这里离我们的家园很远 离我们的时代也很远 We are a long way from home, and from our time.
这是我们的银河系年轻的时候 This was our Milky Way when the galaxy was young
形成星球的能力比现在更高 and more fertile than it is today.
当时诞生的恒星是现在的30倍 Back then, she birthed 30 times as many stars as she does now...
形成了恒星风暴 a firestorm of star creation.
这是110亿年前的一个夏夜 It's a summer night, 11 billion years ago.
我们在另一颗恒星的行星之上 We're on the planet of another star,
这里可以饱览银河系的 one with an ideal view of the Milky Way galaxy's
混乱恒星群 chaotic stellar nursery.
太阳是银河系晚年时期形成的 Our own star was a child of the galaxy's later years,
这可能是我们存在的原因之一 and that may be one of the reasons we exist.
在那些短命而巨大的恒星消亡之后 After the short-lived, more massive stars died out,
还有一段时间 there was time...
还有50亿年 让那些消亡的恒星将 another five billion years, for those dead stars to bequeath
他们更重的元素留给我们 their heavier elements to us.
这些元素丰富和滋养形成了 These elements enriched and nurtured the formation
我们太阳系的行星和卫星 of the planets and moons of our solar system.
你我都由星尘所构成 And we ourselves are made of that star stuff.
这些炽热的粉红色氢气云 Those blazing pink clouds of hydrogen gas are the swaddling
是无数新生恒星的襁褓 of countless new-born stars.
看到那些鲜艳的亮蓝色吗 See those bright blue splashes?
那是年纪稍长的星团 They're clusters of slightly older sibling stars.
由于重力的束缚 大批无定形的 Gravity's embrace will transform this amorphous
气体和尘粒化身为我们如今栖身的星系 collection of gas and dust into the galaxy we call home today.
我们的太阳诞生了 Our sun is born.
这颗恒星赐予她周遭的世界 The star endows her surrounding worlds
贵重的矿物 钻石以及绿色橄榄石 with precious minerals, diamonds and green olivine...
一种对人类演化影响颇深的矿物 a mineral that will play a major role in our story.
恒星产生了行星 卫星和彗星 The stars make planets, moons and comets.
那是木星 我们太阳系第一个诞生的星球 There's Jupiter, the firstborn world of our solar system.
这些未来的行星和卫星充斥着有机分子 These future planets and moons are awash with organic molecules...
它们是构成生命的化学组分 the chemical building blocks of life.
这是其他恒星死后留下的遗产 This is their inheritance from the deaths of other stars.
宇宙创造生命... Does the cosmos give rise to life as naturally
是否像它创造恒星和星球一样自然? as it makes stars and worlds?
我们即将要探索这个谜题的核心 This is our voyage to the heart of that mystery.
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翻译
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路过一只喵 路边野餐
重楼 子时雪
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宇宙 潜在的新世界
很久很久以前 当我们的星球刚形成的时候 Long, long ago, when our world was young,
包覆着地球的海洋之下有一座城市 there was a city at the bottom of the sea that covered the Earth.
这座城市耗费了数万年的时间才建成 It took tens of thousands of years to build this city,
但那时这个星球上并没有生命 but there was no life on this world back then.
那么是谁建造了这些海底摩天大楼呢 So who built these submarine skyscrapers?
是大自然 Nature did.
材料是二氧化碳 She made them with carbon dioxide and the same minerals
以及用来制造贝壳和珍珠的同种矿物 she uses to make seashells and pearls...
碳酸钙 calcium carbonate.
但与那些高耸的大楼之下的世界相比 But these soaring towers were nothing compared to what
这些大楼根本算不了什么 happened beneath them.
我们得缩小一千倍才能看得到 We'll need to get 1,000 times smaller to see it.
似乎没什么看头 是吧 Doesn't look like much, does it?
但是别着急 But just wait.
永不止息的大地之母裂开了 Our restless Mother Earth cracked open,
冰冷的海水倾泻到她炽热的岩石地幔上 and cold sea water poured down into her hot rocky mantle,
冒出了更多的有机分子和矿物质 getting richer in organic molecules and minerals,
包括一种叫橄榄石的绿色宝石 including a green jewel called olivine.
这种水和矿物的混合物如此炽热 This mix of water and minerals got so hot that it
以巨大的力量冲出大地 shot out of her with great force.
碳酸岩的孔隙锁住了这些混合物 The mixture became trapped in the pores of the carbonate
后来形成了海底的大厦 rocks that would later become her towers.
这些孔隙是孵化器 在安全的空隙里 These pores were incubators, safe places where the organic
有机分子更加集中 molecules could become more concentrated.
岩石就这样为生命建造了第一个家 This is how we think that the rocks built life's first home.
从这时开始 至少在我们这个世界里 It was the beginning, at least in our little part of the cosmos, of an enduring collaboration
地球的矿物 岩石 between the minerals of earth,
和生命展开了永恒的合作 the rocks and life.
看到那些蛇形裂缝了吗 See those snaky cracks?
这个过程就以此命名 That's how this process got its name.
蛇纹化作用 Serpentinization.
这证明水和二氧化碳 It's the evidence for the conversion of water and
转化成了氢气和甲烷 carbon dioxide into hydrogen and methane...
这种有机分子引发了这件惊天动地的大事 the organic molecules that fueled this earthshaking event.
