:25:00,520
然后把字母逐个相加
And then proceed to add these pairs of letters together

379
00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:05,880
就用我刚才讲解过的方法
using the teleprinter code method I showed you earlier.

380
00:25:05,880 --> 00:25:08,000
我现在就不一一计算了
We won't do those. It'll take us too long.

381
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:14,240
总之 会得出这个结果（Oxford，牛津）
But I assure you that if you do, you come up with this result.

382
00:25:14,463 --> 00:25:17,880
也许你会说 这只是巧合 还可能有别的答案
Now, it might be argued that that could have occurred by chance,

383
00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:19,680
但是 巧合的几率微乎其微
but it's very unlikely,

384
00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:23,640
这就是布莱切利的工作人员
and so this approach was one that was used at Bletchley Park

385
00:25:23,640 --> 00:25:27,200
用来拆分电文的方法
to decompose these combined messages.

386
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:29,840
当John Tiltman上校拿到这样的电文后
Colonel John Tiltman would take such a message

387
00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:32,760
他会用一小段德文
and he would use a plausible piece of German,

388
00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:36,640
用他认为最可能出现在开头的内容 开始试探
something he thought might well occur at the beginning of one of the messages,

389
00:25:36,640 --> 00:25:38,560
将它和密文相加
add it into the composite

390
00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:42,320
看结果是不是有意义的德文
and see if something in plausible Germanic came out as a result.

391
00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:50,080
Tileman花了10天时间手工破译这些密电
Tiltman took ten days to hand-break and unravel the transmission.

392
00:25:52,560 --> 00:25:56,520
这次破译很了不起 他成功地分离了密文
In his extraordinary feat, he manages to extract from this

393
00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:58,400
他从一份电文中
the cipher text,

394
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:02,080
同时找出了密钥和明文
what was the cipher text, what was added to the plaintext.

395
00:26:02,080 --> 00:26:04,920
这次成功意义非凡
It was a phenomenal piece of decryption.

396
00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:07,120
但他没能找到一种
But it still didn't help the team understand

397
00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:09,520
破译所有Tunny密码的通用方法
how they could regularly read Tunny.

398
00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:15,480
他琢磨不出这种密码机的工作原理
He couldn't work out the system - how the machine worked,

399
00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:18,480
这项任务落在了Bill Tutte的肩上
and the job was passed to Bill Tutte.

400
00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:20,803
根据Tutte的回忆
Tutte sort of recalls it

401
00:26:20,804 --> 00:26:23,760
当时完全是“死马当做活马医”
as almost an act of desperation -

402
00:26:23,760 --> 00:26:25,820
“嗯 这玩意儿我们是无能为力了
"Oh, well, we can't work it out -

403
00:26:25,821 --> 00:26:27,600
“要不你来试试吧”
here you are, you have a go at it,"

404
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,680
其实根本没抱任何希望
almost disparagingly, you know?

405
00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:33,120
Tutte经过一番研究 发现了某种规律
And Tutte sits down and he sees patterns.

406
00:26:33,120 --> 00:26:34,760
他想要找出密文中的规律
He's looking for patterns.

407
00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:51,800
他把这份4000字的电文纵向抄写在格子里
And he did put this 4,000-word message into columns

408
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:54,480
做成了一张表格
and made a rectangle out of it,

409
00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:58,240
他想找出合适的表格长度
and he thought about what might be a useful length of this.

410
00:26:58,240 --> 00:27:01,120
突然 他注意到 在整张表格中
And then he noticed that there were certain repetitions

411
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:04,080
有些内容反复出现
that went across the rectangle.

412
00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:16,800
他发现 似乎每隔23个字母 就会有一次循环
He realises that there seems to be a pattern every 23 times, a rotation.

413
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:21,800
他想 或许有25个齿轮 所以他把23跟25乘起来
He thinks it might be 25, so he tries multiplying 23 by 25

414
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:25,160
想看看在第575行是否有类似的循环
to see if the pattern extends along that.

415
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:28,160
结果没有
And it doesn't quite work,

416
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:33,640
不过 在第574行却有这样的循环
but the pattern does extend along 574.

417
00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:36,720
于是他大胆设想
So he thinks then,

418
00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:39,920
嗯 也许每41次 密钥就变一次
"Ah, well, maybe it's 41,"

419
00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,400
因为41刚好能被574除尽
because 41 is a prime number of 574.

420
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:49,320
而密码机的转子不可能有574个齿轮
You wouldn't have a machine that rotated through 574 positions.

421
00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:53,040
“也许就是41” 他尝试了一下 成功了
"Maybe it's 41." And he tried it, and it worked.

422
00:28:03,720 --> 00:28:06,480
他推断
From that, he began to deduce,

423
00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:10,400
既然每41个字母就有一次循环
"Well, this starts repeating itself after 41 strokes,"

424
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:12,640
那么密文就会有规律
that you get a certain resonance

425
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,920
尽管它还被其他的因素所影响
that even though it's affected by other impulses,

426
00:28:15,920 --> 00:28:21,960
但最重要的是 每41个字母之后 密钥有重复
the dominant thing is here the fact that you get this resonance after 41.

427
00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:25,880
于是他想 “对 第一个转子的大小是41”
So he says, "Well, I think the first wheel in this has 41 spokes."

428
00:28:25,880 --> 00:28:28,720
然后他开始继续判断第二个转子 这样继续下去
Then he starts working on the second wheel, and so forth.

429
00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:34,680
那段时间我几乎一直和Bill Tutte共事
I was working in the same office as Bill Tutte for most of that time,

430
00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:41,120
直到现在 我还记得他会时不时专注地望向远方
and I can still remember him staring into the middle distance

431
00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:45,840
或在一张张的稿纸上数着什么
and making counts on reams and reams of paper.

432
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,360
当时 我还怀疑他到底有没有进展呢
And I used to wonder whether he was actually doing anything!

433
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:56,040
天哪 岂止是有进展！真的太了不起了
My word, he was! The most extraordinary achievement.

434
00:28:58,960 --> 00:29:00,482
凭借着Tutte的观察能力
Using Tutte's insight

435
00:29:00,483 --> 00:29:02,440
以及一种名为Turingery的方法
and a method known as Turingery,

436
00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:04,791
Testery小组用锲而不舍的努力
the Testery applied brute mental force

437
00:29:04,792 --> 00:29:05,760
攻破了这种密码
to break the code.

438
00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:07,520
后来人们发现
As they did, it became apparent

439
00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:11,160
Tunny密电传递的情报 都具有极高的价值
just what a valuable source of information Tunny would prove to be.

440
00:29:11,160 --> 00:29:16,800
我们看到了电文的签署人和收件人
We saw the signatories and we saw who the messages were sent to.

441
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:19,960
都是一些熟悉的名字
So we were well aware of all that.

442
00:29:19,960 --> 00:29:22,040
它们包括
And they included

443
00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:26,080
陆军元帅凯特尔 德军总统帅
Field Marshal Keitel, who was the head of the whole German army,

444
00:29:26,080 --> 00:29:28,040
如雷贯耳的名字
which was not a bad start,

445
00:29:28,040 --> 00:29:31,880
还有约德尔 他是德国的陆军大将
and Jodl, who was the Chief of Staff of the German army,

446
00:29:31,880 --> 00:29:34,680
也是德军的作战部长
in other words the chief operating officer,

447
00:29:34,680 --> 00:29:36,920
还有他的副手 瓦利蒙特
and his number two, Warlimont.

