he survived secret CIA plots undercover mafia assassination attempt and even the
threat of nuclear annihilation weapons of war might be abolished he turned cuba
from a colonial paradise into a player on the world stage troubles in this
hemisphere being generated by castro's Julie this is the story of fidel castro
a communist icon who ruled Cuba half a century a dictator only ninety miles
from USC shows without lasted nine american presidents is castro
declassified
this was the cuba most americans knew in the nineteen fifties glorious beaches
glittering casinos gambling music dancing in the fifties in havana it was
wide open and I had many conversations about my father about what it was like
and yet understand that it was basically paradise I mean anything you wanted you
can get
but just below the surface the rhythm of revolution was beaten in the urban
underground and throughout the cuban countryside people were demanding change
the unrest
back to 1898 when humans fault to rid themselves of their Spanish colonial
masters
but then the United States intervened committing nearly 20,000 troops to fight
for cuba's independence and even bigger investment
water human electricity cuban telephones the entire economic infrastructure of
the island and gradually was brought up or invested in by American capital and
this of course laid the groundwork for a great deal of nationalist sentiment in
cuba this was the cuba that castro grew up in in the nineteen thirties and
nineteen forties castro and young university students who begin to cut
their teeth politically and want to create a cuba for themselves their
nationalism revolves around getting the americans out
1952 with corruption in the government rampant a young Fidel Castro decided to
run for Congress under a clean government party banner but just before
Election Day the self-appointed chief of the military rule generally about Easter
cancel the elections pushed out for cuban president Carlos Brito Sakura in a
bloodless coup and took control of the island republic
corruption increased
felt free to dip into the National Treasury to ignore the national budget
to allocate the nation's resources at his own personal discretion he did not
see much of a distinction between his private use of power and the public
purse
really became the straw that broke the camel's back the sign that electoral
politics were not an option and that trying to engage peacefully would just
lead one either toward jail cell or to exile on the 26th of July 1953 castro
made a reckless radical moon he led a group of about a hundred and fifty men
to storm one of the biggest military gases in cuba the Moncada Barracks at
Santiago de Cuba on the eastern side of the island the goal was to seize enough
arms to mount a military revolution the result was a bloodbath
they failed miserably many of them died Thursday were killed were sent to jail
including feed out
however the defeat into a platform for victory
the 26th of July would mark the birth of the revolución in cuba
castro has a way of converting almost all defeat of potential defeat to
mobilizing activities that is activities that he uses that to turn the situation
in 1953 castro should have been dead
July 26 became a campaign slogan a new name of the new movement to overturn the
government castro's trial was televised a bad mistake giving him the perfect
national stage for his stirring oratory
the man who should have been picked off by Bautista and his mighty army the man
who had just a handful of reagan revolutionaries rallied the country
the
essentially says that he did the right thing the patriotic but necessary thing
that he was a defender of the Cuban constitution that he was the defender of
the Republic because the teacher had usurped power in the 1952 election that
all cubans should really have followed him they were patriots
from prison castro produced a manuscript of his words history will absolve me
with public opinion family in his favor and thanks to please from castro's
politically connected family
he and others were released in an amnesty after serving less than two
years
informed of the teamsters plans to have him killed after his release castro fled
to Mexico to plot his next move
on the 26th of November 1956 castro returned from Mexico on a leaky old boat
called the grandma with a few dozen men
on the 2nd of December they were ambushed by the cuban army most of them
were killed outright castro's survive and with a handful of others escaped to
the Sierra Maestra mountains there they hid out for nearly two years building a
revolutionary army and developing their political philosophy and strategy
mid 1958 the taster makes the decision to launch a general offensive over
10,000 troops thanks motorized equipment against castro US forces in eastern Cuba
among the growing band of revolutionaries with castro in the
mountains was a young Argentine destined to become the world's most recognized
revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara Castro's forces stood at less than a
thousand despite the odds but Easter made no in the middle of the rainy
season betar on professional soldiers the soldiers many of them do not want to
fight the general offensive is a disaster
troops retreat many surrender in from mid nineteen fifty-eight to December
what you see is the armed forces of the Republic of Cuba collapse throughout
cuba people were becoming more and more repulsed by the brutality of the
battista regime in his attempt to hold on to power who jailed and killed
thousands the title he squeezed them all his power slipped away