那些在其他星球寻找生命的科学家 Those scientists who search for life on other worlds,
他们过去常说 跟着水走 they used to say, "follow the water,"
因为水是生命最基本的需求 because water is the most basic requirement for life.
现在 他们还会说 跟着岩石走 Now, they also say, "follow the rocks,"
因为蛇纹化作用与 because serpentinization is so closely associated with
缔造生命的过程联系密切 the processes that make life possible.
想看到重头戏 我们得变得更小 To witness the main event, we have to get even smaller.
以这个尺寸 这些洞穴看似巨大 At this scale, these caves look vast,
但其实只是大厦砂浆中的微小孔隙 but they're actually the tiny pores in the mortar of the towers.
这些宝石是有机分子 These jewels are the organic molecules which are,
就像包括你我的万物 都是由原子组成的 like everything, including you and me, made of atoms.
要把这些没有生命的宝石变成首饰: In order to turn these inanimate jewels into jewelry,
生命的要素 则需要能量 the stuff of life, it takes energy.
整个过程发生在这样一个藏宝洞里 We think it happened in a treasure cave like this one.
能量来自于 The energy came from the reaction between the alkaline
锁在大厦中的碱性水 water trapped within the towers
与海洋的酸性水之间的反应 and the acidic water of the ocean.
那古老的藏宝箱里装满了戒指 That ancient treasure chest filled with rings and
手镯和项链 bracelets and necklaces,
也就是更长更复杂的分子 longer and more complex molecules,
直到产生最珍贵的宝藏 until the greatest treasure of all...
生命 Life.
我们认为这个化学反应提供的能量 We think it was that chemical reaction that provided
驱动了第一个生命细胞 the energy that powered the first cell.
这一丝火花激发了建构生命的化学组分 That was the spark that electrified the building blocks of life
成为有生命的细胞 into something alive.
随着时间的推移 大厦腐朽 Over time, the towers decayed,
使它里面的初生生命 making it possible for the fledgling life within them
得以逃脱 并开始演化 to escape and evolve.
你刚才看到的是目前对生命起源 What you've just seen is the most plausible scientific
最合理的科学创世神话 creation myth we have today for the origin of life.
这一假设需要结合 This hypothesis required the reunification
四个长期分离的科学领域 of four long separated scientific fields:
生物学 化学 物理学和地质学 biology, chemistry, physics and geology.
我们认为生命最早出现在岩石中 We think life first took hold in the rocks.
从一开始 生命就是一位逃脱大师 And from day one, life was an escape artist,
总是想要挣脱束缚 征服新世界 always wanting to break free, to conquer new worlds.
就连浩瀚的海洋也无法拦住它 Even the great big ocean couldn't contain it.
如果生命真的是这样诞生的 If that's the true story of how life got started,
那也是很久以前的事了 当时天空还不是蓝色的 it was long ago, back before the sky was blue,
月球还没从我们身边跑到现在的位置 before the moon spun away from us to where it is today.
那时的地球还是个海洋世界 Back when the planet was an ocean world,
富含铁的海水一片血红 with waters bloodred with iron.
生命将重塑世界 海洋和天空 Life would remake the world, the sea and the sky.
但生活未必总是追求自身的最大利益 But life doesn't always act in its own best interest.
拉清单的日子到了 There came a day of reckoning,
生命差点把自己摧毁 when life nearly destroyed itself.
我们通过宇宙日历来理解时间的浩瀚 The Cosmic Calendar is a way for us to wrap our heads around the vastness of time.
为了了解宇宙的历史 To grasp the history of the cosmos,
从宇宙的诞生到此时此刻 from the birth of our universe to this very moment,
我们将整段历史压缩成日历上的一年 we've compressed all of it into a single calendar year.
按照这个比例尺 On this scale
每个月代表十亿年左右 every month represents about a billion years.
每一天代表将近四千万年 Every day represents nearly 40 million years.
宇宙年的第一天 That first day of the cosmic year
从宇宙大爆炸开始 began with the Big Bang,
将近140亿年前 almost 14 billion years ago.
“三月”
我们这里一直风平浪静 Nothing really happened in our neck of the universe
直到30亿年后 until about three billion years later...
宇宙年的3月15日 March 15 of the cosmic year,
我们的银河系开始形成 when our Milky Way galaxy began to form.
“八月”
又过了60亿年 Six billion years after that
我们的恒星 也就是太阳 诞生了 our star, the Sun, was born.
那天是宇宙日历的8月31日 It was August 31st on the Cosmic Calendar.
木星和其他行星 Jupiter and the other planets
包括我们的地球 including our own
很快会跟着出现 would soon follow.
这是将近40亿年前的地球 This was our planet nearly four billion years ago...
宇宙日历的9月21日 September 21st on the Cosmic Calendar,
我们相信生命在这时出现 when we believe life began.
大气层全是碳氢化合物的烟雾 The atmosphere was a hydrocarbon smog.
没有氧气可吸 No oxygen to breathe
也没有生物吸收氧气 and no one to breathe it.
我们最近才开始明白 We've only recently begun to appreciate
生命如何主宰了地球的形成 how powerfully life has shaped the planet.
想到生命如何改变地球 When we think about the ways life has changed Earth,
首先想到的是绿色的广袤森林 the first things that come to mind are the green expanses of forests
还有恣意蔓延的城市 and the sprawling cities.