448
00:29:36,920 --> 00:29:39,960
到了1944年 又出现了一个新名字
But in 1944 they were joined by a fourth -

449
00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:43,680
阿道夫·希特勒本人
Adolf Hitler himself.

450
00:29:45,480 --> 00:29:49,360
我们仿佛身处高级军官的会议室
You're almost in the High Command meeting,

451
00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:51,960
他们在讨论军情 而我们在暗处
where they're working it all out.

452
00:29:51,961 --> 00:29:53,520
将一切看得一清二楚
You are almost actually the fly on the wall.

453
00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:57,640
世界上最强大的密码被攻克了
The world's toughest code had been broken.

454
00:29:57,640 --> 00:29:59,720
希特勒的秘密昭然若揭
Hitler's secrets were laid bare,

455
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:02,360
战争的局势也即将扭转
and the course of the war was about to change,

456
00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:04,960
这一切的起因 都是那位发报员
all because of one sloppy, lazy error

457
00:30:04,960 --> 00:30:07,840
犯下了懒惰的错误
by a lowly teleprinter operator.

458
00:30:07,840 --> 00:30:14,520
我觉得 这位德国发报员帮了我们一个大忙
I think this German operator did us such a huge favour,

459
00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:18,000
真应该在白厅给他修一座雕像 供后人瞻仰
I think there ought to be a statue of him in Whitehall.

460
00:30:27,506 --> 00:30:33,827
军情先机

461
00:30:38,840 --> 00:30:42,560
布莱切利庄园第一次将破译的Tunny电文派上用场
The first chance for Bletchley Park to use Tunny information in the field

462
00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:45,960
是在东线的库尔斯克战役上
came at the battle of Kursk on the eastern front.

463
00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:49,240
当时 由Ralph Tester带领的Testery小组
The Testery, the elite group commanded by Major Ralph Tester,

464
00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:52,720
仍然在人工破解这种密码
were still breaking this impenetrable code by hand.

465
00:30:52,720 --> 00:30:56,200
尽管如此 他们还是掌握了大量的情报
Even so, they had uncovered an incredible amount of information

466
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:59,600
得知德军将向苏军
regarding plans for a massive surge by Germany

467
00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:01,680
发动一场大规模突袭
against the Russian forces.

468
00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:04,720
破译出的Tunny密码显示 他们即将在东线
The Tunny decrypt showed that they were about to make

469
00:31:04,720 --> 00:31:08,480
发动一场大战
a major assault on the Russian lines,

470
00:31:08,480 --> 00:31:11,040
于是我们提前将这些告知了苏军
and we were able to warn the Russians.

471
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:20,560
不仅如此
But much more than that,

472
00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:24,600
我们还把作战部署也告诉他们了
we were able to tell them how the attack was planned.

473
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:27,240
“德军将从两面夹击”
"It's going to be a pincer attack."

474
00:31:27,240 --> 00:31:29,720
更不可思议的是
And even more astonishingly,

475
00:31:29,720 --> 00:31:33,320
我们甚至可以向他们提供整场战役的作战序列
we were able to give them the whole order of battle.

476
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:39,040
对于纳粹来说 这是扭转颓势的最后机会
It was the Nazis' last chance to put the Red Army on the back foot,

477
00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:42,280
但苏军早已准备停当 坐等敌人上门
but the Russians, forewarned and forearmed, were waiting for them.

478
00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:45,960
库尔斯克战役是有史以来规模最大的坦克会战
Kursk was both the largest armoured clash in history

479
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:49,160
其空战也史无前例地惨烈
and the single bloodiest day of aerial warfare ever.

480
00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:55,720
战役结束后 德军被打得落花流水
By the end of it, Germany's Russian campaign was in tatters

481
00:31:55,720 --> 00:31:57,924
而苏军则完全夺得了战略主动权
and the Red Army gained an initiative

482
00:31:57,925 --> 00:31:59,560
从此一路攻进柏林
they would press all the way to Berlin.

483
00:31:59,560 --> 00:32:06,240
毫无疑问 苏联人把库尔斯克战役称作“转折点”
The Russians, of course, called Kursk "the turning of the tide".

484
00:32:16,560 --> 00:32:20,680
这一役展现了破译Tunny密码的巨大贡献
Kursk proved just how important intercepted Tunny messages could be.

485
00:32:20,680 --> 00:32:22,624
不过 新的挑战也应运而生
The challenge now

486
00:32:22,625 --> 00:32:24,120
怎样提高破译效率呢？
was to accelerate the decoding process.

487
00:32:28,160 --> 00:32:31,560
这份资料提到了Bill Tutte
I've got a page up here that mentions Bill Tutte.

488
00:32:32,840 --> 00:32:36,160
上面写着 他设计了一种名叫...
It says that he invented what they call...

489
00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:37,796
“1+2的破译方法
the "1 + 2 break-in method

490
00:32:37,797 --> 00:32:41,560
“由William Tutte在1942年设计”
was invented by William Tutte in November 1942."

491
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:43,800
Bill的第一个成就是
What Bill did, his first achievement was

492
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:46,880
他分析出了密码机的结构
he actually diagnosed the machine, the structure of the machine

493
00:32:46,880 --> 00:32:50,640
他仅从截获的密电 就推断出密码的运作方式
and how the cipher worked, purely from intercepted messages.

494
00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:53,560
要知道 当时根本没人见过这种密码机
Nobody had actually seen the machine at all.

495
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,240
此后 他的第二个重要贡献在于
But then, his second major contribution

496
00:32:57,240 --> 00:33:01,680
研究出了破译这种密码的统计学方法
was working out a statistical method of cracking the machine.

497
00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:04,655
在那之前 他们一直使用的手工破译法
The hand methods that they had used up until then

498
00:33:04,656 --> 00:33:05,880
已经不起作用了
were no longer possible

499
00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:08,640
因为德国人加强了防范措施
because of extra German security measures and so on,

500
00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:12,480
就在大家即将对这些密电无计可施时
so they were coming to an end of what they could do in cracking these messages.

501
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:15,720
Tutte又想出了这种数学方法
And then Tutte worked out this method.

502
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:20,200
这种方法利用数学和统计学来破译密码
It was a mathematical and statistical attack on the coded messages,

503
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:23,560
然而 它需要对密文进行海量的检查和统计
and it required a huge amount of checking and counting of data.

504
00:33:23,560 --> 00:33:27,040
幸运的是 在布莱切利 有一个人
Luckily, at Bletchley Park there was a man who had an idea

505
00:33:27,040 --> 00:33:29,160
恰好想到了解决这个问题的方法
how this work could be done.

506
00:33:32,091 --> 00:33:35,547
机械能手

507
00:33:39,080 --> 00:33:41,800
有一个人将Bill Tutte的理论付诸实践
Putting Bill Tutte's theories into practice

508
00:33:41,800 --> 00:33:44,520
取得了二战史上
led to one of the great technological breakthroughs

509
00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:46,000
最伟大的科技突破
of the Second World War,

510
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,000
而这项成就 近60年之后 才被公诸于众
a breakthrough kept secret for nearly 60 years.