there were lots of acts of violence and sabotage going on the electrical system
was body and in streets will be blocked and would be shooting and generally not
a time to be out and about New Years Eve 1958 in havana the roulette wheels were
turning on the ram was blowing wealthy revelers have no idea what was about to
happen
revolution was knocking at the door
was about to come crashing down
New Years Eve 1958 while unsuspecting revelers in cuban casinos played cards
place bet dance and toasted in the new year on the streets and in the cuban
countryside revolution was bubbling over after fighting a guerrilla war for the
better part of a decade fidel castro's opportunity had arrived like everyone
else
president Fulgencio Batista celebrated at midnight but for him
time had run out
together on New Year's Eve after an appropriately festive party his buddies
political all military and other social leaders feels about six airplanes some
of these the culture
the nation's celebrated people danced in the streets filled with hope for a new
beginning a new cuba when the tester flared and news spread that he had left
the country
cubans poured out into the street it was at a time of enormous excitement
happiness hopefulness cubans looked to his departure and to their success in
getting him out as a collective victory
castro driving across the country rally in the series of people to his side
whether just a march of triumph it was also a march to do the politics across
the island of securing support for the 26th of July Movement
by the time he arrived in havana a million people have taken to the streets
to celebrate a victory they saw as their own and to hear castro's speech
a bunch of white dogs land on his shoulder and arm as he's making a speech
now for anyone who knows anything about cuban religion Santeria the white divers
approach significant terrible and this lady is the singer Adele is to deliver
all but Allah as he's called in that language that deliver here's the bad was
going to take cuba from its helpless status and make it into a strong people
a strong nation
the us- government castro was far from a savior although castro met vice
president nixon and appeared in several interviews on us' television the period
of goodwill was brief
the new government mounted a campaign to teach literacy and reading to peasants
around the country and also began to focus on education and also public
health
just months after the revolution
hundreds of people were killed by firing squad after show trials famed
revolutionary Che Guevara was the commander of the prison and took a
personal interest in interrogating batista supporters people wanting
revenge for the brutality of the battista regime shouted to the wall
the site where people faced the firing squad lots of executions and we thought
well they got what they deserved a bad man Bobby done some terrible things I'm
so he's cleaning house but they kept on and they kept on and they were hundreds
of thousands they move the trials to the sports palace and there were thousands
of people in the stands screaming at the top of their lungs but it only means to
the wall
next move was to redistribute land and press on with agrarian reform
by today's standards that agrarian reform would be looked at as enormously
moderate but by the standards of 1959 and the cold war agreeing reform was
seen by the united states and by American landowners in cuba as an
enormous threat
concerning American food is Castro declared himself a communist and began
to build an alliance with the soviet russia now had a staunch ally just 90
miles from the United States
over the next couple of years USA operatives devised all manner of secret
assassinations schemes
as a result of declassified materials that the Eisenhower administration has
already been in contact with the market about killing it but it's a fascinating
some of the CIA's more bizarre plots included slipping castro poison pills
and exploding cigars putting power in his boots to make his beard fall out and
spraying LSD around a radio station castro was to speak
the CIA actually was ordered to compile a top secret history of all these
attempts and and that document over a hundred pages that details chronicles
all of these schemes
they range from exploding conch shells to poison cigars to assassination rifles
to poison pans none of these efforts succeeded but they certainly show the
creativity at least in the laboratory of the CIA and its multiple efforts to kill
fidel castro
one john F kennedy became president he inherited from a more ambitious secret
plan to overthrow castro
the Bay of Pigs operation a plan to train cuban exiles to storm the island
and take over the government
recently declassified documents reveal the CIA hired the Matthew to murder
castro just before the Bay of Pigs operation was launched the CIA
paramilitary director richard bissell who was the architect of the bay of pics
had agreed to use the us- mafia to smuggle poison pills created by the CIA
onto the island and somehow get them into castro's food but that CIA plot
failed as well
Miami was already becoming a little bit like Casablanca and second world war
there were all kinds of conspiracies all kind of activity against the cuban
revolution and I got involved in a lot of those activities I was my call it a
militant anti-castro
March 1961 in guatemala the CIA quietly put together a brigade of about 1,500
civilians and began training them the United States was preparing an assault
on Castro and his government this time it was all or nothing
this was war the american-backed and the Bay of peace