但生命开始改变地球时 But life began transforming the planet
森林和城市连个影子都没有 long before there were any such things.
在海底冒出那少许微光的十亿年后 A billion years after that tiny glimmer at the bottom of the sea,
生命成了全球性的景象 life had become a global phenomenon
全靠一位迄今战无不胜的斗士 thanks to a champion that to this day has never been vanquished.
向各位介绍蓝细菌 I give you the cyanobacteria.
27亿年前出道江湖 In business for 2.7 billion years,
蓝细菌在哪里都混得下去 cyanobacteria can make a living anywhere.
淡水 盐水 温泉 盐矿. Fresh water, salt water, hot springs, salt mines...
毫无区别 makes no difference
蓝细菌都能怡然自得 it's all home to them.
“十二月”
在接下来的4亿年里 Over the next 400 million years
蓝细菌吸入二氧化碳 the cyanobacteria... taking in carbon dioxide
呼出氧气 and giving back oxygen,
把天空变成蓝色 turned the sky blue.
但蓝细菌不仅改变了天空 But the cyanobacteria didn't just change the sky,
还深入岩石深处 they reached into the very rocks themselves
让顽石低头 and changed them, too.
氧气使铁生锈 Oxygen rusted the iron,
在矿物上施展魔力 working its magic on the minerals.
在地球上的5000种矿物中 Of the 5,000 kinds of minerals on Earth,
有3500种 3,500 of them
是生命创造的氧气的产物 arose as a result of the oxygen made by life.
不过拉清单的日子来了 But here comes that day of reckoning.
蓝细菌是当时主宰地球的生物 Cyanobacteria were the dominant life-form on this planet
所到之处无不哀鸿遍野 wreaking havoc wherever they went,
改变了地貌、水和天空 changing the landscape, the water and the skies.
这是23亿年前 This was 2.3 billion years ago,
也就是宇宙日历的十月底 or late October on the Cosmic Calendar.
不过地球上不只蓝细菌一种生物 But the cyanobacteria shared the planet with other beings:
还有比蓝细菌虚长几岁的生物 厌氧菌 The anaerobes, life-forms that had come of age before
蓝细菌已经开始用氧气污染地球 cyanobacteria had begun to pollute the Earth with oxygen.
对厌氧菌而言 For the anaerobes
氧气就是毒药 oxygen was poison
但是蓝细菌不停地 but the cyanobacteria wouldn't stop
把氧气送进大气层 loading up the atmosphere with the stuff.
不管是厌氧菌 For the anaerobes
还是地球上几乎其他所有生物 and nearly all of the other life on Earth
都差点被氧气灭绝 it was an oxygen apocalypse.
幸免遇难的厌氧菌 The lone survivors among the anaerobes were those
只能孤零零的躲在海底 who sought refuge at the bottom of the sea,
在那些氧气无法到达的沉积物深处 deep in the sediment where the oxygen could not reach them.
蓝细菌就像氧气泵 The cyanobacteria acted like oxygen-pumping machines.
继续以超高速运转 They continued in overdrive
4亿年后 and 400 million years later
为地球带来更彻底的改变 they brought about an even more radical change to the planet.
还记得那些蛇纹岩 Remember those serpentinized rocks at the bottom of the sea
在海底产生氢气和甲烷吗 that were cranking out hydrogen and methane?
甲烷是一种强效的温室气体 Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas,
当时全靠甲烷为地球保温 and back then it was the main thing keeping the planet warm.
不过生命制造的氧气 But once again, the oxygen produced by life
再度带来巨变 shook things up.
它吞噬了甲烷 It gobbled up the methane
产生了二氧化碳 producing carbon dioxide,
这种温室气体的效果差多了 a much less potent greenhouse gas...
无法同样有效地 meaning it was not as efficient
保留大气层中的热量 at trapping heat in Earth's atmosphere.
地球的温度开始骤降 Earth's temperature began to plunge.
生命这个逃脱大师 Life, the escape artist
挣脱了把地球冰封的致命魔掌 busted out of the icy death grip that entombed the planet.
细菌死后留下的二氧化碳 The corpses of dead bacteria left
把地球团团包围 behind a planetwide reservoir of carbon dioxide.
火山将大量的二氧化碳 Volcanoes pumped the carbon dioxide
排放到大气层中 in huge quantities into the atmosphere
温暖了地球 融化了冰 warming the planet and melting the ice.
在接下来的十亿年里 Over the next billion years,
生命和岩石继续相互配合 life and the rocks continued their elaborate dance,
使地球数次结冰和融化 taking the planet through freezes and thaws.
然后在5.4亿年前 Then, 540 million years ago
奇迹出现了 something wondrous happened.
生命 原本只是微生物 Life, which had been all about microbes
和简单的多细胞生物 and simple multicellular creatures
突然一飞冲天 suddenly took off in what's
出现了所谓的寒武纪大爆发 called the Cambrian Explosion.
生命长出了腿、眼睛、鳃、牙齿 Life grew legs, eyes, gills, teeth,
并且很快开始演化出 and rapidly began to evolve
数不胜数的形式 the forms of its stunning diversity.
我们目前不知道是什么因素 We don't yet know what
让生命变得如此丰富多彩 it was that allowed life to diversify so dramatically
但我们有几个合理推测 but we have some plausible theories.