511
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:57,387
他就是英国邮政总局的一名工程师
It was made by a GPO engineer

512
00:33:57,388 --> 00:33:59,560
Tommy Flowers
called Tommy Flowers.

513
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,760
Flowers是个非常优秀的人
Flowers was a brilliant man.

514
00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:06,840
他话不多 有点内向
He was quiet, he had a slightly hesitant manner.

515
00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:08,760
一副大男孩模样
He looked very boyish,

516
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:13,800
头发总是用发油打理得整整齐齐
and with his hair perpetually smarmed back with Brilliantine,

517
00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:17,040
他看上去普普通通 一点儿也不高调
he didn't look like someone who was about to change the world.

518
00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:18,800
但他改变了整个世界
But change the world he did.

519
00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:23,840
1905年 Tommy Flowers出生于伦敦的Poplar区（译注：Poplar区位于伦敦东部 曾是一个贫民区）
Tommy Flowers was born in Poplar, London in 1905,

520
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:25,640
他的父亲是一名砖瓦匠
the son of a bricklayer.

521
00:34:25,640 --> 00:34:27,000
那儿的人们
He was born into

522
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:29,040
讲话都带着东部土音
a Cockney-speaking world,

523
00:34:29,040 --> 00:34:32,280
而Flowers说话时 也总是带着那么一点儿乡音
and Flowers kept his accent, to a greater or lesser degree,

524
00:34:32,280 --> 00:34:34,080
一辈子都没有改变
right through his life,

525
00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:35,960
他之后曾说
and he said later in life

526
00:34:35,960 --> 00:34:40,600
他的口音或多或少地局限了他的发展
that his Cockney accent had probably been a handicap to him.

527
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,480
后来 天资聪慧的他
His brilliant mind enabled him

528
00:34:43,480 --> 00:34:46,480
离开了伦敦东区 来到了外面的世界
to move out of that world into a quite different world.

529
00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:51,360
和Tutte一样 他在学校的成绩优异
Like Tutte, he was a scholarship boy,

530
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,600
但他没有去上大学 而是选择了就业
but he would gravitate to industry rather than university.

531
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,600
他做过一段时间的机工学徒
First, he did an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering

532
00:34:57,600 --> 00:34:59,920
随后 在夜校拿到了学位
before gaining a degree at night school

533
00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:02,160
最后 他来到了Dollis Hill
and then rounding off his education at Dollis Hill,

534
00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:06,120
这是邮局位于伦敦的一处研究所
the Post Office's unique research laboratory in London.

535
00:35:08,480 --> 00:35:11,280
当时 Dollis Hill的工程师们
Bletchley used the Dollis Hill engineers to help with their attempts

536
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,360
正在协助布莱切利庄园制造破译密码的机器
to harness machines to the task of codebreaking.

537
00:35:14,360 --> 00:35:19,560
就这样 Tommy受到了庄园里一位关键人物
This is how Tommy came on to the radar of a pivotal figure at the park,

538
00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:22,760
数学家Max Newman的关注
the mathematician Max Newman.

539
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:25,000
Newman发现 Tutte的译码方法
He discovered that you could mechanise

540
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:27,760
能够被机械化
Tutte's method of breaking this cipher.

541
00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:30,180
他认为 可以根据Tutte的数学原理
He understood that it was something

542
00:35:30,181 --> 00:35:31,200
建造出一台机器来
that you could put into a machine.

543
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:34,440
Max的部门名叫Newmanry
Max's department, called the Newmanry,

544
00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:37,320
他们已经造出了一台Tunny译码机
had built a machine to crack Tunny.

545
00:35:37,320 --> 00:35:42,320
不过 这台名为Heath Robinson的机器状况百出
Nicknamed Heath Robinson, it kept breaking down.

546
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:46,400
于是 Newman便让Flowers来修理Robinson
Newman brought in Flowers to fix the Robinson,

547
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:48,160
而Tommy却想到了一个更好的主意
but Tommy had a better idea.

548
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:51,490
Tommy Flowers看了看它 说
Tommy Flowers took one look at this and said,

549
00:35:51,491 --> 00:35:52,920
“我能造出更好的机器”
"I can do that better."

550
00:35:52,920 --> 00:35:57,000
我能造出可以生成密钥规律的电路
I can have the patterns generated in electronic circuits,

551
00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:03,040
只需要一条记录密文的纸带就够了
and now I've only got one tape, which is the source tape, the cipher text.

552
00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:06,560
我能以每秒5000字的速度读取它
I can read that now at 5,000 characters per second,

553
00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:09,400
而Heath Robinson的速度是每秒1000字
compared with 1,000 on Heath Robinson.

554
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:14,080
而且 我能用电路来生成密钥规律
And I can now generate these patterns in electronic circuits.

555
00:36:14,080 --> 00:36:17,280
当然 他要用海量的电子管
But, of course, that meant that he had to have

556
00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:20,520
才能实现这种功能
vast numbers of valve tubes in order to do this.

557
00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:23,200
电子管是一种脆弱的元件
Valves were flaky kind of devices,

558
00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:27,960
同时运转的电子管越多
and the more of them that you had, the greater the probability

559
00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:30,800
出问题的概率就越大
that a couple of them would be out of action at any time.

560
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:34,560
但Tommy有着丰富的实践经验
But Tommy's practical experience meant that at that time,

561
00:36:34,560 --> 00:36:37,640
在当时 他对于电子管潜力的了解
he knew more about the potential of this technology

562
00:36:37,640 --> 00:36:39,840
比任何人都多
than anyone else in the country.

563
00:36:39,840 --> 00:36:45,020
他知道 当电子管长时间持续运行时
He knew that if you left electronic valves running for a long time

564
00:36:45,020 --> 00:36:46,760
是不会出问题的
then you didn't get problems with them.

565
00:36:46,760 --> 00:36:49,160
只有当反复开关它们时 才会有麻烦
The problems arose if you kept switching them on and off.

566
00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:51,000
对于这点 Flowers充满自信
Flowers knew he was right,

567
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:54,440
于是他回到了Dollis Hill的实验室
so he just went back to his laboratory at Dollis Hill

568
00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:58,160
不声不响地开始建造这种
and quietly got on with building the electronic machine

569
00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:00,560
用于译码的电子设备
that he knew the codebreakers needed.

570
00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:21,160
这是一项浩大的工程
It was massive, the effort that was required to do it.

571
00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,752
Flowers告诉我说
Flowers told me that

572
00:37:23,753 --> 00:37:26,560
他的小组累到眼睛都睁不开了
he and his group worked until their eyes dropped out.

573
00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:30,280
当最终组装完毕时 他们试着运行了一次
Eventually, he produces this thing and they try it out,

574
00:37:30,280 --> 00:37:32,680
结果旗开得胜
and it works first time.

575
00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:34,651
“天哪 这是瞎猫撞上死耗子吧”
"Oh, gosh, that's luck."

576
00:37:34,652 --> 00:37:35,760
于是他们又试了一次
So they try it out again.

577
00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:39,440
第二次也很成功 每次都能成功运行
And it works second time, and it keeps working,

578
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:43,840
他们的心情...可以想象
every time they try it out. And they're so...you know,

579
00:37:43,840 --> 00:37:49,760
“成功了！” 他们造出了Colossus
"Good grief!" And he produces this thing called Colossus,

580
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:56,560
世界上第一台半编程型电子计算机
which is the world's first semi-programmable electronic computer.