in 1961 seized power in Cuba in his first month he announced his reforms for
education and health care while at the same time reducing civil liberties back
in the USA the CIA was targeting castro with several bizarre assassination plots
and the Bay of Pigs Operation Weeting all we were going to land on the bill
page something for probably two days before we we always thought that we were
gonna be dropped or land near the mountains Astros intelligence knew well
in advance about america's plans and use the attack was an opportunity to round
up his enemies to hold all the underground and all the operation
whether they were in fact that position or not they just picked up everyone
thought could possibly turned against them
from inside havana aus attacks seem to be going badly from the start
the exiles were quickly killed or captured
remember telling the Daily Show mind that capture as I said ok give me some
water and then shoot the exiles were held for a year and a half while in
prison they were visited by castro and he came very nicely saying boys house
that revolution treating you almost never turn away he managed to get a good
number of us do applaud him for what he was saying okay that show me that this
man had an ability of persuasion that again is not common among political
leaders after the Bay of Pigs fiasco even the CIA's own top-secret report
dubbed the operation the perfect failure
this report was so scathing in its criticism of the CIA's own mishandling
this operation that the director of the CIA at the time John McCone took the
report there was about 20 or 30 copies that have been circulated he has to
every single one to be returned
destroyed all but a couple and kept those in a safe where they were hidden
away from history for decades Kennedy had lost face and lost the battle
but a new war an ongoing secret war to bring down castro was already underway
and it would bring the world closer than it had ever been before to the edge of
nuclear war
after he suffered personally as a new president that I think you begin to have
a major change then it does become an obsession especially in Robert Kennedy's
party
in the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs operation the president and his brother
Robert Kennedy the us- Attorney General will more determined than ever to get
castro but american have always paid it now decided he would really pursued by
in a much more ferocious and the charming way and castro understand that
about Kennedy United States doesn't take defeat lightly
the president encouraged his brother to lead 11 CIA operative described as an
ongoing secret war
clandestine operations that included bombing sugar mills
and blowing up factories
the late nineteen eighties we are able to get almost the entire record of
operation mongoose declassified and it has become an infamous legendary set of
covert actions and multifaceted concerted effort to overthrow the Cuban
government where we would meet police and raiding parties into cuba to supply
the role is inside cuba with arms to blow up factories to earn fields to
engage and small terror acts to assassinate Fidel Castro and so my piece
came to be the kind of example of what it means to fight low-intensity warfare
in the third world
1961
recently declassified material reveals top Kennedy aide richard goodwin flew to
South America for a secret meeting with Che Guevara the representative fidel had
sent to broker a deal
good with describes the secret dating and how it took place in an apartment in
Uruguay and essentially as revealed in the Davao che guevara offered and
castro's name for a major concessions to the united states he said that
essentially cuba would cut or reduced greatly its military ties to the soviet
security it would stop exporting revolution another security threat and
it would agree to compensate tus companies that it had expropriated
interesting I that's sixty the three issues that the United States had with
cuba and returned to you about that too good one just leave us alone
she also presented a gift from castro to Kennedy
the Dell had sent along a box Monte Cristos that everybody who at the time
was Kennedy's favorite cigar
Goodwin took the cigars along with it that's it back to Kennedy reported to
Kennedy Kennedy lit up one of the cigars it's a pretty good this is actually good
would I would have given you the first one to smoke Kennedy referring to a plot
to kill Castro with a poison cigar
Kennedy then listen to Goodwin's report of the secret deal offered by fidel and
share
and they both had the same reaction this is a sign of weakness so that only
should we not make an accommodation we should turn up the heat as we gave you
can get rid of them or get more albums
in October 1962 Soviet missiles arrived in Cuba pointing in the direction of the
United States the clock was ticking on the cuban missile crisis as the two
superpowers watched and waited when the us- blockade cuba american ships were
brought into direct military conflict with soviet ships and submarines the
world was on the brink of nuclear holocaust
kennedy met with joint chiefs of staff they say it's an area where to go and we
have to knock them out right away or and they want both and Kerry says it isn't a
military threat just really make any difference militarily he says what
difference does it make it to get blown up by a missile fired from the Soviet
Union 0154 cuba in either case they said they have enough to kill us anyway she's
a little backed christians part to appear to change the balance of power