可能是海底那些火山 It could have been all those calcium minerals
喷出的钙矿物质 in the seawater that came from the volcanoes.
让生命长出了脊柱 Life had grown a backbone
穿上了外壳 and put on a shell.
成功和岩石合作 It had found a way to collaborate with the rocks
制作自己的盔甲 to make its own armor.
现在生命可以变得更大 Now life could grow larger
到新的领域探险了 and venture forth into new territories.
或者可能是蓝细菌制造的屏障 Or maybe it was the protection afforded by the canopy
提供了保护 built by the cyanobacteria.
大气的氧化作用产生了臭氧层 The oxygenation of the atmosphere created the ozone layer.
让生命得以突破安全的海洋 This made it possible for life to break out of
登上陆地栖息 the safety of the oceans and inhabit the land
免受太阳致命的紫外线攻击 without being assaulted by the sun's deadly ultraviolet rays.
数十亿年来 For billions of years
生命只能蜗行牛步 all life could do was ooze.
现在 Now
生命开始游泳 life began to swim
奔跑、跳跃和飞翔 run, jump and fly.
生命这个逃脱大师 Life, the escape artist
可以轻易挣脱任何桎梏 had gotten so good at wriggling out of every confine
地球的牢笼关也关不住 no prison on Earth could hold it.
迟早有一天 And there will come a day,
生命甚至可以逃离地球 when life would even escape from Earth.
想拦也拦不住 Life will not be contained.
要对生命的演化追本溯源 Retracing life's odyssey back to the very beginning
需要一种新的科学 required a new kind of science,
重新结合好几门学科 one that reunited the disciplines.
创立这种全新研究方法的人 The man who founded this new approach also happened
本身正好也是逃脱大师 to be an escape artist himself.
他从历史上最残酷的杀手中逃脱 He fled history's most implacable killers
就在这片森林里 right here in this forest
沿路嘲笑折磨他的人 jesting at his tormentors every step of the way.
记得这里吗 Remember this place?
是伦敦的皇家科学研究所 It's London's Royal Institution
迈克尔·法拉第在这里度过了一生 where Michael Faraday spent his life.
在他那个时代 Back in his time
19世纪上半叶 in the first half of the 19th century,
还没有人发现生命与岩石息息相关 the intimate relationship between life and the rocks had yet to be discovered.
在探讨生命的起源之前 Before science could tackle the origin of life,
科学必须先改变 it had to change.
有一位科学家预示了这个发展 This development was foretold by a scientist
他对世界的贡献毁誉参半 whose gifts to the world, were decidedly mixed.
克里斯提安·弗里德里希·尚班 Christian Friedrich Schönbein
是一位德裔瑞士化学家 was a German-Swiss chemist who
他有一次做实验 was conducting an experiment
用电把水还原成两个化学元素 on using electricity to reduce water into its two chemical constituents,
氧和氢 oxygen and hydrogen.
尚班感觉闻到了熟悉的气味 Schönbein thought he smelled something familiar
有点像雷雨后的空气的气味 something like the air after a thunderstorm.
尚班发现了臭氧 Schönbein had discovered ozone.
别忘了 全靠大气层的这一层臭氧 Remember, that's the layer in the atmosphere that made
让我们的祖先从海洋登上陆地 it possible for our distant ancestors to leave the water for the land
至今依然保护我们免于紫外线的伤害 and it still protects us from ultraviolet rays to this day.
尚班很喜欢做实验 Schönbein loved to experiment.
无人不知他太太逼他保证 So much so that his wife famously exacted a promise
不把家里的厨房当作实验室 from him not to use their kitchen as his laboratory.
哇偶 Oh
尚班发明了一种新的大规模杀伤性武器 Schönbein had just invented a new weapon of mass destruction.
硝酸 硫酸
一种比黑火药威力更大的化学炸药 A chemical explosive more powerful than gunpowder.
经过进一步精炼 Upon further refinement,
硝化棉以惊人规模把战争工业化 gun cotton would industrialize warfare on a horrendous scale.
但也是尚班的先见之明 But it was also Schönbein who had a prophetic vision of
看到了一个新的科学领域 a new field of science.
他在1838年写道 He wrote in 1838
在人类解开行星和行星的无机物 Before the mystery of the genesis of our planets
诞生的谜团之前 and their inorganic matter can be revealed,
必须创立地球化学这门交叉学科 a comparative science of geochemistry must be launched.
50年后 50 years later
让尚班梦想成真的人诞生了 the man who would realize Schönbein's dream was born.
他也是德裔瑞士人 He was another German-Swiss.
维克托·戈尔德施密特 Victor Goldschmidt
他聪明过人 was so brilliant,
他受邀在奥斯陆大学这里任教 he was offered a position here at the University of Oslo
不必考试或提供学位证书 without ever taking a test or earning a degree.
当时是1909年 That was in 1909
他只有21岁 when he was only 21.
三年后 Three years later
他被授予挪威最大的科学奖 he was awarded Norway's greatest scientific prize.
戈尔德施密特把地球视为单一系统 Victor Goldschmidt saw the Earth as a single system.
他知道如果要了解全貌 He knew that in order to get the whole picture,
不能只懂物理学、化学或地质学 you couldn't just know physics, chemistry, or geology...
一定要全部精通 you had to know them all.