581
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,200
这就是Colossus
This is Colossus.

582
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:23,040
我们把截获的密文
And what it did was, you took the intercepted cipher text,

583
00:38:23,040 --> 00:38:26,440
用这种纸带记录下来
on a lot of paper tape.

584
00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:31,360
也就是五位电码 密电被我们的电台截获后
Five bit code there. And that is received by us on our radio station,

585
00:38:31,360 --> 00:38:32,800
打在纸带上
planked on a paper tape,

586
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:36,200
然后从这个纸带架输入Colossus
and loaded on to this part of Colossus here, called the bedstick.

587
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:39,200
Colossus在这里储存密文
That's the part of Colossus that holds the intercepted

588
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:42,200
将它们送入一个回路中
cipher signal, and that is joined into a loop,

589
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:44,200
进行连续的读取操作
and being read continuously.

590
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:47,800
读取的速度是每秒5000字
And that is being read at 5,000 characters per second.

591
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,080
这样 数据就进入了Colossus
That's the data going into Colossus.

592
00:38:50,080 --> 00:38:55,920
输出的数据会在这个面板上显示出来
They put the results of those readings up on to a lamp panel here,

593
00:38:55,920 --> 00:39:00,240
这就是一轮运算的结果
and here are the results of a particular run.

594
00:39:00,240 --> 00:39:05,280
所以 每进行一轮读取和运算 它就会变换一次
So this is refreshed every time the tape goes round one continuous cycle.

595
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:08,760
这里有一份文档 它是在战后撰写的
We got one document that was written at the end of the war.

596
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:11,240
Colossus I型机的技术说明
A Technical Description of Colossus 1.

597
00:39:11,240 --> 00:39:14,120
它是一份技术手册
It's a sort of technical manual that describes

598
00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:17,440
记载了机器中用到的电子管
the different types of valves that were used, for example.

599
00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:20,520
以及各部分的构成
And the different parts of the machine,

600
00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:22,760
各种电子管的设计图
the circuit diagrams of the valves

601
00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:26,640
它们被应用在不同的模块里
that were used in the different parts of the machinery.

602
00:39:26,640 --> 00:39:30,880
内部码流生成器 时钟脉冲系统 各种各样的元件
Internal bitstream generators, the clock pulse system and what have you.

603
00:39:30,880 --> 00:39:35,240
这些都是现代计算机的标准部件
Which were all, nowadays are standard parts of any computer,

604
00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:39,640
但在当时 它们都是从零开始设计的
but all had to be invented for this machine from scratch.

605
00:39:39,640 --> 00:39:43,280
我刚刚说过 现代计算机继承了这些设计
Now, as I say, they have been taken over and used in modern day computers.

606
00:39:44,920 --> 00:39:47,461
尽管Colossus很先进
As innovative as it was,

607
00:39:47,462 --> 00:39:49,640
却只能破解两个chi转子
Colossus would only break the two chi wheels.

608
00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:52,400
破译Tunny密码依然需要团队协作
Decoding Tunny would still be a team effort.

609
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:56,720
破译Tunny一共有七个步骤
There were seven stages to the breaking of Tunny.

610
00:39:56,720 --> 00:40:00,000
虽然有Newmanry的机器参与
And, uh, whilst the Newmanry was established,

611
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:03,200
但它只负责其中两个步骤
the Newmanry handled two of them,

612
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:07,840
后面五步会由Testery接手
and then the Testery handled the other five.

613
00:40:13,207 --> 00:40:19,135
登陆日

614
00:40:21,680 --> 00:40:23,160
Colossus成功后
Bletchley Park's scepticism

615
00:40:23,161 --> 00:40:27,880
布莱切利原先的所有怀疑都烟消云散了
was immediately cured as soon as they saw Colossus working.

616
00:40:27,880 --> 00:40:29,360
他们想要更多机器
They wanted more machines.

617
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:35,760
于是他们狮子大开口 又订下了四台Colossus
A little unrealistically, they asked for four more Colossi

618
00:40:35,760 --> 00:40:39,560
要求在原计划的D日 也就是6月1日之前送达
by the 1st June, the projected date for D-Day.

619
00:40:39,560 --> 00:40:41,560
不过 Tommy和他的小组
As it was, Tommy and his team

620
00:40:41,560 --> 00:40:46,400
只能造出一台新机器 Mark II型
only just managed to deliver one more machine, the Mark II.

621
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:50,720
6月1日的凌晨一点
It was 1am on the 1st June,

622
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:56,480
Flowers和同事们都回家去略作休息了
and Flowers and his men just had to go home to catch some sleep.

623
00:40:56,480 --> 00:41:00,280
Flowers最得力的助手Bill Chandler
Flowers left one of his right-hand men, Bill Chandler,

624
00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:04,840
留在办公室 利用破晓前的最后几个小时继续工作
to carry on the fight alone, through the small hours of the morning.

625
00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:10,040
对于Chandler来说 这一夜很难熬 大概3点时
It was a very tough night for Chandler. He worked on, and about 3am

626
00:41:10,040 --> 00:41:14,960
他发现地上有积水
he noticed that his feet were in a pool of water.

627
00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:17,560
原来是暖气管道破掉了
A radiator pipe on the wall had burst

628
00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:22,280
水沿着地板流淌
and water was inching inexorably across the floor

629
00:41:22,280 --> 00:41:24,440
流向机器的高压元件
towards high-voltage equipment.

630
00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:26,260
我想 对于Chandler来说
It was quite dangerous, I think,

631
00:41:26,261 --> 00:41:28,080
当时风险可不小 但是他没有放弃
for Chandler, but he carried on

632
00:41:28,080 --> 00:41:30,480
他只用了短短几个小时
and eventually, in the wee small hours,

633
00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:32,520
就找到了问题所在
he tracked down the fault

634
00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:36,600
拿出烙铁修修补补
and he made some adjustments using his soldering iron,

635
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:39,400
几个小时后 当Flowers回来时
and Flowers turned up a few hours later to find

636
00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:41,080
Colossus又恢复正常了
Colossus working perfectly.

637
00:41:41,080 --> 00:41:44,360
不过 漏水的暖气片倒是一直没有修好
No one had managed to fix the leaking radiator pipe, though,

638
00:41:44,360 --> 00:41:47,360
所以 Colossus的操作员
and the people operating Colossus had to wear Wellington boots

639
00:41:47,360 --> 00:41:49,600
从此只好穿着长筒靴工作
to insulate themselves.

640
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:51,360
无论如何 Flowers完成了任务
But, Flowers beat the deadline.

641
00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:53,640
6月1日 另一台Colossus也开始运转了
It was the 1st June and Colossus was working.

642
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:59,360
这样 Colossus I号和II号
And so both Colossus I and Colossus II were in operation

643
00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:01,280
都在登陆日派上了用场
in time for the D-Day landings.

644
00:42:03,240 --> 00:42:07,480
Tunny的破译 为登陆日的成功作出了两大贡献
Tunny decrypts made two major contributions to the success of D-Day.

645
00:42:07,480 --> 00:42:11,760
第一 盟军从破译的密电中
The first was to uncover the entire defensive structure

646
00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:13,040
获悉了德军的全部防御部署
of the German army.