that difference is extremely important during the first week because most of
the people in the room
initially favored bombing recently released tape recordings made secretly
in the white house reveal the tension between President Kennedy and his top
military brass at one point Kennedy leaves the room
the air force general wheel that you simply army general shoup the Chief of
Staff of the range of course they don't know they're being taped basically the
president to counter
whatever Kennedy sold privately publicly he was ready to go head-to-head with the
soviet and castro with soviet missiles just 90 miles from USAJOBS there was too
much at stake
weapons of war abolished the shop
with the future of the world's hanging in the bombs recently declassified
documents from cuba reveal the assumptions and misinformation that made
castro believe the USS New more than in fact it did
nuclear weapons on the island and he brought the United States into this too
he couldn't imagine that the united states with the best intelligence
service in the world did not know that they were nuclear weapons already on the
island of Cuba
castro was convinced the us- was about to launch a nuclear attack on cuba
places to Porsche don't get heart with your rifles down if you see the United
States invading cuba then you must first launched the nuclear attack against the
United States mistakenly believe this because he thought the United States
more than actually knew and so there is this sense that he was willing to go to
the brink as for ordinary cubans that they were going to be destroyed it would
fight to the last person and a lot of cubans when done this is going to be an
invasion by the united states everyone's gonna die
the cubans want alone in the USSR the USA and even in europe ordinary people
talked about and prepared for nuclear war
many believe the world never came closer to armageddon than that week at the end
of October 1962
he was
recently declassified documents indicate they had no desire
the soviets new the dus missiles outnumber them ten-to-one
he thought the destruction of the soviet glad he didn't want to destroy his lap
second time with the interest of the fidel castro
documents also reveal a rocky relationship between the soviet and
Castro
Li they'd bring a huge headache too because there's one simple rule if you
want to be a great country leaders a great country you have to protect all
your lies to all others that you are strong enough to protect them
on the 26th of October 1962 Castro wrote a Christian saying he expected aus
attack was imminent
any tolls crucial if it's going to be an attack and invasion you should launch
nuclear weapons first this horrified nikita kruschev and it was one of the
factors that led to so quickly agree the kennedys offer to end the crisis
khruschev wrote back to Castro says basically idea comrade Fidel Castro I
understand your reasons but I don't agree with their launching nuclear first
strike against the United States will not solve anything but will initiate a
World War I which we will all be incinerated and very much missions cuba
is cuba would burn in the fires of War two very dramatically written let her
know castro was seen at that point in moscow as being slightly not 44 wanted
to start a nuclear war
on the 28th of October the two superpowers came to an agreement the
USSR agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba after the USA agreed to remove
their missiles from Turkey and the us- promised not to invade Cuba but the idea
of assassinating castro wasn't dead yet
assassin's bullet was coming but it would be for john kennedy fidel castro
and in the days leading up to the president's death the Kennedy
administration adopted a dual strategy make peace with castro or assassinate
him he was assassinated in Dallas his adversary job of French reporter was
sitting with castro in bardera in Juba with an agenda that Kennedy had given
him to go over with castro for a la crosse locked as they had begun to
discuss the agenda itself one of castro's a interrupted him with the news
that Kennedy had just been shot down US and of course that ended the session
right there
that moment a top CIA officer was meeting with a spy high up in the cuban
military code named Josh
and giving him a poison pen which had been crafted in the technical services
division of the CIA and saying that he was going to also provide a very potent
liquid a poison to go in the pen
described to this asset what he needed to do he need to get close enough to
actually touch retail castro with this pen which had a very sharp hidden
syringe needle in the tip
the agent said well this is terrible like I was expecting a major weapon I
mean I'm up I'm mysterious assassin how dare you with this guy wanted to take a
pistol orange sheen gun into the presidential palace and children don't
count on a dramatic way and here they were handing him a poison pen he pushed
it away
kennedy was dead and castro was alive despite the ongoing secret efforts to
kill him despite the threat of nuclear holocaust the seemingly indestructible
leader of the tiny island nation survived
castro was now a player on the world stage and he would use his new stature
to fire up his revolution
Astra was about to begin a new series of battles
and although assassination was still part of the game plan
someone else would fall to the assassin's bullet someone very close to
Castro by 1963 the ongoing clandestine effort to oust castro was failing
instead the superpowers have set their nuclear sites on each other across the
few miles of water that separated the us- and Cuba