这时科学界才刚开始研究化学基本元素 This was in the early days of the study of the basic elements.
戈德施密特运用这一新知识创造了他自己独家的 Goldschmidt applied this new knowledge to create his own
元素周期表 version of the periodic table,
一直沿用至今 one that is still in use today.
它阐明了晶体和复合矿物是如何 It illuminated how crystals and complex minerals could
由更基本的元素组成 be formed from more basic elements.
戈德施密特发现了物质是如何演变为 Goldschmidt was discovering how matter evolves
高山 、悬崖和峡谷 into mountains, cliffs, canyons.
1928年 他做出了一个重大决定 In 1928, he made a fateful decision
接受了德国哥廷根大学的职位 to accept an appointment at the University of Göttingen, in Germany
学校专门为他成立了一所研究所 where an institute had been built just for him.
他的同事认为他在这里乐不思蜀 直到. His colleagues thought these were his happiest years, until...
1933年 1933,
"这里不欢迎犹太人"
阿道夫·希特勒上台 when Adolf Hitler came to power.
戈德施密特是犹太人 Goldschmidt was Jewish
但没有奉行教规 but not observant.
希特勒使他彻底改变 Hitler changed all that for him.
现在他公开认同当地的犹太社群 He now began to publicly identify himself with the local Jewish community.
希特勒强制每个人都必须列出 Hitler made it compulsory for everyone to list any
自己前几代的犹太祖先 Jewish forbearers going back several generations.
有些人试图隐藏祖父的身份 There were those who tried to conceal a grandfather who
害怕自己因此被送进集中营 might land them in a concentration camp.
但戈德施密特自豪地在表格上宣称 But Goldschmidt proudly declared on his forms that
他的祖先中有很多是犹太人 all of his ancestors were Jewish.
希特勒和盖世太保的创始人赫尔曼·戈林 Hitler and Hermann Göring, founder of the Gestapo,
对此很是恼火 were not amused.
他们亲自给戈德施密特写了一封信 They personally sent a letter to Goldschmidt
告知他当即被解除了大学的职位 telling him he was summarily dismissed from his university position.
他两手空空地飞到挪威 He fled to Norway with only the clothes on his back.
戈德施密特专心研究橄榄石 Goldschmidt concentrated his research on olivine,
这是太阳系形成后残留的重要矿物 that green jewel of a mineral left over from the formation of the solar system.
橄榄石在能够承受极高的温度 这使他非常着迷 He was fascinated by its power to withstand even the highest temperatures.
他是历史上第一位 He was the first
推测橄榄石可能在生命形成的过程中发挥重要作用的人 to speculate that olivine may have played a role in setting the stage for the origin of life.
与此同时 At the same time
他怀疑全宇宙都有橄榄石存在 he wondered about the presence of olivine throughout the cosmos.
从此开创了一门叫宇宙化学的学科 This was the beginning of a field called cosmochemistry.
1940年 德国入侵挪威 In 1940, when the Germans invaded Norway,
戈德施密特习惯在口袋里放一颗氰化物胶囊 Goldschmidt took to carrying a cyanide capsule in his pocket
一旦盖世太保找上门 就可立即服毒自杀 so that he could kill himself instantly if the Gestapo came for him.
另一位科学家同事询问能不能也给他一颗 When a fellow scientist asked if he could get one, too,
戈德施密特回答： Goldschmidt answered:
这是化学教授专属的毒药 "This poison is for chemistry professors only.
你作为一名物理学家 用绳子才对 You, as a physicist, will have to use a rope."
但当德国人到达时 But when the Germans arrived,
戈德施密特把氰化物放在口袋里 Goldschmidt kept the cyanide in his pocket.
他被送到挪威的伯格集中营 He was sent to the Berg concentration camp
纳粹准备把他转送到奥斯维辛集中营 before they were ready to deport him to Auschwitz,
一个他告诉朋友们“不推荐去”的地方 a place he told friends that "had not been highly recommended."
戈德施密特这个科学家非同小可 Goldschmidt was too important a scientist
纳粹舍不得杀了他 for the Nazis to exterminate.
只要他愿意用科学为德国政府服务 He was given the chance of survival if he would put
他们答应可以饶他一命 his science in the service of the Reich.
但戈德施密特敢于玩弄俘虏他的人 But Goldschmidt dared to toy with his captors.
他叫德国人做毫无意义的科学研究 He would lead the Germans on a scientific wild goose chase.
派他们去寻找不存在的矿物 He sent them searching for nonexistent minerals
让他们误以为这些是赢得战争的关键资源 and deceived them into believing these were resources that would be critical to the war effort.
他的诡计随时都可能被揭穿 His ruse could have been discovered at any moment,
到时纳粹必然会用最残酷的手段杀害他 and that would have meant certain death in the most fiendish way possible.
到1942年底 挪威抵抗军得知戈德施密特身陷险境 By the end of 1942, the Norwegian Resistance knew that Goldschmidt was in the gravest danger.
安排他穿越瑞典边境逃亡 They arranged for him to escape across the Swedish frontier.
战争结束前 戈德施密特一直都待在瑞典 Goldschmidt spent the rest of the war in Sweden,
然后去了英格兰 把他的知识贡献给盟军 and then England, contributing his knowledge to the Allies.
他的身体一直很差 Always in frail health,
战争把他折磨得体弱多病 he never recovered from the hardships of the war.