647
00:42:13,040 --> 00:42:15,000
在登陆日的准备过程中
The most important information

648
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,740
Tunny密电提供的最重要信息
that Lorenz provided for the run-up to D-Day

649
00:42:17,740 --> 00:42:20,800
就是德军的战斗序列
was the order of battle information,

650
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:24,240
也就是他们在防御登陆时
which give details of the aircraft, the tanks and so on

651
00:42:24,240 --> 00:42:29,800
能够部署的兵力
that were available to the Germans against the D-Day forces.

652
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:32,280
这些情报 在Enigma密电中是不可能出现的
None of this information came from Enigma intercept.

653
00:42:32,280 --> 00:42:35,600
这里甚至标注了战斗机的维护工作
Even got details of aircraft being refitted

654
00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:38,560
还有转移记录
or moved around and so on.

655
00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:41,160
所以 我们对德国空军的了解
So we had as much information about the German air force

656
00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:43,000
跟他们自己一样多
as the German air force itself had.

657
00:42:46,520 --> 00:42:48,880
另一大贡献
The other contribution was to eavesdrop

658
00:42:48,880 --> 00:42:51,160
是通过窃听纳粹的通讯
on conversations which confirmed

659
00:42:51,160 --> 00:42:54,000
确认他们已经被“刚毅行动”所蒙骗
that the Nazis had fallen for Operation Fortitude,

660
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:55,600
相信盟军将进攻加莱
the fake invasion of Calais.

661
00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:01,800
希特勒中了我们的计
Hitler had swallowed our deception campaigns,

662
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:05,880
他被假情报所惑 以为进攻将从多佛海峡开始
Hitler was convinced the attack was coming across the Straits of Dover,

663
00:43:05,880 --> 00:43:07,480
而诺曼底只是一场佯攻
and that Normandy was a feint.

664
00:43:11,640 --> 00:43:14,440
将军们经验老道
These generals, being professionals,

665
00:43:14,440 --> 00:43:17,560
他们计划在诺曼底一带展开登陆
wanted it to be in the Normandy region.

666
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:26,920
希特勒自恃有优势 所以我们知道
Hitler won out, so we knew that the Normandy region

667
00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:31,360
诺曼底的防御并没有达到最高水准
was less well-defended than it could have been.

668
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,360
随着欧洲战事的继续
As the war through Europe progressed,

669
00:43:58,360 --> 00:44:01,040
盟军从Tunny密电中破译的情报
the information gained from the Tunny system

670
00:44:01,040 --> 00:44:04,080
被运用得更加巧妙 更加新颖
began to be used in a more subtle and innovative way.

671
00:44:08,040 --> 00:44:10,160
这些源源不断的信息
The effect of this flow of information

672
00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:11,800
帮助我们读懂了希特勒
helped us to "read" Hitler,

673
00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:14,440
并可以预测他接下来要发出的命令
and predict the way he would react and wage war.

674
00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:20,120
知己知彼 才能百战不殆
In modern terms, it helped us to get inside his head,

675
00:44:20,120 --> 00:44:23,400
而在当时 这是很难做到的
something which up until then had been difficult to do,

676
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:26,600
因为希特勒并不是一般的将领
because Hitler didn't act like a normal military commander.

677
00:44:28,360 --> 00:44:32,920
他们认识到 不能用自己的想法去揣测希特勒
They had to learn not to think that Hitler would do what they would do,

678
00:44:32,920 --> 00:44:36,600
而要彻底搞清 他本人面对当前的局势会如何反应
but to understand how Hitler would actually react in these situations,

679
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:39,240
并如何做出常人意想不到的决策
and do things that they simply didn't expect him to do.

680
00:44:39,240 --> 00:44:42,080
比如 毫无意义地坚守某个地区
To hang on to territory when it was completely pointless.

681
00:44:42,080 --> 00:44:48,800
在意大利的战斗中 有一个很精彩的故事
And this was one of the amazing things about the war in Italy,

682
00:44:48,800 --> 00:44:51,840
不过真正理解它的人并不多
which people don't really get or understand.

683
00:44:51,840 --> 00:44:56,280
有一次 当英国人从电文中得知
Once the British know from this teleprinter link

684
00:44:56,280 --> 00:44:59,280
德军打算固守前线时
that the Germans have decided to keep the front going,

685
00:44:59,280 --> 00:45:03,720
他们不光规划了短期内的战斗
not only do they know how to shape the immediate battle,

686
00:45:03,720 --> 00:45:07,000
而且还意识到 他们可以将战局
but they also realise that they can keep the thing going

687
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:09,440
无限拖延下去
for as long as they like.

688
00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:15,200
他们能够控制战斗的进程
They can control the extent to which the battle moves forward.

689
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:19,280
进而消耗德军的资源
And by doing so, can drain away German resources,

690
00:45:19,280 --> 00:45:24,880
这样便削弱了德军在欧洲主战场的力量
which won't then be used for the main battle, the invasion of Europe.

691
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:31,920
对于热衷于密码和机械的德国人来说
This is the great irony of the Nazis' love affair

692
00:45:31,920 --> 00:45:34,680
这无疑是当头一棒
with secrets and machines.

693
00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:38,760
他们将通讯安全完全托付于这台密码机
The very devices they trusted to give them total security

694
00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:42,720
而盟军却反客为主 利用这些机器使希特勒处于被动
allowed the Allies to play Hitler like a fish on a line.

695
00:45:42,720 --> 00:45:46,200
从一开始 纳粹就犯了一个根本上的错误
From the beginning, the Nazis were in the impossible position

696
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:48,280
他们不应该完全相信这些机器
of having to trust these machines.

697
00:45:48,280 --> 00:45:51,720
最后 它们果然成为了致命的弱点
Machines which would prove to be an Achilles heel.

698
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:56,880
在纳粹的哲学里 人是不可信赖的
The Nazi philosophy led them to distrust people

699
00:45:56,880 --> 00:45:59,480
只有机器最为可靠
and to put their trust in machines,

700
00:45:59,480 --> 00:46:03,080
但这种想法的问题在于 他们必须同时相信
and the problem then is you have to accept the idea

701
00:46:03,080 --> 00:46:05,320
机器一定是完美无缺的
that the machine cannot be broken.

702
00:46:05,320 --> 00:46:07,960
事实上 任何一种密码机都有漏洞
And in fact, all of these machines are vulnerable

703
00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:10,400
只要找到破译的门道
provided you approach it in the right way

704
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:12,280
就像英国人做的那样
and that is what the British did.

705
00:46:12,280 --> 00:46:15,080
因此 纳粹德国和希特勒的机密
And the secrets of Nazi Germany, of Hitler himself,

706
00:46:15,080 --> 00:46:17,560
并非无懈可击
flowed forth because of that.

707
00:46:17,560 --> 00:46:22,400
在英国 我们只有一个译码机构
Unlike here in Britain, where we had one codebreaking organisation,

708
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:25,040
而在德国 七个不同的部门
in Germany, there were seven different organisations

709
00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:26,680
一起负责密码破译工作
involved in codebreaking.

710
00:46:26,680 --> 00:46:29,760
这些部门之间的内耗非常严重
And they spent a lot of their time just fighting one another -

711
00:46:29,760 --> 00:46:33,240
有一次 他们甚至公然在大街上大打出手
even, on one occasion, actually physically fighting on the street.