castro had survived the cuban missile crisis and thrive as the next few
decades proved despite his enemies he seemed indestructible
after the cuban missile crisis castro made himself a player in international
politics at the urging of revolutionaries like che guevara he
became a third-world hero as he sent armies and experts to help in
revolutionary battles in Africa and Central America and it was castro who
brought the soviets into these revolutionary battles
Angola was a cuban initiative was castro who lured the soviet the Soviets were
reluctant to help the nicaraguan government it was castro got the soviets
to provide armaments so the sandinistas over and over again it's castro somehow
convincing the soviets too invested his projects I would classify castro is it
one of the world's greatest pickpocket 1967 castro's most famous partner in
exporting revolution was his longtime revolutionary associate che guevara
while she was supporting revolution in bolivia the CIA allegedly hired cuban
exile Felix Rodriguez to hunt him down
during the combat he was wounded Israeli his rifle was shut out most of the
gorillas were killed he was captured alive when looking at say I'm sorry try
my best
he understood and widely a piece of paper police said they better days wish
I had never been capture all night
just before she was executed Rodriguez took a last photograph
lifting about one time will you be on time to burst
I know at that time there was a time that he was executed
killing them off the island in nineteen eighty the group of cubans trying to
escape the country through the Peruvian embassy soon thousands of people were
hammering at the door there to get out of cuba
as world public opinion started coming down on castro he announced that anyone
who wanted to leave
it was a smear on the human society that hundred and twenty-five thousand people
wanted to leave cuba and run to the united states and use this as an
opportunity to effectively get rid of people who are dissidents on the island
and secure even more power for the cuban government
on the 15th of April 1984 boatlift began typically turning the situation to his
advantage
castro simply exported his enemies and sent them over to his biggest enemy the
United States
p.m. to jails and filled the boats with thousands of people he deemed
undesirable
also one of the ways he's been able to survive is to think one step ahead take
prices and make them into opportunities for his own survival to find ways to
have his enemies neutralized in the sense of their own power being
undermined their own credibility being undermined in 1989 castro was about to
take his toughest blow ever and he lose his most important ally
the collapse of the Soviet Union led people to think that's a strong would
soon follow that she was receiving subsidies from the soviet in terms of
higher prices for its sugar though the world market and lower prices for the
oil and when the Soviet Union was no longer this sugar daddy of sense was
that cuba could not survive
between 1989 and 1993 the cuban economy drops by about one-third this is a huge
collapse in a very short period of time
hardship distracted everyone in the country
it meant you did not have no food for yourself and your children friends of
mine literally shed pounds looked terrible physical circumstances how
castro survive this time was by bringing back the two things he abolished when he
first came to power the USDollar and tourism tourism industry was practically
nonexistent at the end of the nineteen eighties in 2004 a little over two
million tourists visited Cuba so it's a very big change foreign direct
investment tourism third important changes to allow cuban-americans to
remit dollars to their relatives and friends in cuba that by the beginning of
the 21st century is worth something in the range of a billion dollars
cubans argue the best way to get rid of castro is to end the embargo the
official us' policy forbidding Americans to do business with cuba which has been
in place since 1962 they say he uses the embargo to prop himself up and that if
it were lifted castro would crumble under the weight of his own failed
policies and mountain of excuses fidel castro wants the embargo aus embargo
against fidel castro troll for was unfettered trade and ideas and
everything else that comes with full relations they said he would be out of
here now in his late seventies it seems time as castro's greatest enemy despite
all the efforts to eliminate him he still stands as the last of the cold
warriors he's outlived the mall kennedy nixon the goal mouth khrushchev even the
cold war itself
becoming one of the longest ruling leaders of modern times
castro's legacy has a combination of a lot they've completed the country's
social modernization get caught every cuban to read and write it raised median
score lovell and a workforce dramatic it transform the Cuban health system it
also represented fortunately a period of extraordinary harsh repression
thousands of dissidents have been imprisoned or executed in castro's cuba
thousands more have fled or been exiled legacy therefore is nixed it had no
doubt certain period of accomplishment but on balance it is a history that was
needlessly harsh that was abusive and that can be added damnable acts
friends acknowledged the proud of the man who started with a handful of
guerrilla rebels seized power
and held onto it for half a century
he has outlasted both his cold war enemies and his cold war allies
against the odds fidel castro
is a survivor
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