维克多·戈德施密特于战争结束后一年半去世 Victor Goldschmidt died a year and a half after it was over.
但在去世前的那段时间里 他写了一篇论文 But during that period, he wrote a research paper
研究一种复合有机分子 on the complex organic molecules
他认为这种分子有可能推进了地球生命的诞生 that he thought might have led to the origin of life on Earth.
那篇论文中的观点 And the ideas in that paper
一直是我们研究生物起源的核心 remain central in our effort to understand how life came to be.
戈德施密特无缘得知后世的几代地球化学家 Goldschmidt never knew that the generations of geochemists who came after him
将他奉为祖师爷 would consider him their founder.
在他的遗愿中有一个简单的请求 Among his last wishes was a simple request.
他希望遗体被火化 He wanted to be cremated
把他的骨灰装在骨灰盒里 and to have his ashes encased in an urn...
骨灰盒的材料是他心目中的生命元素 made of the thing he believed to be the stuff of life,
他心爱的橄榄石 his beloved olivine.
宇宙创造了星系 The universe makes galaxies.
星系创造了恒星 Galaxies make stars.
恒星创造了行星 Stars make worlds.
宇宙中还有其他我们不知道的的生命之城吗？ Are there other Lost Cities of Life in the cosmos?
跟我来 Come with me.
作为宇宙公民 我们有着应尽的责任 There are dues to be paid for cosmic citizenship.
作为一个太空物种 你必须担心 As a spacefaring species, you have to worry about
避免污染你造访的星球 contaminating the worlds you visit and about bringing
担心给你的星球带来外星偷渡者 back alien stowaways that might pose a danger to your home world.
有相关的行星保护的协议规定 There are protocols for planetary protection.
NASA将宇宙中的星球分为五类 NASA designates five categories of worlds in the cosmos.
例如 地球的卫星是第一类星球 Earth's moon, for instance, is a Category-1 world...
这里没有任何生命 我们对它不构成威胁 a place so lifeless, we pose no threat to it,
它对我们也没有危险 and it poses no threat to us.
风险最高的任务是前往受限的第五类星球 The riskiest mission of all is to a Restricted Category-5 world,
就像这里 火星 like this one, Mars.
火星原住民生活的环境 The conditions for indigenous life...
在过去 甚至现在 一直隐藏在地下的隐蔽处 in the past, or even now, hidden in some subsurface recess,
这并不是不可能的 are not beyond possible.
我们必须非常小心 We have to be very careful,
为了我们自己 也为了可能存在的生物 for our own sake and for the life that could conceivably be there.
第五类星球的存在 The Restricted Cat-5 designation is a recognition
意味着我们认同生命的逃脱天赋 of life's genius for escape.
有些星球可能存在生命 It applies to sample return missions from those worlds
前往该星球的取样返回任务即属此类 where life may have gotten started...
在过去 甚至现在 those worlds that may have, or once may have had,
在那些星球的海底可能存在着我们看不见的生命之城 Lost Cities of Life lying at the bottom of their seas.
但从某种意义上来说 我们的机器人 But in a sense, our robot emissaries themselves...
我们的登陆器 探测器和轨道卫星 our landers, rovers and orbiters,
彰显了生命无尽的使命 are a manifestation of life's relentless imperative
去寻找和占领新的领地 这意味着 to seek out and take new territory, and this means
我们的一些使者 一旦任务结束就必须被摧毁 that some of our emissaries have to be destroyed as soon as their missions are over.
例如可怜的朱诺号 Like, poor Juno.
在对木星进行了多年的侦察之后 After a multiyear reconnaissance of Jupiter,
被NASA送上了黄泉路 NASA is sending her to her death.
不是因为他们担心木星 Not because they were worried about Jupiter.
我们的太空船绝无可能 There's hardly any chance that one of our spacecraft
会危及对这颗巨大的气体行星的未来的研究 could compromise future investigations of the giant gas planet.
任何不听话的微生物都会遭遇下降气流 Any rogue microbe would catch a downdraft and sink
它会被严酷的温度烤熟 where it would be broiled by the scathing temperatures.
所以木星只是第二类星球 That's why Jupiter's only a Category-2 world.
但木星有一个卫星是受限的第五类星球 But one of Jupiter's moons is a Restricted Cat-5,
NASA不能冒险 and NASA can't take the chance
让朱诺号不慎撞上了它 that Juno might inadvertently crash into it.
太阳系仅有三个受限的第五类星球 欧罗巴名列其中 Europa is another one of only three Restricted Cat-5 worlds in the solar system,
它是木星的八十个 and one of Jupiter's 80
并且越来越多的卫星之一 and still counting, moons.
迈克尔·法拉第发现了地球的磁场 Michael Faraday discovered Earth's magnetic field,
木星也有磁场 and there's one around Jupiter, too.
如果我们想看 就得从用可见光来看木星 We can see it if we switch from looking at Jupiter in visible light
改为用无线电波看它 to looking at it in radio waves.
木星的磁场强度远超地球 磁场更是大了一万八千倍 Jupiter's magnetic field is much stronger and 18,000 times bigger.
这个巨大的陷阱捕捉了带电粒子 也就是太阳风 It's a gigantic trap for charged particles that are the solar wind.
太阳风点亮了木星南北部的极光 That's one of the things that lights up the aurora, the northern and southern Lights on Jupiter,
它在地球上也做着同样的事情 and it does the same thing on Earth.