712
00:46:33,240 --> 00:46:35,720
所以 他们是无法像英国的译码部门这样
So it couldn't bring together a mass of people

713
00:46:35,720 --> 00:46:39,040
齐心协力 共同努力完成工作的
and get the best out of them in the way in which we did in Britain.

714
00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:43,840
同时 纳粹的意识形态也决定了
Similarly, their ideology meant they were equally ill-equipped

715
00:46:43,840 --> 00:46:46,080
德国不可能拥有自己的布莱切利庄园
to create their own version of Bletchley Park.

716
00:46:46,080 --> 00:46:49,200
有些人说 这是因为布莱切利的人们
Some people say it's because the kind of people

717
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:51,360
用德国人的眼光来看
that worked at Bletchley Park

718
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:54,320
是压根无法胜任这种工作的
were just, by German lights, unemployable.

719
00:46:54,320 --> 00:46:55,810
他们中间有图灵这样的同性恋
There were gays like Turing,

720
00:46:55,811 --> 00:46:57,560
还有“卑贱”的犹太人
there were Jews,

721
00:46:57,560 --> 00:47:01,640
以及各种领域的专家学者 鱼目混杂 群龙无首
there were totally disorganised academics,

722
00:47:01,640 --> 00:47:04,680
他们虽然头脑聪明 却毫无用处
people who were brilliant but practically dysfunctional.

723
00:47:04,680 --> 00:47:07,680
这些人从根本上就与纳粹的标准相去甚远
They just did not fit into the Nazi ethos.

724
00:47:17,880 --> 00:47:21,520
1945年5月 欧洲大陆的战争结束了
By May 1945, the war in Europe was over,

725
00:47:21,520 --> 00:47:24,080
布莱切利庄园完成了它的使命
and Bletchley Park had done its job.

726
00:47:36,720 --> 00:47:40,600
当时 每年都有一千万人死于战争
The war cost, on average, ten million lives a year.

727
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,640
这还不包括伤残人数
This is not counting the wounded and the maimed.

728
00:47:46,720 --> 00:47:48,757
所以 在那个节骨眼上
Breaking Tunny at that juncture

729
00:47:48,758 --> 00:47:51,720
破解Tunny密码有着极大的意义
was pretty jolly important.

730
00:47:53,120 --> 00:47:55,840
而对于Tutte和Flowers来说
For Tutte, and for Flowers in particular,

731
00:47:55,840 --> 00:47:59,520
和平年代又带来了全新的问题
peacetime would bring a unique set of difficulties.

732
00:48:04,796 --> 00:48:11,279
守口如瓶

733
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:20,840
战争期间 布莱切利的所有行动都严格保密
During the war, Bletchley operated behind a wall of silence.

734
00:48:20,840 --> 00:48:22,920
而情报工作的性质 决定了
And thanks to the nature of their work,

735
00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:26,920
在很长一段时间里 他们都必须保守秘密
that secrecy would remain intact for a long time to come.

736
00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:30,600
哪怕战争已经结束了 也要守口如瓶
Even once the war was over, they still couldn't say.

737
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:34,560
当时的管理者清楚 这些东西事关重大
That was a big issue, and the bosses at the time understood

738
00:48:34,560 --> 00:48:37,080
从某种程度上讲 这算是一个安全隐患
that that was a security threat, if you like,

739
00:48:37,080 --> 00:48:39,840
所以他们立即通知大家
so they moved quickly to say to people,

740
00:48:39,840 --> 00:48:44,000
“抱歉 你们必须永远保守秘密
"Sorry, you've got to keep this secret permanently, forever.

741
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,800
“你绝对不能把自己做过的工作
"You can't go home and tell your mother or your father

742
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:48,360
“告诉亲戚和朋友”
"what you were doing."

743
00:48:48,360 --> 00:48:50,320
由于要恪守命令 他们后来的人生
And there are many interesting and quite tragic stories

744
00:48:50,320 --> 00:48:54,760
大多坎坷而酸楚 70年代以后
where people didn't, and right into the 1970s and beyond,

745
00:48:54,760 --> 00:48:57,760
许多译码员的父母一个个去世了
parents died without knowing

746
00:48:57,761 --> 00:48:59,960
却对儿女的成就一无所知
what their children had done.

747
00:49:00,240 --> 00:49:03,920
至于密码破译机 丘吉尔在战后告诉公众
As for the machine itself, after the war, Churchill let it be known

748
00:49:03,920 --> 00:49:06,720
Colossus已经被摧毁了
that Colossus had been broken into pieces.

749
00:49:06,720 --> 00:49:08,560
但事实并非如此
This was not true.

750
00:49:08,560 --> 00:49:10,440
至少有两台没有销毁
At least two survived

751
00:49:10,441 --> 00:49:12,320
它们被送往新的GCHQ大楼
and were taken to the new GCHQ building,

752
00:49:12,320 --> 00:49:14,800
一直使用到60年代
where they were used until the 1960s.

753
00:49:16,280 --> 00:49:20,640
我觉得 苏联在冷战期间
It seems very likely to me that the Russians were using Tunny

754
00:49:20,640 --> 00:49:22,400
很可能使用过Tunny密码
in the Cold War period.

755
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:25,240
当苏军横扫欧洲时
As the Russian armies swept across Europe,

756
00:49:25,240 --> 00:49:29,280
缴获了无数台Tunny密码机
they captured numerous German Tunny machines,

757
00:49:29,280 --> 00:49:32,720
他们很可能对密码机进行了改装
and they very probably reconditioned them

758
00:49:32,720 --> 00:49:35,560
然后用于自己的通信
and used them for their own communications.

759
00:49:37,640 --> 00:49:39,175
Tunny的秘密被掩埋后
As the Tunny brick was being buried,

760
00:49:39,176 --> 00:49:41,120
Tommy回到了邮政局研究所
Tommy was recalled to Dollis Hill.

761
00:49:43,120 --> 00:49:45,440
在这期间 美国宣布
While he was there, the Americans announced that they had built

762
00:49:45,440 --> 00:49:50,360
他们在1946年2月 造出了第一台计算机ENIAC
the world's first computer, ENIAC, in February 1946.

763
00:49:51,640 --> 00:49:56,720
此时 计算机的历史 已被永远错误地写就
Already, the true history of computing was being corrupted.

764
00:49:56,720 --> 00:50:00,720
而Tommy不可言说的委屈 也逐渐被人遗忘...
Tommy's suffering in silence was slowly disappearing from history.

765
00:50:08,880 --> 00:50:12,600
Bill Tutte在战后就职于剑桥
As for Bill Tutte, he was awarded a fellowship at Cambridge,

766
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:15,560
后来他去了加拿大 从事教师工作
before moving to Canada, where he took up a teaching post

767
00:50:15,560 --> 00:50:17,320
并遇到了妻子Dorothea
and met his wife, Dorothea.

768
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:31,680
不可思议的是 曾使用尖端技术
Bizarrely for a man who had helped defeat the Nazis

769
00:50:31,680 --> 00:50:34,440
战胜纳粹德国的Bill
with the use of cutting-edge technology,

770
00:50:34,440 --> 00:50:36,360
定居在了蒙特罗斯的农村
Bill settled in rural Montrose,

771
00:50:36,360 --> 00:50:39,080
和一群讲德语的阿米什农夫共同生活
surrounded by German-speaking Amish farmers.