想象一下 小小的欧罗巴和她的卫星姐妹们 Imagine what it's like for little Europa and her sister moons
离行星之王如此之近 to live so close to the king of the Planets.
巨大的木星用强大的引力束缚住欧罗巴 Massive Jupiter holds Europa to him in a gravitational embrace so powerful
以致在40亿年以来 that in four billion years,
欧罗巴一直没办法转身背对木星 she has never been able to turn her face away from his.
木星牢牢地抓住她 弄得她皮开肉绽 Jupiter's hold on her is so fierce that it tears her skin apart.
看到那些宽阔的伤疤了吗？ See those broad scars?
仔细看 认真听 Watch them closely and listen.
这是一颗星球被引力折磨的声音 That's the sound of a world being gravitationally tormented.
这叫做潮汐折曲作用 不只是木星 It's called tidal flexing, and it's not just Jupiter,
其他卫星也在拉扯着她 her sister moons pull on her, too.
我们距离温暖的太阳5亿英里 We are half a billion miles from the sun's warmth,
比地球远五倍 five times farther away than Earth is,
但这种潮汐折曲作用 让欧罗巴内部保持高温 but this tidal flexing keeps Europa toasty inside.
在她混乱的表面下 有个海洋 Beneath her chaotic surface, there's an ocean
比地球上最深的海洋还要深十倍 ten times deeper than the deepest seas on Earth.
我们正在前往另一个受限的第五类星球的路上 We're on our way to another Restricted Cat-5 world.
不 不是土星 No, not Saturn.
土星也属于第二类星球 Saturn's another Cat-2.
任何穿过那些云带的生命都必死无疑 Any life passing through those cloud belts wouldn't have a chance.
它们主要是由氨气构成 They're made mostly of ammonia.
它们下面是水蒸气带 Below them are bands of water vapor.
在我们未来的旅行中 我们会去那里 In one of our future voyages, we'll go there
尽管代价昂贵 at a terrible cost.
也不是泰坦 It's not Titan, either.
泰坦也属于第二类星球 Titan's another Category-2 world.
就像土星一样 Just as with Saturn
那里或许有生命 但我们实在不可能造成干扰 the possibility of us interfering, with the life that might be there is too remote.
当然 泰坦上的生命 Of course, there's always the chance
有可能古怪的超乎我们想像 that Titan lifeis stranger than our ability to imagine.
即使是这样 Even if that's the case,
会受到地球生物伤害的可能也微乎其微 there is little likelihood that any form of Earth life could harm it.
她来了 我们受限的第五类星球 There she is, our Restricted Cat-5 world.
在我们太阳系中有一颗星球可能蕴含生命 There's a world in our solar system that may harbor life.
画面上的就是最早发现它的两个人 You're looking at two of the first people ever to see it.
威廉·赫歇尔对宇宙海洋的窥探 William Herschel saw farther into the deep waters
远超前人 of the cosmic ocean than anyone before him.
他的儿子约翰后来也成为了知名天文学家 His son, John, would also become a distinguished astronomer.
但今晚 1802年的一个夏夜 此时约翰尚是孩童 But tonight is back when John was a child in the summer of 1802.
我们就在这个晚上邂逅这对父子 That's when we first met them on an earlier voyage.
威廉：约翰 我想给你看样东西 WILLIAM: John, I want to show you something.
跟我来 Come with me.
这是当时全球最大的望远镜 This was then the largest telescope on Earth
并在接下来的50年中一直蝉联宝座 and would be for 50 years.
卡罗琳：有事么？ CAROLINE: Well, what have we here? Hmm?
小孩子不该这么晚还不睡吧？ Isn't it awfully late for a little boy to be up?
约翰：爸爸答应带我看一样东西 卡罗琳姑姑 JOHN: Father has promised to show me something, Aunt Caroline.
威廉的妹妹卡罗琳·赫歇尔 William's sister, Caroline Herschel,
本身就是位举世闻名的天文学家 was a world-renowned astronomer in her own right.
她是全球第一位女性职业科学家 She was the first woman anywhere on Earth to be paid for being a scientist.
她只有4尺3寸高 She was just four-foot-three.
卡罗琳十岁那年得了斑疹伤寒 When Caroline was ten years old, she was stricken with typhus.
丧失了左眼的部分视力 身高也不再增长 She lost part of the vision in her left eye and stopped growing.
然而她在一定程度上 反抗着时代的限制 And yet, she defied the limitations of her time to a point.
卡罗琳刚刚在“星云和星团总表”上发表了她的研究成果 Caroline had just published her work in the "Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars,"
不过是用哥哥威廉的名字出版的 but it was under her brother William's name.
毕竟那是1802年 It was 1802, after all.
她的侄子约翰长大后把她的成果发扬光大 Her nephew, John, would grow up to build on her
出版了“星云和星团新总表” work and create the "New General Catalogue."
许多天体至今仍用新总表的数字命名 Many astronomical bodies are still designated by their NGC number today.
威廉：再往东几度 往北一度 WILLIAM: A few more degrees east and a degree north.
助手：是 先生 ASSISTANT: Yes, sir.
停！看到她了 WILLIAM: Stop, stop! There she is.
爸爸 我第一次看到这颗星星 JOHN: Father! I've never seen that before.