772
00:50:47,920 --> 00:50:50,320
他在滑铁卢大学工作
There, he continued to do breakthrough work

773
00:50:50,320 --> 00:50:51,920
继续从事前沿性的研究
at the University of Waterloo,

774
00:50:51,920 --> 00:50:55,400
他研究的数学分支 在计算机技术兴起的过程中
in a branch of mathematics that was growing in importance

775
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:57,280
扮演了重要的角色
thanks to the rise of computer science.

776
00:51:01,720 --> 00:51:05,320
他研究的数学领域
So he was working in an area of mathematics

777
00:51:05,320 --> 00:51:09,120
在上世纪中期还不是很流行
that wasn't especially fashionable in the middle of the 20th century,

778
00:51:09,120 --> 00:51:14,920
但它却是计算机科学的数学基础
but it is the mathematics that underlies much of the theory of computation.

779
00:51:14,920 --> 00:51:18,320
所以 他在这个领域作出的贡献
So the importance of his work in the field he helped nurture

780
00:51:18,320 --> 00:51:21,000
对于20世纪后期信息化革命来说
became astronomically important,

781
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:23,640
是至关重要的
as the information age unfolded in the late 20th century.

782
00:51:23,640 --> 00:51:25,880
<i>...好了 既然搞明白了这个
Well, all that was rather nice,</i>

783
00:51:25,880 --> 00:51:32,400
<i>就能看出 在单位阻抗的计算中
and you see it meant that in the case of unit resistances,</i>

784
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:35,400
<i>这些行列式都是整数
all these determinants were integers,</i>

785
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:40,520
<i>所以 假设实数轴上的数值等于虚数轴
and therefore if you made the horizontal side equal to the complexity,</i>

786
00:51:40,520 --> 00:51:45,160
<i>那么 所有矩形的边
all your little squares and rectangle sides,</i>

787
00:51:45,160 --> 00:51:47,840
<i>就都变为整数了...
they all became integers.</i>

788
00:51:47,840 --> 00:51:51,200
他当然是个天才 从很多方面来说都是
Certainly, we're talking about a genius, yes, in many respects.

789
00:51:51,200 --> 00:51:54,480
无论是他在布莱切利庄园的杰出工作
I think for what he did at Bletchley, he proved it,

790
00:51:54,480 --> 00:51:56,880
还是他在图论
and for what he did in graph theory

791
00:51:56,880 --> 00:51:59,600
和其他数学领域的贡献 都证明了这一点
and related parts of mathematics, he proved it again.

792
00:52:01,640 --> 00:52:06,280
同时 Colossus的故事逐渐开始流传开来
Meanwhile, the story of Colossus was beginning to creep out.

793
00:52:08,120 --> 00:52:11,040
Tommy的成就终于受到了一些肯定
Tommy at last began to receive some recognition.

794
00:52:11,040 --> 00:52:13,600
1982年 他应邀
In 1982, he was invited to talk

795
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:16,600
在波士顿的数字科技博物馆进行演讲
at the Museum of Digital Technology in Boston.

796
00:52:18,560 --> 00:52:22,440
1939年 欧洲爆发了战争
When the hostilities commenced in Europe in 1939,

797
00:52:22,440 --> 00:52:27,240
英国也全面进入了战争状态
all civil work in Britain had to be subordinated to war work.

798
00:52:27,240 --> 00:52:30,480
那时 我被派往布莱切利庄园
In the course of which I was sent to Bletchley Park,

799
00:52:30,480 --> 00:52:33,480
伦敦北边80公里一处秘密基地
a highly secret establishment some 50 miles north of London,

800
00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:36,960
从事机密情报工作
to take on some top-secret work.

801
00:52:36,960 --> 00:52:41,160
演讲能说什么 不能说什么 他还得咨询国防部
He was still consulting with the MoD as to what he could and couldn't say

802
00:52:41,160 --> 00:52:44,040
到了80年代 有些事情依然是保密的
and some things were restricted even in the 1980s.

803
00:52:44,040 --> 00:52:46,720
Tommy比Bill大12岁
For Tommy, 12 years older than Bill,

804
00:52:46,720 --> 00:52:50,080
对于他来说 这些秘密的揭露来得太迟了
the gradual lifting of secrecy came too late.

805
00:52:50,080 --> 00:52:51,481
不过他在有生之年
Although he did live long enough

806
00:52:51,482 --> 00:52:54,440
总算看到了他发明的计算机被布莱切利重建
to see his famous machine rebuilt at Bletchley.

807
00:52:54,440 --> 00:52:58,320
他心里明白 历史对他十分不公
He knew that history had treated him badly.

808
00:52:58,320 --> 00:53:01,680
我能感受到他内心的压抑
I had the sense that he was weighed down

809
00:53:01,680 --> 00:53:04,600
他对自己本应拥有的璀璨人生不能释怀
by all those might-have-beens,

810
00:53:04,600 --> 00:53:07,480
如果命运换一个轨迹发展
how fabulous it could have been

811
00:53:07,481 --> 00:53:10,600
自己的生活该会是多么不一样
if things had gone differently.

812
00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:12,800
但木已成舟 所有的假设都只能是幻想
If only it hadn't been for the secrecy.

813
00:53:12,800 --> 00:53:15,040
他知道 也曾告诉我说
He also knew - and told me -

814
00:53:15,040 --> 00:53:18,440
布莱切利的故事公开得太迟
that the story was coming out too late for him.

815
00:53:18,440 --> 00:53:22,160
对他来说 已经无济于事 什么都无法改变了
It was too late to make any real difference.

816
00:53:23,480 --> 00:53:26,600
而身处加拿大的Bill
Back in Canada, Bill took the opportunity provided by

817
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:28,800
在他80岁生日的一堂课上
his 80th birthday lecture

818
00:53:28,801 --> 00:53:31,000
终于讲出了Tunny的故事
to finally break his silence on Tunny.

819
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:33,400
接下来 如果知道了转子的规律
And then, if you know the wheel patterns...

820
00:53:35,840 --> 00:53:39,480
就能用第一个chi转子
..you can try the first chi wheel

821
00:53:39,480 --> 00:53:42,160
来试探第一个信号...
against the first impulse...

822
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:47,440
他说 当他终于讲出这些故事时
He said that when he finally did tell about it,

823
00:53:47,440 --> 00:53:52,240
有种如释重负的感觉
finally did speak of it, then it lifted an enormous burden,

824
00:53:52,240 --> 00:53:54,560
我想 我们很难说
and it's hard to exactly say

825
00:53:54,560 --> 00:53:58,520
这件事对他的性格造成了怎样的影响
to the extent to which it may have altered his personality,

826
00:53:58,520 --> 00:54:03,560
不知道他还是不是我们当初相识时的样子
the personality that I first met him as.

827
00:54:10,240 --> 00:54:14,880
然而 除了领域内的专业人士外
Outside of a select group of academics, however,

828
00:54:14,880 --> 00:54:18,120
他们二人的卓越成就 依然鲜有人知
few people realise the significance of these men's achievements.

829
00:54:18,120 --> 00:54:21,720
Bill因他在学科上的贡献 获得了加拿大勋章
Bill received the Order of Canada for his academic work,

830
00:54:21,720 --> 00:54:25,800
但从未被他的故乡英国表彰过
but he was never decorated by his own country.

831
00:54:40,280 --> 00:54:44,120
不过 他赢得了另一项最高荣誉
He did, however, gain the most important award he could have wished for.

832
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:51,040
要成为皇家学会的院士
To become a Fellow of the Royal Society

833
00:54:51,040 --> 00:54:55,080
并在会员名册上签字 你必须是泰斗级的科学家
and to sign this charter book, you need to be a leading scientist,

834
00:54:55,080 --> 00:55:00,120
必须获得领域内同行的一致认可
you need to convince your peers that your work is good enough.

835
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,360
在你的领域里 你必须有一言九鼎的分量
So you are refereed in the same way that a scientific paper is refereed.

836
00:55:04,360 --> 00:55:08,680
一旦做到了这一点 皇家学会的理事会
If you cross that hurdle, Council of the Royal Society

837
00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:11,560
就会认定你是一名优秀的科学家
will assess you as being a good enough scientist,

838
00:55:11,560 --> 00:55:14,720
授予你院士称号 这样
you become a Fellow, and if you get over that hurdle,

839
00:55:14,720 --> 00:55:17,320
你就成为了皇家学会的院士
then you become a Fellow of the Royal Society

840
00:55:17,320 --> 00:55:20,480
并在这本精美的花名册上签字
and you sign this very fine book.

841
00:55:20,480 --> 00:55:23,280
当然 你要是获得过诺贝尔奖也行
It helps if you have a Nobel Prize tucked away somewhere.

842
00:55:23,280 --> 00:55:26,960
1987年 Bill签上了自己的大名
In 1987, Bill signed the book.

843
00:55:26,960 --> 00:55:29,400
成为了这群卓越人才的一员
He joined an illustrious group.

844
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:31,320
艾萨克·牛顿
Isaac Newton,

845
00:55:31,320 --> 00:55:34,480
查尔斯·达尔文 温斯顿·丘吉尔
Charles Darwin, Winston Churchill,

846
00:55:34,480 --> 00:55:37,920
还有他自己 William·T·Tutte
and William T Tutte.

847
00:55:39,280 --> 00:55:42,680
名册上还有阿兰·图灵和Max Newman
Other names in the book are Alan Turing and Max Newman.

848
00:55:42,680 --> 00:55:45,160
Tommy却一直无缘这项殊荣
Tommy's name was never entered in it,

849
00:55:45,160 --> 00:55:46,760
不过他确实有另一张证书
although one of his many awards

850
00:55:46,760 --> 00:55:50,040
证明了他在计算机领域付出的努力
does show the effect of the revolution he helped begin.

851
00:55:50,040 --> 00:55:53,160
当个人电脑在80 90年代出现时
When personal computers came in

852
00:55:53,160 --> 00:55:55,040
他也买了一台
in the 1980s and '90s, he bought a PC,

853
00:55:55,040 --> 00:55:58,480
想自己试试怎么用 不过遇到了困难
tried to work out how to use it and had difficulty,

854
00:55:58,480 --> 00:56:01,640
于是他在附近的学院报了名
so he enrolled on a course at the local college

855
00:56:01,640 --> 00:56:05,000
参加一门基础的信息处理课程
to learn basic information processing,

856
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:08,800
这是他的毕业证书
and he got a certificate, here,

857
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:13,700
上面写着他完成了“信息处理导论”
which shows that he passed an introductory course in information processing,

858
00:56:13,720 --> 00:56:18,400
所以 他和其他人一样 学会使用电脑程序了
so he learned how to use programs on a PC like everyone else,

859
00:56:18,400 --> 00:56:23,240
当时是1993年6月28日 他已经87岁了
and that was 28th June 1993, when he was 87 years old.

860
00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:29,560
Tommy唯一获得的认可 是在他的故乡
Tommy's only public recognition was to have a road

861
00:56:29,560 --> 00:56:33,920
以他的名字命名的一条公路和一所IT中心
and an IT centre named after him in his native East End.

862
00:56:35,360 --> 00:56:38,440
而那座IT中心 也早已不复存在了
The centre has since been closed.

863
00:56:38,440 --> 00:56:40,240
战争结束时
At the end of the war,

864
00:56:40,240 --> 00:56:45,000
Flowers获得了首席发明家奖
Flowers got a leading inventors award for his war work,

865
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:49,920
还获得了1000英镑的奖金
and this carried a monetary reward of 1,000 pounds,

866
00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:52,680
当然 在那时 这是很大一笔钱了
which was quite a lot of money in those days, of course,

867
00:56:52,680 --> 00:56:55,160
但Flowers为人慷慨
but Flowers being Flowers,

868
00:56:55,160 --> 00:57:00,240
他和手下一起分享了这笔奖金 去掉这些的话
he shared it with his men, and so by the time he had done that,

869
00:57:00,240 --> 00:57:05,320
他发明电子计算机的奖金是350块
he'd got about 350 quid for inventing the first electronic computer.

870
00:57:10,240 --> 00:57:13,200
1998年 92岁的Tommy去世了
Tommy died aged 92 in 1998.

871
00:57:16,520 --> 00:57:19,680
四年后 84岁的Bill也离开人世
And Bill four years later, aged 84.

872
00:57:24,880 --> 00:57:26,640
Bill Tutte留下的
Bill Tutte's memorial

873
00:57:26,640 --> 00:57:30,080
除了加拿大乡下的一座墓碑
is a simple headstone in a rural Canadian cemetery,

874
00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:32,720
还有他毕生的卓越成就
and a lifetime of academic achievement.

875
00:57:32,720 --> 00:57:35,360
Tommy则有些不同
Tommy's is slightly different.

876
00:57:37,160 --> 00:57:40,600
我父亲是火葬的 骨灰就地撒在了火葬场
My father was cremated and the ashes scattered in the crematorium,

877
00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:44,320
但我觉得 他最喜爱的墓碑
but I think he would have recognised that his main memorial

878
00:57:44,320 --> 00:57:47,160
应该是布莱切利庄园里那台重建的Colossus
is at Bletchley Park in the reconstituted Colossus.

879
00:57:47,160 --> 00:57:49,760
用工程师的伟大作品来做他的墓碑
As an engineer, to have a working machine

880
00:57:49,760 --> 00:57:52,440
真的是再好不过了
as your memorial is the ideal thing, really.

881
00:57:57,360 --> 00:58:00,120
这台密码机是希特勒亲自要求制造的
Hitler ordered this machine himself.

882
00:58:00,120 --> 00:58:02,720
它本应是天衣无缝的
It should never, ever have been broken.

883
00:58:03,760 --> 00:58:07,040
但布莱切利的天才们
But the minds at Bletchley Park

884
00:58:07,040 --> 00:58:09,800
最终还是破译了它
managed to find ways of breaking it.

885
00:58:12,520 --> 00:58:20,240
在这场智力和机器的较量中 我们取得了伟大的胜利
And this is an amazing triumph of mind over machines.

886
00:58:29,118 --> 00:58:33,464
有关Tutte和Flowers的部分文档 目前仍被保密

887
00:58:34,057 --> 00:58:38,408
时至今日 我们依然无法了解他们的全部贡献