是新的恒星吗？ Is it a new star?
不 儿子 是新卫星 WILLIAM: No, son, it's a new moon.
我叫它土卫二 I call it Saturn Two.
可是爸爸 我们得想个更好的名字 JOHN: Oh, but Father, we must think of a better name than that.
那就是你的任务了 儿子 WILLIAM: That's your job, my boy.
约翰完成了父亲的托付 And John would do exactly as his father asked.
他将卫星命名为恩塞勒达斯 出自希腊神话中的巨人 He named the moon Enceladus, after the Giant in Greek
是地神和天神之子 mythology who was the son of the Earth and the Sky.
恩塞勒达斯与雅典娜女神为了世界的主导权浴血奋战 Enceladus fought the goddess Athena in an epic struggle for control of the universe.
就算不是天文生物学家 You don't have to be an astrobiologist to know at
你也能一眼看出地球上充满生机 first glance that life is everywhere on Earth.
这几乎改变了每一寸土地 It's changed virtually every square inch of the place.
对外星人来说 地球当然是受限的第五类星球 From an alien point of view, Earth would certainly have a restricted Cat-5 status.
但恩塞勒达斯的秘密藏在地底深处 But Enceladus keeps its secrets hidden deep inside.
冰和水蒸气以八百英里的时速 Those geysers of ice and water vapor are shooting out
从恩赛勒达斯地表间歇性喷出 of Enceladus at 800 miles per hour.
献给了最外围的"土星E环" They're this moon's contribution to the outermost so-called "E" ring of Saturn.
但里面不只有水 But there's a lot more in them...
氮 氨 甲烷 nitrogen, ammonia, methane.
有甲烷的地方 就可能有橄榄石 And where there's methane, there may be olivine.
恩塞勒达斯的间歇泉至少喷了一亿年 Enceladus has been at this for at least 100 million years.
还会继续喷发90亿年 It could keep cranking out water for another nine billion years.
这些水来自何方？ Where's all that water coming from?
蓝色雪花以一千多英里的时速下坠 The blue snowflakes plummet at more than 1,000 miles per hour.
我们来到南半球 We've come here to the southern hemisphere because
因为这里的冰壳最薄 that's where the ice crust is thinnest.
只有几英里厚 It's only a couple of miles thick.
所以最有可能进入地底海洋 That's why it's the best possible place to gain access to the underground ocean.
好 现在要提醒大家一下： Okay, now's the time for a warning:
你所看到的景象都有事实根据 What you see here is entirely based on evidence.
漫布全球的海洋 间歇泉的澎湃水幕 That global ocean, the crazy curtain of geysers,
地表古怪的积雪 that weird snow at the surface...
都是千真万确的 it's all real.
卡西尼号探测任务的诸多观察显示 We have multiple observations from the Cassini
这就是恩赛勒达斯的实况 mission telling us that this is what awaits us on Enceladus.
但接下来是根据事实做出的猜测 But we're about to enter the realm of informed speculation.
顶尖的太空科学家认为 如果派遣太空船潜入恩赛勒达斯的核心 This is what the leading space scientists think we might find
我们会看到这样的景象 when we send a spacecraft to dive straight into the heart of Enceladus.
这里的水进入真空的太空时 When water up here is exposed to the vacuum of space,
马上凝结成雪 it turns to snow.
那些浮渣就是生命的要素 And that scum is the stuff of life...
有机分子 organic molecules.
你不禁好奇会在底下看到什么 It makes you wonder what could be waiting for us down below.
我们离地底很远 And that's a long way from here,
因为这片海洋大概比地球海洋深十倍 because we're in an ocean that's about ten times deeper than the oceans of Earth.
前景可期 Very promising.
有碳和氢 而且水的酸碱度 That's carbon and hydrogen, and the pH of the water is
和地球初期的海洋十分相似 just like the early ocean on Earth.
这座生命之城怎么会比 Why would this City of Life be larger than the one at the
地球的海底之城更大？ bottom of the ocean on Earth?
也许是因为恩赛勒达斯的重力 Maybe it's because the gravity on Enceladus is so
比地球重力小得多 much weaker than it is on Earth.
重力越小 高塔越轻盈 With less gravity, the towers are lighter,
也就长得更高 and they can grow taller.
水流十分强劲 The currents are strong,
可能已经冲垮了几座高塔 and they may have toppled some of the towers.
维克多·戈尔德密特的橄榄石 Victor Goldschmidt's olivine.
这些橄榄石为生命的诞生创造了条件 The rocks have made a place for life.
但生命有足够的时间把握机会吗？ But has life had enough time to take hold?
我只知道 永远不要低估这位逃脱大师 All I know is, never underestimate the escape artist.
我们人类很奇怪 You know, it's a funny thing about us.
我们认为自己是主角 We think we're the story.
我们是宇宙一切的一切 We're the end all and be all of the cosmos.
然而 现在看来 我们只是 And yet, for all we know, we're just the by-product of
地球化学力量的副产品 geochemical forces...
这种力量遍布整个宇宙 ones that are unfolding throughout the universe.
星系创造了恒星 恒星创造了行星 Galaxies make stars, stars make worlds,
现在看来 是行星和卫星创造了生命 and for all we know, planets and moons make life.
这会让生命略显逊色？ Does that make life less wondrous?
还是更加精彩呢？ Or more?